RUDOLPH BROWN PHOTOGRAPHER

Calabar students and teachers pose with the Schools Challenge Quiz trophy during celebration activities at the school on Monday,April 2.
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE |

APRIL 10, 2012 APRIL 10-16, 2012

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Breathing
MONACIA WILLIAMS
Contributor

yl:biology
to be formed. Feel your ribs; what do you notice? Do you notice that there is a space between them? This space forms the internal and the external intercostal muscles. These muscles contract and relax to move the ribs, allowing you to breathe.

HOW DOES IT HAPPEN?

As air enters the nose it is warmed, moistened, filtered and cleaned. It has to be treated in this manner in order to prevent the cool, dry, dirty air of the atmosphere from damaging the lungs. The cells of the nose and the trachea have mucus-producing cells and the mucus that is produced is responsible for trapping dust and germs in the air. The cells of the trachea have cilia on them. The movement of the cilia is responsible for transferring the mucus with the trapped dirt and bacteria up to the nose and the throat. Do I need to tell you how this mucus is expelled from the body? Of course I dont; use your own experiences to answer this one! Put your hand on your chest and feel your ribs as you breathe in and out. If you are asked a question about breathing in the exam, it is perfectly legitimate to carry out this exercise to jog your memory.

OOD DAY, students. How are you all this week? Good? Of course you are! I hope that your preparations for exams have been going well. Remember, every time you study you must practise answering questions based on the topics. You will never know how well you have studied if you do not attempt to use the information you have learnt. Remember also that when you encounter difficulties, resources are available to you on the Internet, and you can always use them to help you. Get familiar with the CXC website and look at the subject commentaries. The information given there is good, so use it! It can help you to get that elusive grade one! This week we are going to look at breathing. Breathing is often confused with respiration by the uninitiated, but having just finished our study on respiration you should no longer belong to that group. Weve spent the last couple of weeks studying respiration; do you remember what you learnt? Do you remember the name of the gas that is used in respiration? Do you remember the name of the gas that is produced as a result of respiration? Of course, you do! Oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is produced! Although we looked at the gases as they diffused across the alveolar membrane, we did not look at how the gases got into and out of the alveoli. We are going to do that now.

BREATHING IN/INHALATION/INSPIRATION

H The external intercostal muscles contract while the internals relax, causing the ribs to move upwards and outwards. H The muscles of the diaphragm contract, causing the diaphragm to flatten. H These two movements cause the volume of the thorax to increase. H Increase in the volume causes a decrease in the pressure within the thorax. This forces the lung to expand. H Air passes into the lung due to the difference between the external air pressure and the air pressure of the thorax.

BREATHING OUT/EXHALATION/EXPIRATION

H The internal intercostal muscles contract while the external relax, causing the ribs to move downwards and inwards. H The muscles of the diaphragm relax, causing the diaphragm to arch upwards into a dome shape. H These two movements cause a decrease in the volume of the thorax. H Decrease in the volume causes an increase in the pressure of the air in the thorax. This squeezes the lungs. H Air is forced out of the lungs due to difference between the external air pressure and the air pressure within the thorax. The air passes out through the trachea and the mouth or nose.

HOW IS BREATHING CONTROLLED?

Inspiration and expiration are regulated by the breathing centre in the medulla oblongata. One section of the centre controls inspiration and the other section expiration. Both areas work together to keep the body supplied with oxygen to remove carbon dioxide. Breathing is also controlled by the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. If the level increases, sense cells in the aorta and the carotid artery detect the change and send messages to the inspiration centre, causing the individual to increase the rate of breathing. You certainly got a lot of information in this lesson! Read over more than once so that you will fully understand and be able to answer the questions when they come. See you next week!
Monacia Williams teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

The organ used in breathing is the lung. Where is this organ found? It is found in the upper part of the body in the thorax surrounded by the ribs, which protect it from damage. The two lobes of the lung are separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm. The ribs and the diaphragm help us to breathe. Look at the diagram of the lung. Notice how it is placed in the thorax. Notice how the trachea branches into the left and right bronchi. These structures have C-shaped cartilage to prevent them from collapsing. The bronchi then branches into smaller bronchioles which end in the alveolar sacs. Notice how the ribs surround the lung and how the diaphragm fits beneath it causing the entire cage
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RUDOLPH BROWN PHOTOGRAPHER

Youthlink CSEC seminar at The Mico University College on Wednesday, March 28.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 10-16, 2012

NATALEE A. JOHNSON
Contributor

Traversing arrays
OOD DAY, students. This is lesson 30 of our series of lessons. In this weeks lesson we will continue to look at arrays.

yl:information technology

LOADING ELEMENTS (VALUES) INTO AN ARRAY

This can be done in two ways; you can load elements in an array by an assignment statement or by the keyboard (allowing the user to enter the value).

USING AN ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT

Traversing an array is the process of going through all the elements of an array in a sequential manner in order to manipulate the elements. You can traverse an array to do any of the following: H to print the elements of an array (shown in the previous lesson) H to search the list of an array to locate a particular data item or element H to sort the list of an array in a particular order, whether descending or ascending. The traversing of an array can only be done with the use of a loop, and within the loop the subscript/index must subsequently be incremented in order to move from one element in the array to next element in the array.

LINEAR SEARCH
A linear search involves the searching of an array list, one element at a time, starting with the first element of the array and comparing each element with the item/value being searched for. The search will end when a match is found or when the end of the array is reached. It is important that when you are performing a search the size of the array must be declared to control the searching limit.

To output the three elements in the array, this is how you would write it:Writeln(Scores[1]); Writeln(Scores[2]); Writeln(Scores[3]);

LOADING ELEMENTS (VALUES) INTO AN ARRAY

Using the keyboard (allowing the user to enter the value) Program Test_Scores2; Uses wincrt; Var Scores: Array[1..3] of integer;

EXAMPLE 3
An algorithm is required to search a list to locate an item called, target. The target is value is a string. A Boolean variable Found is set to true if the target value is found, otherwise, Found is set to false. The algorithm would look like this:

USING A FOR LOOP WITH KEYBOARD INPUT

Program Test_Scores3; Uses wincrt; Var Scores: Array[1..3] of integer; counter: integer; Endwhile if (Found = true) then Print The Target is found else Print The Target is not found endif Stop

DECLARING ARRAYS IN PASCAL

CODING ARRAYS IN PASCAL

We have come to the end of this lesson. See you next week when we will continue to look at the Pascal code and arrays. Remember, if you fail to prepare, prepare to fail.
Natalee A. Johnson teaches at Ardenne High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

To declare an array in Pascal, use the following format: You type the name of the array followed by a colon(:) then type the word Array and place in square bracket the size of the array followed by the data type of the elements. An example is shown.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 10-16, 2012

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MAUREEN CAMPBELL
Contributor

Physical resources:
yl:social studies
PROBLEMS WITH THE USE OF SOME RESOURCES
Land abuse includes bad farming practices such as overgrazing, over cropping, slash-and-burn preparation, deforestation, extensive use of herbicides, as well as the building of highways and commercial buildings on prime agricultural land. Soil erosion has been the result of abuse on the land, causing serious problems in many Caribbean islands. Mining and quarrying have also added to this problem. Soil erosion leads to scarcity of suitable land for farming activities; infertile soil, which leads to low agricultural productivity; the smothering of reefs and destruction of marine life; and instability of land which leads to landslides, especially in the hilly areas of the islands. Deforestation is the irresponsible and indiscriminate removal of the forest cover, leaving wide surfaces including engaged in or is employed in the agriculture sector.

ARIBBEAN COUNTRIES have been blessed with natural/ physical resources. The industries developed from these natural resources have created employment as well as foreign-exchange earnings from exports. Some of the natural resources are mentioned below: Crude oil is a natural resource of Trinidad. The petroleum industry employs many individuals and earns foreign exchange for the country. Clay is found in large quantity in Barbados where pottery making is a large industry. Bauxite is found in great quantity in both Jamaica and Guyana. The alumina industry is an important foreignexchange earner. Alumina is exported to be further processed to make aluminum products. Guyana also has very large forest areas and has developed a very vibrant lumber and timber industry. Lumber is used in the construction industry. Rice is also grown in abundance there. Limestone is used in the process to make cement in Jamaica. Sugar cane is found in most Caribbean countries. Agriculture is important for the economic development of the Caribbean region. A very large percentage of the working population is

good & bad

POLLUTION
slopes exposed to soil erosion. It also involves the cutting down of trees without regard for the social and ecological impact on the environment and the population at large. The destruction of the forest results from forest fires that are set deliberately or from the carelessness of users. It also happens as a consequence of the consumption of wood for energy, shifting cultivation, mining, agricultural expansion and slash-and-burn practices.

NOISE POLLUTION

factories, mining, oil spills and human sewage.

LAND POLLUTION

(cannot be broken down). Types of pollution of the environment include land, water, air and noise pollution.

This is the pollution of the Earths surface. Some of the main contributors of land pollution are industrial factories, human sewage, mining, littering, overcrowded landfills and construction debris. Some ways to prevent this pollution includes recycling, buying degradable products and buying products with very little packaging.

This is a type of pollution in which distracting, irritating or damaging sounds are freely audible. Noise pollution contaminants are not physical particles but rather waves that interfere with naturally occurring waves of a similar type in the same environment. A sound may be considered noise pollution if it disturbs any natural process or causes human harm, even if the sound does not occur on a regular basis.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

In the process of extracting and processing physical resources, we sometimes pollute the environment. Pollution may be defined as the introduction of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Pollutants contaminate the environment and affect the health of the population. Pollutants may be solid, liquid and gaseous wastes which are introduced into the environment by human beings. Pollutants may be placed into two categories, biodegradable (can be broken down) and non-biodegradable

AIR POLLUTION

This is the accumulation of hazardous substances into the atmosphere. Contributors include automobile engines, acid rain, all forms of smoke, manufacturing process and combustion of coal.

WATER POLLUTION

This involves the introduction of chemicals, biological and physical matter into large bodies of water that will affect the quality of life that lives in or consumes it. Contributors include

Sustainable development is a multidimensional concept that relies on economic, social, cultural, political and environmental sustainability of a country. It must strive on partnership arrangements with leaders in governments and civil society including non-governmental organisations, educators, the media, business, fishing, agriculture and other such groups. This is essential to sustainable development in order to draw on the broadest base of expertise and to strengthen commitment to action for development in a country.

ACTIVITIES

Maureen Campbell teaches at St Hughs High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

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YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 10-16, 2012

CLEMENT RADCLIFFE
Contributor

Matrices
H The determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix has value ad-bc where the elements of the matrix are a,b,c, and d. H The value of determinant of a singular 2 x 2 matrix is zero; that is ad-bc = 0. The above is illustrated by the solutions to the homework given last week.

yl:mathematics

T THE outset I wish to highlight the following points about matrices. They are vital to your full understanding of this topic. H There is no reason to have difficulty in multiplying 2 x 2 matrices. You just need to continue practising the principle: rows multiply by columns. H Squaring the 2 x 2 matrix A is found by multiplying A x A.

HOMEWORK

Clement Radcliffe is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 10-16, 2012

15

BERYL CLARKE
Contributor

A Midsummer Nights Dream

LETS RETURN TO
see the type of behaviour that is usual to such a person and would be very ready to laugh at any antic or expression of such a character. So it would have been for the Elizabethan audience as they recognized the trades that the names of the characters suggested and thought of the type of dramatic performance of which such men were capable. contributes to provoking laughter is part of the playwrights bag of tricks. Coming as it does, after the serious matter introduced by Egeus, the members of the audience would have been reminded that they were not there to watch a tragedy. Bottom mispronounce names Thisne for Thisbe, Ercles for Hercules; say that he could aggravate his voice to make it as gentle as a sucking dove and closes by planning to rehearse obscenely when he probably means in secret or secretly. Do you think that the six men or the mechanicals, as Puck terms them, are suitable to perform at the dukes wedding? Consider now, the duke is a ruler, he is marrying a queen, their guests would have been among the highest in the land and the best performers would possibly have offered their services. Why then does Shakespeare not only introduce this group of actors but also allows Theseus to accept their offer to put on a play? What do these men bring to A Midsummer Nights Dream? Yes humour! We must remember that this is a comedy and, as such, whatever Peter Quince is the man in charge, or so it seems. They meet at his house and he has chosen the drama to be presented and has also assigned roles. What, however, becomes immediately obvious is that Bottom is someone who cannot be quiet, cannot just accept what he is given or told to do, but must have his say. He responds to the first six statements that Quince makes. He makes suggestions, asks questions and offers comments, seemingly determined to be important; to be noticed. Already he would have focused the audiences attention on himself, so when he says that he wants to take on the roles of Thisbe and the lion as well as that of Pyramus, which was assigned to him, you can imagine the reaction. As if that is not sufficiently absurd, we hear His appearance on the stage after this would be greeted with amusement. He behaves as if he can do everything and in so doing sets up himself for criticism. This type of criticism is not the sort, however, that is harsh, but it leads instead to laughter and perhaps to the exclamation in our country, Him nuff eeh! Bottoms character is set. When he returns to the stage, he continues to make himself an object of fun through his words and ideas. He wants the action of their play to be changed. The character that he plays, Pyramus, is to commit suicide but he believes that the women in the audience would be upset if he, Bottom, were to follow the script. Take a close look at what he proposes to add as a prologue.

yl:english literature

HIS WEEK we return to having some fun with drama. After the opening scene in the Dukes palace, we find ourselves in the house of one Peter Quince. Here we see six men who are getting ready for a performance as part of the celebration of the approaching nuptials. Arent the names unusual? Can you imagine someone being called Bottom, Snout or Starveling today? It is certain that some meaning would be attached to such names and that they would cause much laughter. These names were not accidentally chosen by the playwright, for in the time in which the play was written and presented they (the names) would have conveyed information to the audiences. Let us imagine, for example, that we are watching a play in which there is a character named Rumhead. As soon as we hear the name we would have certain expectations. We would look forward to

Do you think that this is suitable? Does it improve the play or does it fit in because the play as worked out by them is not good? It is also true to say that the other players contribute their fair share of humour. By the way, I hope that you have been struck by the inappropriate choice of drama for a marriage celebration. There are productions of this Shakespearan play and it would be a good experience to see one of them. It is only when a play is staged that we can get the full effect of it. When we read the scene in which that mischievous fairy, Puck, puts the ass head on Bottom, we cannot but laugh; watching it is hilarious. We will talk some more about this in our next lesson. Please avoid malapropisms do not be like Bottom. Enjoy your studies and God bless!

yl:english language

NATASHA THOMAS-FRANCIS
Contributor

Summary writing: practice exercises

variety of flora and fauna to enthrall the discerning naturalist. One can relax on the magnificent beaches amongst breathtaking coastal scenery warmed by the generous sunshine. The food is often exotic, always different; mangoes, paw-paws and pineapples, sweet peppers, breadfruit and limes, bananas and coconuts in plenty. The musical combinations have developed such sophistication that they are intentionally known and a tourist attraction in themselves. In brief, the Caribbean as a tourist area offers the diversion of a new way of life. I hope you read this paragraph at least twice. Where did you find the main idea? Yes, you are right! The main idea is found in the last sentence: In brief, the Caribbean as a tourist area offers the diversion of a new way of life. For practice, please rewrite this sentence in your own words. Remember, you must not change the meaning of the main idea. subjects or regarded as a masculine-minded curio. Even on Select Committees and Royal Commissions investigating matters of direct interest to women, they are a negligible minority. In ten years men outnumbered women by 534 members to 57 on committees of primary feminine concern. At times the balance was utterly irrational. Matrimonial proceedings, for instance, 11 men to one woman; disablement pensions, 12 men to no women. Even on the new Regional Economic Planning Councils, only four of the 300 members are women.

Beryl Clarke is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

ELLO, STUDENTS. How was your week? Im sure you are in high gear now as you travel closer to the final examinations. You should not be panicking at this stage; just stick to your study timetable and relax. To reinforce what you have learnt in last weeks lesson, I have set some practice exercises for you. I have provided an answer for the first exercise.

EXERCISE 1: IDENTIFYING THE MAIN IDEA

This activity focuses on your ability to identify the main idea/point in a paragraph. Read the paragraph and underline the main idea. Holiday makers from North America and Europe are more leisured and affluent than ever before, and now that the jet plane has provided even faster air transport, they have begun to look further afield than the beaches of Miami, Brighton or Le Touquet for tourist attractions. The islands of the Caribbean are distant enough to add the enchantment of adventure to a holiday trip and they offer such a variety of attractions that there is something to appeal to every taste. To please the eye there is the lush tropical vegetation and the beauty of anthurium, bougainvillea and jasmine. Indeed, there is an infinite

EXERCISE 3: OMITTING REPETITION

This exercise focuses on omitting repetition. Again, I want you to identify the main idea. Once youve done that, underline examples of repetition and then rewrite the paragraph, omitting the repetition. Harnessing nuclear energy has brought countries power power not to keep lights burning and homes warm, but power that has provided them with political strength. Nuclear energy has not only given countries political strength and energy for daily survival, but it has also enabled them to build atomic weapons to deter aggression from military invasions. If the enemy wishes to attack, it will not be an easy task, since nuclear energy is potentially dangerous and deadly. Nuclear energy is a threat to those who do not possess it. Have a productive week! Blessings!

EXERCISE 2: DELETING EXAMPLES

This activity focuses on your ability to not only deduce the main idea but to eliminate examples. Read the following paragraph, choose the main point and then underline the examples given. Women are still very much in an inferior position in modern Britain. Only one in twenty-five Members of Parliament is a woman, and she is either shunted into the sidings of womens interest

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YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 10-16, 2012

HYACINTH TUGMAN
Contributor

PREPARING FOR AND PARTICIPATING IN AN INTERVIEW

COMPANIES USE various procedures when conducting employment interviews; the larger the company, the more formal the interview. The following points must be kept in mind when preparing for an interview: H Research the company. Find out as much as you can about the company. Your research will help you form a picture of the company to help you asking relevant questions during the interview. H Anticipate questions you will be asked during the interview. The employment interview is usually the first time you will be seen by a company representative. Remember, students, that first impressions are important. A good interviewer will give you an overall explanation of the requirements of the job and of the policies and benefits of the company. You will be asked questions about yourself and you will also be given the opportunity to ask questions about the company. Some questions that you may be asked are: H Why did you choose to apply for this position? H What future professional or educational plans do you have? H What characteristics or traits do you have that you think make you the right person for this position?

Recruitment & orienation

H Why did you leave your last position? H What do you think are your strengths and weaknesses? H Why should this company hire you? The interviewer will assess you, the applicant, according to the answers given to the questions. In answering the interviewer you should H Look at the person who is conducting the interview and be courteous in giving replies. H Avoid one-word answers but try to be precise. H Give honest answers. H Show that you are willing to learn. One of the most difficult questions to handle is the question of salary. Usually, the interviewer will tell you what the

yl:office administration
H State that you are willing to accept the job. H Indicate that you are looking forward to working for the organisation and gaining new experiences. H Confirm that you will be able to commence work on the suggested date. There are, however, times when a job offer has to be refused. The writer should, therefore: H Thank the employer for the offer of appointment. H Express regret at not being able to accept the offer. Here are some short-answer questions based on the unit I have just completed. 1. What steps should you consider when you are searching for a job? 2. Describe the major sections of a rsum?. 3. What important points should you keep in mind concerning the appearance of your rsum1? 4. What is the purpose of a cover letter? 5. What major points should you keep in mind when preparing for an employment interview? Until next week, remember the golden rule STUDY, STUDY. God bless you all.
Hyacinth Tugman teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

(part 2)

company expects to pay for the position. Occasionally, an interviewer will ask you what salary you expect. Be prepared for this question. Very often an interviewee is invited to ask questions of the interviewer. Even when the invitation is not extended, it is usual to expect questions from the interviewee. Answers to the following questions provide valuable information: H Are there opportunities for training in the organization? H Are there opportunities for promotion? H Is there a policy of promotion from within the organization? H What are the working hours?

letter to the interviewer as a courtesy. Avoid calling or writing before the decision deadline to inquire about the status of your application. After the deadline, it is acceptable to call or write to ask when a decision will be made if you have not already been notified. This demonstrates that you are still interested in the job.

LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE
When an applicant is selected for the post, he/she is sent an offer of appointment along with the contract of employment. If the offer is accepted, the applicant is required to sign the contract and return one copy to the organisation. The letter of acceptance should be brief and H Thank the employer for his/her letter of offering you the job.

FOLLOWING UP ON THE INTERVIEW

You should send a short thank-you

RUDOLPH BROWN PHOTOGRAPHER

Students receiving copies of the Youthlink during the magazines Caribbean Secondary Examination Certificate Seminar held at The Mico University College on March 28.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 10-16, 2012

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YVONNE HARVEY
Contributor

ELLO, READERS. You will notice that we are still on the marketing section of the syllabus. This weeks lesson will focus on the terms of sale.

Once a salesperson has been successful in convincing a customer to purchase a good or service, the terms of sale need to be worked out; how exactly will the goods or services be paid for? Such terms of sale can be broken down into two broad headings: cash sales and credit sales.

purchaser is allowed a 3 per cent discount if he pays within 15 days, otherwise, the full bill becomes due without a discount in 30 days.

Terms of sale
HIRE PURCHASE
H goods and services are usually paid for in installments so it is not burdensome H credit is usually for six months to a year or more so, again, the payment is not a burden H in some cases, the goods become the property of the buyer immediately H the buyer enjoys the use of the goods while paying for them H in some cases, no down payment is required H it stimulates trade and leads to greater profits H less cash needs to be carried around and consumers are protected from rising prices during times of inflation H normally, interest is payable thus increasing the cost H it encourages persons to buy what they do not really need and sometimes cannot afford H consumers may not be able to keep up the payments and the goods may be repossessed H The interest charged is often very high The hire-purchase agreement is a specialty contract. The cash price, the down payment and the monthly installments, as well as the total to be paid under the hire- purchase agreement, must be specified in writing. The rights and duties of each party must also be specified in writing and both parties must sign the agreement. The customer may terminate the agreement by returning the goods, provided they are in good condition, and at least half the installments have been paid. Sometimes the Government requires a minimum down payment. Before a hire-purchase agreement is made, the hirer will want to establish the credit worthiness of the buyer.

yl:principles of business
Credit is usually on a long-term basis two to three years.

SOME LAWS GOVERNING HIREPURCHASE SALES

CASH SALES
When a sale is made for cash, the seller transfers ownership usually on full payment of cash by the buyer.

In credit sales, ownership is often transferred before the buyer has paid the full price. Credit sales involve the notion of buy now and pay later.

ADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

Customers receive the goods on a down payment or deposit, which is a percentage of the purchase price. They agree to pay the balance, including interest and service charges, on a weekly, fortnightly or monthly basis. The goods remain the property of the seller until the installments are paid off. Thus, the customer is actually hiring the goods, hence the name hire purchase. If the customer fails to keep up the payments, the seller can, under certain conditions, reclaim the goods.

H no interest is charged H the buyer may receive a cash discount H there is the risk of the money being stolen or lost H many people cannot afford to pay in cash the large sums of money required for consumer durables such as cars, refrigerators, television sets, etc, and, therefore, seek credit terms.

DISADVANTAGES

H Both buyer and seller must sign a contract, a copy of which must be given to the buyer. H The seller must disclose the cash and credit price at the start of the transaction. H The goods remain the property of the seller until the last transaction is made. Exceptions are motor vehicles and mechanically propelled vehicles. During this time, the buyer may not resell the goods nor change his address without informing the seller. H Installments must be paid on the specified date given and the seller has the right to charge extra interest on the overdue amounts. H The hirer may repossess the goods if the buyer defaults, but usually not after 75 per cent of the total hire-purchase price has been paid. H Damaged goods are usually repaired by the buyer. However, faulty goods are to be repaired by the seller.

OTHER FORMS OF CREDIT

H Installment selling H Credit selling trust H Layaway plan H Mortgages

CREDIT SALES
Most firms buy and sell on credit. The terms of credit is usually stated on the bill or invoice. It includes the period of time for which the credit is given, the percentage of discount offered, if any, and the date on which the credit starts and ends. For example, 3/15 net. 30 on an invoice means that the

DISADVANTAGES

For your homework, you can research the above terms of sale and write a paragraph on each of them in your notebook. Take care until next week.
Yvonne Harvey teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

PHOTO SHEENA GAYLE

It does pay to be early for The Gleaners CSEC Examination Seminar as students from Cedric Titus High School in Trelawny and Cambridge High School in St James were given a token to be early for the Montego Bays leg of the educational seminar.At right are Godfrey Fisher, English teacher, and The Gleaners Denique Mattis.
18 YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 10-16, 2012

yl:history
GLADSTONE TAYLOR

Popular protests in the 1930s

PHOTOGRAPHER

Winners in the Financial Education in Schools essay competition (from left) Tka McKenzie, Glenmuir High School, third place; Michella Thompson, Tacius Golding High School, second place; Chadeaux Roberts, St Jago High School, first place and Nadene Newsome, communications manager, Financial Services Commission. Occasion was the closing ceremony and awards held at Wyndham Kingston Hotel, New Kingston, on March 28.
2. Bustamante was an advocate in the workers movement in the early 1930s. He subsequently developed a relationship with St William Grant, a labour advocate known for holding regular banyan lectures under the great banyan trees in the Victoria Park. 3. In 1937, Bustamante became involved in the newly formed Jamaica Tradesmen and Workers Union (JWTU), giving Busta an arena to present himself as the representative of the working class. The JWTU was formed by Coombs on June 29, 1937. 4. In 1938, Bustamante formed the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union. He later formed the Jamaica Labour Party in 1943 and became prime minister of independent Jamaica in 1962. 7. In 1955, Manleys PNP came to power and quickly changed to full cabinet government. 8. In 1959, Jamaica won full internal self-government. Manley was a major proponent of Federation, this however collapsed in 1962. He called an election only a few months after the referendum on Federation in 1962 and lost to the JLP.

DEBBION HYMAN

Contributor

OBJECTIVE

AT THE end of the lesson you should be able to describe the role of outstanding male and female protest leaders.

ARTHUR CIPRIANI (1875-1945)

FROM TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

1. He was a member of the British West Indies Regiment during the First World War. 2. In 1925, he was elected to the Legislative Council. 3. He was a leading member of the Trinidad Workingmans Association, later renamed the Trinidad Labour Party.

CHEDDI JAGAN (1918-1997)

FROM GUYANA

1. Cheddi Jagan was chief minister-premier of colonial Guyana between 1957 and 1961 and premier from 1961 to 1964. 2. He became involved in politics shortly after gaining a seat in the legislature as an independent candidate in 1947. 3. Jagan would soon after join the British Guiana Labour Party. Upon the disintegration of that party, he and others formed the Peoples Progressive Party (PPP). The party subsequently won the 1953 elections. 4. There were fears, especially by the opposition in the early 1960s, that the PPP intended to turn colonial Guyana into a communist state. Fearing such a prospect, Britain landed troops in the territory. On orders from Britain, the governor suspended the constitution and set up an interim government of nominated officials. The British action delayed the coming of internal self- government and independence to colonial Guyana for many years. 5. The country became independent in May 1966 under the leadership of Forbes Burnham and the Peoples National Congress.

ERIC WILLIAMS (1911-1981)

1. In 1944 he published his seminal work, Capitalism & Slavery. 2. He became a faculty member at Howard University and research secretary of the Caribbean Commission. 3. He returned to Trinidad in 1948 as deputy chairman of the Caribbean Research Council. 4. He built up a large following from his association with the Peoples Educational Movement, a group through which he gave his political speeches. He also gave public lectures at Woodford Square in Port-of-Spain. 5. In 1956, he formed the Peoples National Movement. 6. He became chief minister of the country in 1956 and led Trinidad and Tobago to independence in August 1962.

NORMAN WASHINGTON MANLEY (1893-1969)

1. Norman Manley was born in the district of Roxborough in Manchester on July 4, 1893. 2. Manley was a distinguished athlete and brilliant scholar this brilliance allowed him to receive the prestigious Rhodes Scholarship in 1914 to study law at Kings Counsel. 3. In 1937, Manley established a social development agency, Jamaica Welfare Limited; the first of its kind in the island. 4. He became known as the labour mediator especially after the arrest of Alexander Bustamante and St William Grant in the labour riots of 1938. 5. He formed the Peoples National Party (PNP) in September 1938. 6. Manley opposed Crown Colony government and until 1949 pressed for a total end to the system in Jamaica. He criticised the constitutional changes of 1953 which ushered in ministerial government. The 1953 constitution left defence, justice and foreign affairs in the hands of the Crown.

ALEXANDER BUSTAMANTE (1884-1977)

1. Jamaicas modern trade union movement began with William Alexander Clarke (later Alexander Bustamante).

FROM JAMAICA

SOURCE
Freedoms Won: Caribbean Emancipations, Ethnicities and Nationhood - Hilary Beckles & Verene Shepherd (Chapter 18).
Debbion Hyman teaches at St Hughs High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

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Exam review continued

FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL
Contributor

H Be relaxed with calculation questions by practising using formulas and memorising them.

yl:chemistry
(c) Barium would be more reactive as it is below calcium in the group. Its outer electrons are further away from the nucleus and will be lost more readily. Remember: the reactivity of a metal is based on how readily it gives up its outer electrons. (d) An element generally has atoms of different masses or isotopes making it up. These isotopes occur in different relative proportions and when the contribution of each isotope is added up, the mass number may or may not be a whole number. For example, neon consists of 90.92% of neon-20, 0.26% of neon21 and 8.82% of neon-22. When the atomic mass of neon is calculated, it is 20.2 (not a whole number). (e) Barium carbonate - BaCO3 (Ba2+ ions and CO32- ions). (f) BaCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) == BaSO4 (s) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) This reaction is unsuitable for preparing carbon dioxide because, as soon as the reaction starts, insoluble barium sulphate would be formed, which would hinder the progress of the reaction.
Francine Taylor-Campbell teaches at Jamaica College. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

QUESTIONS
1. Calcium [40 Ca] and barium [137.36 Ba] are in the same group of the periodic table. 20 56 (a) State the number of electrons in the outer shell of the barium (Ba) atom. (1mk) (b) Would you expect barium to be a metal or non-metal? (1mk) (c) Which of these elements would be more reactive? (1mk) (d) The mass number of barium is not a whole number. Explain how this is possible. (2mks) (e) Write the formula for barium carbonate. (1mk) (f)(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between barium carbonate and dilute sulphuric acid. Suggest a reason this reaction would be unsuitable for the laboratory preparation of carbon dioxide. (3 mks)

NOTE:

H PLEASE REMEMBER to read the questions carefully and answer them as clearly as possible so that the examiner can understand what you are trying to say. H Writing a lot and being vague will not guarantee the marks if what is being asked is not answered.

ANSWERS
1.(a) Barium has two electrons in its outer shell. Comment: Calcium has two electrons in its outer shell (2:8:8:2) and since barium is in the same group, it will also have two outer electrons. (b) Barium is expected to be a metal.

IAN ALLEN PHOTOGRAPHER

The Jamaica College (JC) Robotics team, the Golden Griffins, and their teachers, show off their medals after placing third overall in the FIRST Tech Challenge robotics competition in New York. JC was the only team from outside the United States of America to enter the competition.
20 YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 10-16, 2012

Limestone environment
yl:geography
MARJORIE HENRY
Contributor

H Others contain a high proportion of mud and other material. They may be yellow or brown.

OR THE past several weeks, I have been sharing with you information on selected topics from the syllabus under Section 2 Natural Systems. I will continue today with Limestone Environment, the 4th topic listed under the content of this section. I begin the discussion by asking - What is limestone? Limestone is an example of a sedimentary rock. As a reminder, the rocks of the earth are of three types and are classified according to their origin, namely, igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. Each type can be further divided into different groups. In specific reference to sedimentary rocks, these are generally classified as either clastic or chemical, according to the source of the rock materials which form them. Limestone falls in the group of chemical sedimentary rocks. The question that follows now is - How is limestone formed?

In reference to the syllabus, the specific objective states that students should be able to describe the characteristics of limestone. What are these characteristics? The information obtained from the available text books are tabulated below:H In terms of structure, limestone has lines of weakness known as joints or cracks and bedding planes. It has a coarse texture with large pores. H Limestone is a hard rock and very permeable. It allows water to seep (percolate) into it, along the joints and bedding planes. The water also goes down the holes created by chemical weathering (carbonation). H It is light-coloured H It is relatively soft but varies with age. In keeping with the requirements of the syllabus, you should be able to explain the processes operating in limestone landscapes and the formation of Karst landforms in the Caribbean. There are two basic processes operating in areas of limestone. The main chemical weathering process to affect limestone (especially in tropical areas) is carbonation, or carbonation-solution. This occurs in rocks with a large calcium carbonate content, such as chalk and limestone. Rainwater dissolves carbon dioxide from the air as it passes through it. The mildly acidic rainwater reacts chemically with the calcium carbonate in the rock. Calcium carbonate is soluble in water, so it is easily washed away. The effectiveness of carbonation is related to the pH of the water. The more acidic the water, the greater the rate of carbonation. Pits and holes are formed in the limestone rock by the process of carbonation. The process may continue underground until the roof of the underground feature collapses to form depressions and steep valleys (passages). The second process is evaporation/deposition, where a thin layer of calcium bicarbonate in solution is deposited in caves as the water drips off the ceiling onto the floor. The discussion continues in the next lesson.

A simple account of the formation of limestone rocks is given in the text Jamaica A Junior Geography written by Marjorie Allen-Vassell et al. Here is the information as given in the text:Sea water contains large amounts of a substance known as calcium carbonate. Sea creatures extract this calcium carbonate from the water to make shells. When these creatures die their shells and skeletons collect on the sea floor. Some of the calcium carbonate also collects on the sea floor. Some will collect around the shells and hold them together. This happens over thousands and millions of years until solid rock is formed. The rock is limestone. What must stand out clearly in your minds is the fact that limestone is made up mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). One source indicates that limestone has at least 50% of calcium carbonate. Limestone is found in many Caribbean territories including Jamaica. Most of Jamaica consists of limestone rocks. There are many different types of limestone and they vary in terms of hardness, chemical composition, jointing and bedding planes. The different types are indicated in the text The Caribbean Environment for CXC Geography written by Mark Wilson. These are as follows:H Some limestones are made up mainly of coral, for example in Barbados. H Others are composed mainly of shells. H Most Bahamian limestones are oolites, formed when small egg-shaped grains of calcium carbonate are precipitated from seawater. H Many limestones consist of almost pure calcium carbonate. They are usually white when they have been freshly broken.

REFERENCES
Jamaica A Junior Geography - Marjorie AllenVassell et al Geography for CSEC - Jeanette Ottley et al Geography for CSEC - Nelson Thornes The Caribbean Environment For CXC Geography - Mark Wilson
Marjorie Henry is an independent contributor.Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

LIMESTONE
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ROXANNE WRIGHT
Contributor

Non-trading concern

yl:principles of accounts

THE TREASURER of Must Help Social Club has provided the following information. It related to the financial position at December 31, 2010.

The treasurer has also drawn up the following summary of the receipts and payments for the year ended December 31, 2011:

The following additional information is available for the year ended December 31, 2010: 1. The stock of refreshments at December 31, 2011 was valued at $1,400. 2. The old equipment sold had a book value of $3,000. 3. The insurance premium paid was for the twelve months ended March 31, 2012. 4. Equipment is to be depreciated by 20% of the year end value.

YOU ARE REQUIRED TO:

a. Calculate the accumulated Fund (Capital) at January 1, 2011. b. Prepare the Refreshment Account to show the profit of loss for the year ended December 31, 2011. c. Prepare the Income and expenditure Account for the year ended December 31, 2011. d. Calculate the cash at bank at December 31, 2011. e. At the end of the financial year, many non-profit making organisations, such as clubs, provide members with a Receipts and Payments Account. Explain why this can be unsatisfactory for the members.

SOLUTION
(a) Computation of Accumulated fund (Capital) at January 1, 2011

(e). Receipts and payments show only the movement of into and out of the club it does not show the profit made in selling refreshments, the actual expenses and income for the year and whether there is an excess of income over expenditure or otherwise. These are important information since members want to know if the club can still operate in the next year. The Income and Expenditure Account and Balance sheet are two other documents which members are interested in seeing.

EXAMINATION PREPARATION TIP:

As you get closer to your examination, to assist with your preparation, we encourage you to: i. Get friends to ask you specific questions about various topics. ii. Ask your friends question from various topics. This will help to build your understanding and confidence. Remain calm, continue on the path of reviewing what you have done over the period, and remember to solve at least one question and five multiple choice questions per day. Visit with us again next week when our presentation will be, Control Accounts & Subsidiary Ledgers. See you then.
Roxanne Wright teaches at Immaculate Academy. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

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YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 10-16, 2012