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ASSESSMENT OF E-GOVERNMENT IN CAMBODIA AND INDONESIA BY WEB MEASURE INDEX AND WEB USABILITY
EL KRIYAR
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY BOGOR 2011
ASSESSMENT OF E-GOVERNMENT IN CAMBODIA AND INDONESIA BY WEB MEASURE INDEX AND WEB USABILITY
EL KRIYAR
Thesis As a requirement to obtain The Bachelor Degree of Computer Science in the Department of Computer Science
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY BOGOR 2011
ABSTRACT
KRIYAR, EL. Assessment of e-government in Cambodia and Indonesia by web measure index and web usability. Supervised by YANI NURHADRYANI and JULIO ADISANTOSO.
Electronic-government (e-government) is the way by which the government can communicate and transfer their information and services to citizens and other stakeholders by using Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), particularly in the usage of the Internet. E-government is a long term project initiated by the government as the main goal in providing informations and services in regard to transparency and accountability. Therefore, the new technology of web based applications would facilitate the success of e-government. In this research, to evaluate egovernment in Cambodia and Indonesia, we accessed the government websites to find specific informations and services which are provided by the government of both countries. The analysis of the research concentrated in four stages such as web presence, interaction, transaction, and participation, of which 20 features/variables were reviewed. In additional, we also evaluate web usability to make sure that the contents and web design are usable. The result shows that 27% of 20 features on the web are provided by the central government of Cambodia, while local government only provided 5%. The central and local government of Indonesia provided 39% and 34%, respectively. The result futher shows that web usability of Indonesian central government reached 70% of 24 web usability components which are usable while its local government reached 68%. In comparision, Cambodian central government had 45% while its local government had 65%. Generally, both Cambodian and Indonesian government are still in the process of successful completion of e-government. There are still many issues that had to be solved to achieve a successful e-government in government services and web usability.
Keyword: e-government, Cambodian e-government, Indonesian e-government, web usability
Title
: Assessment of e-government in Cambodia and Indonesia by web measure index and web usability Name : El Kriyar Student ID : G64078001
Approved by: Counselors
Dr. Yani Nurhadryani, S.Si, M.T NIP. 19740404 199802 2 001
Ir. Julio Adisantoso, M.Kom NIP. 19620714 198601 1 002
Approved by: Head of Department of Computer Science
Dr. Ir. Sri Nurdiati, M.Sc NIP. 19601126 198601 2 001
Date of Graduation:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express my thank to Allah that gives me an opportunity and good health to finish my thesis successfully. Furthemore, I would like to thank the following people who get involed in providing information and assistance for the successful completion of my research: 1. I sincerely thank my mum and other members of my family who have given me support and encouragement during difficult times of my study and research. 2. Special thank to Dr. Yani Nurhadryani, S.Si, M.T and Ir. Julio Adisantoso, M.Kom, as my counselor who always shows me direction to complete this thesis successfully. 3. Special thank to Mr. Firman Ardiansyah, S.Kom, M.Si as an examiner of my thesis. 4. Many thanks to Mr. Hidayat for his entire cooperation to review government websites for validation of my data. 5. Many thanks to Dr. Ir. Sri Nurdiati, M.Sc and all staff of Computer Science department who facilitated and helped me completed my study successfully. 6. Last but not the least, I would like to thank all my friends who have helped me in one way or the other when I needed.
Bogor, November 2011
El Kriyar
BACKGROUND
EL Kriyar was borned at Toek Thla Village, Battambang Province in Cambodia on the 17 of January 1985. He is the fourth child from four children of Mr EL Sim and Mrs Ek Tiyas. In 2004 he graduated from Notodom Rannarith High School and was accepted at Royal University of Law and Economics (RULE) in Cambodia. After two years of study at RULE, he was then accepted to undertake studies in Indonesia at Bogor Agricultural University under the depatrment of Computer Science.
CONTENTS
Page FIGURES LIST ..................................................................................................................................... vi TABLES LIST ....................................................................................................................................... vi APPENDIX LIST .................................................................................................................................. vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Research motivation ................................................................................................................. 1 Research objectives .................................................................................................................. 1 Research scope.......................................................................................................................... 1 Research advantages ................................................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Definition of e-governement ..................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Types of e-government services ............................................................................................... 3 2.3 E-government stage model ....................................................................................................... 3 2.3.1 UNs five stage model (2001) ....................................................................................... 4 2.3.2 Layne and Lees four stage model (2001) ..................................................................... 4 2.3.3 Moons five-stage model (2002) ................................................................................... 4 2.4 Cambodia and Indonesia at a glance ......................................................................................... 4 2.5 Status of e-government of Cambodia and Indonesia ................................................................ 5 2.6 Challenges of e-government in developing countries ............................................................... 7 2.6.1 ICT infrastructure .......................................................................................................... 7 2.6.2 Policy issue .................................................................................................................... 7 2.6.3 Human capital development and life long learning ....................................................... 7 2.6.4 Change management ..................................................................................................... 7 2.6.5 Partnership and collaboration ........................................................................................ 7 2.6.6 Strategy.......................................................................................................................... 7 2.6.7 Leadership role .............................................................................................................. 7 2.7 Web usability ............................................................................................................................ 7 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Methodology Diagram .............................................................................................................. 8 3.2 The evaluation of parameters .................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 9 4.1 Accessible websites .................................................................................................................. 9 4.2 Government online services.................................................................................................... 10 4.2.1 Stage I web presence ................................................................................................... 10 4.2.3 Stage III transaction ..................................................................................................... 11 4.2.2 Stage II interaction ...................................................................................................... 11 4.2.4 Stage IV participation .................................................................................................. 12 4.3 Usability of government websites .......................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.2 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 16 5.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................................... 16 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 17 APPENDIX........................................................................................................................................... 18
FIGURES LIST Page 1 E-government framework .................................................................................................................. 3 2 Interaction of e-government ............................................................................................................... 3 3 ASEAN map ...................................................................................................................................... 5 4 The graphic of Cambodian and Indonesian internet user ................................................................... 6 5 Research methodology diagram ......................................................................................................... 8 6 Accessible websites of Cambodian and Indonesian government ....................................................... 9 7 The graphic of average score for Cambodian and Indonesian e-government .................................. 10 8 The graphic of website evaluation of Cambodian and Indonesian government (Central) ............... 12 9 The graphic of website evaluation of Cambodian and Indonesian government (Provincial) ........... 13 10 Website of Minitry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia). ......................................................................... 15 11 Website of Phnom Penh government (Cambodia).. ......................................................................... 16
TABLES LIST Page 1 Cambodian Internet User ................................................................................................................... 6 2 Indonesian Internet User .................................................................................................................... 6 3 E-Government Readiness for South-Eastern Asia ............................................................................. 6 4 Cambodian governments web sites reviewed ................................................................................... 9 5 Indonesian governments web sites reviewed .................................................................................... 9 6 Percentage of each stage of Cambodian and Indonesian government ............................................. 10 7 Percentage of variable in stage I web presence ................................................................................ 11 8 Percentage of variable in stage II interaction ................................................................................... 11 9 Percentage of variable in stage III transaction ................................................................................. 12 10 Percentage of variable in stage IV participation .............................................................................. 12 11 Consistency of web accessibility for Cambodian government websites .......................................... 13 12 Consistency of web accessibility for Indonesian government websites ........................................... 14 13 New percentage of each stage of Cambodian and Indonesian government ..................................... 14 14 Percentage of each components of usability .................................................................................... 14 15 Average score of usability ............................................................................................................... 15
APPENDIX LIST Page 1 High score per stage for Cambodian and Indonesian government ..................................................... 19 2 Result of websites evaluation per stage ............................................................................................. 20 3Table of web usability evaluation ....................................................................................................... 28 4 List of Cambodian and Indoensian government ................................................................................ 37 5 Internet user ....................................................................................................................................... 40
vi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research motivation Advancements in information and communication technology (ICT) offers many benefits to all aspects of life as far as education and communication is concerned. For instance, Internet technology or World Wide Web are technology means that enable people around the globe to share ideas and informations successfully. According to the website Pondered.org (2006), following are several example of the benefit of the Internet such as: Information Access: The Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information in which all informations can be accessed through the help of search engine. E-learning: As far as education is concerned, online course or web based training have improved the access to information and communication, particular in research topic and distance learning. For example, most universities provide flexible learning environment via their websites. Communication: Internet technology provides communication among cultures and within families. For example, email and Instant Messaging provides rapid and instant communication among cultures of different diversity and geography. Other mass communication access such as Skype application, provides fast and economic means of communication among families near and abroad. Furthemore, the Internet also provides conviniency in business communication in regard to customer services and business evaluation and progress. Shopping: online shopping is a time efficient system in which shopping is done via the Internet without actually buying products directly from shops and the payment can be done through credit card. Due to these benefits, the government is implementing electronic-government (egovernment) concept. This means, establishing ICT as a convinient way of communication and sharing of informations and ideas among citizens, stackholders, and government. How about e-government of Cambodia and Indonesia now? Cambodia and Indonesia are developing countries and currently developing e-government system. According to Guido Bertucci, based on the United Nation survey for
e-governemt readiness in South-East Asia (2008), indicates that e-government readiness of Indonesia is better than Cambodia. In comparison, Indonesian government is ranked 106 while Cambodia is 115 (out of 192 countries). However, both countries have lower ranking compare to other South East Asia countries such as Singapore, Malayesia, Thailand, Philipines, Brunei, and Vietnam. Despite their commitment to e-government, they are confronted with many challenges which could inhibit their effort to fully embrace e-government. For instance, challenge such as lower usage of the Internet due to lack of Internet fasilities provided by the government. Furthemore, online services could not reached in isolated areas due to unavailablity to Internet connection. Due to the above reasons, I am motivated to carry out this research. First, to investigate the concept of e-government and finally, to evaluate the implementation of e-government both in Cambodia and Indonesia. 1.2 Research objectives The objectives are as follow: a. Understanding e-government concept. b. Evaluate e-government in Cambodia and Indonesia through central (ministries) and local (provincial) government websites. 1.3 Research scope These includes: a. Brief explanation on basic e-government concept. b. Use web measure index with 20 parameters in four stages model such as web presence, interaction, transaction, and participation. c. Use usability inspection method with 24 components to evaluate the usability of government websites. d. Evaluate 25 central and 24 local government websites of Cambodia as well as 31 central and 33 local government websites of Indonesia. 1.4 Research advantages This research will be a foundation of understanding e-government concept and be a reference for the future research. In addition, it will show the current status of e-government in Cambodia and Indonesia.
The research is organized as follows. Section 1 is an introduction related to the topic. Section 2 presents the review of several egovernment concepts. This includes information about current Cambodian and Indonesian egovernment. In addition, to list several challenges faced by developing countries in implementing e-government. Section 3 shows the methodology. Section 4 discusses the result of evaluating government websites. Finally, the last section provides conclusion and recommendation towards government improvement and further research on egovernment. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This section reviews several e-government concepts, government services, and egovernment stage model. It also explain current situation of e-government both in Cambodia and Indonesia. In addition, it lists challenges of e-government in developing countries. 2.1 Definition of e-governement E-government range from the use of information technology to free movement of information to overcome the physical bounds of traditional paper and physical based systems to the use of technology to enhance the access to and delivery of government services to benefit citizens, business partners and employees. (Patricia, 2003) According to Zhiyuan (2002), e-government is a means for governments to use the most innovative information and communication technologies, particularly web-based Internet applications, to provide citizens and businesses with more convenient access to government information and services, to improve the quality of the services and to provide greater opportunities to participate in democratic institutions and processes. This includes transactions between government and business, government and citizen, government and employee, and among different units and levels of government. The similar definition of e-government is that, public services are developed by making organizational changes, democratic developments are ensured and public administration uses information and communication technologies for supporting public policies. (Jongcheul, 2004)
Another definition of e-government is defined as a government model, which aims to increase in performance and efficiency through the use of ICTs to enable good quality services between public organizations, citizens and commercial organizations. Egovernments targets are: a. Transparency in administration. b. Ensuring democratic developments and contribution of the citizens to administration at all levels. c. Offering public services in a more transparent way and consequently increasing power and credibility of the government. d. Continuous, uninterrupted and high quality services. e. Ensuring data exchange between organizations and preventing work and data repeats. f. Making life of the citizens, who take services from the government easier. g. Planning based on true and up to date data and saving money in all expenditures (Sisman et al., 2009). According to Yani Nurhadryani (2009), the actors in e-government can simplified into two types. First is the public sector as a provider of executive government (ministry of finance, education, health, etc.), the judiciary and the legislature at the national, regional and local levels. The second is called end-user, which is under non-governmental and private sector. These actors use ICTs for internal and external function. Internal functions, the ICTs are used for the administrative process by integrating all internal public sector either horizontally (integration between minitries of same level) and vertically (integration between same ministries of different levels). With increasing internal integration both horizontally and vertically, it is expected that government is able to enhance the external function that provide better public services to end-users. The interaction among the actors is illustrated as shown in Figure 1.
National level
Ministry 1 (Finance)
Ministry 2 (Education)
Ministry 3 (Health) Service s
E N D U S E R
Local level
Functional 1 (Finance)
Functional 2 (Education)
Functional 3 (Health)
Horizontal integration Vertical integration Figure 1 E-government framework. (Yani Nurhadryani , 2009) The paper define e-government as the way in which government can communicate and transfer their information and services to citizens and other stakeholders by using Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), particularly in the usage the Internet. Based on this definition, these will review on informations and services which are provided by government websites. First of all, it is important to understand the relationship as well as types of e-government services toward their citizens and stackholders. 2.2 Types of e-government services Based on the paper of Zhiyuan (2002), the four types of e-government services are Government-to-Citizen (G2C), Government-toBusiness (G2B), Government-to-Employee (G2E), and Government-to-Government (G2G). The following is an expansion of e-government services : G2C are informations and services from the government to its citizens such as license renewals, ordering of birth/death/marriage certificates and taxes. G2B are information and services in business developments such as business transaction, business community, exchange of business services including other related services. G2E are services provided by the government to its employees such as provision of human resource training and development. G2G services operate between governments at two levels such as domestic and at the G2G Nonprofit G2N Local Government G2N G2C C2G G2B B2G international level. These include transactions between central/national and local governments, and between department level and attached agencies and bureaus. The interactions between governments at internal and external level is best illustrated in Figure 2.
Central government G2E & E2G
Citizens
Business
Figure 2 Interaction of e-government. (Zhiyuan , 2002) 2.3 E-government stage model This includes three e-government stage models such as UNs five stage model, Layne and Lees four stage model, and Moons five stage model. (Hala Al-Khatib, 2009). Futher, these models will be summarized into new stage models, called the four stage model.
2.3.1 UNs five stage model (2001) a. Emerging presence provides basic information relating to respective instance such as contact information and function of instance. b. Enhanced presence provides a more updated detail informations such as recent news and common issues. c. Interactive presence provide a quality services delivery of interaction among users and services providers. d. Transactional presence provides convenient online transaction services such as tax payment and updating birth certificates. e. Seamless provides an accessibility of whole services to all citizens. 2.3.2 Layne and Lees four stage model (2001) a. Catalogue provides basic information relating to respective instance such as contact information and function of instance. b. Transaction provides convenient online transaction services such as tax payment and updating birth certificates. c. Vertical integration integration of information and services between central and local government. d. Horizontal integration integration of information and services between all level of government and non-government. 2.3.3 Moons five-stage model (2002) a. one-way communication provides basic information relating to respective instance such as contact information and function of instance. b. Two-way communication provide a quality services delivery of interaction among users and services providers. c. Service and financial transaction provides convenient online transaction services such as tax payment and updating birth certificates. d. Vertical and horizontal integration This is similar to the last two stages in Layne and Lee (2001) four-stage model. This stage refers to integrating separate systems at different levels (vertical) and from different departments (horizontal). e. Political participation promotion of political participation through services such as online voting and surveys.
Based on the above e-government stage models, it has been identified, that all three stage models contain similar concepts, but operates at different levels. Thus, these stage models are summarized as follow: Web presence: this phase is a basic form of e-government services where simple with limited informations are posted through web sites, such as the agency's vision and mission, and contact information. Due to the advancement of government capabilities, information delivery become more dynamic, specialized and updated. Interaction: this phase provides simple interactions between the governments and users. This includes e-mail systems, official forms download as well as other interactions. Transaction: this phase enable users to conduct complete online transactions. Citizens can conduct self-services online such as license applications, tax filing, and personal information updates. Participation: this involve long-term goal for e-government development. The governments attempt to improve political participation, citizen involvement, and politics transparencies by offering tools such as online voting, polling and surveys. The parameters of the above four stage models will be elaborated in Chapter 3. To continue any further, first it is important to take a glance at the history and status of egovernment of Cambodia and Indonesia. 2.4 Cambodia and Indonesia at a glance a. Cambodia Kingdom of Cambodia is a country located in Southeast Asia with a total landmass of 181,035 square kilometres. It is situated Northwest and Southwest guft of Thailand, Northeast of Laos, and East of Vietnam. With over 14.8 million total population of which 92% are Theravada Buddhism while 8% are Muslim and Christians. These are 24 provinces including the Capital City called Phnom Penh, which make up the first level adminitrative division. The second level adminitrative division composed of 159 districts which are devided into communes and quarters. According to Central Intellengence Agency (CIA), in 2010 Cambodia's per capita income and Nominal Per Capita were $2,470 and
$1,040 respectively. Although the Capita Income experienced rapid growth rate, it is still lower compare to other countries around the region. Majority of rural population depend on Agriculture practices for living. The countrys major export are rice, fish, timber, garment and rubber. The government is a constitutional monarchy operating under Democratic Parliamentery System. b. Indonesia The Republic of Indonesia (RI) is situated in the Southeast Asia region. It extends to the Southeast Asia and to the Northwest of Australian Continent. The total population in 2006 was 222 millions of which 90% are Muslim, even though it is not officially known as a Muslim country. There are 33 provinces which are divided into regioncies and cities, which are furthure divided into districts and village communities. Furthemore, these villages are divide into communes and quarters.
As a democratic country, trias political system is practiced under the legislative, executive, and judical bodies. Figure 3 below shows the map of ASEAN countries. 2.5 Status of e-government of Cambodia and Indonesia E-government in Cambodia and Indonesia are still development process. According to National ICT Development Authority (NiDA) of Cambodia, the government is currently working on a project of the Government Administration Information System (GAIS). These includes, Electronic Approval System (EAS), real estate registration, resident registration and vehicle registration and the presence of the government on the World Wide Web. (Leewood Phu, 2009). While Indonesia government is implementing the action plan comprising of 75 programs. These programs are classified into 4 categories i.e. policy and legal framework; human capacity building; infrastructures; and application both for the government and private sector. Among 75 programs, 17 are already
Cambodia Indonesia Figure 3 ASEAN map Based on Central Intellengence Agency (CIA), in 2010 Income per Capita and Nominal per Capita was $4,200 and $3,015 respectively. The further shows that 46.4% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contributed from the industry sector, followed by services of 37.1% and 16.5% from agriculture sector. on going, 22 are urgent and 36 are important programs. (Djoko Agung, 2003) Despite its commitment to e-government, the government in both countries are confronted with a number of challenges that could inhibit its effort to fully embrace e-government and achieve the above objective. One of the
challenges is Internet usage. Though the Internet is the main medium to provide online services, the data (Internet World State) indicates the quantity of Internet user for both countries are lower compared to other countries around the region. Generally, Internet user in Cambodia increase at a very low rate of less than 1% compared to its population growth rate. This is indicated in Table 1. Table 1 Cambodian Internet User (Internet World Stats, 2010) Year 2000 2007 2009 2010 User 6,000 44,000 74,000 78,000 Population 12,573,580 13,507,538 14,494,293 14,753,320 % 0.05 % 0.33 % 0.51 % 0.53 %
UN member countries (192 countries) have made in implementing e-government services. To establish e-government index, there are three indicators to consider. These are web presence measures which indicates stages of government websites. Second is telecommunication infrastructure measures which define the capacity of the countrys ICTs. These are evaluated through indicators such as the Internet hosts per 10,000 people, percentage of a nations population online, and PCs, telephone lines, mobile phones, and televisions per 100 people. The final indicator is human capital measure which analysis the UNDP Human Development Index, the Information Access Index, and urban/rural population ratio. (Janet Kaaya, 2006) Due to the development of technology, Cambodia and Indonesia has shown reasonable progress in their e-government readiness. UNDPEPA has indicated these progress through annual interval evaluation egovernment programme. From the evaluation, it is clearly shown that Indonesian e-government is a little more progressive than Cambodian. According to Yani Nurhadryani (2009) using web measure index, Indonesian government websites provide 48% of 17 feactures which are used in the research, while there is no current published data on Cambodian government websites during the period this research was carried out. However, both countries still need to put more effort to develop their e-government system if they need to provide quality egovernment services compared to other South East Asia countries. This is clearly shown in Table 3. Table 3 E-Government Readiness for SouthEastern Asia Country Singapore Malaysia Thailand Philippines Brunei Vietnam Indonesia Cambodia Myanmar TimorLeste Laos 2008 Rank 23 34 62 66 87 91 106 115 145 155 156 2005 Rank 7 43 46 41 73 105 96 128 129 144 147
On the other hand, Indonesian Internet user is increasing at rapid rate of more than 1% compare to its population growth rate as shown in Table 2. Table 2 Indonesian Internet User (Internet World Stats, 2010) Year 2000 2007 2009 2010 User 2,000,000 20,000,000 28,000,000 30,000,000 Population 206,264,595 224,481,720 240,271,522 242,968,342 % 1.00 % 8.91 % 11.65 % 12.35 %
Based on the data in Table 1 and 2, Indonesian Internet users is higher than Cambodias. This is best shown in Figure 4. (See the Appendix 4 to know more Internet user in the world and Asia).
Figure 4 The graphic of Cambodian and Indonesian Internet user. The United Nations Division for Public Economics and Public Administration (UNDPEPA) has developed the e-government Index which is an indicator of the progress the
Source : UN E-government Survey 2008
2.6 Challenges of e-government in developing countries E-government is a long term project with lots of complication in its implementation as far as developing countries are concerned. Thus, Valentina (2004) describes theses challenges such as follows: 2.6.1 ICT infrastructure Many developing countries suffer from the digital divide, and they are not able to deploy the appropriate ICT infrastructure such as internetworking, models, standards and architechure as guiding principles to successful e-government. 2.6.2 Policy issue Laws policies and regulation are not well established in order to control the e-government legal rights in most of developing countries. 2.6.3 Human capital development and life long learning As far as human resource is concerned, there is lack of techonology skill to enhance successful operation in e-government. 2.6.4 Change management Change management creates fear and tensions among government employees who may find difficult to adapt from conventional to e-government system. 2.6.5 Partnership and collaboration Collaboration and cooperation at local, regional and national levels, as well as between public and private organizations, are still major problem in implementing the e-government development. This has caused lack of trust between citizens and government. 2.6.6 Strategy Proper analytical and dynamic strategy is another difficult issue which needs to be addressed with quality re-engineering process to improve e-government services to serve citizens better. 2.6.7 Leadership role Leadership is one of the main driving forces of every new and innovative project or initiative. However, most developing countries lack dynamic influencial leaders who should encourage and motivate developers and users of e-government system.
In order to provide quality websites, it is necessary to evaluate its usability to satify the users. The following point will explain the goal of web usability. 2.7 Web usability Tom Brinck (2002) defined web usability as the degree to which people (users) can perform a set of required tasks. The goals to achieve quality usable websites such as: a. Functionally correct: This primary system correctly performs the functions that the user needs. Software that does not allow users to perform their tasks is not usable. b. Efficient to use: Efficiency can be a measure of the time or actions required to perform a task. In general, procedures that are faster tend to be more efficient. c. Easy to learn: Ease of learning determines how quickly new users can learn to accurately perform a task procedure. In general, the fewer steps a procedure contains, the easier it is to learn. d. Easy to remember: The degree to which a system taxes human memory determines how easy it is for users to remember. Systems that compel users to paste memory aids on their display screens are not easy to remember. e. Error tolerant: Error tolerance is determined by how well errors are prevented, how easily they are detected and identified when they occur, and how easily they are corrected once they are identified. Error-tolerant systems can also prevent catastrophic results if all other measures fail. f. Subjectively pleasing: usability is often determined by how users feel about using the system. Although nonfunctional graphics and other interface elements can skew a users perception of usability, user satisfaction is probably a combination of all these criteria.
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Methodology Diagram The following steps were taken to ensure this research has achieved its goals. These includes literature review, selection of egovernment stage model and web usability method, data collection, analysis and fianally is conclusion. Figure 5 further shows the procedures taken to accomplish this research. Literature Review
3.2 The evaluation of parameters Parameters were devided into stage model parameters and inspection usability parameters. The four-stage model, such as web presence; interaction; transaction; and participation, was used to evaluate government services. While inspection usability method was used to evaluate usable of government websites which concentrated with eight components such as architecture and navigation ; layout and design ; content ; form and interaction ; graphic ; color ; typography ; and platform and implementation. There are 20 parameters/feactures were used in four stage model evaluation, while 24 parameters were used in the inspection of usability evaluation. ( For detailed parameters of inspection usability, we refer to Table 1 of Appendix 3). Binary number ( 1 or 0) was used to show the presence or absence of specific parameter/feature. For example, number 1 shows features of websites are present (accessible) and number 0 shows their absence (inaccessible). The following parameters of four-stage model being evaluated such as:
Selection of e-government stage model and web usability method
Data collection (Governments websites)
Analysis
Stage I: Web presence a. Web launching: the ministrial official webpages were reviewed by using Internet server at Bogor Agricultural University (IPB - Indonesia). The review carried out during three consecutive weekends. b. Tab about us: generally it describes institutional history (optional), function, vision, mission, and institutional structure. c. Contact information: information about the place and person that can be contacted when needed. d. Link to other official webpage: link to other government webpages and other useful websites (optional). e. Regular update: webpage always update (at least once a week). The update was reviewed three consecutive weekends. f. English language: available webpage is in English language. For Indonesian government websites, primary language is Bahasa Indonesia while Khmer as primary language for Cambodian government websites. g. General news and activities: provide internal and/or external news on their websites.
Conclusion
Figure 5 Research methodology diagram. First, e-government concept was reviewed from literature data. In the second step e-government stage models are summarized to evaluate government services while inspection usability method was used to evaluate web usability. Third, a review of Cambodian and Indonesian government websites were carried out. These are such as, central government of Cambodia and Indonesia with 25 and 31 websites respectively. Furthermore, local government of Cambodia with 24 websites, while 33 websites for Indonesian local government. (refer to Appendix 4 for government name and websites) Next is the discussion and analysis based on data review, and the final is the conclusion.
Stage II: Interaction a. Downloadable forms: any application forms are available such as birth record, tax payment, etc. b. Publication: research such as agriculture, economy and others government project. c. Email and respond: send and get respond for any questions from citizens. d. Post comment: all user/citizens can post any comments to share their ideas or critics. e. Online forums: forums for discussing any issues that are happening in the society as well as government issues. Stage III: Transactional a. Fill out and submit forms: fill out any transaction form and submit to relevance institutional. The score is one (1) if at least one online transaction form is available. Otherwise, the score is zero (0). b. Payment transaction: all online payment are available such as tax payment, visa payment, utilities (electric, phone, water), etc. At least one transaction can be processed online, then the score is one (1). If there is no online transaction provided, then the score is zero (0). c. Make new passport: give a convenient way to all the citizens to make passport through online (e-passport). d. Renewal visa: all visa renew process can be done by online services. f. Birth and death record: all databases are integrated to register birth and death record online. g. License and permit: license and permit request form must be accessible through online services. Stage IV: Participation a. Survey: polling system through online by citizens to help the decision making on government services. For example, project development. b. E-voting: election of President, Prime Minister, local government can be chosen by citizens via online.
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION The review of websites was done at three consecutive weekends during the month of June 2011 such as 11-12, 18-19, and 25-26. From the three consecutive review, the score from the last review is taken to be the valid data. These valid data are then used for analizing e-government implementation. 4.1 Accessible websites Table 4 shows Cambodian central government has 19 (76%) accessible websites, while other 6 websites are inaccessible even though they have domains. The table further shows that the local government has 3 (13%) accessible websites, while 19 others do not have domains. Table 4 Cambodian governments web sites reviewed Type of Gov Central Provincial Total Number of government 25 24 49 Accessible websites 19 3 22 % 76 13 46
Table 5 shows Indonesian central government has 31 (100%) accessible websites. Its local government has 31 (94%) accessible websites, while the other 2 websites are inaccessible. Table 5 Indonesian governments web sites reviewed Type of Gov Central Provincial Total Number of government 31 33 64 Accessible websites 31 31 62 % 100 94 97
Based on the above data evaluation, it is concluded that Indonesian government has higher (97%) Internet usage compared to Cambodian government (46%). This is clearly shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6 Accessible websites of Cambodian and Indonesian government
4.2 Government online services The main purpose of this research is not only to know how many websites were launched, but also to know how and what online services are provided to citizens of both countries. The result in Figure 8 indicates that, in general, 27% out of 20 of web features are provided by central government of Cambodia, while its local government provides only 5%. Central and local government of Indonesia provides 39% and 34%, respectively. This indicates that information and services which provided by the governments of both countries are lower than 50%, particularly local government of Cambodia. The main challenges for local government of Cambodia are computer literacy and Internet access. The population in provinces, particularly in rural areas, are isolated from technology services due to high poverty and lack of public educational service. The majority of population have none or little skill in computer knowledge. In addition, there are limited or no Internet facilities provided by the government. There are also lack of good strategy and management for implementation of e-government development. Besides these, e-government laws and ICTs policies are not well established in order to ensure the better e-government services. As a developing country, Cambodian government has concentrated to develop and improve other aspects of economic developemt instead of e-government services, thus causing high gap of computer literacy among its population, particularly in the rural areas.
established plan to be able to implement egovernment successfully in the future. Indonesian government is also in the process of developing and improving its e-government services. Although its challenges are almost similar to any other developing countries, its egovernment development is better than Cambodian. This is best illustrated in Figure 7.
Figure 7 The graphic of average score for Cambodian and Indonesian e-government 4.2.1 Stage I web presence Table 6 shows that there are 65% and 11% of Cambodian central and local government respectively already provided online services, while Indonesian central and local government provided 91% and 76% respectively.
For e-government to meet its goal and objectives, it is suggested that Cambodian government should review and design well Table 6 Percentage of each stage of Cambodian and Indonesian government Government Central government (ministry) (%) Cambodia (25 ministries) 65 14 2 0 Indonesia (31 Ministries) 91 26 0 6 Local government (provincial) (%) Cambodia (24 Provinces) 11 3 0 0 Indonesia (33 Provinces) 76 22 0 15
Stage Stage I: Web presence Stage II: Interaction Stage III: Transaction Stage IV: Participation
10
The three consecutive reviews indicated that access to websites are inconsistent. That is, websites can be accessible only at particular times. In addition, some websites do not updated their information. For instance, Table 8 shows regular update for Cambodian central and local government are 76% and 13% respectively. While Indonesian central and local governmnet regular update are 97% and 89% respectively. In general, the data indicates that Cambodian government should implement and increase web presence in all instancies, particularly in local government. Web presence for Indonesian government is reasonable compare to Cambodian as shown in Table 7.
This indicates that online interaction have not been fully provided by both government. It is assumed that the government do not see the benefit of online communication with their citizens. On the other hand, citizens still lack the knowledge of the use of online interaction services. 4.2.3 Stage III transaction Table 6 further shows that central and local governments of both countries have not implement online transaction except 2% of Cambodian central government already provided this service. Table 9 clearly shows that almost all of online transaction features are not provided by both governments.
Table 7 Percentage of variable in stage I web presence Features/variables Web launching Tab about us Contact information Link to others official webpage Regular update English language General news and activities Central Government (%) Cambodia Indonesia 76 100 68 100 72 100 28 87 76 97 68 52 68 100 Local government (%) Cambodia Indonesia 13 94 13 94 13 94 4 64 13 89 13 9 13 90
4.2.2 Stage II interaction Table 6 shows that for Cambodian central and local government which already provided the interaction feacture are 14% and 3% respectively, whereas for Indonesian central and local government 26% and 22% respectively. For example, Table 8 indicates that there are no feature of downloadable form and e-mail and respond are provided by both governments. Furthemore, other features might be available which are provided by some government institutions. (c.f Table 8)
Difficulties in developing online transactional system as well its security measures are creating lack of trust among citizens and government. Thus, the government should recruit and increase expertise, particularly in building online transactional system. In addition, the government should also socializ the usage of this system through seminar, workshop, training, mass media, and related institutions.
Table 8 Percentage of variable in stage II interaction Features/variables Downloadable forms Publication Email and respond Post comment Online forums Central Government (%) Cambodia Indonesia 0 0 56 68 0 0 12 32 0 26 Local government (%) Cambodia Indonesia 0 0 0 42 0 0 13 48 0 21
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Table 9 Percentage of variable in stage III transaction Features/variables Fill out and submit forms Payment transaction Make new passport Renewal visa Birth and death record License and permit Central Government (%) Cambodia Indonesia 4 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 Local government (%) Cambodia Indonesia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4.2.4 Stage IV participation Participation of citizens in a democratic society is very important in social and seconomic development. Thus, e-government system can accelerate these development by providing online survey such as project, polling of government services, and related surveys. Table 6 shows, in general, central and local government of Cambodia are not providing participartion feature, while 6% and 15% of Indonesian central and local government respectively provide this feature. Table 10 further indicates that there are 13% and 30% of central and local government of Indonesia provide online survey related to government projects and data access on the websites. In addition, Yani et all (2009)
starting to think seriously about online communication to optimize its democracy. It is assumed that, the major problem encounted by the government is the cost and difficulties in implementing e-voting system. Hence, any developing countries including Cambodia and Indonesia should undertake comparative study with other developed countries of e-government system. This will enable them to aquire the expertise and knowledge to develop and optimize their egovernment successfully in the future. Furthemore, it would be better for Cambodian and Indonesian government to encourage in collaboration programme with international agencies for the funding of e-government implementation.
Table 10 Percentage of variable in stage IV participation Features/variables Survey E-voting Central Government (%) Cambodia Indonesia 0 13 0 0 Local government (%) Cambodia Indonesia 0 30 0 0
pointed out that during the general election of 2008, 27 (61%) from 44 national political parties in Indonesia have launched their websites with static information. This illustrated that Indonesian government is
Figure 8 and 9 illustrated that both central and local governments experience a very low achievement in implementing e-government particularly from stage 2 to stage 4.
Figure 8 The graphic of website evaluation of Cambodian and Indonesian government (Central) .
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Figure 9 The graphic of website evaluation of Cambodian and Indonesian government (Provincial) . From the four stages disccused, it is clearly indicated that stage I and II are better compared to stage III and IV. The cause of this differences maybe due to the simple system and its implementation compare to the last two stages. Therefore, the government should pay more attention to develop quality e-government services to its citizens in order to establish a more productive social and economic development. The acknowledgement of e-government of both countries (Cambodia and Indonesia) should not be unnoticed. Though they have faced a lot of challenges, it is worth mentioning several achievements to show that they are still have opportunity to develop and improve their respective e-government. For instance, Indonesian government provides 10 out of 20 features rated as the highest score among its institutions such as Misnistry of Finance, Ministry of Industry, government of Central Kalimantan Province, and East Nusa Tenggara Province. (c.f Appendix 1). On the other hand, Cambodian government websites provide 9 out of 20 features rated as the highest score among its institutions such as Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International cooperation, and Ministry of Rural Development. To further evaluate the consistency of websites accessibility, this paper carried out another websites review after several months (October) to compare with the previous review (June). According to Hidayat, who reviewed the websites during October, there are no significant differences as far as websites features are concerned. However, there are slight differences in web accessibility. That is, several of the inaccessible websites are later found to be accessible and vice versa. (c.f Table 11 and 12)
Table 11Consistency of web accessibility for Cambodian government websites Government name Ministry of National Assembly-Senate Relation and Inspection Ministry of National Defence Ministry of Woman Affairs Battamabng Province Web review in June 2011 Accessible Inaccessible Web review in October 2011 Accessible Inaccessible
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Table 12 Consistency of web accessibility for Indonesian government websites Government name State Minister for the Empowerment of State Apparaturs Lampung Province South Sulawesi Province Papua Province From two different periods of web review, these seem to be no significant differences in stage features of websites provided by the two governments. This is clearly shown in Table 13. Web review in June 2011 Accessible Inaccessible Web review in October 2011 Accessible Inaccessible except graphic component with less than 50% are usable. Table 14 further indicates that typography (font size and typeface) is a component which almost government websites are already provided as a standard
Table 13 New percentage of each stage of Cambodian and Indonesian government Government Central government (ministry) (%) Cambodia (25 ministries) 74 15 2 2 Indonesia (31 Ministries) 89 33 0 10 Local government (provincial) (%) Cambodia (24 Provinces) 8 2 0 0 Indonesia (33 Provinces) 71 25 0 15
Stage Stage I: Web presence Stage II: Interactive Stage III: Transaction Stage IV: Participation
4.3 Usability of government websites This refer to components of web usability such as content, graphic, and related components as shown in Table 14. It was noted that more than 50% of government websites provide properly web components
requirement. See Appendix 3 for detail result of each components.
Table 14 Percentage of each components of usability Government Central government (ministry) (%) Cambodia (25 ministries) 38 60 64 23 Indonesia (31 Ministries) 54 94 78 63 Local government (provincial) (%) Cambodia (24 Provinces) 33 100 67 100 Indonesia (33 Provinces) 57 77 73 72
Components Architecture and Navigation Layout and Design Content Form and Interaction
14
Graphic Color Typography Platform and Implementation
4 64 76 48
10 92 97 91
17 67 100 67
11 84 94 90
In general, as far as usability is concerned, both countries have fairly well demonstrated their commitment to build usable websites for e-government development. (c.f Table 15) Table 15 Average score of usability (total score is 24) Country Cambodia Government Central Local 46% 65% Indonesia 71% 69%
The main problem for web usability are difficulties in designing user interface and lack of knowledge about web building and its function operations. Therefore, the government should invest in expertise of web building.
However, from the review, it was noted that both government have shown progress in web usability development. For Indonesian government, the highest score of 22 from 24 (92%) of web components are implemented by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Trade, and government of Banten Province. Figure 10 shows a screenshot of Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Furthermore, Cambodian government also shows progress in its web usability development. This includes government of Phnom Penh city with the highest score of 20 from 24 (88%) of web components. The screenshot in Figure 11 illustrated this website. However, despite the highest score of web components provided by both governments, these are still lower than other business websites.
Figure 10 Website of Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia).
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Figure 11 Website of government of Phnom Penh city (Cambodia). CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.2 Conclusion In this modern technology transaction era, e-government is recently taking its toll both in developed and under developing countries as far as communication and transfer of informations are concerned. The government are starting to change their conventional operation to e-government to achieve more economic and efficient government through the usage of ICTs, particularly Internet services. E-government implementation is enable to provides convenient and conducive interaction among government institutions, and between citizens and government. Like any other developing countries, Cambodian and Indonesian government have shown progress in implementing egovernment. Cambodian central and local government implemented online services 27% and 5% respectively. While Indonesian central and local government also provide 39% and 34% online services respectively. More than 50% of web component of both government websites are usable. This indicates that these governments have taken positive initiative toward usable websites. Both governments may have experienced many challenges such as lack of expertise and government management which may have lead to the slow progress of e-government implementation. Thus, the goal of egovernment is not yet fully achieved. However, the implementation of egovernment in Indonesia is a little more progressive Cambodia. than the implementation in
5.2 Recommendation To ensure the progress of e-government implementation, the government of Cambodia and Indonesia should consider to: a. Accelerate implement of government services of stage II, III, and stage IV through the increase of technology expertise. The government should provide opportunities (training, sponsorship, collaboration program, etc) to make the citizens interested in acquire the knowledge to build e-government system. b. Provide convenient Internet facility in order to motivate and encourage public to have access to online services. c. Involve in comparative study with other developed countries which have aheading implementation of e-government system successfully. The future research of e-government should: a. Evaluate all central governments websites (not only ministry) including local government (district and/or commune) as well as the aspect of web usability and visibility. b. Choose appropriate parameter to each stage model to evaluate websites. c. Evaluate the use of either back office or front office, including computer design for e-government.
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REFERENCES Central Intellengence Agency (CIA). 2011. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/th e-world-factbook/geos/cb.html, Accessed 7 June 2011. Central Intellengence Agency (CIA). 2011. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/th e-world-factbook/geos/cb.html, Accessed 17 June 2011. Central Intellengence Agency (CIA). 2011. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/th e-world-factbook/geos/id.html, Accessed 3 July 2011. Djoko Agung et al. 2003. Indonesias road map to e-government: Opportunities and challenges. Retrieved July 20, 2011 from http://www.unapcict.org/ecohub/resources/ indonesias-road-map-to-e-govermentopportunities-andchallenges/at_download/attachment1 Guido Bertucci. 2008. UN E-government survey : from e-government to connected governance. Retrieved July 20, 2011 from http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/publi c/documents/un/unpan028607.pdf Hala Al-Khatib. 2009. A Citizen Oriented Egovernment Maturity Model. Retrieved July 21, 2011 from http://www.brunel.ac.uk/329/BBS documents/PHD Doctoral Symposium 09/HalaAlKhatib0632085.pdf Indonesian Government website. 2011. http://www.indonesia.go.id/, Accessed 15 July 2011 Internet World Stats. 2010. http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia/kh. htm, Accessed 9 July 2011 Internet World Stats. 2010. http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia/id. htm, Accessed 15 July 2011 Janet Kaaya. 2006. Implementing eGovernment Services in East Africa : Assessing Status Through Content Analysis of Government Websites. Electronic Journal of e-Government, Vol. 2, No.1, p 39-54. Thailand Jongcheul P. 2004. Designing System Architecture for Cadastral Information Dissemination Using Internet. International Institute for Geo-
Information Science and Earth Observation Enschede. The Netherlands. Leewood Phu. 2009. Cambodia: The road to e-governance. Retrieved July 21, 2011 from www.apdip.net/projects/egovernment/capblg/casestudies/Cambodia. pdf Patricia J. Pascual. 2003. E-government. EASEAN Task Force. UNDP-APDIP. Philiphines Pondered.org. 2006. http://www.pondered. org/the_internet .html Accessed 5 June 2011. Sisman et al. 2009. E-government concept and e-government applications in Turkey. African Journal of Business Management Vol 3, No 11, P 649-658. Turkey Tom Brinck et al. 2002. Usability for the web. Academic Press. Canada Valentina. 2004. E-government for Developing Countries: Opportunities and Challenges. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, Vol 18, No 1, p 1-24, Albania Winfried et al. 2004. Building The E-Service Society : E-Commerce, E-Business, and EGovernment. Springer Science and Business Media, Inc. USA Yani Nurhadryani. 2009. Memahami Konsep E-Governance serta hubungannya dengan E-Government dan E-Demokrasi. Seminar Nasional, Yogyakarta. ISSN: 1979-2328 Yani Nurhadryani. 2009. Assessing the Role of the Internet in the Democratization of Governance : A Comparative Analysis of the Development of E-Government in Indonesia since 1998. Indonesia Yani et el. 2009. Democracy 1.0 Meets Web 2.0: E-Campaigning and the Role of ICTs in Indonesias Political Reform Process since 1998. Interdisciplinary Information Sciences Vol. 15, No. 2, 2009, p 211222. Japan Zhiyuan Fang. 2002. E-Government in Digital Era: Concept, Practice, and Development. International Journal of The Computer, Vol. 10, No.2, 2002, p 1-22. Thailand
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APPENDIX
18
Appendix 1: High score per stage for Cambodian and Indonesian government
Stage
Features/variables
Web launching Tab about us Contact information I Link to others official webpage General news and activities Regular update English language Downloadable forms Publication II Email and respond Post comment Online forums Fill out and submit forms Payment transaction Make new passport II Renewal visa Birth and death record License and permit Survey IV E-voting Total score *
Cambodia M1* M2* 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9
M3*
Indonesia M4* P1*
P2*
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
10
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
10
M1 : Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation M2 : Ministry of Rural Development M3 : Ministry of Finance M4 : Ministry of Industry P1 : Central Kalimanatan Province P2 : East Nusa Tenggara Province
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Appendix 2: Result of websites evaluation per stage Table 1 The result of evaluation from 25 Cambodian governments websites (Ministriess website) Score Stage Variable 1* Web launching Tab about us Contact information Web presence Link to others official webpage Regular update English language General news and activities Downloadable forms Publication Interaction Email and respond Post comment Online forums Fill out and submit forms Payment transaction Transaction Make new passport Renewal visa Birth and death record License and permit Participation Survey E-voting Total score 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 2* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3* 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 9 4* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 5* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 7* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 9* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 10* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 11* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 13* 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 14* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
*See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 1 20
16* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
17* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18* 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
19* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
20* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
21* 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
22* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
23* 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
24* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
25* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Number of websites 19 17 18 7 19 17 17 0 14 0 3 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 134
Average score 0.76 0.68 0.72 0.28 0.76 0.68 0.68 0 0.56 0 0.12 0 0.04 0.04 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 5.36
Percentag e per stage (%)
65
14
0 27
Table 2 The result of evaluation from 31 Indonesian governments websites (Ministriess website) Score Stage Variable 1* Web launching Tab about us Contact information Web presence Link to others official webpage Regular update English language General news and activities Downloadable forms Publication Interaction Email and respond Post comment Online forums Fill out and submit forms Payment transaction Transaction Make new passport Renewal visa Birth and death record License and permit Participation Survey E-voting Total score 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 2* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 3* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 4* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 7* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 9* 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 10* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 11* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 12* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 13* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 14* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 15* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
16* 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17* 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
18* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
19* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
20* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
21* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
22* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
23* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8
24* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
25* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8
26* 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
27* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
28* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
29* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
30* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
31* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
Average score 1 1 1 0.87 0.97 0.52 1 0 0.68 0 0.32 0.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.13 0 7.74
Percentage per stage (%)
91
26
6 39
Table 3 The result of evaluation from 24 Cambodian governments websites (Provincial) Score Stage Variable 26* Web launching Tab about us Contact information Web presence Link to others official webpage Regular update English language General news and activities Downloadable forms Publication Interaction Email and respond Post comment Online forums Fill out and submit forms Payment transaction Transaction Make new passport Renewal visa Birth and death record License and permit Participation Survey E-voting Total score 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 27* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 28* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 29* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
*See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 1
24
41* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
42* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
43* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
44* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
45* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
46* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
47* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
48* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
49* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Average score 0.125 0.125 0.125 0.041 0.125 0.125 0.125 0 0 0 0.125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.92
11
0 5
Table 4 The result of evaluation from 33 Indonesian governments websites (Provincial) Score Stage Variable 32* Web launching Tab about us Contact information Web presence Link to others official webpage Regular update English language General news and activities Downloadable forms Publication Interaction Email and respond Post comment Online forums Fill out and submit forms Payment transaction Transaction Make new passport Renewal visa Birth and death record License and permit Participation Survey E-voting Total score 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 33* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 34* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 35* 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 36* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 37* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 38* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 39* 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 40* 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 41* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 42* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 43* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 44* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 45* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 46* 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
26
47* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
48* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
49* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
50* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 10
51* 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
52* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
53* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
54* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9
55* 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
56* 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6
57* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
58* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
59* 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 7
60* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 10
61* 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
62* 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 7
63* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
64* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Average score 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.64 0.89 0.09 0.90 0 0.42 0 0.48 0.21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.30 0 6.76
76
22
15 34
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Appendix 3: Table of web usability evaluation Table 1 Table of questionnaire for web usability Check components Architecture and Navigation 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 Are links clearly marked? Is there a clearly marked link back to the home page? Is there an option to search for information? Is there a site map? Does every page make it clear which web site youre in? Does page size fit window size? Is layout consistent between pages? Is the text clear and concise? Do pages include introductory text? Do multimedia components support the task? Is there date and time? Is there phone numbers? Are there address and postal codes? Do forms support the task? Are form elements used properly? Are there clear Submit buttons? Do the images include alternate text? Is mouse-over feedback provided? Are not too many color use? (max 3 colors) Are colors used consistently? Is the font size large enough? Are typefaces used properly and consistently? Arial family (Indonesia) KhmerOS (Cambodia) Link for news, tab/menu Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari result Note
Layout and Design
Content
Forms and Interaction
Graphics
Color
Typography
Platform and Implementation 1 2 Do all the links work? Does the site work with users browser?
Total
28
Table 2 The result of web usability evaluation for Cambodian Central government * Web condition can be changed all time, last reviewed on Sunday June 26, 2011 Components Architecture and Navigation Are links clearly marked? Is there a clearly marked link back to the home page? Is there an option to search for information? Is there a site map? Does every page make it clear which web site youre in? Layout and Design Content Does page size fit window size? Is layout consistent between pages? Is the text clear and concise? Do pages include introductory text? Do multimedia components support the task? Is there date and time? Is there phone numbers? Are there address and postal codes? Forms and Interaction Do forms support the task? Are form elements used properly? Are there clear Submit buttons? Graphics Color Typography Platform Implementation Total score *See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 1 and Do the images include alternate text? Is mouse-over feedback provided? Are not too many color use? (max 3 colors) Are colors used consistently? Is the font size large enough? Are typefaces used properly and consistently? Do all the links work? Does the site work with users browser? 1* 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 2* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3* 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 16 4* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 17 Score 5* 6* 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 17 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 7* 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 20 8* 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 9* 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 17 10* 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 12 29
11* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12* 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 13
13* 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 13
14* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15* 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 12
16* 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 13
17* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18* 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 18
19* 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 15
20* 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 14
21* 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 14
22* 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 14
23* 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 12
24* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
25* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Score 13 2 10 3 19 19 11 19 19 19 4 17 18 5 5 7 2 0 13 19 19 19 5 19 286
Average Score 0.52 0.08 0.4 0.12 0.76 0.76 0.44 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.16 0.68 0.72 0.2 0.2 0.28 0.08 0 0.52 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.2 0.76 11.44
Percentage per Component(%)
37.6
60
64
22.67
4 64 76 48 45.76 30
Table 3 The result of web usability evaluation for Indonesian Central government * Web condition can be changed all time, last reviewed on Sunday June 26, 2011 Components Architecture and Navigation Are links clearly marked? Is there a clearly marked link back to the home page? Is there an option to search for information? Is there a site map? Does every page make it clear which web site youre in? Layout and Design Content Does page size fit window size? Is layout consistent between pages? Is the text clear and concise? Do pages include introductory text? Do multimedia components support the task? Is there date and time? Is there phone numbers? Are there address and postal codes? Forms and Interaction Do forms support the task? Are form elements used properly? Are there clear Submit buttons? Graphics Color Typography Platform Implementation Total score *See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 2 and Do the images include alternate text? Is mouse-over feedback provided? Are not too many color use? (max 3 colors) Are colors used consistently? Is the font size large enough? Are typefaces used properly and consistently? Do all the links work? Does the site work with users browser? 1* 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 2* 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 3* 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 11 4* 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 22 5* 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 17 6* 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 19 7* 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 Score 8* 9* 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 16 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 17 10* 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 18 11* 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 12* 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 13* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 31 14* 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 14
15* 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 18
16* 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 15
17* 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 17
18* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 20
19* 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 14
20* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 22
21* 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 14
22* 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 16
23* 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 18
24* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 20
25* 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 16
26* 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 15
27* 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 18
28* 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 17
29* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 20
30* 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 13
31* 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 15
Total Score 30 6 27 11 10 31 27 31 31 31 16 14 22 19 19 21 3 3 27 30 29 31 26 31 526
Average Score 0.97 0.19 0.87 0.35 0.32 1 0.87 1 1 1 0.52 0.45 0.71 0.61 0.61 0.68 0.10 0.10 0.87 0.97 0.94 1 0.84 1 16.97
54.19
93.55
77.96
63.44
9.68 91.94 96.77 91.94 70.70 32
Table 4 The result of web usability evaluation for Cambodian Local government * Web condition can be changed all time, last reviewed on Sunday June 26, 2011 Components Architecture and Navigation Are links clearly marked? Is there a clearly marked link back to the home page? Is there an option to search for information? Is there a site map? Does every page make it clear which web site youre in? Layout and Design Content Does page size fit window size? Is layout consistent between pages? Is the text clear and concise? Do pages include introductory text? Do multimedia components support the task? Is there date and time? Is there phone numbers? Are there address and postal codes? Forms and Interaction Do forms support the task? Are form elements used properly? Are there clear Submit buttons? Graphics Color Typography Platform Implementation Total score *See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 1 and Do the images include alternate text? Is mouse-over feedback provided? Are not too many color use? (max 3 colors) Are colors used consistently? Is the font size large enough? Are typefaces used properly and consistently? Do all the links work? Does the site work with users browser? 26* 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 27* 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 13 28* 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 13 29* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Score 30* 31* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33
36* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
37* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
38* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
39* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
41* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
42* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
43* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
44* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
45* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
46* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
47* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
48* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
49* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Score 1 1 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 0 1 3 3 3 1 3 47
Average Score 0.33 0.33 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.33 0.33 0.33 1 1 1 0.33 0 0.33 1 1 1 0.33 1 15.67
33.33
100
66.67
100
16.67 66.67 100 66.67 65.28
Table 5 The result of web usability evaluation for Indonesian Local government * Web condition can be changed all time, last reviewed on Sunday June 26, 2011 Components Architecture Navigation and Are links clearly marked? Is there a clearly marked link back to the home page? Is there an option to search for information? Is there a site map? Does every page make it clear which web site youre in? Layout and Design Content Does page size fit window size? Is layout consistent between pages? Is the text clear and concise? Do pages include introductory text? Do multimedia components support the task? Is there date and time? Is there phone numbers? Are there address and postal codes? Forms and Interaction Do forms support the task? Are form elements used properly? Are there clear Submit buttons? Graphics Color Typography Platform Implementation Total score *See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 2 and Do the images include alternate text? Is mouse-over feedback provided? Are not too many color use? (max 3 colors) Are colors used consistently? Is the font size large enough? Are typefaces used properly and consistently? Do all the links work? Does the site work with users browser? 32* 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 16 33* 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 19 34* 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 35* 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 15 36* 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 13 37* 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 Score 38* 39* 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 19 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 40* 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 41* 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 21 42* 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 43* 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 13 44* 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 35 45* 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 17
46* 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 17
47* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 22
48* 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 19
49* 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 18
50* 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 19
51* 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 18
52* 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 18
53* 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 18
54* 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 16
55* 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 15
56* 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 11
57* 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 15
58* 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 11
59* 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 16
60* 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 13
61* 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 16
62* 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 20
63* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
64* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Score 22 6 24 5 31 28 20 31 31 31 9 15 19 22 22 23 4 3 22 30 29 29 25 31 512
Average Score 0.71 0.19 0.77 0.16 1 0.90 0.65 1 1 1 0.29 0.48 0.61 0.71 0.71 0.74 0.13 0.10 0.71 0.97 0.94 0.94 0.81 1 16.52
56.77
77.42
73.12
72.04
11.29 83.87 93.55 90.32 68.82 36
Appendix 4: List of Cambodian and Indoensian government * Web condition can be changed all time, last reviewed on Sunday June 26, 2011 1. List the name of Cambodian Government
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Name of government Ministry of Interior Ministry of National Defense Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Ministry of Economy and Finance Ministry of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Ministry of Rural Development Ministry of Commerce Ministry of Industry Mines and Energy Ministry of Planning Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports Ministry of Social Affairs Veteran and Youth Rehabilitation Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction Ministry of Environment Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology Ministry of Information Ministry of Justice Ministry of National Assembly-Senate Relations and Inspection Ministry of Post and Telecommunication Ministry of Health Ministry of Public Works and Transport Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts Ministry of Tourism Ministry of Religions and Cults Ministry of Women Affairs Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training Phnom Penh Siem Reap province Battambang Province Banteay Meanchey Province Oudor Meanchey Province Preah Vihear Province Steng Streng Province Rattanakkiri Province Mondulkiri Province Kompong Thom Province Kompong Cham Province Kompong Chhnang Province Po Sat Province Kompong Speu Province Kandal Province Kampot Province Kratie Province Takeo Province Koh Kong Province
Website http://www.interior.gov.kh/ http://www.mod.gov.kh/ http://www.mfaic.gov.kh/ http://www.mef.gov.kh/ http://www.maff.gov.kh/ http://www.mrd.gov.kh/ http://www.moc.gov.kh/ http://www.mime.gov.kh/ http://www.mop.gov.kh/ http://www.moeys.gov.kh/ http://www.mosalvy.gov.kh/ http://www.mlmupc.gov.kh/ http://www.moe.gov.kh/ http://www.mowram.gov.kh/ http://www.information.gov.kh/ http://www.moj.gov.kh/ http://www.monasri.gov.kh/ http://www.mptc.gov.kh/ http://www.moh.gov.kh/ http://www.mpwt.gov.kh/ http://www.mcfa.gov.kh/ http://www.mot.gov.kh/ http://www.mocar.gov.kh/ http://www.mwa.gov.kh/ http://www.mlv.gov.kh/ http://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/ http://www.siemreap-town.gov.kh/ http://www.battambang-town.gov.kh/ No domain No domain No domain No domain No domain No domain No domain No domain No domain No domain No domain No domain No domain No domain No domain No domain
37
45 46 47 48 49 2. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Prey Veng Province Prey Veng Province Keb Province Pailin Province Sihanouk Province List the name of Indoensian government Name of government Ministry of the State Secretariat Ministry of Religious Affairs Ministry of Energy and Natural Resource Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Law and Human Right Ministry of Forestry Ministry of Health Ministry of Finance Ministry of Defence Ministry of Industry Ministry of Social Services Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Ministry of Culture and Tourism Ministry of Cammunication and Information Ministry of Public Works Ministry of Transportation Ministry of National Education Ministry of Trade Ministry of Agriculture State Minister for Research and Technology State Minister for Cooperatives Small Medium Enterprises State Minister for Environment State Minister for Women Empowerment State Minister for The Empowerment of State Apparaturs State Minister for Acceleration Development Backward Regions State Minister for Chairperson of The National Development Planning Agency State Minister for State Owned Enterprises State Minister for Public Housing State Minister for Youth and Sports Affairs Nanggroe Aceh Darulsalam Province North Sumatra Province West Sumatra Province South Sumatra Province Riau Province Jambi Province Bengkulu Province Lampung Province Bangka Belitung Province Riau Mainland Province Jakarta Province Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province
No domain No domain No domain No domain No domain
Website http://www.setneg.go.id http://www.kemenag.go.id http://www.esdm.go.id http://www.kemlu.go.id http://www.depkumham.go.id http://www.dephut.go.id http://www.depkes.go.id http://www.depkeu.go.id http://www.dephan.go.id http://www.kemenperin.go.id http://www.depsos.go.id http://www.depnakertrans.go.id/ http://www.depdagri.go.id http://www.kkp.go.id/ http://www.budpar.go.id http://www.kominfo.go.id http://www.pu.go.id/ http://www.dephub.go.id http://www.kemdiknas.go.id http://www.kemendag.go.id/ http://www.deptan.go.id http://www.ristek.go.id http://www.depkop.go.id http://www.menlh.go.id http://www.menegpp.go.id http://www.menpan.go.id/ http://www.kemenegpdt.go.id http://www.bappenas.go.id http://www.bumn.go.id http://www.kemenpera.go.id http://www.kemenpora.go.id http://www.acehprov.go.id/ http://www.sumutprov.go.id/ http://www.sumbarprov.go.id/ http://www.sumselprov.go.id/ http://www.riau.go.id/ http://www.jambiprov.go.id/ http://bengkuluprov.go.id/ http://www.lampungprov.go.id/ http://www.babelprov.go.id/ http://www.kepriprov.go.id/ http://www.jakarta.go.id/ http://www.jogjaprov.go.id/
38
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
West Java Province Central Java Province East Java Province Banten Province Bali Province West Kalimantan Province Central Kalimantan Province South Kalimantan Province East Kalimanatan Province North Sulawesi Province South East Sulawesi Province Central Sulawesi Province South Sulawesi Province West Sulawesi Province Papua Province West Papua Province East Nusa Tenggara Province West Nusa Tenggara Province Maluku Province North Maluku Province Gorontalo Province
http://www.jabarprov.go.id/ http://www.jatengprov.go.id/ http://www.jatimprov.go.id/ http://www.bantenprov.go.id/ http://www.baliprov.go.id/ http://www.kalbarprov.go.id/ http://www.kalteng.go.id/ http://www.kalselprov.go.id/ http://www.kaltimprov.go.id/ http://www.sulut.go.id/ http://www.sulawesitenggaraprov.go.id/ http://www.sultengprov.go.id/ http://www.sulsel.go.id/ http://www.sulbarprov.go.id/ http://www.papua.go.id/ http://www.papuabaratprov.go.id/ http://www.nttprov.go.id/ http://www.ntbprov.go.id/ http://www.malukuprov.go.id/ http://www.malutprov.go.id/ http://www.gorontaloprov.go.id/
39
Appendix 5: Internet user 1. Table Internet User by World Region, 31 March 2011 Population (2011 Est. ) Africa 1,037,524,058 Asia 3,879,740,877 Europe 816,426,346 Middle East 216,258,843 North America 347,394,870 Latin America 597,283,165 Australia 35,426,995 World Total 6,930,055,154 Source : Internet World Stats World Regions 2. Internet User 118,609,620 922,329,554 476,213,935 68,553,666 272,066,000 215,939,400 21,293,830 2,095,006,005 % Population 11.4 % 23.8 % 58.3 % 31.7 % 78.3 % 36.2 % 60.1 % 30.2 % User % total 5.7 % 44.0 % 22.7 % 3.3 % 13.0 % 10.3 % 1.0 % 100.0 %
Table Internet User by countries in Asia, 31 March 2011 Asia Internet user 1,000,000 1,396,550 3,689,000 1,735,020 53,280 318,900 329,680 485,000,000 1,300,000 4,878,713 100,000,000 39,600,000 99,182,000 5,300,000 -39,440,000 2,194,400 527,400 280,900 16,902,600 107,460 350,000 110,000 1,072,900 20,431,000 29,700,000 3,658,400 1,776,900 16,147,000 700,000 18,310,000 2,100 80,400 7,550,000 29,268,606 932,393,209 % Population 3.4 % 47.1 % 44.1 % 1.1 % 7.5 % 79.4 % 2.2 % 36.3 % 28.3 % 68.5 % 8.4 % 16.1 % 78.4 % 34.1 % -80.9 % 39.3 % 8.1 % 49.0 % 58.8 % 27.2 % 11.2 % 0.2 % 3.7 % 10.9 % 29.2 % 77.2 % 8.3 % 70.0 % 9.2 % 27.4 % 0.2 % 1.6 % 26.8 % 32.3 % 24.0 % User % Asia 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.4 % 0.2 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 52.0 % 0.1 % 0.5 % 10.7 % 4.2 % 10.6 % 0.6 % -4.2 % 0.2 % 0.1 % 0.0 % 1.8 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.1 % 2.2 % 3.2 % 0.4 % 0.2 % 1.7 % 0.1 % 2.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.8 % 3.1 % 100.0 %
Population (2011 Est. ) Afganistan 29,835,392 Armenia 2,967,975 Azerbaijan 8,372,373 Bangladesh 158,570,535 Bhutan 708,427 Brunei Darussalem 401,890 Cambodia 14,701,717 China 1,336,718,015 Georgia 4,585,874 Hong Kong 7,122,508 India 1,189,172,906 Indonesia 245,613,043 Japan 126,475,664 Kazakhstan 15,522,373 Korea, North 24,457,492 Korea, South 48,754,657 Kyrgystan 5,587,443 Laos 6,477,211 Macao 573,003 Malaysia 28,728,607 Maldives 394,999 Mongolia 3,133,318 Myanmar 53,999,804 Nepal 29,391,883 Pakistan 187,342,721 Philippines 101,833,938 Singapore 4,740,737 Sri Lanka 21,283,913 Taiwan 23,071,779 Tajikistan 7,627,200 Thailand 66,720,153 Timor-Leste 1,177,834 Turkmenistan 4,997,503 Uzbekistan 28,128,600 Vietnam 90,549,390 Total Asia 3,879,740,877 Source : Internet World Stats
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ASSESSMENT OF E-GOVERNMENT IN CAMBODIA AND INDONESIA BY WEB MEASURE INDEX AND WEB USABILITY

Keyword: e-government, Cambodian e-government, Indonesian e-government, web usability

Approved by: Counselors

Dr. Yani Nurhadryani, S.Si, M.T NIP. 19740404 199802 2 001

Ir. Julio Adisantoso, M.Kom NIP. 19620714 198601 1 002

Approved by: Head of Department of Computer Science

Dr. Ir. Sri Nurdiati, M.Sc NIP. 19601126 198601 2 001

Bogor, November 2011

Ministry 3 (Health) Service s

Central government G2E & E2G

Source : UN E-government Survey 2008

Selection of e-government stage model and web usability method

Data collection (Governments websites)

Figure 6 Accessible websites of Cambodian and Indonesian government

requirement. See Appendix 3 for detail result of each components.

Graphic Color Typography Platform and Implementation

Figure 10 Website of Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia).

Cambodia M1* M2* 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9

Indonesia M4* P1*

*See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 1 20

Number of websites 19 17 18 7 19 17 17 0 14 0 3 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 134

Percentag e per stage (%)

*See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 1 21

*See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 2 22

Number of websites 31 31 31 27 30 16 31 0 21 0 10 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 240

Percentage per stage (%)

*See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 2 23

*See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 1

Percentag e per stage (%)

*See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 1 25

*See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 2

Number of websites 31 31 31 21 29 3 30 0 14 0 16 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 223

Percentag e per stage (%)

*See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 2

Layout and Design

Forms and Interaction

Total Score 13 2 10 3 19 19 11 19 19 19 4 17 18 5 5 7 2 0 13 19 19 19 5 19 286

Percentage per Component(%)

*See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 1

Total Score 30 6 27 11 10 31 27 31 31 31 16 14 22 19 19 21 3 3 27 30 29 31 26 31 526

Percentage per Component(%)

9.68 91.94 96.77 91.94 70.70 32

*See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 2

Percentage per Component(%)

16.67 66.67 100 66.67 65.28

*See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 1 34

Total Score 22 6 24 5 31 28 20 31 31 31 9 15 19 22 22 23 4 3 22 30 29 29 25 31 512

Percentage per Component(%)

11.29 83.87 93.55 90.32 68.82 36

*See the complete government name in Appendix 4 table 2

No domain No domain No domain No domain No domain

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