Information Media for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Published by: Working Group for Water Supply

and Sanitation Advisor: Director General for Urban and Rural Development, Department of Public Works Board of Trustee: Director of Human Settlement and Housing, National Development Planning Agency Republic of Indonesia Director of Environmental Sanitation, Ministry of Health Director of Water Supply Development, Department of Public Works Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate Technology, Director General on Village and Community Empowerment, Department of Home Affairs Director for Facilitation of Special Planning Environment Management, Department of Home Affairs Chief Editor: Oswar Mungkasa Board of Editor: Supriyanto, Johan Susmono, Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto Editor: Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah, Mujiyanto, Andre Kuncoroyekti Design/Illustrator: Rudi Kosasih Production: Machrudin Distribution: Agus Syuhada Address: Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113 http://www.ampl.or.id e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com redaksi@ampl.or.id oswar@bappenas.go.id Unsolicited article or opinion items are welcome. Please send to our address or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and accompanied by identity. This magazine can be accessed at Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Website at www.apml.or.id

From the Editor Your Voice Main Feature WSS in the Hands of SBY-JK Portrait of WSS Working in 2006 Interview Assistant to the Deputy for Domestic and Small Industry Pollution Control, Misitry of Environment Study Study on Public Funding for WSS Development in Indonesia Reportase Guarding Sustainability by Imposing Strict Regulation Regulation Settlement of State Loan by PDAM Insight Review of Waste Management Indonesia in 2006 Teropong ProAir wates Strarts Flowing Chairman of Bappeda of W. Sumba Our Guest Lula Kamal: Social Responsibility Innovation Bio-Toilet, Environmentally Friendly Dry Toilet Story Waste Brings Blessing Around Plan Towards Child Friendly School ISSDP Corner Study on Sanitation Condition in Indonesia Around WASPOLA Around WSS IATPI Clinic CD Info BOOK Info WEBSITE Info Agenda WSS Bibliography
Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id

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Percik Magazine in December Edition is published on partnership activity between WSS Working Group and Plan Indonesia

F R O M T H E E D I TO R

ithout fully aware of it we are coming into the end of 2006. Several notable events have happened during the year. Some were some successes, some failures and semi failures. Have we provided the best service to the community? It might be that we have forgotten our task for being too busy thinking about our own rights. We are only thinking of our own fate, position, status, interest and do not have the slightest care to the community who has for nearly 8 years depressed in a valley of prolonged crisis. Maybe we have forgotten that we are only public servants being paid by the community and instead we have the heart to become indifferent to them though our incompetence? Let's contemplate and do self introspection. Dear readers, time is rolling continuously. It never moves back. For us moving forward into the future is unavoidable. Will we greet the dawn of 2007 with glory? Or, are we going to repeat the mistake of the past and unable to take lessons from it? Let's hope for a bright future. In this end of the year, Percik wish to review several subjects related to WSS. We hope what has happened in this sector will become valuable lessons for us to learn. Isn't that we can learn from both successes and failures? Our successes may be replicated in 2007, if possible at a higher level. While if we failed, we can move into success by studying the causes of the failure and avoid them. Speaking in general, the path led by WSS sector has not made any significant leap. It is natural because the level of care has not yet improved, in all levels of

WSS Working Group Secretariat Staff

the buraucracies and the community either. If any, the quantity does not represent the larger entity. It comes locally and partially. The cases that have been happening time after after time seem to repeat again this year. Last year Lewigajah slid down carrying with it scores of human lives, this year it was Bantar Gebang to take the turn. The waste hilltop tumbled down burying a number of scavengers then in operation. Water shortage hit vast areas in the country. The same is flood water, pollution, etc. everything seems to be annual routine In the midst of this gloomy situation, believe or not, a dot of hopeful ray is visible in the horizon. Several WSS related activities are continuing in

inspite of limitations. WSS projects are beginning to get on the move though they are rated slow. Take a look at ProAir in NTT that is beginning to wriggle, WSLIC-2 is nearing its completion, CWSH is clearing its way into several other regions, SANIMAS are being replicated to several kabupatens/cities, and CLTS. Socialization of the national policy for community based WSS development is going on in various regions though it still does vover the whole country. Obviously, one cannot deny all this just that way. Dear readers, in this end of the year edition Percik in cooperation with Plan Indonesia presents Percik Junior. It is planned that this supplement will become regular. And in terms of column, we present to new columns namely Our Guest. We have never presented it to you before.Our guest this time is Lula Kamal, a physician cum celebrity. We hope that with the appearance of certain public fugure, Percik's human interest value is increasing. However, Percik should not be too "heavy" and maintains its connection with WSS. Lastly, we hope that the present Percik in this year end will serve as trigger -- borrowing the term used by CLTSfor us to do better especially in enhancing WSS development. We are anticipating your comment and suggestion for improvement of this magazine in 2007. Have a nice reading. Best regards.

Percik

December 2006

Y O U R VO I C E

Pokmair Experience in East Lombok

In general, WSS management in Kabupaten E.Lombok is run a community management team. In this way the community is responsible for the safety of the facility. In E.Lombok such a team is called Water Users' Group (Pokmair). The Pokmair concept was introduced in 1980s and was organized under several different names: Management, Supervisory, Clean Water Maintenance Team (P3SAB). At the moment only 25 percent of the initial number is really functioning (some 200 plus teams out of an initial number of 830). The teams were given a training by the regional government (Pemda) agency to build their capacity in organization, administration, technical aspects and how to explore financial source from the community. Several Pokmairs have installed water meter to measure water use by the consumers.They are Pokmairs of Ledang Nangka of Kecamatan Masbagik, Wanasaba of Kec. Wanasaba, Montong of Kec. Montong Gading, Layar Berkembang of Pijot Village in the Kecamatan Keruak. To motivate Pokmair performance the Pemda developed a competitive approach through prizes and awards to the best performing teams. The winning Pokmair is recommended to follow similar competition at provincial level. Pokmair of E. Lombok have won first place 4 times, second place 3 times and third place once. Some of the advantages of Pokmair is in building sense of belongingness of the community members so that the facility is well maintained, good water quality, prevention of wasteful water

use, improvement of village income and community welfare.

Lalu Maksum, S.Sos Head of Environmental Management Health Agency Kabupaten of E. Lombok, NTB

Poor Performance, Tariff Is Increased. How Come?

In the coming January the Provicial Government of Jakarta (DKI) will increase water tariff. According to the Regulatory Body the tariff is adjusted in accordance with the contract. The rate will be up by 13-25 percent. From the busines side, i.e to the foreign companies PT Palyja and PT TPJ, this is obviously a good news. Their income will jump upwards. But from the community side, this plan is extremely objectionable. To cite a fact, up to now the companies are unable to improve their service. Complains are heard out from everywhere. How could the tariff be increased? From the news in the media, one can barely say that the companies have made any acceptable performance. Since the contract was signed in 1998, the two world class water providers

have failed to meet PAM DKI target in bringing down water leakage level. The average leakage is still standing around 50 percent. Imagine how much is the burden that must be borne by the consumers. It's heavy and objectionable of course. Apparently, privatization does not bring an improvement as expected. Especially one that relates to vital public sector. The consumers remain helpless, should the tariff be increased. The community no has choice. Drinking water directly from the Ciliwung is unlikely. This is the lessons learned from the fact that private sector does not consider the social factor, everything is for the sake of business. Consequently, the people can not do much. This is a mistake that must be corrected. Privatization of public property causes damages to the people. Are we aware of this? In the future, public property must be managed by the state. It does not mean the property cannot be sold. It may be all right. If it is profitable, the profit will go back to the public. What really happen now is the state is stupefied, the people being squeezed, while the private sector harvests the juice.
Puput Bekasi

Cartoon Percik

created by RUDIKOZ

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December 2006

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Last October the SBY-JK administration marked its two years in office. What role the administration has played in water supply and enviromental sanitation (WSS) sector? Has it met the expectation And what will be done next?

blue book is in press for publication by the end of the year. This book that is entitled "Struggle to rebuild Indonesia" will serve as a report of SBY-JK administration performance for the two years. As for the contents, you must have been aware of. There is nothing spectacular during this time frame. The reason is, the complexity of problems and challenges. This fact is admitted from SBY's

statement that for the rest of his tenure in office he will be more concretely concerned in development implementation than he was in the earlier period. This means, during the first two years he was concentrating more on laying the foundation, in other words less concrete. National Policy The year 2006 is the third year of WASPOLA-II (Indonesia Water Supply and Sanitation Policy Formulation and

Action Planning) Project. In this year the National Policy for Community Based WSS Develepment is implemented in nine provinces, namely W. Sumatra, Bangka Belitung, Banten, C. Java, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), S. Sulawesi, Gorontalo, and E. Nusa Tenggara (NTT). The last two are new provinces in joining the project. There are in total 49 kabupatens/kotas currently taking part in the project implementation. Compare it with only 28

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December 2006

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kabupatens/kotas the previous year. This year has been a success year for WASPOLA intervention. This is evidenced from all the participating kabupatens/kotas each has had the working group established. Some even have formulated the strategy plan for their respective communities. While attending WASPOLA facilitated training the Kabupatens showed an excellent participation. All of the kabupatens tried their best to get involved. Approval for budget commitment for FY 2007 is noted in one region after the other. This is perhaps because of the better involvement of the regional leaders, whether the bupati, head of Bappeda, or DPRD. Some of the regions, particularly the Kabupatens of Pekalongan, Kebumen and Lebak have even implemented the policy further down to physical construction. The province of Banten is committed to put the policy into implementation in FY 2007. All of those indicate that WASPOLA intervention has been successful in changing the local goverments paradigm to develop their region using their own resources and capability. Unfortunately this policy implementation does not spread to the majority of provinces in Indonesia. What has been reached is in less than the third of them. If we count in terms of kabupatens, the proportion will certainly be much smaller. In the meantime, the formulation of Institutionally Based WSS Development Policy is stuck somewhere all this year. It seems that the draft that was prepared in 2005 has been kept entirely untouched. There is no news of its official approval. We must admit that it is not easy to issue a policy on institutionally based policy after everything is already in place. According to one source, it is said that the institutionally based policy will be officially put into effect after the regulation for

SOURCE: MAWARDI

In general, the increase of drinking water service is very un-significant. Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) as the responsible company for regional provider fails to perform as expected.

PDAM credit restructuring is being placed. Apart from the above fact, this national policy has been treading on bumpy roads. This is because the policy has not been fully disseminated to the line ministries nor even the president and legislative members. The highest recognition it could get is from the echelon 1 officials. Even then, not all of them. If it were the overall commitment from all levels of the government the WSS development may be able to run much faster. This is the challenge that has not been resolved.

Drinking water In general, the increase of drinking water service is too very un-significant. Regional Water Supply Company (PDAM) as the responsible company for regional provider fails to perform as expected. The level of water quality as mandated by the Letter of Decision of Health Minister No. 907/Menkes/SK/VII/2002 has not been achieved. Insufficient water service is evidenced from low service coverage area (only 53,4 percent in 2004), high rate of water loss from leakage (37 percent), and management inefficiency. This inefficiency is indicated from expansion of management unit at the kabupaten/kota level. In addition, increase of production cost due to lowering raw water quality from environmental degradation. In such a condition in seral areas, especially of C. Java PDAM is suffering from long dry season. Almost 70 percent of areas on Java are suffering from similar condition. To overcome lack of

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water because of this dry season taking into consideration the service to the community, the government took the following steps: 1. Construction of 17 underground water extraction installations. 2. Consolidation of raw water conveyance system connecting Klambu Kudu to Semarang and Service Conveyance of the city of Surabaya. 3. Construction of 7 dams for raw water supply in the provinces of Banten, W. Java, and Aceh. 4. Construction of 18 reservoirs for raw water supply in the provinces of W. Java, C. Java, E. Java, C. Kalimantan, E. Kalimantan, S. Sulawesi, and Aceh. Digging wells to extract groundwater is effected in consideration of the principles of conjuntive use for isolated areas and isolated islands of the province of Riau Islands and the Sangihe Talaud Islands. The government also provides PDAM a nice present. Last October the government issued a new regulation on the guidelines for settlement by PDAM of state loan originating from transference of foreign loan, investment fund account, and regional development

account of the PDAM. This regulation is revision to the earlier DG Treasury Regulation No. 43/PB/2006. It is hoped that with this new regulation it could effectively enhance an optimum state loan settlement by PDAM. This in essence is a step towards PDAM loan restructuring. In this condition the government launched Pansimas (Community Based Water Supply Provision) Program in approximately 100 kabupatens/kotas. Through this program it is hoped the service coverage will increase significantly and at the same time building community contribution and active participation. The program puts it as requirement that the regional government provides a counterpart budget. At a glance the program looks like WSLIC2 or we may call it WSLIC-3 with an addition of income generating component and division of responsibility among involved sectors and Dept. Public Works instead of Dept. Health is named the leading sector. In the meantime WSLIC-2 Project implementation activities are nearing completion. Four other provinces namely NTB, E.Java, S.Sumatra, and W.Sumatra will finish with the physical
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

construction in 2007. Three others will follow in 2008. Up to the end of 2006 the project has reached 2,5 users in 35 kabupatens. In 2008 when the project is completed the coverage will be 3,5 users. At this moment the project is doing various other activities including completion of undone activities from the previous phases, pushing harder hygiene behaviour program, expansion of CLTS approaches beyond 10 kabupatens of the WSLIC-2 projects sites, and improving the performance of the constructed facilities. In terms of number the expansion of service coverage is insignificant. However, all the efforts are accountable. Solid waste This year is marked with waste hill tragedy. Last year TPA Leuwigajah of Bandung slid downhill, this year it was TPA Bantar Gebang that toppled down causing several death tolls. Although the number of death was less than the Leuwigajah case, this again is the reflection how poor is waste management in Indonesia. In general the waste is dumped just that way day after day without any further treatment. The requirement for sanitary landfill is disregarded. Almost all TPAs in Indonesia are of open dumping type. As a TPA gets into trouble, the respective Pemda (Regional Government) dithers. This was evident in Bandung. Waste hills were developing all over the place in the city because there were no alternative TPAs to keep bussines going on. As we all know finding a new TPA is never easy. Finally, after the national government officials lent their hands, the problem was momentarily resolved because up to now a place that meets the requirements is not found yet. The effort to reduce waste from its very origin has not been successful. The community has not adopted 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) principle into daily prac-

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December 2006

M A I N F E AT U R E
tice. This is probably because the community is still ignorant or because of the long time habit of collect, transport and dump practice without any necessity for the community to get involved. The campaign towards this direction is never heard of. During the tenure of SBY-JK administration the tangible result in this area has been the procurement of 131 dump trucks, 111 arm rolls, 8 bulldozers, 267 containers, 4 excavators, 20 garbage transport trucks. As for disposal sites, the government builds 15 new TPAs, and expansion of 2 existing ones. In addition, an improvement has been made to 3 old TPAs so that they are now capable of providing service to 3,61 million people. The community is now waiting for Waste Management Law to become effective. The Draft been forwarded to DPR for deliberation and official approval. Yet up to now there is no indication that the draft is being discussed. The existence of the law is very important for national level waste management so that waste is clearly positioned and an there is umbrella for legal action accordingly. Wastewater Liquid waste problem is no less complicated than solid waste. This concern is not limited only to industrial wastewater but also to human waste. The existing regulations are futile in bringing down environmental pollution caused by wastewater. With regard sanitation, most of Indonesian population, 67,1 percent, has had access to basic sanitation. However, there are only 11 cities in Indonesia that have sanitation network (conventional sewerage and shallow sewer system) that provide service to a small fraction of urban population, i.e 14,8 percent. It is not surprising, that the prevalence of diarrhoel diseases in Indonesia is very high. Diarrhoe is the second
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

most notorious causes of deaths of children under 5 years old, 46 per 1.000 childbirths, and is ranked first for causes of infant mortality, 32 per 1.000 childbirths. This indicates that government care in this sector in wanting, let alone the level of investment. Whereas, investment in this sector can bring economic benefit, indirectly. Economic loss from water pollution is estimated at US$4,6 billion a year or approximately 2 percent of Indonesian GDP. Therefore last year the government launched Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program. This program is funded from grant fund provided by the Dutch Government and administratively managed by Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) of the World Bank. At this time the program is in preparation stage. Before that the government has implemented SANIMAS (Sanitation by the community) program. This was tried directly in 86 sites involving the community participation from planning, development, up to maintenance. Through this program which was specifically directed to thickly populated areas, the program has provided service to 48 thousand people. Considering the success made by the program the government is now replicating it in 100 kabupatens/kotas. Simultaneously, the government is also developing facilities and infrastruc-

ture for waste water management for 710.931 people. Similar facilities are built in post disaster/conflict areas serving 904.260 people. In addition the government is providing technical assistance and socialization/dissemination of wastewater management related programs Drainage An attention to this sector is perhaps the least of all. Statistical data on drainage is difficult to find. Let alone what a comprehesive drainage system looks like. Drainage system development is a partial undertaking and is meant to serve local or casuistical demand. It is far from being integrated. Up to this time it is not clear whether a drainage system in Indonesia is designed to do away with rainwater inundation or it also includes draining wastewater. In reality a drainage canal is used for everything. It is of no surprise that speaking of drainage development one can only explain in terms of bigger ditches such as primary canals. During SBY-JK administration the government has laid 347.879 m long primary canals to ease inundation of several urban and strategically located areas at a total 2.690 ha and inhabited by 595.996 people. In addition the government also built 34.161 m long primary drainage net-

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December 2006

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works for flat houses inhabited by 59.837 people consisting of government employess and armed forces servicemen in 22 kabupatens/kotas. The government will take a serious attention only if a major consequence is to be avoided. Challenges and Agenda for the Future Indonesia is one of the countries that signs MDGs agreement. In the agreement, particularly with regard to water supply and sanitation, all nations must reduce by half, in 2015, the proportion of population currently without access to water supply and basic sanitation facility. For this purpose, all involved parties, and not only limited to the government, must contribute in the target achievement. The responsibility for water supply and sanitation provision has been transferred to the regional government. On the contrary, the action plan for MDGs target achievement is echoing more loudly at the national level. As of now there is no indication, of significance, on the part of the Pemdas (regional governments) to take any movement in response to MDGs targets. MDGs target achievement is considered as the national task. If this happens then the targets will never be achieved. A common effort for the target achievement is a compelling demand. The basic philosophy underlying MDG is cooperation between the developed and developing nations in fighting poverty and one of the means is through expansion of improved water supply and basic sanitation service coverage. As time progresses, MDGs are then translated into mere target figures to achieve. The expansion of service coverage is no more connected to poverty reduction idea. Actually, the expansion of service coverage particularly for the poor is the soul of MDGs. How MDGs could be achieved that at the same time leads to a gate towards reduction of poor families is our own agenda. The cooperation of developed and developing nations is the main key to MDGs target achievement. If we fully realize this then the road map towards achieving MDG targets could serve as a binding cooperation between the developed and developing nations. The absence of such a road map makes us seemingly working alone without assistance from the developed nations. Instead of a trigger it becomes a new weight in addition to the numerous other heavy burdens already existing. PDAM is one of water supply providers, and at the same time the
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

spearhead in achieving MDGs target. Besides, pursuant to PP No. 16 of 2005 on the Development of Drinking Water Supply System it is clearly stipulated that by 2008 PDAM has to supply drinkable water beyond clean water as it stands today. Therefore the presence of a definite action plan for producing potable water quality is absolutely a must. The National Policy for Community Based WSS Development has been translated into implementation in 49 kabupatens/kotas of 9 provinces. An active involvement of regional governments has produced positive results. Some of the results can be seen from the increase in number and amount of fund allocated for community based WSS development. It'd take a long time, probably up to 50 years before all kabupatens/kotas adopt this policy. It would take new breakthrough and commitment from the national government to make the national policy a regional priority. At the time when we admit that water and sanitation is human's basic need, it is but natural if the President were to announce it the top priority. Waste management is still engaged to the idea of building more TPAs. Apart from the success made in the application of 3R principle in several locations, in reality the principle is still more of a discourse than a practice. The mindset in the realm of waste management should have changed from end pipe approach to reducing production. Reducing production must be placed as the main agenda when we speak of waste management. The government and the community working together in reducing waste is prerequsite in waste problem resolution. It is a gigantic challenge and a tight agenda. Probably an advice from a welknown figure should be taken in order to prevent us from frustration, i.e 3R formula, start from small, start from oneself, and right now. Let's move. Why not? OM and MJ

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December 2006

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The Portrait of WSS Working Group in 2006

n 2006, WSS Working Group has focused its activities on the operationalization of national policy for community based WSS development including coordinating the national level implementation, public campaign and capacity improvement of WSS development activists. In the series of activities that were intended to improve multistakeholder cooperation, several WSS development efforts have been successfully brought into close coordination, such as CWSHP, WSLIC-2, ProAir, and CLTS, in order to avoid overlapping of activities and that each follows the same development paradigm, i.e developing community based WSS facility. The other focus is on public campaign. This activity is intended to build the stakeholders understanding, care and involvement to performance improvement of WSS development related efforts. For this purpose WSS Working Group launch a series of campaign though Environmental Exhibition at the Jakarta Convention Centre, Talk Show at TPI Station, FM Radio 68 MHz, Website www.ampl.or.id, and other publication media such as poster, leaflet, and e-newsletter. Through various contraints WSS Working Group, national as well as regional, considers it necessary to improve its capacity through various training, technical as well as managerial, in order to be able to face the challenges. Several training activities were held in order to meet the demand for such an

Public campaign is intended to build the stakeholders understanding, care and involvement to performance improvement of WSS development related efforts
improvement, such as Health Promotion Training, CLTS Training, MPA/PHAST Orientation, WSS Technical Training, etc. Along with the increase in its capacity and capability the WSS Working Group is now expanding its activity through building cooperation with other party, i.e Plan Indonesia. Several cooperation programs were developed including publication of Percik Junior magazine, preparation of Approprite Technology Module for Community Based Water Supply Provision, Preparation of Module for Health Promotion for Schoolchildren Hygiene and Sanitation, Facilitator Training for Community Based Sanitation, Resource Centre, Publication of a book on "Water Supply and Sanitation Development in Indonesia: Lessons Learned from Successes and Failures," Regional Level MDGs Implementation Communication Media and Water Quality Monitoring. Plan for 2007 In broad line the plan for 2007 consists of Coordination in the Implementation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development, which is

translated into various activities including Coordination of Development Strategy of Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), Socialization of Law and Regulation related to WSS development and so on. As it is in 2006 public campaign plays an important part in achieving WSS development target. This campaign is the translation of the communication stategy developed by WSS Working Group in order to make the stakeholders pay a bigger attention to WSS development. Because of its importance the public campaign will be intensified in 2007. Besides, continuation of all the activities and communication results obtained in 2006, several innovations to be implemented in 2007 that will consist of development of communication network with WSS sector journalist community, organization of Media Gathering, Lunch Media, inviting various journalist communities and WSS stakeholders and also conducting press tour. In 2007 the WSS Working Group will develop cooperation with other donor institutions so that the activities will be more varied. The activities consist of water supply and environmental sanitation related multistakeholder network development, which represents cooperation between WSS Working Group with Water Supply and Sanitation Network (JAS). Then water supply and sanitation baseline data management which is the cooperation of WSS Working Group with Unicef. (RSD)

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Mohammad Hilmi, Assistant to Deputy for Domestic and Small Business Waste Pollution Control, Ministry of Environment

There must be a change in paradigm

Waste problem has not been fully resolved. Since our independence, this problem hasn't been given sufficient attention. Whereas waste management performance is closely related to environmental quality. Perfuntory waste management can lead to disaster. The Bandung case and Leuwigajah is the most notorious example for careless waste management in Indonesia. How the government sees the waste management Percik held an interview with the Assistant to Deputy for Domestic and Small Industry Waste Pollution Control, Ministry of Environment (KLH), who since the end of December was transfered to a new position as the Assistant to the Deputy for Waste Pollution Cotrol from Manfacturing Industry. The following are the excerpt of the interview:
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

hat is the domestic waste contribution to enviromental pollution? Domestic waste is divided into two categories: wastewater and solid waste. In Indonesia both categories are not sufficiently managed. The community still consider waste material as something to be thrown away, the treatment consists of collect, transport and dump. There is no further treatment. Very little, if any. Most of the waste causes environmental pollution. The regional government (Pemda) has only limited capacity to transport all the waste. BPS record mentions that Pemda can only remove 40 percent of all the waste to TPA. This means more than half goes any possible way. Statistic of 2001 records that more than 30 percent is burned. From environmental aspect this is an obvious source of pollution. And the amount is quite significant. The transported portion and is mostly dumped in an open area. Dumped from a truck then shovelled to position, that's all. The most fre-

quent impact is uncontrolled leachate flow, unpleasnt smell, swarming flies and the worst of all is toppling down of the hill that may cause death tolls. In short, it is not well managed. Whereas introduction to good waste management has been given long time ago. The easiest method is controled landfill. But all the same, it is not practised either. Specially with solid waste, we should learn from the disasters that we need change our way of thinking. Let's do away with collect, transport and dump, at least there must be separation from its very origin, then followed by the next process. The green is processed into compost. Metal/glass for recycling. All this time the materials are not so valuable because they look dirty. If it is cleaned the value will increase. This process has been working in other countries. For instance in Mexico that by 2008 three fourths of her urban community will have to separate their wastes. As for us, we have no target yet. We are pushing the Pemdas to put 3R into

practice. The awareness towards this is already growing. Next year we will launch pilot projects in several cities whose mayors are interested in 3R application. Each city will exercise more than one method. Take for instance Bandung, it practices collect, transport and dump only. Once the TPA is in trouble, the whole community gets angry. That's why there must be composting. If only 20-30 percent of the whole turns into compost, the result is excellent. The rest is converted to energy. The experience in Indonesia seems to be too far away from it. Too many influencing factors. The cheapest is composting, and at the same time it reduces methane gas emission. We are still campaigning for it. And that is quite in conformance with the Waste Management Law currently being deliberated in DPR. The campaign you just mentioned, where is it directed? To the source or something else? It is aimed simultaneously to two directions. The Pemda that is currently practicing collect, transport, dump should learn that it is strongly inrecommendable and they should apply other approaches instead. Say for instance 3R. It is expected that the Pemda will issue whatever regulation or ruling to change the operation scheme in addition to collect, transport, and dump. At any rate, it is the Pemda that is accountable to the public. Therefore a change in mindset and paradigm is extremely important. The second aim is directed to the community as the source of waste. They are stimulated to also participate. All this time there is the NIMBY (not in my

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backyard) syndrome. The mind is set that way. A luxury car belonging to the educated passes by, suddenly throws away a waste into the street. What is the model of the campaign? It can be done through social campaign. It is accomodated in the Draft of Waste Management Law. In the implementation the campaign is done as part of a pilot project. For domestic scale we will combine it with a corporation with CSR program. This program has started in Surabaya and Jakarta. It works nicely. A few hundreds of kelurahans (village level) are doing this. Thus, campaign in this case is not just preparing materials for information, but it is real action. This is going to be pushed further and we will take notes of the pluses and minuses. The community should not only be provided with information, but also the garbage bins. The software and hardware at the same time. The three apsects must be available at the same time. The role of motivator and cadre is very important because in the last two years it has been proven that they could significantly increase com-

munity awareness. So the campaign is two-pronged: one directed to Pemda and the other to the community. What about the companies? Do you not think they have their share in producing waste? Very good question. In the Draft of Waste Management Law there is a stipulation called extended procedure responsibility (EPR). In other countries the corporations set targets and claim that waste produced from their company will decrease by 10 percent, for example. This is the waste produced from its business unit. But there is also waste produced from its packaging. For instance a company producing bottled water together with its packaging. Things like that are done voluntarily such as ecolabeling on 4 June 2004. The essence is to have the corporations compete with each other in producing environmentally friendly products. That is voluntary approach. Admittedly this is a more time consuming process. Secondly, imposing a requirement that a corporation manufacturing Product X in packaging it must be environmentally friendly. This can be done in a number
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

of ways such as the packaging technology or being responsible for the packaging in circulation. They take the resposibility to reuse or recycle the packaging. That is stipulated in the Draft of Waste Management Law. In practice of course we cannot directly uphold in the form of instruction. In ecolabeling for example, there were only 5 products in the initial design. Once the draft has passed this we can push harder because the requirement becomes mandatory. At this time the Waste Management Law hasn't taken effect. What effort could be taken to endorse it? Hopefully the voluntary approach through ecolabeling work continuously. The second, through CSR we ask the industries to take a real action. Several industries have started with their program. And also the Pemda. The Pemda could persuade the community to reduce the use of plastic bags, for instance. Several activites we can do while waiting for the Law. We push the Pemda to take action from the very beginning. Once again, it is not easy to change community's mindset, habit, life style. I think in the Adipura program there is the evaluation for reducing waste. Speaking of changing the community's mindset, it is a process that takes time. While waste growth acceleration goes beyond awareness development. How can garbage handling be accelerated? From the experience gathered within the last 6 months, the regional heads have responded favourably. Some even have taken the real action. What is necessary is to provide them with technical assistance. There are already 91 mayors making contact with us. From that point we are quite optimistic. Through Pemda's positive movement, we hope the regional policy is beginning to get

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tinted with corrective measures at their own initiatives. The community through NGOs and schools also resposd favourably. Maneuvers are taking place in campuses and schools. Some call it Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Many NGOs successfully provide assistance to Pemda in managing waste. This at the same time is the spelling out of Kyoto Protocol i.e reducing greenhouse effect by managing waste properly. If the Bupati/mayor is in short of money, financial assistance can be obtained from CDM mechanism. I think in less than 5 years the community awareness will be widely spread within the community. What development program aimed at Pemda regarding TPA management? We suggested regional TPA, in addition to the right sanitary landfill practice. This is more efficient so that in the future the number of TPA is getting less but the management improves. Take Bandung for instance, it will involve the city of Bandung, Kabupaten Bandung and the city of Cimahi. The same is for Yogyakarta. What could be done to enhance TPA management from open dumping to sanitary landfill? We've introduced them with CDM mechanism. If the Pemda has financial difficulties, there is the compensation. We can help them. Also in Waste Management Law there is a stipulation about what resposibility each level has to assume, national, provincial, and kabupaten/kota. And there is the Special Allocation Fund (DAK) which used to be for environment, now it is for waste management. How much is it in terms of money? The amount is reatively small. But to the regions it could mean a great deal.

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

It is something around 300 - 500 million in rupiah. This represents an actual touch for the regions to change their paradigm. Let's shift to liquid waste. It looks as if there were no management pattern, doesn't it? Actually wastewater problem is currently being dealt with by our colleagues in Cipta Karya. But we must admit that in terms of priority and how Pemdas or legislative body at the central as well as regional see it is another problem. At the moment our colleagues from Bappenas and from Public Works each have it in their own concept, we have none yet. We are focusing more on setting up the standards. The operational is with Public Works while the general idea is with Basppenas. The three of us are cooperating nicely. In general wastewater management is still very little, the more so in Jakarta. Some regions are already good, for example Solo. Simulataneously with solid waste, we enhance wastewater management but at a lower intensity. I think it is not entirely true to say that nothing has been done, because we already have a legal framework to protect environment from pollution. How dangerous is it the liquid waste pollution? There is a study that summarizes the real the burden carried on the community's shoulder is quite significant. Per year it is more than Rp 40 trillion.

There is the upper respiratory tract, diarrhoea, cholera, and others all are related to waste water pollution. We have had an extensive campaign on this matter in order to draw the Pemdas attention. It is now that Adipura is beginning to take a look at solid waste. Wastewater and waste from small industries are still overlooked. I am earnestly enhancing environmentally sustainable city. It is a long way to go. Let's look forward. In the beginning it is solid waste. Time will come when we speak of wastewater and air pollution. Finally wastes from small industries. Speaking of waste from small industries, how dangerous is it? Waste produced by small industries activities, not all of it is dangerous. The most dangerous ones are from leather industry, electroplating. In general small industries are wasteful in water, in energy. This is the most important. If they can save up to 20 percent the national impact will be quite significant. Secondly, wastewater and solid waste are thrown away. Whereas actually they can be reused and recycled to produce something of economic value. The total impact, frankly speaking, we are unable to inform you, because there is no study conducted along that line. What is the fate of Waste Management draft bill? From the technical aspect, we are already through. The draft is now with the DPR (People's Representatives). An endorsement letter from the State Secretary has also been sent to DPR. Let's pray and together enhance the DPR to take a good look to the draft. At the same time we are also conducting maneuvers towards that end. In no way that we neglect our role in enhancing, and the values contained in the draft bill have been brought to implementation. mujiyanto

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Study on Public Financing for Water Supply and Sanitation Development in Indonesia

his public financing study conducted in post decentralization (2003-2005) WSS sector operation and investment is intended to get a better and clearer picture of the development of funding strategy for this sector. This study analyses fund allocation by Dept. Health and Dept. Public Works at the national level, and to seven provinces, two kotas (municipalities), and 19 kabupatens that participated in the Water Supply and Sanitation Policy Formulation and Action Planning (WASPOLA) Project. This study focuses only on budget allocation, and not on expenditure because there are not enough data to do so. The composition of sector allocation is analysed through verification of budget items with the support documents in order to determine the validity of activity/expenditure. The allocations are then classified based on sub-sector activity/expenditure: i) Physical; ii) Technical Assistance; iii) Project Support and Maintenance; and iv) Socialization of policy or capacity improvement and correlation of budget allocation within and at the different levels of the government and types of activity. 1. Budget Trend for WSS Service Provision 2003-2005 1.1 Regional Investment for WSS On average the regional investment for WSS in Indonesia (water supply, sanitation, solid waste, and drainage system) in WASPOLA project sites is highest in the urban sector and lowest at the provincial level, all in terms of the amount of fund. In spite of the provin-

ces have relatively higher income per capita, it seems they do not feel responsible in the provision of WSS service. The munipalities that participate in WASPOLA provide the highest per capita investment, while the province invest the least amount compared to kabupaten and kota. Most regional WSS allocation is intended for physical construction. A small amount is for technical assistance, socialization, and capacity improvement

(see Chart 1). Approximately 50 percent of provincial and kabupaten WSS budget is intended for water supply, while for kota water supply is given less in proportion, the bigger share goes to drainange development. Budget for solid waste gets a small proportion in all levels of the government, the highest being 5 percent of the total municipal budget. Sanitation gets one fifth of the total budget for water supply, but the

Table 1 Average WSS Budget Allocation and Average Regional Revenue within WASPOLA Project Sites

Average WSS Budget In Million Rp Kabupaten Province Kota (Municipality) 1.689 3.071 4.611 Rp per capita 6.162 661 30.251

Average Regional Revenue In Million Rp 748.804 2,669.782 469.379 Rp per capita 475.790 1.619.314 3.825.743

8% 2%

0%

Chart 1 Regional Budget Allocation for WSS

Capital Capital Technical Assistance Technical Assistance Project Support and Maintenance and Project Support Maintenance
Socialization and Socialization and Capacity Improvement Capacity Building

90%

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Table 2. Sub-Sector Allocation in WASPOLA Location for Year 2003-2004 (in rupiah)

proportion varies n each level of the government. In the meantime, the correlation of gross regional domestic product with WSS budget allocation indicates a weak correlation (0,14). Almost no correlation (0,05) between WSS and gross regional domestic product. 1.2 National Investment 1.2.1 WSS Allocation by Dept. Public Works The budget allocation by Dept Public Works for the regional governments, at national level as well as for WASPOLA project sites, is mainly for water supply. At the national level, sanitation is only provided with approximately 15 percent of the total Dept. Public Works allocation for water supply and for WASPOLA sites combined. Two thirds of Dept Public Works allocation is for physical construction and almost all of the rest is for technical assistance, consisting of sector development for optimum performance, detailed technical design, and construction related feasibility study. This study also examines the correlation between allocation by Dept. of Public Works with allocation by the regional government. The relationship is found positive though insignificant (0,21). Compared to national allocation for WASPOLA sites, most of the fund for this sector, with exception for solid waste, has been provided by the the regional government. The combination of the two observations indicates that there is an opportunity for national level institutions to take more benefit from using fund provided by the regional government. 1.2.2 WSS Allocation by Dept. Health Dept. Health provides the second biggest allocation for water supply, but

Ministry of Public Works Water Provision Sanitation Solid Waste Water Channel Total 49.292.425.000 925.000.000 4.379.282.000 1.861.903.000 56.458.610.000

Local Government 91.008.643.356 20.697.563.605 3.660.089.006 73.102.575.664 188.468.871.631

Local as Percentage of Total 65 persen 96 persen 46 persen 98 persen 77 persen

far smaller than that of Dept. Public Works. During the last three years Dept. Health budget allocation for water supply and sanitation is less than 1 percent from the total allocated by Dept. Public Works, and Dept. Health is continuously decreasing during the period of the study. On the other hand, Dept. Health allocation for sanitation exceeds that of Dept. Public Works. However the larger portion of Dept. Health contribution for water supply and sanitation is provided by Water Supply for Low Income Communities (WSLIC) Project. In general the Dept. Health allocation related to WSLIC "diminishes" their other allocations, because the size of WSLIC related allocation is 95 percent of the total Dept. Health support to WSS sector. 1.3 Central and Regional Government Support to PDAM Of all the Pemdas that participate in WASPOLA only the province of N. Sumatra and kabupaten Gorontalo that allocate fund for supporting and supervising PDAM. On the other hand, central government support through Dept. Public Works reaches on average 30 percent during the last three years. Most of the support is in technical assistance for optimum performance and in design preparation.

Conclusion and Recommendation 1. Investment is at the moment below the level required for the government to reach the target. On average, the regional allocation for WSS devlopment is less than 1 percent of the total regional revenue and the annual allocation for this sector is approximately US$0.40 or approximately US$0.03 of per capita GNP. 2. The allocation composition and trend indicates an increase by the regional government, but there is potential for central government allocation. The shift of investmen sector from central to regional government has been visible within the study area, in which the regional governments provide 46 to 90 percent of the total subsector activities. This indicates the Pemdas' willingness to invest in WSS development. However, this study also reveals insignificant correlation between regional revenue and gross regional domestic product with WSS budget allocation. 3. The Pemdas are playing an increasingly important role in sector financing, but they have a limited fund and capacity. Although the pemdas may assume a bigger responsibiliy in the sector, there are only very few resources invested for WSS development and the sector funding will continue to be restricted in favour of various other interests.

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4. The capacity of sector related institutions to develop realistic investment plans can be improved by various simple methods. Based on this study, as well as from regional governments' feedback it becomes apparent that the basic parameter for financial planning for the sector is not available, the parameter is unknown to them. 5. At the national level GOI must finalise the process for development strategy through a wider scope agreement (inter-department) on the basic service and priority reform package for the purpose of increasing the overall sector budget and to improve effectiveness. 6. It is deemed necessary to have a clear division of responsibility in the various levels of the government, particularly between the province and kabupaten/kota. In spite of a relatively bigger revenue yet in terms of budget allocation the province is lagging behind. This pattern of funding reflects the confusion in what role the province is actually playing in WSS development. 7. The involved institutions must be given more responsibility to regularly submit, accumulate and analyse sector financing and performance report and a need for resources to support this activity including random audit. 8. Provision of national fund for WSS development at this time involves a short term (yearly) implementation period and there is no assurance if it is available year after year. Moreover, except for Special Fund Allocation (DAK) and grant fund, in Pemdas' opinion as off budget deconcentration fund. These factors who give strong indication of their preparedness and responsibility. Steps in Financial Strategy The steps discussed below are designed to get the financial strategy process into motion. The key activity must be discussed and agreed by GOI and the schedule and time frame be decided in the discussion.

Phase 1 Consultation with Basppenas, Dept Finace, Dept Public Works and Dept Health on the findings of this may potentially decrease local capacity study. in maintaining and supporting program Discussion on formulation of MoU during implementation. on minimum sector service and reform 9. It is necessary to allocate more package to be provided under Bappenas national resources for institutional and coordination. regional capacity building in sector Sharing the study findings with, and planning and programming. collecting inputs from, the Pemdas 10. Regional expenditure for ma(regional governments) on their opinion intenance and 'software' must be increand type of support they expect from the ased proportionally to guarantee securinational government; sharing good practy and effectiveness of the invested catices from the Pemdas in sector investment pital. and sector strategy development. 11. Various long term funding meDevelopment of situation self aschanisms must be made available to sessment and strategy direction notes Pemdas and regional public companies and processes for Pemdas to be used as input for national WSS SOURCE: MUJIYANTO program development. Development of sector investment plan with financing unit of each policy package. Phase 2 Simultaneously with the above matters, implementation of phase 2 to start with sector financing review through regional public companies and level of tariff charged to cumsumers. MJ

It is deemed necessary to have a clear division of responsibility in the various levels of the government, particularly between the province and kabupaten/kota.

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ProAir Project at Praibakul - Taramanu NTT

Guarding Sustainability Through Upholding Strict Regulation

t last the forty year long dream turns into reality. The community of the villages of Praibakul and Taramanu of the Kecamatan Wanokaka, W. Sumba, NTT can now smile with satisfaction. The hardship they have undergone all this time, climbing up and down hill to take a pail of water from a river or water spring, is now repaid. The aura of happiness is reflected in their faces. "We are very happy," said Kaledi Dimo of Taramanu. Before this he and his family used to take water from the river for their family need. With a pillar and water taps right in front of his house, the middle aged man plans to build a bathroom and toilet. The development of the gravitational water supply system has not been an easy thing. "It took time and patience," said Soleman Djowa Rega, the Chairman of Water Supply Management Team 'Bebong Maradang'. You can imagine, it took 2,5 years for community preparation. It was so difficult to convince the community to participate through providing in cash and in kind contribution. This is because there were in the past certain villages were supplied with water supply facility without any community participation. According to Petrus Kanaf, the community still maintains the old way of thinking that without any contribution the commnity can improve itself. For almost 2,5 years the time was spent for socialization of ProAir project to make the community ready. The purpose was to change the way of thinking

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

and to make them also consider how they can maintain the sustainability after the project is completed. The socialization was also intended to build the sense of belongingness so that the facility could last forever in their own hands. Martalanda, village motivator who lives with the community, revealed that the most difficult part of his job was in convincing the community. "The most difficult is to convince the community that the 4 percent contribution will be saved for O&M costs later on," said the woman of Sumba origin. The reason is that the community has had never before and no similar experience has ever been met. "The community thought the saving was for the officers's pocket," said Soleman. Through patience and modesty finally the com-

munity was willing to participate in the project. It took more than one year to do that. By the end of 2004 the community began depositing their money after formation of a management team chaired by Soleman Djowa Rega, an evangelist of the village of Praibakul. It was commonly agreed that the community would pay the amount in installments for one year an amount of Rp 70.000 per household. Collection is conducted by team accompanied by village officers did not work as expected. Once there was almost a bloodshed simply because of misunderstanding when a man member of the community produced his machete to threathen a deputy RT chief. For 11 months from 12 months planned the fund amounted to Rp 18,3 million from 264 families was collected.

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In compliance with the requirement from ProAir, namely development may start as soon as the contribution has been fully paid, in early 2006 the development started to take place, phase by phase. Material procurement was conducted through tendering, while support materials and labour were provided by the community. Unpaid labours were provided in village, hamlet and zone levels. "Everyone above 17 years old, man and woman, must work together. Except those who are going to school and are being employed elsewhere," said Martinus Gali (45) of Praibakul. They gather and carry rocks, digging soil, constructing reservoir and water source catchment structure. Soleman told his story, that for the sake of self reliance, ProAir prohibited rock transport beinng done using motor vehicle. "Finally we carried all the rocks," he said. Aboive all, because such highspiritedness, the number of workers were more than the requested. "If the project asked for 10 labourers, 40 people came to volunteer," said Edy Bili, the secretary of Bebong Maradang, added the statement. Through hard work, the community was able to complete the laying of 11,5 km. long main conveyance pipe. The water is supplied to 1 m high water tap pillars. There are 28 pillars distributed in 5 zones. Each pillar holds 2 water taps. The community also protect the Way Bakul water spring with barbed wire fence and plant trees around it. The official dedication of this water supply facility was made by Vice Bupati of W. Sumba, Cofrnelis Kodimeta, on 25 November. Water has been flowing since last November. The community has made use of it, not only for drinking and MCK but also for watering garden plants. Even the livestock can drink from the service. In the meantime, the villagers who used to refuse to participate are

denied the service. "Any non member caught taking water from the tap will be fined Rp 500 thousand," said Martinus. For this purpose the members living near the tap are given the responsibility to guard it. For minor damage each household is to contribute Rp 6.000/month. Payment shall be made latest on the third day of each month. Any delay will be fined Rp 1.000. Monthly contribution will start in January 2007. The monthly contribution will be used to pay for minor damage and salary of the management team. While the cash saving account will be used for major breakdown. The fact that the water is flowing steadily many who used to refuse to participate are getting interested. "There are many who wish to join," said Martinus. But the requirements are heavier. The management has made it a requirement that for a new member the initial contribution is Rp 250 thousand and maintenance contribution Rp 70 thousand and monthly contribution Rp 6.000 a month. According to Edi, there are 16 families are already requesting for membership. Guarding sustainability It seems that the community preparation process has been successful. They feel they have a water supply faci-

lity. They have formulated a regulation for guarding the sustainability of the facility that was developed at a cost in excess of Rp 1,6 billion. A socialization programme was launched in the community both to members and non members of the group. The regulation involves imposition of fine. Whoever takes a bath in the pillar shall be fined Rp 100 thousand. Whoever inflicts any damage to pipe shall be fined Rp 250 thousand and shall face tribunal according to adat law. The individual who inflict damage to pipe shall additionally be subject to adat law, i.e by presenting a offering consisting of a pig, 8 baskets of cooked rice, 5 kgs coffee, 10 kgs sugar, betel leaves and betel nuts each one sack. "In terms of money everything will cost Rp 10 million," said Martinus. This of course is an extremely big amount of money for villagers who are small farmers during the rainy season and collecting rocks during the dry season. The community hopes that through the strict regulation the constructed facility can be used effectively continuously. They do not want to see the facility break down in the same way as the previous facilities built in the past. "The community has understood that the facility must be maintained because it belongs to them and for their own good," said Edi. mujiyanto
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

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DG Treasury Regulation No. Per-53/PB/2006

Settlement of State Loan-by PDAM

t the end of October the government issued a new regulation on implementation guideline for settlement of state loan originated from the proceeds of foreign loan, investment fund account, and regional development account by PDAM. This regulation serves as revision of the Regulation of the Director General for Treasury No 43/PB/2006. It is hoped that this revised regulation will improve the efficacy of an optimum state loan settlement by PDAM. An optimum loan settlement is implemented through the following restructuring stages: a. rescheduling of principal loan, unpaid interest/administration fee, unpaid fine, and unpaid commitment fee; b. revision of requirements for loan; c. write off. Not all of the PDAMs are given the benefit of this program. This program is designated to PDAMs with performance rate (i) sufficient, (ii) fair, and (iii) poor and not for good and excellent performing entities. Performance criteria is determined PDAM performance evaluation report for the last one year based on the criteria stipulated in the Decision of Minister of Home Affairs No 47 of 1999 on Guideline for PDAM Performance duly revised and improved from time to time. An independent consultant is hired for the evaluation.

Not all of the PDAMs are given the benefit of this program. This program is designated to PDAMs with performance rate (i) sufficient, (ii) fair, and (iii) poor and not for good and excellent performing entities.

request. In case PDAM has more than one loans, cut off date is decided on one day commonly valid for all. The request to reduce PDAM obligation repayment is processed the basis of company performance improvement plan (RPKP). The RPKP contains plan for expansion of company operation, which is to be implemented beginning from the loan cut off date till the end of the loan period. The RPKP must obtain approval from Pemda of Provincial or Kabupaten/Kota level and the respective DPRD and is based on Investment Feasibility Calculation and Analysis with the application of the same minimum discount rate and imbal hasil of State Obligation in rupiah currency of the same remaining period with that of the restructured loan. The RPKP must also mention the annual action plan for the next four years periodically until the expiry date of the loan period. In more details, the RPKP must contain action plan for optimum company operation and is directly connected with the present situation, the issues, causes of the issues, investment plan, and source of financing covering technical/operational, management and financial aspects. In addition, the plan must include the loan restructuring plan as requested, including treatment to (i) overall arrears up to the cut off date; (ii) principal loan and interest/admin fee before it is due; (iii) corrective measures

PDAM that makes state loan repayment less than 5 percent of the payment due up to cut off date, excluding commitment fee, will only be granted a rescheduling for principal loan, unpaid interest/admin fee, and unpaid commitment fee. However, this regulation is not effective for PDAM that is unable to produce written evidence that the state loan is used for: (a) financing a project other than PDAM's willingness and the project does not generate any income; and (b) financing a project that does not function because of massive riot or natural disaster beyond PDAM management control so that the project does generate any income at all. The cut-off date in calculating the obligation related to loan restructuring must not exceed six (6) months before the date of submission of restructuring

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related to the two cases. The RPKP must also include financial projection, consisting profit/loss account, cash flow projection, and Projected Balanced Sheet. The financial projection must indicate (a) minimum cash balance; (b) balance of supply must not exceed 2,25 times the monthly operation needs; (c) minimum DCR of 1,0 times each year during the period of restructuring; (d) the highest water loss level up to the end of restructuring period max. 20 percent; (e) acceleration of payable collection and billing efficiency min. 5 days a year, so that by the end of the restructuring period the latest payable collection is 45 days; (f) employment efficiency per 1000 customers per year in proportion to increment in number of customers so that by the end of the restructuring period it comes to a max. standard of employment efficiency of 5 employees per 1000 customers for kabupaten level PDAM; (g) Full cost recovery to be achieved latest at the end of the 5th year of the restructuring period Recheduling Rescheduling includes repayment of loan principal, interest/administration fee, fine and commitment fee. Specifically for repayment of loan principal, interest/admin fee, and fine may take effect with or without extension of loan period. If it is efected with extension of loan period the said extension shall not exceed 20 years from the date of cut-off. In PDAM loan restructuring for the first 4 years since the cuf-off date PDAM may be granted an exemption from repayment of various obligations, except installments for loan principal, of going interest/admin fee, and unpaid commitment fee after restructuring.

The plan for repayment of unpaid loan principal before it is due and interest/admin fee in grace before it is due must be done based on prorata. The rescheduled unpaid principal and the principal loan that has not been due is subject to interest rate and admin fee. The rescheduled unpaid interest/admin fee, interest/ admin fee within grace period that has not been due is exempted from interest/admin fee. In case PDAM in short of cash balance in the cash flow projection to making effective prorata payment then the payment may be made proportionally based on the principal loan obligation, unpaid interest/admin fee, and unpaid fine after deducted by payment of on going commitment fee and interest/admin fee. Revision of loan requirements Revision of loan requirements may be granted to PDAM that has a cash balance of less than 45 days, if loan restructuring is given up to 20 years from the cut off date. Revision is limited to reduction of interest rate/admin fee of State Debt in PDAM. The reduction is administered as the following: a) max. 4 percent below the interest rate/admin fee decided earlier for credit in rupiah currency on condition that the new interest rate/admin fee is not less than 8,3 percent; b) max 0,25 percent below interest rate/admin fee decided earlier for loan in foreign exchange. The decision of the reduction of interest rate/admin fee is based on cash flow projection and is effective from cut-off date till the period of the state loan restructuring expires. In case PDAM in short of cash balance in the cash flow projection to making effective prorata payment then the

payment may be made proportionally based on the principal loan obligation, unpaid interest/admin fee, and unpaid fine after deducted by payment of on going commitment fee and interest/admin fee. Write off PDAM may be granted a loan write off. But this is specially given to PDAM with a minimum balance of less than 45 days to make state loan repayment. The write off includes unpaid fine and unpaid interest/admin fee up to cut-off date at a maximum total amount of 100 percent of unpaid fine and 40 percent of unpaid interest/admin fee. The process will be phased after the PDAM has made payment to all obligations related to restructured loan obligations in due Time and implementation of the action plan duly approved by the Technical Committee. The decision of state loan write off is effected by the Minister for amount below Rp 10 billion and the President for amount between 10 to 100 billion rupiahs; and the President upon DPR approval for loan above Rp100 billion. Restructuring Procedure PDAM may submit a written request for state loan restructuring to Minister of Finance for attention DG for Treasury, with copies sent to Deputy for Facility and Infrastructures Bappenas, DG for Cipta Karya Dept. Public Works, and Deputy for State Accountants of State Accountant Agency enclosing all the necessary suport documents. The DG then will endorse the request to the Technical Committee. The request will be analysed for approveal or otherwise denial. MJ

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ANNUAL REVIEW OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA 2006

aste is a complicated problem for metropolitan cities of Indonesia, especially of the western region. Several heart breaking cases have occurred. The following is a review of the events in the realm of waste management, all of which reflects Indonesian waste management efforts and intricacies during 2006. The seriousness of several stakeholders is becoming more apparent and concretized, as a part of new era in waste management. The most important tendency is the application of 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) principle. National leaders, executives, community figures, are giving examples and concrete action in the implementation of the principle. Words become less meaningful at the time of waste emergency and a wastehill slides downwards in front of ones' very eyes.

By: Bagong Suyoto

1300 m3 of waste a day. Whereas the total waste produced in Bandung is 7500 m3 daily. As a consequence waste hills are developing all over the city spreading stench and making life unpleasant. April 2006. The cities of Bandung and Cimahi were practically without waste dumping sites (TPAs), after the closing off TPA Cicabe. Whereas the city produces more than 7500 m3 of waste every day, excluding what is produced in Cimahi. Bandung became a city of waste because
SOURCE: BAGONG SUYOTO

The tumult of Bandung the sea of waste

Early January 2006. Between end of December 2005 and early January 2006 the Mayor of Bandung, Mayor of Cimahi and Bupati of Kabupaten Bandung requested a declaration and recommendation of waste emergency to the State Minister of Environment (KLH) Rachmat Witoelar, to enable the Pemdas (regional governments) to take prompt actions to get rid of waste into the existing open dumping TPAs without the necessities of conducting Environmental Impact Analysis. But the request was denied. TPA Jelekong and ex TPA Cicabe would be used as emergency TPAs and capable of receiving

13. Bappenas strongly criticized Bandung waste management all this time and proposed a workable solution. At this time Bandung waste management was run by a team in coordination with the national government. The team consists of representatives from Ministry of Environment, Bappenas, Ministry of Research and Technology/BPPT, W.Java Provincial Government, and Bandung Municipal Government. In this month the cities of Bandung and Cimahi began dumping their waste at TPA Sarimukti on a lot belonging to Ministry of Forestry. The effort was made after overcoming various barriers and rejection from the communities of Bandung, Garut and Purwakarta. November 2006. TPA Sarimukti in Kabupaten Bandung was beginning to pollute Meta River, one of Cirata dam tributaries. Fish farmers in the dam brought the case to the People's Representatives (DPRD) of Kab. Bandung.

WJEMP Compost Subsidy Project

January 2006. The Ministry of Environment (KLH) Compost Subsidy Programme as part of Western Java Environmental Project (WJEMP) covering the special province (DKI) of Jakarta, W. Java and Banten started rolling. The fund for this project is derived from Global Environmental Facility (GEF) through the World Bank. To translate the target into reality, i.e production of 160 tons daily, KLH enhances and extends the implementation of the composting programme. March 2006. Up to the end of

they could find no place to dump it. June 2006. On June 12 Bandung municipal government made a proposal for emergency waste management through development of waste to energy converter. The proposal was reviewed immediately at Bappenas Office in June

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INSIGHT

SOURCE: BAGONG SUYOTO

Ciketing Udik. Three people lost their lives. The toppling down of waste hill in TPA Bantar Gebang is not new and nothing of it is unusual. Before that for two months there were 4 cases of waste hill toppling down. The People's Representatives (DPRD) of Kota Bekasi, NGO Coalition for National Waste Management, Wahana Lingkungan Hidup (WALHI), Environment Community Union (ECO) and others demand that PT PBB the TPA management, the provincial government of Jakarta, Bekasi Municipal Government be held responsible for the tragedy. So far however, as per November 2006, the Bekasi Police has indicted none in spite of the death tolls.

March there were 45 companies submit their interest in the KLH compost subsidy programme (2005-2006) at a combined capacity of 200 tons a day. The closing date of the project is in June 2006. April 2006. To strengthen the compost producers network a forum called Indonesian Forum for Waste Care Community (FORMASI) was organized. June 2006. Closing date for compost subsidy project at the end of June. The producers wish that this production could continue sustainably.

TPA Bantar Gebang Topples Down

January 2006. The pro-cash money group who demand that stench compensation (Rp 50.000 per famility per month) be paid back to the community won the case following a massive demonstration in November-December 2005. The group sat on the TPA Bantar Gebang gate for two days. And finally the Mayor of Bekasi Akhmad Zurfaih gave his consent with their demand. This movement was followed by a reform in Community Empowerment Institute (LPM) around the TPA. LPM,

the village administration and pro physical group as the stench management was reported to Bekasi Police because they have embezzled the stench compensation money. March-April 2006. Preparation and election for chairman and vice chairman of LPM for Sumur Batu and Ciketing Udik villages. This election reflects a major conflict between pro cash money group and pro physical group. June 2006. Bantar Gebang management contract is to expire in July 2006, but fact indicates that in spite of poor performance the contract has been extended for another 6 months. There is a strong indication that bribery has been playing behind it invoving some members of the People's Representatives and municipal government officials. September 2006. Several involved stakeholders have warned that TPA Bantar Gebang management is improper. Unfortunately none has paid any attention to it. On September 8, 2006 zone 3 of TPA Bantar Gebang slides down thrusting into the village road of RT 03 of

ITF Development Plan

During 2006 Jakarta Provincial Government Cleaning Agency has been incessantly conducting socialization through various information media for the development of intermediate treatment facility (ITF) in four indoor areas. The plan is part in the Jakarta waste management master plan review 2005 2015. Solid Waste Management for Jakarta: Master Plan Review and Program Development, part of Western Java Environmental Management Project (WJEMP - IBRD Loan 4612IND/IDA Credit 3519-IND). The most important part of WJEMP is Jabodetabek Waste Management Corporation (JWMC), consisting of the development of a Regional TPA, planned in Nambo, Bogor. The master plan based approach and strategy includes non centralized, environmentally friendly, multi technology, regulator/operator system, private sector and community participation, waste separation through 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) principle, inter-regional coordination, pay as you throw principles.

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INSIGHT
SOURCE: BAGONG SUYOTO

The indoor ITF development plan consisting of one each in Duri Kosambi, W. Jakarta; Marunda, N. Jakarta; Pulogebang, E. Jakarta; and Ragunan, S. Jakarta. In essence the waste is managed right from its source (separation), transported to transfer station, and finally transported to Integrated Waste Treatment Facility. The waste will be processed into compost and other useful materials, recycled, and converted to energy. Jakarta provincial government has explored the possibilities and prepared MoUs with several companies domestic as well as foreign. From foreign countries we can note KeppleSeghers of Singapore and a Canadian company. April 2006. In a report entitled Potential Project Portfolio for Clean Development Mechanism in India and Indonesia (March 2006) there are four areas to get Canadian assistance, namely waste to energy through incineration (Jakarta Government Cleaning Agency at Duri Kosambi, and mechanical composting and manual sorting by Wira Gulfindo Sarana in N. Jakarta), two waste management projects that will obtain CDM facilities. While in TPA Bantar Gebang a Japanese company (Kajima) will process waste to electricity. Later GTZ and BaliFokus are conducting studies that may obtain CDM facilities. They made a visit to Bantar Gebang in April 2006 accompanied by KLH, Bappenas, and NGO Coalition for National Waste Management.

Draft Law on Waste Management

The draft was finalised end of December 2005. The initiation started 3 years ago. Once the academic draft was floating irresolutely for more than one year. Then there were waste management cases in Jabodetabek (TPA Bantar Gebang, TPST Bojong), the

Great Bandung case (toppling down of TPA Leuwigajah) and so on. Pressure from elements of the community is unavoidable. In this complicated condition a legal umbrella is deemed necessary. Then the government, particularly KLH took the initiative for public dialogues, formally as well as informally. The same with a number of NGOs such as PIDUS/Zero Waste Indonesia, NGO Coalition for National Waste Management, BaliFokus, WALHI, Environment Community Union (ECU) also initiated dialogues, meetings, seminars have enhanced the formulation and approval of the Waste Management Law. March 2006. A small team held a meeting inviting the representatives from Dpet of Law and HR and State Secretariate to discuss the draft law. March 2006. Minister of KLH submitted the Draft Law on Waste Management to Dep. of Law and Human Rights requesting perusal for compliance with the existing laws and

regulations September 2006. The Department of Law and Human Right sent a response to KLH for endorsement to the President, with a copy to the State Secretary. October 2006. The Minister of KLH Rachmat Witoelar sent a letter to the President of the Draft of Waste Management Law. But up to now the President has not issue his mandate for the draft to be deliberated in the Parliament (DPR). While, according to several interested parties, the DPR is waiting for the draft law.

ADIPURA - the dirtiest city

June 2006. Adipura program was initiated in 1980s and today is something being anticipated by the regional head of kabupaten/kota level all over the country. The program is focused on efforts to enhance the towns and cities all over the country to maintain a clean and green city. During the period of

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INSIGHT

SOURCE: BAGONG SUYOTO

Indonesia monitors 3R Plot Project implemented by KLH in the city of Bandung. On December 6, 2006, the Minister of KLH Rachmat Witoelar declared the beginning if the implementation of 3R progamme in metropolitian cities.

Waste Information System

The most important factor for waste management system in Indonesia is the availability of a reliable waste information system to accommodate the interest of all stakeholders involved in waste management in Indonesia. For this purpose, an initial effort has been taken to develop an information system and networking (involving the government, NGO or community based organization, private sector, and the community) a conceptual framework for an integrated waste management in Indonesia. In August 2006 KLH took the initiatives towards formulation of Waste Information System Development Programme (SIMPAH). The main purpose is to strengthen the adipura evaluation system, and to develop baseline waste management information system. As an initiation, 23 cities are taken as examples. In the next stage, SIMPAH will be updated regularly and will serve as stepping stone for decision making purposes. Simultaneously, DG for Cipta Karya of Dept. Public Works also prepared the profile of kabupaten/kota waste management in Indonesia. The SIMPAH programme is expected to complete in December 2006. In the second year it is hoped that the kabupaten/kota in Indonesia fill the questionaire prepared by KLH. It will be a significant achievement for waste management in Indonesia, especially in terms of reliable data.
*Chairman, NGO Coalition for National Waste Management and Chaiman, WALHI Jakarta Chapter

2005/06 there are 381 kabupatens/kotas monitored, consisting of 14 metropolitan cities, 13 big cities, 73 medium cities and 281 towns. Adipura Award 2006 is divided into Anugerah Adipura for kabupaten/kota which meets passing grade value. Based on the evaluation there are 45 kotas given Anugerah Award consisting of 7 metropolitan, 4 big, 16 medium cities and 18 small towns. Anugerah Adipura is granted to Bupati/Mator by the Presideent on the Woprld Environment Day at the Presidential Palace on June 12, 2006. Based on evaluation 12 kotas were given Adipura award handed by KLH Minister. While Adipura Placard was awarded for the first time this year to kabupaten/kota governments for the best space management including road, bus terminal, school, market place and public park. This placard is presented for metropolitan category, consisting of C. Jakarta (Road, School, Public Park), S. Jakarta (Bus Terminal), Medan (Marketplace), Big City Denpasar

(Road), Pekanbaru (Marketplace), Surakarta (School), Yogyakarta (Bus Terminal), Padang (Public Park). Besides announcing the cleanest city, this year the announcement included the dirtiest metropolitan, consisting of Bekasi and Bandung. The dirtiest city include Banjarmasin and Tangerang.

KLH Initiates 3R Programme

6 September 2006. The main task of KLH in the Ad Hoc Team for waste management in Bandung is in pioneering in the application of 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) principle. The 3R program is funded from (additional) regional budget 2006. Later it may obtain support from UN Centre for Regional Development UNCRD) Nagoya, Japan. This program is implemented as cooperation between the industrialized and developing nations in 3R promotion. Monitoring job will be conducted by NGO Coalition for National Waste Management and Centre of Recycling Industries (PIDUS) - Zero Waste

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TELESCOPE

ProAir Water Starts Flowing

fter being silent for more than three years and almost nothing was heard of from the water supply project in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), ProAir is beginning to bear fruit. The long yearned water begins to flow into the village. Not all of the villages have had the service, though, yet a twinkle of hopeful light is coming into vision. It was last November 25, for instance. The community of Praibakul and Taraimanu villages of Kecamatan Wanokaka, W. Sumba was officially receiving the stream of flowing water from ProAir. To mark the event, Vice Bupati of W.Sumba, dr. Cornelis Kodimete officially dedicated the facility. Previously, in March 2006, Gaura village, Kecamatan Lamboya of the same kabupaten preceded in having a clean water supply. Similar successes are also enjoyed by the communities of Kabupaten Ende. ProAir is a project implemented by GOI in cooperation with German government to develop water supply and saniation in NTT. The agreement was signed in 1998. As follow up stakeholder meetings were held in 2001 at the national and regional levels with German Bank for Reconstruction KfW. The meetings resulted in an agreement that German Ministry for Economic Cooperation (BMZ), KfW and Deutsche Gesselschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) would coordinate the technical and finacial assistance to the project. The beneficial Kabupatens were named E. Sumba, W. Sumba, and

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

S. Timor Tengah. Last September 2006 the project was replicated in Kabupatens of Alor and Ende. The German government provides a grant fund amounted to 15,6 million Deutshe Mark for this project. The fund is used for investment (construction, procurement of goods and services) and for consultants. The responsibility for counterpart budget is taken care of by the respecive kabupatens. The amount of counterpart budget is 10 percent of the total grant fund. In addition, the kabupatens are obliged to provide non investment costs the amount of which depends on the need and the capacity of each of the kabupatens. Contribution is also requirement for the beneficary community. The amount

is 4 percent of the total project cost. The cash contribution from the community is not used for construction but it is kept as reserve for O&M costs -this is what makes this project different from WSLIC. Besides, the community has to make available in kind contribution in the form of labour and local materials. The project is divided into several implementation steps. From socialization and dissemination, submission of request and evaluation, planning, technical design and contract development, construction and post contruction activities. In the beginning there were many villages expressed their interest. Some were selected. As it progressed several of them withdrew. The ProAir executive secretary, Deni

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TELESCOPE

Mulyana explained that this project has met many constraints. Among others is the time consuming community empowerment process. Mostly it takes more than a year. Some even two years or more. This is related to the obligation to collect in cash contribution. The community motivator must be able to convince them that the cash contribution is for the operation and maintenance after completion of the facility construction. Some of the community members consider the contribution is not necessary because this is a government project similar with what they had before. They are suspicious that the fund raised from the contribution is contrived for the sake of the group leaders. "It takes a long time to make them aware and convince them," said Deni. For those who are willing to pay also had a problem because they don't have enough money to spare. In general the

ProAir sites are located in poor and barren areas. This is quite different from WSLIC-2 working areas. According to Deni, these constraints serve as valuable lessons for learning. Therefore, we have to employ village motivators to live in the village to enable them facilitate the community at any time and make the empowerment process more successful. There is also another breakthrough that was developed to overcome the incash difficulty, i.e the amount of contribution is changed into Rp 25.000 per capita instead of 4 percent. He added that when the fund has been 50 percent collected, the DED for construction can sart. "The initial requirement was that the incash must be 100 percent collected before DED can start. It did not work, and apparently the change/revision has led the the project to success," he said. We have to admit that in terms of
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

financing this project absorbs a lot of money. Several villages got more than Rp 1 billion subsidy. This is because of the rough geographical condition and water source is located too far away. We can imagine the amount of contribution has to be collected from the community. Deni hopes that by project completion in September 2007 water supply development in three kabupatens will be completed as planned. Yet there is presently a barrier in the water supply development in N. Kodi. This is because the facility that will cover 15 thousand people in four kecamatans is estimated to cost somewhere around Rp 15 billion. Up till now the construction has not started. Cash collection is stuck. Till the end of September only Rp 5 juta is collected from Rp 450 million planned. Management organization has not been elected. The German demands that though this facility is managed by the community this must be manned with professionals. This is where the diffulty is. In the remaining project life, ProAir project management has no choice but to work harder. "We have to have a specific strategy such as a more intensive community facilitation; this implies the community motivator will have to work timelessly and must reschedule time and action plan for acceleration and should this does not work we have to request KfW and GTZ for project extension for completion of the unfinished works," says Deni who is acting as the executive secretary since June 2006. The German still does not confirm anything. What they expect is that the presently flowing water will keep on flowing eternally and there will never be a ProAir monument. Let water flows on and on to the far end mujiyanto

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TELESCOPE

Umbu Dondu, Chairman of Bappeda of Kabupaten West Sumba

This is the Real Participatory Model

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

ProAir was introduced to West Sumba in 2003. Several stages have been done in the hilly and mountaineous area noted for its long dry season. Although moving in dragged pace and far from being easy, the project is moving ahead in midst of low income communities and finally it bears a nice fruit. What the local government sees it, the following is an interview with the Chairman of Regional Bappeda.

supply development is so big because water is one of the most crucial demands in W. Sumba. But there is a limited source of water source. There are only few source in sight for gravitational supply system. Mostly water source lies far below ground surface. Therefore we need an introduction of more cost effective appropriate technology such as hydram that we intend to develop in cooperation with a Foundation in Solo. What is the current service coverage? Only somewhere around 20 percent from the installation capacity, from a combination of pit well, piping system, rainwater collectors, protected spring water. Therefore 80 percent are without access to water service. In medium term plan, what is the expected coverage? We will try to increase 20 percent to 40 percent. We are trying to obtain cooperation, for instance, from BATAN to explore groundwater sources. They will bore the ground to exploit the source. It is already in operation in Kecamatan Lura, and one more in Mamboro. Water supply budget, how much of it is from regional budget? The exact calculation has not been made yet. From regional budget I think it is not more than 5 percent. But there is financial support from the central government, from KfW and from the province. What the people's representative support in water supply development? I think it is sufficiently agreeable because the ProAir team has held a presentation in the representatives' forum. Mujiyanto

hat lessons have been learned in the implementation of ProAir water supply project? In the implementation of the cooperation with KfW an inter-agency coordination was beginning to take form. If we look more closely, this project highly conforms to the Bupati's idea he repeatedly emphasizes, i.e community participation, item number three of the principles he stresses to the public. The manifestation of community participation in this project is quite obvious. Through this program we hope to build community capacity to sustain the facility since they were actively involved from the planning, implementation, management, until the responsibility for O&M. This is exactly what we wish to continue to develop because the development we are exercising is community based. This is the very model we wish to put into orbit. Therefore there is a demand from the Bupati, that in the future a dication event like must invite the reperesentatives from the surrounding villages to provide them the opportunity of learning a lesson. To learn this very kind of participation. Since years ago we are speaking of participation, but it was up to discourses. The real implementation is just right now. This project will come to an end. What is the Regional Government's plan for the future? We wish the model is continuously

exercised and improved for water supply development. If we go back to the old pattern of development, I am afraid there will be a contradiction within the community. It means that if one system is developed through community participation and other system without it, a conflict may possibly arise, a friction in the implementation. Therefore, we wish to continue with this model for other activities like Pamsimas. After project completion, how will the community facilitated? Speaking of community empowerment, its twin sister is facilitation. Without facilitation the community will move backwards. A setback. That is why we are going to keep it in mind. What does the model look like? Maybe we are going to establish a working group. Frankly speaking, this is still non existent. We have to explore what kind of model is the most appropriate. What is certain, the empowerment model is quite suitable for the communiy because of the "gotong royong" principle is not new to them as it was for their forefathers. We only need to stimulate them. What is the size of regional budget? Actually the budget needed for water

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T A M U

K I T A

Wajahnya tak asing lagi bagi pemirsa televisi. Dialah Lula Kamal. Dokter yang artis ini sering muncul di layar kaca sebagai presenter. Kadang-kadang ia juga menjadi objek berita. Maklum predikat selebritis tak bisa dilepaskan begitu saja. Di luar itu, segudang aktivitas digeluti. Hari-harinya seakan penuh kegiatan. Syuting, menghadiri seminar, menjadi konsultan, mengurus anak, dan banyak lagi. Namun di tengah kesibukannya itu, dia masih sempat memperhatikan kondisi masyarakat, khususnya menyangkut lingkungan hidup.

FOTO: MUJIYANTO

''S

aya rasa masyarakat kita belum punya tanggung jawab sosial. Kalau ada yang peduli terhadap lingkungan, sifatnya masih sendiri-sendiri. Padahal mengelola lingkungan kan tidak bisa sendiri-sendiri,'' katanya ketika berbincang dengan Percik via telepon di sela-sela kesibukannya shooting sebuah acara televisi. Dia mengilustrasikan orang yang tinggal di pinggir kali. Tanpa peduli dengan yang berada di sekitarnya, orang itu membuang sampah ke kali dengan maksud membersihkan rumahnya. ''Padahal tindakannya itu kan menyebabkan orang lain di sepanjang kali terkena dampaknya,'' kata wanita kelahiran Jakarta, 10 April 1970 ini. Menurut Lula, kenyataan ini terjadi karena masyarakat tidak diajak dan diajarkan bagaimana peduli dengan lingkungan. ''Kalau masyarakat dibiarkan seperti sekarang, tanggung jawab sosialnya hilang,'' kata Lula. Di samping itu, masyarakat saat ini tidak memiliki tokoh panutan dan tidak ada kepemimpinan yang mengarah ke sana. Tapi, kata dokter lulusan Universitas Trisakti ini, bukan berarti upaya menumbuhkan tanggung jawab sosial masyarakat terhadap lingkungan tidak bisa dilaksanakan. Dia berpendapat, penanaman karakter ini bisa dilakukan dari struktur masyarakat terkecil. Misalnya tingkat RT. ''Kalau acara 17-an saja kita bisa, kenapa misalnya menciptakan kali bersih di lingkungan kita nggak bisa?'' paparnya.

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Upaya itu tidak bisa dibiarkan berjalan sendiri. Menurutnya, pemerintah perlu turun tangan. Hanya saja, harus jelas peran masing-masing dari tingkat pusat, propinsi, kabupaten/kota, dan di bawahnya. ''Jangan sampai tumpang tindih. Misalnya dalam kasus pembalakan liar.'' Lula pun sepakat masyarakat harus diberdayakan. Proses itu perlu waktu, bimbingan, dan contoh. ''Contoh itu tak bisa hanya diberikan sekali-sekali. Mesti ada gerakan nasional. Misalnya, bagaimana sih menangani sampah rumah tangga itu,'' katanya bersemangat. Dia sendiri mengaku berusaha memberikan pengetahuan kepada orang di sekitarnya untuk peduli terhadap lingkungan. ''Saya ajarkan dikit-dikit soal sampah. Habis saya belum ngerti bagaimana tuh bikin kompos,'' kata master lulusan Kings College, London, Inggris ini. Ia juga mengajak warga membersihkan got bersama-sama. ''Kalau sampai banjir kan kita semua yang susah.'' Lula juga menyoroti keterkaitan antara kondisi lingkungan dan penyakit flu burung. ''Bicara flu burung tak bisa lepas dari bicara lingkungan. Kalau ada flu burung berarti memelihara unggasnya nggak benar,'' kata mantan kepala sebuah puskesmas di Jakarta ini. Perhatiannya terhadap masalah ini sangat besar. Maklum Lula adalah sekretaris bidang komunikasi publik Komisi Nasional Flu Burung dan Duta Unicef untuk flu burung. Dia terlibat dalam program Tanggap Flu Burung. Jadi jangan ditanya lagi bagaimana pemahamannya terhadap penyakit yang kini menjadi perhatian dunia itu. Dia mengaku kini menjadi tumpuan pertanyaan banyak orang di sekitarnya soal penyakit tersebut.

''Pada dasarnya, kita mau tidak mau harus hidup bersama virus H5N1 atau virus flu burung, sekarang tinggal bagaimana caranya agar virus tersebut tidak menulari kita," katanya. Apalagi, ia menjelaskan, dari 33 propinsi di Indonesia, 30 di antaranya sudah memiliki kasus flu burung pada unggas. Sembilan propinsi di antaranya tercatat positif kasus flu burung pada manusia. ''Kita pengennya tidak akan ada kasus pada manusia, tapi kalau masyarakat tidak mengerti bagaimana mencegahnya, padahal virus itu sudah ada di sekitar kita. Itulah yang sulit,'' katanya. Karenanya, tantangannya sekarang adalah bagaimana menyadarkan mereka agar mereka mampu mencegah menularnya virus itu pada mereka sendiri. Lula mengingatkan, perang terhadap flu burung tidak akan menang jika dikerjakan sendiri-sendiri. Maka, menurutnya, tanggung jawab sosial menjadi mutlak diperlukan. Ketika ditanyakan kepadanya mengapa dia tertarik menjadi duta, Lula menjawab ini bukan masalah tertarik tetapi lebih karena merupakan masalah masyarakat yang harus ikut diatasi. Sebelumnya dia memang pernah juga menjadi duta untuk penyakit polio.

Kedua, pembersihan lingkungan kandang. Caranya dengan menyemprotnya dengan air mengalir. Sementara itu unggas yang masih hidup segera divaksin. Vaksin ini bisa didapatkan karena pemerintah telah menyiapkannya. Ketiga, setelah menguburkan bangkai burung-burung atau ayam dan membersihkan kandangnya, jangan lupa mencuci tangan dengan sabun. ''Langkah-langkah ini sangat penting yang harus dilakukan saat mendapati banyak ungggas mati mendadak, supaya kita tidak tertular virusnya,'' paparnya dengan gaya bicara tegas. Lula optimistis masalah flu burung yang begitu kompleks bisa diatasi, apabila masyarakat berperan aktif dalam penanganannya, dengan cara mematuhi cara-cara yang aman, seperti tips yang dia berikan. Lagi-lagi Lula mengajak masyarakat proaktif menjaga kebersihan lingkungan. Kuncinya memang di lingkungan itu sendiri. Ayo jaga lingkungan kita. MJ

Cegah Flu Burung

Menyangkut virus flu burung, Lula mempunyai tips. Pertama, masyarakat hendaknya tidak menyentuh burung atau ayam yang mati mendadak di kandang atau di halaman rumah dengan tangan telanjang (tanpa kaus tangan). Menurutnya, cara itu sangat berbahaya. Oleh karena itu, kalau ada kejadian seperti itu, segera mengambil kaus tangan. Burung atau ayam yang mati dikumpulkan dan dimasukkan ke lubang untuk dibakar.

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I N O VAT I O N

Bio-Toilet
Environmentally Friendly Dry Toilet

anitation is still an intricate problem in Indonesia. Based on BPS data of 2004 the proportion of urban household with septic tank and pit toilets collectively is 80,45 percent while in the rural areas the figure stands at 57,26 percent (without consideration of the quality of the facilities). A consequential decrease in prevalence of water borne and sanitation diseases (diarrhoea, dysentry, avian flu) from extensive use of sanitation facilities has never happened. This means that environmental condition and water supply service still remains poor. In some communities, sanitation development is constrained from water scarcity. This is mainly experienced in urban areas, especially in low income communities. In these areas water is no more a free commodity for everyone to have. If any, one who builds a toilet the condition may not meet hygiene requirement, because the waste is disposed of in a way that in turn it will pollute the environment. Water scarcity is also a natural phenomenon in arid regions such as E.Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Drought is an annual calendar. In the province only 26,6 percent of the population uses "normal" toilet of goose neck water sealed type. The rest defecate in the open. No worder if diarrhoea prevalence is still high. Realizing this fact a group of LIPI (Indonesian Institute of Sciences) researchers under the leadership of Dr. Ir. Neni Sintawardani tried to develop dry toilet techonology. On site treatment, according to her, is the best alternative to solve financial, room and environmental problems.

SOURCE: SEIWA DENKO, JAPAN

saw dust kitchen waste

evaporation evaporation organic matter decomposition

She decribed the advantages of on site human waste treatment as the following: 1. The recovery and recycling process of nutrition from human excrement and other materials to nature is faster; 2. Elimination of dangerous microorganisms is faster; 3. Less wastewater flow; 4. Contributes to water conservation in the locality; 5. No cost is needed for piping network; 6. The growth of new social system, such as growth of medium and small industry, small farming, etc. Working mechanism and materials needed The dry toilet uses saw dust as the matrix to catch the solid as well as the liquid wastes. In the matrix the waste will undergo a series of biological decomposition processes without pro-

ducing unpleasant smell. This system reduces the use of flushing water, no drainage is needed, the portable facility is movable easily, and possibility for integration with treatment of kitchen waste. Water is needed only to clean the toilet hole and to cleanse the user's body. The design of the dry toilet is quite simple. The most important parts consist of: 1. Hole (sit/crouch); 2. Breather for aeration; 3. Saw dust (wood or any organic cellulose materials); 4. Heater, if necessary; 5. Stirrer. The preparation of this dry toilet is not too difficult. Practically any workshop in the community can do it. The body can be made from stainless steel sheet, fibre glass, or other type of strong and durable polymer that withstands prolonged friction. Generally the stronger the materials the more expen-

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I N O VAT I O N

sive it becomes. In design trial the toilet is run by a motor engine to turn the stirrer. In addition, there is an electronic device to control motor movement periodically in a preset time. "The motor can be replaced by manually operated device," said Neni. For air ciculation, a plastic pipe or bamboo stalk can be used. The breather pipe is connected to bio-toilet case the size of which depends on the the community's economic condition. The matrix is filled into this case. In addition, a heater is added to keep the temperature at a safe level to kill dangerous abdominal bacterria. The heater may be electrical or lunar powered. As for the capacity, Neni says that it depends on the size of the fermentation case. This means it depends on the amount of saw dust being used. The bigger, the more the users. If the capacity is 250 litres, it can be used 50 times a day (or 50 users, assuming defecating once a day, the rest is urinating). Water consumption for this facility is quite low. Excessive water will disturb decomposition process. An excessive amount of moisture is detrimental to the fermentation bacteria. "This process works principally under a sufficient supply of oxygen," she says. Water is supplied by a shower specifically for cleansing the anal area. It's just the prototype Neni explains that up to now the biotoilet is still in trial stage, in other words the prototype. One dry WC has been sent for field trial at Pesantren Daarut Tauhid in Bandung. "We want to find out the community's acceptance. It seems quite acceptable from the aspects of cleanliness and religious rightfulness (halal), said the Chief of Bureau for Cooperation and Science and Technology Socialization, LIPI.

Although the bio-toilet has undergone testing successfully this does not mean that it will be easily applicable within the community. The challenge is related to social cultural aspect

In the beginning the bio-toilet was not intended for a dry toilet. After 4 years of development the concept was finally directed towards the way to provide sanitation for communities with water scarcity and limited land area. "For example in densely populated urban, in arid regions, disaster areas, and areas under development," he said. He hopes bio-toilet can be further

improved and the willingness for interdepartmental cooperation. Up to this time he adimits that the bio-toilet development is constrained by funding availability because of the meager research budget. Although the bio-toilet has been successfully this does not mean that it will be easily accfeptable by community. Neni revealed there may be other challenges that may constrain its adoption. The challenge may come from he sociocultural aspect. Among others, it is not easy to change the habit in the minimum amount of water for cleansing, the clean criteria and the various methods of cleaning, common perception that considers WC as "dirty room" instad of "a room to make clean", and several other cultural perception about WC and its management. Therefore, according to her, the involvement of the various components of the community is determinant if the program is to succeed. MJ
SOURCE: SEIWA DENKO, JAPAN

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S TO RY

o many people waste is something to be disposed of. Even the desire to get rid of waste is so intense that one is willing to spend money for it. Whereas waste can generate income. Waste can be a means of livelihood for those who are willing to get near it. Herman and his family are the ones whose life depends on waste. Thanks to their nearness to waste their live has been improving. The hardship that befell this family before getting in touch with waste is gradually turning into welfare. The process did not work smoothly. Before coming to Bantar Gebang, Herman and his family were scratching waste hill for living in TPA Cakung. It was a mere hardship then. At that time scavengers were forbidden to build any sort of dwelling to live in. Only at night we could build a hut from chicken cages, smelled chicken shit, the following day it was run flat. The next evening we built again, and on and on," said Herman recollecting his past. If it rained, all the scavengers could not rest, let alone to sleep. In 1968 TPA Cawang started operation. In 1969 at the Senen area, opposite the Coca Cola distribution centre. In this place now stand handsome buildings. In 1982 we moved to Kebun Jeruk. Herman followed where the waste hill was building up. Finally he came to Bantar Gebang. He and his family live just behind the weighing station.

Waste that Brings a Blessing T

SOURCE: BAGONG SUYOTO

Yunah, Hermans wife is appointing raw material of plastic.

In this biggest TPA the father of four started to accumulate a stock of cans from the scavengers. He led a very meager life. His daily meal consisted of rice and salted fish. Sometimes with an additional of vegetable soup and chili sauce. Two years later Herman moved to Cikiwul, Block Aris. He built a shack from whatever material at hand. In this new place he started with plastic crushing. At that time the price of kresek (bag plastic) was Rp50-75 per kg. After crushing the material sold for Rp 125, the highest being Rp 300. He sold the product to Haji Takim in Bogor. In the meantime he constinuously built his

marketing network through identifying buyers for various kind of material collected from the scavengers. "It's no use to have a lot of stock without anyone willing to buy," he said. Gradually Herman's business was getting better. He was able to buy a piece of land, accumulating wood material, sand, rocks, bricks, and others. He maintained a thrifty live. Finally he could build a concrete house at the hamlet of Cikiwul RT 04/04 at the border of TPA Bantar Gebang. Today Herman does not need to scratch waste hill anymore, rather he is a boss for bag plastic and broom stick producer. He is also operating plastic crushing machine.

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"Since our business is in waste, making profit from waste, suffering loss is also from waste. Things become quite uncertain," said Yunah, Herman's wife. Need Capital and Technology Support So far Herman had never had any government assistance, capitalisation nor technology. Herman depends on capital provided by a Chinese boss in Tangerang. The crushing machine was facilitated by an NGO. Once Herman got Rp 10 million loan from a cooperative. The capital was managed collaboratively, but it worked only for 5 months because the fund was withdrawn. Formerly Herman was operating 3 broom handle blowing machines and one mini plastic crusher. Each of the blowing machines cost Rp 75 million. Some of the machineris were bought cash, some on installments. Since in Bantar Gebang and surroundings there are too many competitors the machines are transfered to Majalengka, where his son lives. Now Herman is only operating a 21 in. plastic crusher working at a capacity 1,5-2 tons/day propelled by a 30 HP Jiandong diesel engine. One set of the plastic crushing machine costs Rp 3040 million. Herman hires 8 workers to operate the crushing machine. Besides, his wife and two children are also helping. The crushing machine is actually used to operate on plastic for pail, main, PP glass, LD, Naso, PK, PS and so on. But, according to Yunah, they do not use it for pail and main plastic because we have only very little capital. "If a small capital is used to buy expensive materials, the busines may not move," explained Yunah. Presently they are only processing HD and ex Bimoli, Superpell, Sunlight, and Kecap Bango packages. After crushing the materials sells for Rp 1200

It's no use to have a lot of stock without anyone willing to buy

per kg. In a week Herman sells 5-6 tons of plastic to Tangerang. Often he is given a higher price because of his intimacy with the Chinese boss. Besides, he is also willing to accept plastic rope at Rp 700, PP Rp 800 and PE at Rp 4.500 per kg. He then sells the plastic rope for Rp 1,700, PP Rp1.900 and PE for Rp6.000 per kg. There are 30 scavengers and collectors regularly deposit materials to Herman. Some are paid in cash, some on credit. The total working capital is around Rp 50 million. The turnover is not enough to expand his business.

"What I need badly now is addidtional capital. I have been waiting for long time, but luck has not come to my side," said Herman. Herman hopes that someday someone with capital and technology would come and help him. He is dreaming to have an additional capital of Rp 60 million for material purchases and Rp 40 million for machinery. "I am ready for cooperation. The money is managed together in transparent way. I already have the market. What needs to be done is get more commodity and run the plastic chopping operation," he said firmly. What is certain is that through this business he lives a relatively easy life. He has a concrete house, motor vehicle, electronic appliances such TV, VCD, refrigerator, etc. He is called Boss by the scavengers. In the Cikiwul hamlet he is respected by the neighbours, the scavengers and collectors, and his business partners. That is the blessing from waste. bagong suyoto/mujiyanto
SOURCE: BAGONG SUYOTO

Herman is supervising his employee.

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Effective School Health Programme:

Towards Children Friendly School

Introduction Making children healthy and capable of learning is the essential component of an effective education system. Particularly this is relevent to support the Education for All Programme of underpreviliged community. Children of underpreviliged families generally are undernourished and very susceptible to disease contamination. They need education improvement through health improvement programme. An effective school health programme developed in partnership with the community can serve as an effective means to reach older children (adolescent) and even wider into the community and as a means for sustaining health promotion practices. Improvement of children health and learning through school based programme is not a new concept. Many countries have adopted this programme. Similarly with international institutions. From the experience is implementing the programme it is recommended that a) develop a real action through partnership with various agencies to enlarge the coverage areas, and b) make it more effective. An effective school health programme will contribute to the development of child friendly school and finally also to Education for All Programme.
By: Setyo Edi, SKM, Dipl.CN, M.Sc
National Health Specialist, Plan Indonesia

Child Friendly School The framework presented here may serve as the initial point of departure for the development of effective school health component in an effort towards a larger objective i.e child friendly school. The child friendly school initiated by UNICEF is marked with healthy for the child, effective with child, protective to child and involving family and commu-

nity and child. In reality there are many things that can be done, but if every school applies four interventions there is a significant benefit made in a relatively short time. In addition the purpose is to focus the applicable interventions in schools using the least possible resource. In 1996 WHO launched a global school health initiative to increase the number of schools in the application of what is called health promoting. A health promoting school is one that con-

Framework for Action: 4 components that must be available in every school

Children Friendly School

School Policy Sanitation & Drinking Water Promotion

Effective School Health Program Skill Based Health Education

Specific Intervention of Nutrition and Medic

sources: PLAN

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SOURCE: PLAN

tinuously strengthens its capacity as a healthy place to live, learn and work. The experience from the initiative launched by WHO, UNICEF, UNESCO and the World Bank recommended a cost effective main component that serves as a base for common and intensive activity for a health school and contributes to the development of child friendly school. The said institutions then developed partnership for focusing resources to effective school health (FRESH). The four FRESH components are: 1. Health Related Policies in Schools Health must be part of school policies. Said policy includes skill based health education and provision of several health services. School health policy is to guarantee safe and secure physical and psychosocial environment, including corollary aspects such as prevention of violence to children, sexual abuse, etc. The policy that can minimize abuse by school mates or even by teachers, a policy that provides equal opportunity for boys and girls to have education. A policy that enhances the practices by teacher and pupils related to health that can help health education: teachers can act as role model for the pupils, such as refraining from smoking, his personal clealiness, etc. The best policies are formulated through involvement of various stages from the national, teachers, students, parents and so on.

With these facilities in place the school can then intensify the personal hygiene and health messages. This then may serve as example for schoolchildren and a larger audience in the community
2. Provision of Safe Water and Sanitation Facilities School environment could deter health and nutrition status of schoolchildren, particularly if the environment provides an exposure to contamination from water borne diseases.

Personal hygiene education may become less meaningful without provision of clean water supply and sanitation facilities. With these facilities in place the school can then intensify the personal hygiene and health messages. This then may serve as example for schoolchildren and a larger audience in the community so that eventually it builds a demand for similar facilities within the community. The construction related policy must also support the efforts to respond to gender and privacy issues. For instance, separate facilities for male and female, especially for female adolecents. This is important to prevent absence from school during menstruation. 3. Skill based health education This approach is applied for health, nutrition and hygiene education and is intended to the development of knowledge, attitude, values and life skills needed to act and make the right and wise decision related to health. Health does not refer to physical aspect only but to also include environmental and psychosocial. Negative attitude and unhealthy social environment do not only adversely affect lifestyle, health and nutrition, but they also constrain the opportunity for education. Gender development (equity between male and female) and development of specific skills such as in dealing with pressure from schoolmates, is central to effective skill based health education and healthy social environment. Once shoolchild-

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ren have developed the necessary skills it is a guarantee that the individuals will adopt and continue to exercise hygiene behaviour while they are studying in school and forever later. 4. School based health and nutrition services Schools can provide health and nutrition service effectively if the service is provided in simple, safe and familiar manner and in response to the high prevalence and important cases in the community. As an example, in cases of micro nutrients (iron, iodine, etc.) deficiency, worm infection, provision of snacks to overcome eventual hunger could help to increase the learning capacity of the children. The Benefit of Effective School Health Programme The children's capacity to reach their potentials is directly influenced by a synergy of effects consisting of sound health condition, good nutrition, and good education. Health and education do not end up to that, they serve to prepare individuals with opportunity to live productively and satisfactorily. School health is an investment for the future of the nation to improve its human resources capacity. The benefits of

Once shoolchildren have developed the necessary skills it is a guarantee that the individuals will adopt and continue to exercise hygiene behaviour while they are studying in school and forever later
effective school health are: Responding to new demands In the government effort to increase school coverage, the role of heath is quite important, especially to girls. Therefore school is key where health

sector and education work together to improve health, nutrition and education. Improving efficacy of other children development related investment An effective school health programme can help sustaining the ECCD (early child care and development) programme. Better learning achievement Lack of micro nutrients, parasite infection, reduced hearing and eyesight will adversely affect school attendance, intelligence and learning capacity. Improvement of social equity For children from the less privileged families their school atendance and capacity to absorb the lessons depends on their health condition. The school health programme can help these children. Cost effective strategy The programme efficacy is obtained from synergy effect and the benefit of education as evidenced in improvement of health and nutrition but also progress in learning, minimizing wastefulness, minimizing repetition that in general improves the benefit of investment in education. Therefore it is now time to start with something towards an effective school health programme.

SOURCE: PLAN

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ISSDP CORNER

Study of Sanitation Condition in Indonesia

anitation is a serious threat to development in Indonesia. Economic loss from water pollution is estimated at US$4,7 billion per year - or approximately 2 percent of national GDP. The majority of Indonesian population, around 67,1 percent, have access to basic sanitation facility. However, there are only 11 cities in Indonesia with conventional sewerage and shallow sewer providing service to a very small fraction, or 14,8 percent, of urban population. In the meantime, diarrhoea places second in the cause for infant mortality, namely 32 per 1000 childbirth. The said condition is the consequence of very low investment in sanitation compared to other sectors such as water supply. The total investment in urban sanitation, particularly in collection and treatment, is only US$20 million for the last 20 years. In an effort to stimulate sanitation investment, the national government has launched Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Programme (ISSDP). This programme is funded by grant fund from the Dutch Government managed by Water and Sanitation Programme (WSP). As a preparatory activity for ISSDP, WSP conducted a study on "Sanitation Condition in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to urge the political will of decision makers at the national and regional levels to allocate investment in sanitation sector and to remove institutional barriers in sanitation development. The study includes observation and

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

rapid appraisal to provide accurate evidence, impact and arguments for investment in sanitation. This is necessary to convince the national and regional decision makers that the allocated budget up to this time does not mean anything to the community in general. Thus a sufficient amount of investment to improve sanitation condition in the future is a wise and effective decision. In general the sanitation infrastructures in all five sample cities are in apprehensive condition. The available basic sanitation infrastructure is centralized sewerage system mostly does not function optimally, in other words disorderly. On average the investment for all infrastructures is more than Rp 500 million. Mostly from loan fund. The social, technical and management

aspects are the main causes of the disorderliness of sanitation facilities in all the sample cities. The municipal government set aside fund at a level of less that 5 percent of the total budget. If we look more closely this fund is still to be divided to several sector such as drinking water, drainage, waste handling, health promotion and finally the budget for wastewater is around 1 percent, or 0,5 percent from the municipal budget. Therefore, it is not surprising that 76,2 percent of the rivers of Java, Sumatra, Bali, Sulawesi are heavily polluted as indicated from high BOD and COD in the water. In Jakarta alone, 84 percent of groundwater samples are contimated with bacteria from human excrement. Whereas, 60 percent of the

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ISSDP CORNER

poor population is still using groundwateer from wells for their daily consumption. Even, a study conducted by Dept. Health in 2003 concluded that 32,24 percent of piped and 54,16 percent of non piped water is found to be short of bacteriological requirements. Therefore, it is to no surprise that the prevalence of diarrhoeal diseases in Indonesia is relatively high. The poor sanitation has caused several negative impacts to community health, environment, and economic activities that are closely related to people's welfare. Based on this study, the economic loss to community health per capita per year is calculated at Rp 98.358 (Yogyakarta) and Rp 90.358 (Medan) due to loss of workdays and cost for treatment. Moreover, if the patient has to be admitted to hospital, the cost incurred will become Rp1.000.000 (Jambi and Medan). The amount is of course quite expensive, especially for the poor. Lack of attention to sanitation also causes increase in PDAM budget by 25 percent of the average national water tariff. This is because of each 1 mg/l increase of BOD of river water the production cost will increase by Rp 9,17 per cu.m of drinking water. From the short study on sanitation policy applied by the municipal government, most of the cities in this study do not have a specific strategy nor priority for sanitation sector. The municipal government strategy plan still considers that the municipal development priority lies with transportation, education, and curative health services. Whereas health budget for curative measures could actually be brought lower down if the municipal government paid more attention to preventive measures, such as sanitation.

Lack of attention to sanitation also causes increase in PDAM budget by 25 percent of the average national water tariff. This is because of each increase of BOD by 1 mg/l in the river the production cost will increase by Rp 9,17 per cu.m drinking water

Another example of poor sanitation condition is also found in Samarinda in 1982 when shrimp export from Samarinda to Japan was rejected because it contained Salmonella sp bacteria. Test made to one shrimp container has caused a financial loss of Rp 450

million. In view of such a poor condition, it is deemed necessary to take firm measures for its improvement. Annual budget for sanitation, especially for treatment of domestic wastewater must be increased to at least 1 percent of the total GDP (US$245,3 billion according to 2005 estimate). Based on economic calculation an investment of US$5,35 per capita per year in 5 sample cities (0,14 percent of 2005 GDP) will significantly increase benefit to community health and productivity, namely 6,44 percent in Samarinda and 18,75 percent in Denpasar compared to the present condition. While if there are less number sick days for babies the potential for increase of daily income will be up between 6,44 percent (Bogor) and 23,55 percent (Denpasar). AKY
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

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AROUND WASPOLA

WASPOLA Implementation Report October - December 2006

Regional Enthusiasm as 2006 Draws Toward the End

Takalar, the Importance of Public Consultation
"After two years being the chairman of WSS Working Group, I confirm my belief that the 11 principles underlying the National Policy is an inspiration for the implemention of WSS development in the region", so said Abdul Samad, the chairman of WSS Working Group of Kabupaten Takalar. He even intends to be part of WSS Working Group even after his retirement shortly. Samad said that it is necessary for WSS Strategy Plan which is now in its final stage to be brought to a workshop attended by all the stakeholders including the involved government agencies and NGOs. It is a form of public consultation, and besides it could gain some inputs for further improvement. And additionally, later the improved Strategy Plan should be brought to all kecamatans for socialization so that the lower level government officers would understand and realize that the Regional Government has already had in hand a definite reference for WSS development. From 23 November through 1 December a socialization programme was made to 7 kecamatans in which all village headmen were also present. The participants positively responded through sound critics and intellegent questions. According to Samad, the dialogue has built community awareness. As an example, MCK development managed by the community at a stimulant
SOURCE: DOK/WASPOLA

amounting to Rp 5 million could be completed through community contribution. If it were developed through a project mechanism it would cost at least Rp 15 million, a fantastic comparison. Takalar does not want WSS development like the old time projects of which all of them met with failure. The key to success was the full commitment of the Working Group Chairman and is followed by his members.

Jeneponto, Bupati's political support becomes the strategic step

"Beginning from 2007, I will not approve a budget for public MCK at Rp 26 million per unit. It has been proven unsustainable, it will turn a monu-

ment," says Bupati of Jeneponto, Drs. Radjamilo MM. If the proposal for public MCK development is still included in the proposed budget of 2007 he will ask the Public Works agency to rearrange and review it. If the Rp 26 million fund is given directly to the community they could build 12-13 household toilets that are effectively used rather than building one public MCK that is used by 5 families, and for only 3 months. The presence of the Bupati in the stakeholder meeting, an agenda of the Kabupaten Jeneponto Working Group last November 30, has provided a strong political support to the implementation of WSS development in Jeneponto. The Bupati who is widely known to be so

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close with the community and is well informed about the details of all the villages, stresses the importance of the development of sustainable water supply and environmental sanitation, in villages as well as in towns. The support from the highest decision maker has at any rate considered as a strategy that must be developed in order to pursue a more intensive coordination at the lower level and created a harmonious coordination among various different institutions. Apparently this is the strategy exercised by Jenepoto WSS Working Group to build sustainability aspect in WSS developement in the future. Through the Bupati's opinion, the stakeholders in the worskshop were triggered to follow up the idea. This is evident from the action plan they subsequently developed, containing among others (i) conducting similar workshop to be participated by village headmen; (ii) conducting assessment of the existing WSS facilities; (iii) launch a campaign to improve community awareness to the importance of high quality clean water and acceptable sanitation condition.

WSS implementation activity that was facilitated by the Working Group bears a fruit in the form of intimacy that finally leads to inter-regional coordination.
kabupaten, among kabupatens, kabupaten with the province and interagency at provincial level. This was revealed from the Workshop on Evaluation of Community Based WSS Development 2006 and 2007 Action Plan Preparation C. Java WSS Working Group on 9 December 2006. The workshop was attended by C. Java WSS partnership network from Kebumen, Purbalingga, Grobogan, Pemalang, Brebes, and Cilacap. Representatives from Pekalongan could not take part because of internal business activity that took place at the same time. An inter-regional agreement was

reached at that time that invitation to member kabupaten could be made effective through SMS in place of a formal letter. The participants also agreed that in implementation a letter is sent to Bupati and a copy is faxed to Head of Bappeda. This proposal is an evidence that WSS diplomacy has brougt into an active participation at WS working group level, and one should not forget it has become a bond of inter agency -even inter-kabupaten- friendship. Note on regional activities The three regions above indicate that by the end of the year WASPOLA facilitated regions remain enthusiastic in conducting regional policy operationalization. The constraint during October-December is because of the accumulation of many activities as a consequence of delay in fund availability. We hope that in the coming year this can be improved so that the operationalization can flow naturally without haste. Some of the important activities by the Provincial Working Groups during
SOURCE: DOK/WASPOLA

Central Java, WSS Diplomacy to Build Coordination

Immediately after the regional autonomy was put into effect the interkabupaten relationship seems to become less intimate, similarly between kabupaten and the province. Fortunately the WSS issue that rolls in C. Java was capable of bringing forward interesting bottom up ideas generating from within the communities. WSS implementation activity that was facilitated by the Working Group bears a fruit in the form of intimacy that finally leads to inter-regional coordination. WSS diplomacy, so they call it, is a form of filler for bridging inter-agency gap within a

38

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SOURCE: DOK/WASPOLA

October-December include: Consolidation Meeting of Bangka Belitung Provincial Working Group. Two-day workshop on Formulation of Strategy Plan for WSS Development in Sulawesi Tenggara. Roadshow and WS-1 Provincial Level in NTT. All items of the WSS Development Strategy Plan of Province Banten is included in Medium Term Development Plan 2007-20012. In FY 2007 WSS Working Group of Province Banten is capable of pushing Regional Level I Budget level for physical implementation of WSS facilities at an amount of Rp 3,5 billion for 4 kabupatens that have completed Final/Draft Strategy Plan for community based WSS development. Most provincial working groups are actively conducting facilitation of WS-1 at kabupaten/kota level. Provincial WGs of Banten, Gorontalo, W.Sumatra, Sulsel, and NTT are actively following the preparation of Pansimas in their respective regions.

The final publication of the National MDGs report is scheduled by the end of April 2007. The preparation is coordinated by the Directorate of Poverty Alleviation Bappenas, and WASPOLA is member in the Working Group for Environment

Preparation for the adjustment of MDGs Indonesia Report 2007 Bappenas has initiated the preparation Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Report and on 8 December 2006 a working group was formed with members consisting of representatives from the Government, UN institutions, NGOs and research institutes. There are 6 working groups to collect the materials for Indonesian National MDGs Report each deals with Health, Education, Poverty &

Hunger, Environment, Equalityand Partnership Aid, Trade and Debt respectively. The report produced by the working groups will be compiled into Millennium Development Goals Report and Human Development Report 2007. The purpose of the report is to explain and analyse the data including identification of constraints in achieving targets and provide inputs on alternatives for solution, including information about the practices exercised in the fields. One of the main focuses is poverty, i.e analysing the location and reasons for delay in improvement of the poor, analysing the relationship between weakness in public and individual services with the delay. In so doing we could get the National MDGs indicator through collecting target projects from Bappenas, BPS, Coordinating Ministry of People's Welfare and UNDP. It is hoped that the opinions from the government, national as well as regional, social organizations and UN institutions will be reflected in the report. The most recent data for MDGs indicators are quoted from BPS 2005, complemented with narration from other sources will later be treated as "Report on relevant matters from national and internasional institutions, government and NGO". This report is intended for Indonesian readers who understand about Indonesia and the main report will be written in Indonesian language, and final publication of the National MDGs report is scheduled by the end of April 2007. The preparation is coordinated by the Directorate of Poverty Alleviation Bappenas, and WASPOLA is member in the Working Group for Environment because it is closely related with Water and Sanitation as well as Environment in Indonesia. (WH and
WASPOLA Team)

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Two PAM Jaya Operators Perform Poorly

wo operator giants the partners of PAM Jaya, Palyja and Thames PAM Jaya (TPJ) have failed to show a satisfactory performance both from PAM Jaya and from the consumers' opinion. This fact was revealed in a discussion held by the Water Comsumers' Communication Forum (FKPM) held in Jakarta on Wednesday, December 13. Present in the discussion the executives of the two companies, PAM Jaya, Regulatory Body, consumers' representatives and NGO, and the involved government agency. Ir. Kris Tutuko, Director for Technical Division of PAM Jaya admitted that the number of consumers has increased. This means larger service coverage. But this does not follow the amount of water the consumers get. "The quantity of water for distribution does not increase, consequently each consumer gets less water. This means a lower service quality," he said in evaluation of the companies' performance. He explained that previously each consumer was supplied 40 cu. m a month Presently it goes down to 30 cu. m. "This level is unsatisfactory," he emphasized. In this connection, a consumer from N. Jakarta criticized Palyja's performance. He informed the audience that the company agrees to supply water to various apartments and high rised buildings, whereas the surrounding community is in want of water up to this time. "This is a blatant public lie,' he said. Kris also revealed that the two foreign companies have failed to meet the schedule of reducing leakages. Based on contract, Palyja is obliged to reduce leakage level down to 37 percent, and TPJ to 40 percent. But the present reality Palyja can only bring down

It's not only the consumers who will be fined when they overdue, while the companies refuse to pay any fine when they fail to meet their obligation

leakage at 44 percent and TPJ 50 percent. Moreover the two companies are unable to keep the repair of the leakages on schedule. Leakage in a primary conveyance has to be fixed longest in 72 hours, secondary 48 hours, and tertiary 24 hours. "None of it has been met," he said. As supervisor, PAM Jaya suggested that the two companies to review the plan for expansion of consumers. According to Kris, if the quantity of water is limited, the number of consumers should not be expanded, rather the service be improved. The two foreign companies were given opportunity to present their performance in 2006. If seemed everything was almost perfect, nothing remiss from the presentation. They also mentioned the new steps in handling leakages and improvement of cunsumers' services. Indah Kusumaningsih, Chairwoman of Indonesian Consumers Foundation (YLKI) criticized that presentation made by the companies. According to

her the presentation tends to deceive because it did not provide comparison with the previous year. "It looks like everything is positive, but we do not know what it looks like compared to the last year," she added. She proposed execution of a fine system to operator who fails to meet consumers' demand in accordance with the agreement. She challenges the companies for daily/weekly/monthly fine system. "It's not only the consumers who will be fined when they overdue, while the companies refuse to pay any fine when they fail to meet their obligation," she said. The challenge went unheeded. The chairman of the Regulatory Body, Achmad Lanti, explained that this event was intended as socialization of the plan for PAM Jaya water tariff increase. He reasoned that the increase is in compliance with the contract. According to him, if all budget items are considered the increase will be 25 percent from the present tariff. This is in conformance with the proposal from the two companies. In the meantime, PAM Jaya will only consider 13 percent increase. However, the Regulatory Body will not rely only on either of the two. The increase will be calculated based on proper consideration. Then the proposal will be brought to Jakarta Provincial Government for review. "As for the level of adjustment depends on the Provincial Government," he said. He assures that he is not in any position to betray the consumers. YLKI strongly denies the increase. According to Indah, so far the two companies have failed to provide service accordingly. For as long as it is not fulfilled, she emphasized, it is not appropriate to increase the tariff. MJ

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The Launching of Healthy Places Prosperous People (HP3) Programme

he Healthy Places Prosperous People or Healthy Environment and Self Reliant People (LESTARI) was launched last December 4 in N. Jakarta. The programme is sponsored by a multistakeholder team (also called "city team") consisting of MercyCorps, SwissContact, ESPUSAID, URDI and the Municipal Government of N. Jakarta. The representatives of N. Jakarta government are BAPPEKO, BPLH and BPM of N. Jakarta. The HP3/LESTARI programme is funded by International Development Research Centre (IRDC), a Canadian NGO working particulary in Urban Poverty and Environment, through MercyCorps. The team will later conduct participatory studies on aspects related to water supply, sanitation and solid waste management for three years

in the pilot project sites, namely in RTs 08, 12 and 13 of Kelurahan Penjaringan, N. Jakarta. The HP3/LESTARI will focus its studies in 4 main areas: 1. Improvement of market based environmental condition. The HP3/LESTARI will seek a market mechanism in such a way as to achieve a balanced benefit between household and business activities in urban slums; 2. Empowerment of the local commu-

nity through exploring, identifying and self solving of the economic and environmental problems faced by the community; 3. Improvement of local administration capacity through improvement of the local level service delivery system taking benefit from the existing financial sources and institutions for extending services to the poor; 4. Strengthening local partners, through giving more attention to local partners in conducting studies, advocacy and bigger access to other stakeholders. The outcome of the studies will be complemented in synergy with the government action programmes, especially those of the N. Jakarta government, and if possible to be replicated to other villages, so that urban poverty and waste management problems could be handled properly. (RSD)

The Launching of Water Care Programme

oca-Cola and USAID/Indonesia launched a Water Care Programme in Bekasi, W. Java last December 17. The launching took place at the hamlet of Wungkul, Kalijaya village, Kecamatan Cikarang Barat by the Managing Director of Coca Cola Indonesia Robert Foye, and Chief of Mission USAID/Indonesia William Fej and the local dignitories. The launching was marked with official dedication of 20 pit wells that have been repaired by the community in cooperation with the Water Care team. Simultaneously a hiking competition by 300 participants from children to adults. In the evening a film show was put to screen and announce-

ment of the winner of the hiking competition. This activity was held as a follow up of World Water Day on 22 March 2006 that was held previously also in Bekasi. The Programme was intended to improve water supply and environmental sanitation service in a rapidly population growth region. Robert Foye said that water is a vital natural resource in supporting human existence. "Water is also an important part of our business," he added. According to him, in working together in protecting water sustainability the company has not only been working in Indonesia but also in

every country where the company is in operation. William Frej explained that Water Care is a community based programme. He hopes the community would participate in the programme and is finally capable of creating My Water is Clean My Life is Healthy in the future. The presence of the two institutions makes the Camat of Cikarang Barat MA Supratman quite happy. According to him, this programme has been quite beneficial to the community. He promises that he would do anything possible to support the community in implementing the programme. MJ

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AROUND WSS

Announcement of Alert

Peak Event of National Health Day

ice President Jusuf Kalla announced the formation of Alert Village all over Indonesia in the National Health Day commemoration at Lumajang, E. Java on 16 December. At the same time the VP also symbolically dedicated the Centre for Regional Critical Health Handling to operate in nine provinces. In his welcome speech the VP made mention that health is influenced by 4 main factors, i.e genetic, environment, habit, and medical service. According to him, handling of environmental and habitual factors is the least costly compared to provision of medical services. "Do not always imagine health with hospital. A good Bupati is one who has a good hospital but treats only few patients. If there are too many patients it is an indication that the bupati has failed," he said. The VP also explained that health should be dealt with in levels. This is where the role of alert village becomes very important. "The community should be alert from the beginning in order to be able to prevent sickness," said Jusuf Kalla. This method, he said further, will make services more efficient and at the same to provide equal responsibility to the community. He added that not everything from the New Order has to be avoided. He asks that the movement such as PKK, Posyandu and similar kind of programmes should be revived. The programme in essence is able to motivate the community from grassroot level. In connection with Regional Health Crisis Management Centre Kalla considers it very important. The experience with tsunami or outbreak of contagious disease indicates the need for a national

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

system the support each other. It is hoped that with such a centre health crisis management provides alert and capable members of the community to take immediate action in case of danger or disaster. "We hope that health will become our common responsibility. Health services is a right and at the same the responsibility of all. The existence of alert village and Regional Health Crisis Management Centre will hopefully provide the best services and most immediate for the favour of the community," he says firmly. Before that the Health Minister announced in 2006 the government target to establish 12.000 alert villages all over the country. The target has been met. In E. Java alone there are 5.000 alert villages. From this number there are 110 alert village plus in kabupaten Lumajang. In 2007 an additional 7.000 alert villages will be established to finally there will be 72.000 such villages in 2009 all over Indonesia. In front of all Bupatis and Governor of E. Java the Health Minister made mention that Lumajang could become

an exemplary kabupaten. "This is the only kabupaten that has developed Alert Village," she said. After the commemoration that took place in the Lumajang town square the VP and Health Minister visited Kenongo Village at the Kecamatan of Gucialit. There the VP could see closely the Village Health Centre (Pos Kesehatan Desa) and had a nice chat with the health cadres. The presence this centre is the precondidion for an Alert Village. The VP also took an opportunity to take a look at the little exhibition in the village. From here the VP and all the group visited Pesantren Health Centre at Kecamatan Bunyuputih, Lumajang. Alert Village is one with a well prepared population and has the necessary skill and willingness to prevent and overcome health, disaster and emergency problems in a self reliant manner. Alert Village is intended to create healthy and care and responsive to health problems of its surroundings. A village is named an alert village if it has at least one functioning Village Health Centre (Pos Kesehatan Desa). MJ

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AROUND WSS

Workshop on Natural Disaster Management

uring the last few years Indonesia has experienced a number of natural disasters that inflicted severe damages, disruptive environmental condition and heavy death tolls. The disasters have left behind lasting socio-economic problems. Meanwhile, Indonesia does not have a proper disaster management system. For this reason the Dept. Public Works held an international seminar on Disaster Management: Review of Prevention and Rehabilitation, in Jakarta 7 December 2006. The workshop was attended by representatives from the central government, regional governments, NGOs, and international donor community. The seminar was officially opened by the Minister of Public Works, Joko Kirmanto. According to him, Indonesia belongs to disaster prone area but she never prepares herself towards a sufficient disaster management because of lack lack of guideline on

how a disaster is to be managed. As an example, there are many regions that were inflicted with a disaster but they are not ready with the required logistical support so that a lot of time is lost to prepare it. The seminar was divided into 2 subthemes, namely: (i) Estimation and Natural Disaster Preventive Measures; and (ii) Emergency and Rehabilitation Efforts in Disaster Management. In the first sub-theme there were several paper presentations, they are House and Building Safety in Indonesia, Community Empowerment for an Effective Emergency Service, Disaster Management, and Disaster Mitigation in Indonesia. While in the second subtheme the presentations dealt with lessons learned from Aceh and Yogyakarta disasters. The speakers of the seminar revealed that disaster management, at least, involves five components, they are (i) government preparedness to disaster

mitigation, weather/climatic forecast, early warning system, alertness and efficacy of government emergency units once a disaster strikes; (ii) technical aspect, including the causes and consequences of natural disaster, the most appropriate solution for rehabilitation of infrastructure and property; (iii) social-economic impact; (iv) environmental impact, manifested in disruption of environmental condition and the efforts for rehabilitation; (v) finacial aspect, consisting of government budget and financial assistance from domestic as well as international sources for infrastructure and property rehabilitation. Several of the potential problems in disaster management include: (a) limited reliable information for disaster estimation and its preventive measures; (b) inadequacy of immediate response and weakness in coordination; (c) limited budget for immediate response and disaster mitigation. RDD

Seminar on Social-Cultural Aspect of Water Supply Development

he Directorate General for Cipta Karya of the Dept. Public Works on Thursday, 7 November 2006 held a seminar entitled "The role of social-cultural aspect in the Development of Water Supply System" in Jakarta. The seminar was attended by the staffs of the Directorate of Water Supply Development, Directorate General for Cipta karya, representatves from Bappenas, Secretariate of WSS Working Group, Universities

(UI, IPB), NGOs, regional water supply management group, agency of Public Works, and other stakeholders related

to water supply system development. The seminar was intended to reveal various local wisdoms within the various ethnic and cultural groups in Indonesia. The result will be documented. The seminas was divided into 4 sessions, each discussed human aspect (social-economic-cultural), resources aspect, institutional aspect, and technological aspect, respectively.

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AROUND WSS

WSS Talkshow

Waste: Easy, Cheap, and Income Generating

aste problem resolution demands community awareness and participation. This conclusion was derived from a talkshow entitled: "Waste: Easy, Cheap, and Income Generating" presented in the TPI station on November 27. The programme was moderated by Lula Kamal presented Oswar Mungkasa (Head, Subdirectorate of Waste and Drainage Systems, the Directorate of Housing and Settlement Systems Bappenas), Mrs. Harini Bambang Wahono (Envrionment Practitioner) and Andien (Celebrity and Environment Ambassador) as resource persons. According to Mrs. Harini the community can play a significant role in reducing the amount of waste. It can be done through the application of 3R principle, i.e reduce, reuse and recycle. This model has been practised in her neighbourhood in the area of Banjarsari, Cilandak, So. Jakarta. She explains that in reality it is not difficult for a housewife to process her waste into compost. At the same time the inorganic waste can be sold to scavenger for an additional cash income. As a result, waste can generate additonal income to those who are willing to benefit from it. The 76 years old housewife has taught the community to adopt a paradigm that "my waste is my business". With this paradigm, according to her, the community has to change its attitude from being indifferent for reason that once waste has been disposed of the responsibility is tranfered to the street sweeper or cleaning agency into an attitude that any waste produced from its home shall remain its responsibility.

SOURCE: DOK/POKJA

The community can play a significant role in reducing the amount of waste. It can be done through the application of 3R principle, i.e reduce, reuse and recycle. This model has been practised in the neighbourhood of Banjarsari, Cilandak, So. Jakarta

Oswar Mungkasa admits that up to now we are in want of a legal umbrella for a national level waste management. The draft of the long awaited Law on Wastes is still in the office of the Ministry of Environment. However,

acccording to him, waste management does not have to wait till the law is enacted. The community can always do something to reduce waste right from its original source through the application of 3R principle. He further explained that at the moment he and his office in cooperation with other stakeholders is tryning everything possible to handle the waste problem. Andien, a jazz singer and concurrently environment roving ambassador considers that community awareness in this aspect is still wanting. Together with her team, she reveals that is currently doing "Clean-Up Indonesia" programme. Through this programme she socializes the importance of community awareness in environmental protection, including reducing waste. She also reveals that she often tells people to refrain from disposing waste carelessly. MJ

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AROUND WSS

Workshop on Socialization of Plan for National Sanitation Conference and Input Collection
n anticipation of the National Sanitation Conference next year, Bappenas and the Dept. of Public Works conducted socialization and at the same time collecting additional inputs for the implementation of the conference. The event was conducted on Thusday 23 November in Jakarta and was attended by sanitation related stakeholders. The workshop was officially opened by Basah Hernowo, Director of Housing and Settlement Bappenas. He put forward that according to statistical data of 2004 access to basic sanitation is 67,1 percent or covering 146.180.034 people. Yet the access does not mention anything about the quality of the facility. While MDGs target specifically mentions that by 2015 a total of 65,44 percent of the population has to have the access to sanitation facility that meets basic standard quality. To reach it, he added, there is a demand for valid and accurate data; joint commitment of the central and regional governments as well as the community and the private sector towards a common goal; and the presence of clear and measureable action plan that provides monitoring of its achievement. He added further that the decentralization policy must be seen as an opportunity for the regions to overcome

sanitation problems in their respective areas in an integratid and coordinated manner through service coverage zoning with the neighbouring areas. Therefore, still according to him, there is a need for a multistakeholder meeting of minds towards a common perception and integrated effective steps into a policy framework and commitment to achieve MDGs target. Based on the existing sanitation condition in Indonesia, a National Sanitation Conference 2007 will be held. This conference will serve as a forum for all stakeholders to meet and formulate policy, strategy and strategic steps to be taken in sanitation sector. Besides, the conference will also serve as preparation a SE Asian Regional Sanitation Conference. The meeting is important, according to Basah, that due to insufficient sanitation service the level of stakeholder awareness to enviromentally and human resources related problem reso-

lution is still questionable. Secondly, the cost burden to be borne by the government and the community for human resource development, environmental protection and basic services provision is steadily increasing. He hopes the conference could improve the decision makers' awareness and care in prioritizing sanitation related problem resolution, particularly wastewater, solid waste and drainage system. In the socialization the participants were invited to discuss sanitation related issues. The issues include, (i) the minimum amount of regional/kota government budget should be set aside for sanitation, (ii) how much of the sanitation budget should be allocated for behavioural change, (iii) sanitation development priority, whether priority be placed in resolving health problems in high risk area, especially the poor, before improvement in environmental quality, (iv) whether or not a subsidy for household facility development, (v) shoud sanitation be inteSOURCE: DOK/POKJA grated with development planning framework and managed by the kabupaten/kota government, and overal sanitation planning approval procedure, whether it should be reconciled with the institutional and financial capacity. The issues are intended to be brought to the forthcoming national sanitation conference. Through this preparation and input collection the national conference will hopefully be able to produce a valuable outcome for sanitation development in Indonesia. MJ

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AROUND WSS

World Water Quality Monitoring Day

The Quality of Ciliwung Water is Continuously

ater quality of the river Ciliwung that connects the city of Bogor with Jakarta is falling to apprehensive condition. Sample collection by the pupils of SMP 115 indicates that the raw water source for Jakarta water supply system is getting worse day after day. In the peak event of the World Water Day 2006 attended by the Minister of Environment Mr. Rachmat Witoelar and the Director General for Disease Control & Environmental Sanitation (DG for PP/PL) I Nyoman Kandun, last November 19, schoolchildren and the dignitaries together collected water sample in three locations: Bogor, Depok, and Jakarta. Sample measurement of each of the three locations indicates that water quality is below the normal standard. This condition is considered as the adverse side effect of development acceleration and population growth to water quality and to community access to water supply. This pressure becomes more apparent with the spreading of water borne diseases. It is not surprising if Jakarta population still meets difficulties in meeting water demand a 120 l/day per capita because the supply is not enough. Directorate General for PP/PL of the Dept. of Health, I Nyoman Kandun, explained the importance of water quality monitoring in terms of protection of community health. He added that the key to water management success is in coordination among various related sec-

SOURCE: FORKAMI

tors, particularly through preventivepromotive measures, application of appropriate technology and community participation. In between the water testing programme, Eddy Nugroho, River Section of the Ministry of Environment said that socialization to schoolchildren about the importance of environmental protection is key to the development of environmentally sensitive life because the behavioural change of these children will influence their families and eventually the surroundng community. According to him, the FORKAMI initiative is quite in line with KLH program to turn the Ciliwung water into raw water source 20 years from now. Mr. Abdullah Muthalib the FORKAMI Chairman explained that this activi-

ty was intended to introduce the aspects related to water quality and its conservation to younger generation as the departure point in building awareness how important it is to protect the source of raw water for our life in the future. Besides, with the involvement of schoolchildren and the community it expected that they would serve as agents for dissemination of the message to a larger audience. This activity represents the peak event of the "Save Our Water" campaign conducted in the framework of commemoration of World Water Monitoring Day. The event was supported by USAID-ESP and NZAID together with PT. Thames Pam Jaya (TPJ) as the operational partner of PAM for the eastern section Jakarta. MJ

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I AT P I C L I N I C

Contributor: Sandhi Eko Bramono (Sandhieb@yahoo.com) Lina Damayanti (Ldamayanti@yahoo.com)

Percik Magazine in cooperation with Sanitation Engineer and and Environmental Engineer Association maintain Clinic column. This column deals with questions and answers on water supply and environmental sanitation

Strong chlorine smell

Question:
Very often PDAM water in my house contains a strong smell of chlorine. I wonder if this might adversely affect the health. I'd like to know what is the safe chlorine content in drinking water?
Thank you. Adimas, Garut

Answer:
In Indonesia, water desinfection by PDAM uses chlorine compound. The compound generally used is calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2, commercially known as kaporit. The dosage is generally between 2,0-2,5 mg/l of which 1,5-2,0 mg/l is to oxidize the remaining organic compound in the drinking water technically known as Break Point Chlorination (BPC), and 0,5 mg/l of the kaporit, known as free residual clorine will enter the distribution network. Within the distribution network, 0,2-0,3 mg/l of the chlorine will oxidize organic as well as inorganic compounds (generally in the form of biofilm in the distribution pipes), thus leaving 0,2-0,3 mg/l of the chlorine that remain in solution as the customer opens his tap. The fluctuation in raw water quality treated by PDAM may cause the quality of product varies accordingly. This often happens PDAM operator does not adjust the processing operation in spite of fluctuation in the raw

water quality. The consequence is the amount of organic compounds and suspended solids contained in the product also varies. At times when the raw water is clearer (lower contents of organic matter and suspended solids), lower pH, and relatively higher temperature, the demand for desinfectant is lower. This is because the lowering of BPC value, thus increasing the free residual chlorine content. The consequence is a change in water quality, especially in palatability (somewhat bitter, because pH tends to be more alkaline) and rather hard (because of higher calcium content). Free residual chlorine will significantly affect health if the content is higher that 4 mg/l. This will cause eye and nasal irritation and disturbance in digestive system. Since PDAM does not apply a dosage higher that 4 mg/l it is unlikely that the chlorine dosage exceeds the safe treshold. In order to prevent, there is consequently a number of adjustments in the PDAM water distribution operation (generally using chlorine for desinfectant), such as: 1. If the installation is operating below capacity, kaporit application must be adjusted commensurate to the velocity of water flow (production capacity). 2. Fluctuation of raw water quality must always be taken into consider-

ation, and adjust kaporit application accordingly. When the raw water is clearer, lower pH and higher temperature, kaporit requirement is lower. 3. Improvement should be made in the sedimentation pond. In an operating installation, this can be done through performance improvement of the coagulation and flocculation units. If the two units are in order the flocs will settle properly in the sedimentation pond. With high floc (as SS) separation in the sedimentation unit, the burden of filtration will be lighter, the better is the produced water. This subsequeently will lower the demand for kaporit. 4. Separation of organic compound can be improved by adding an adsorbtion unit (for instance with a Granular Activated Carbon or GAC), that may decrease the BPC value and consequently decrease the demand for kaporit. This unit can be affixed after the filtration unit (quick sand filter) or as an additional medium of the filter unit. 4. Regular maintenance of the distribution network in order to minimize biofilm layer within the distribution pipes. With such operational adjustments, the quality of treated water may improve (excessive chlorine contents can be prevented), and may reduce wasteful chlorine use. sandhi eko bramono

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CD INFO

Health is in Your Hands

Specifically with handwashing, this CD provides guidance how to wash hands properly. Washing hands must be done in flowing water. This is intended to remove the bacteria or microorganism from your hands. This will be more effective if followed with soap application. More than that, the CD attempts to tell that health is in your hands. This means you can do many things with your hands to keep yourself healthy. The diseases around you can be prevented if you want to get active in making yourself and the environment clean. Unfortunately the interactive CD is produced in Tagalog and English. But as a module, it is possible to introduce the CD to our community. It is easy to understand because of the animation support. MJ

ashing hands is but a simple thing, indeed. Because there are too many who consider it insignificant, eventually men do not pay attention to this practice. Whereas, in reality handwashing tremendously influences our health. It is the hands that frequently in contact with the mouth, particularly in relation to food and drink. Clean hands will improve health status. How come? The CD that is produced by the association of Philippine NGOs provides a clear picture on how important handwashing is. This CD is prepared to change the community habit towards hygiene life and to show a different way to an individual, his family and the community to remain clean under a limited water supply condition. The information is presented in an

interactive manner. The animation can easily be understoood by anyone. Several water borne diseases are also presented such as dengue fever and diarrhoea. This CD presents the disease contamination process and the symptoms experienced by the patient. It also shows us how to protect the environment.

Services for the Urban Poor

lmost anywhere in the world cities are magnets that attract the population to come to try one's luck. Consequently, population grows steadily. And the growth of poor enclaves within the glamorous urban centres. This does not happen only in a city as big as New York but as a common phenomenon in all cities of the world, including in Indonesia. The presence of urban poor has attracted everyone's attention. As citizens they demand the same services as the others. However, due to various specific reasons it is necessary to deal with them specifically. This CD contains several experiences in dealing with urban poor com-

munities. There are 19 cases from 10 Asia-Pacific nations. The cases tell us that it is necessary to apply a different approach for a different issue. One city

is different from the other. Moreover, problem can be solved through collective undertaking involving the community, private sector, and the government. Some of the modules are presented herein. More than that, the failures of the cooperation to serve the poor in the urban are also presented here. The CD is published by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) is means to share and is quite instrumental for decision makers and stakeholders related to water supply and environmental sanitation. The lessons learned therefrom are expected to inspire those involved in extending services to the urban poor. MJ

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BOOK INFO

Water Quality Management

ater quality management is an attempt to maintain water in order to get an expected quality in accordance with its purpose to guarantee that water is within its natural condition. Thus says the Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001. However, in reality that water quality management is not an easy thing. Water flows across administrative borders. Inter-regional or inter-stakeholders' interests may cause various level of conflicts. Each stakeholder claims as the sole guardian of water source. Therefore it is necessary to build a multistakeholder agreement to manage water resource wisely and sustainably for the benefit of all. Multistakeholder cooperation is also needed to maintain water quality. This

Water Quality Management

(in Bahasa) Author : Publisher : Ministry of Environment Year : 2004 Pages : ii + 19

Title

of course requires a regular monitoring and evaluation. In this case it is deemed necessary to have division of roles among the stakeholders. The status of water quality is made public. This is important because the community must know the water condition. In this way the community can be stimulated to maintain the quality of the available water. Up to now water quality management is operated based on water

basin. The boundary determination in conducted from identification of source of pollutant and mapping of area boundary. Identification of source of pollutant can be done through land utilization plan of a particular river basin. And boundary area mapping can be done based on distribution of sources of pollutant entering a particular river. Specifically with water quality monitoring, several aspects must be borne in minds, among others determination of observation point, determination of monitoring frequency, and monitoring implementation based on procedure. The monitoring result is then used as means for water quality criteria determination from class 1 through 4. From the criteria water is then managed accordingly. MJ

SBY-JK Two Year Performance

hrough the United Indonesia Cabinet, SBY-JK administration attempts to build Indonesia better than their predecessor. In its initial days, this pair offered three agendas to rebuild Indonesia, they are (i) creating safe and peaceful Indonesia; (ii) creating just and democratic Indonesia; and (iii) improvement of people's welfare. These agendas were then translated into Medium Term Development Plan 2004-2009. Successful. At least that is reflected in the blue covered book -to suit the colour of SBY's party. In achieving a safe and peaceful Indonesia, the success has been indicated from resolving Aceh problem, sovereignity issues with Malaysia, East Timor, Philippines and Papua New Guinea, revelation of criminal cases, eradication drug abuses, and illegal logging. As for the se-

SBY-JK Two Year Performance (October 2004 October 2006)

(in Bahasa) Authors: National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) Publisher: National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) Year : 2006 Pages: ix + 178 + 17 pages

Title

cond agenda, the government has been successful in conducting regional elections, consolidation of democracy, free press, and improvement of access to information by the community. The third agenda, the go-

vernment admits that it meets financial difficulties. However, the government attempts to build and improve infrastructures and push the efforts for improvement in health and education sectors together with regional governments. The preparation of this book was said to comply with SBY's directive. The purpose is to serve as means for truthful information to the people about what the problems are and challenges faced by the nation, and how the government performance in responding the problems and challenges. Of course, as a report written based on statistical figures, criticism may always appear. And this has been done many times particularly by economists. Therefore, this book is worth perusing and see if the contents presented therein hit the target. MJ

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WEBSITE INFO

Wastewater Gardens Wastewater Gardens

http://www.idepfoundation.org/ indonesia/idep_wwg.html n interesting and simultaneously non costly natural solution for an effective wastewater management. This system is suitable for application in the community, office, hotel and household. The technology is called Wastewater Gardens. It has proven itself as more effective, affordable and durable when compared to ordinary wastewater treatment systems, especially of the tropic and remote areas. So far the Wastewater Gardens has been constructed in 150 homes, hotels, offices and communities all over the world. In Indonesia the technology has been tried in front of Bapedalda Office of Bali in Sanur. The technology was invented by Dr. Mark Nelson in cooperation with Planetary Coral Reef Foundation (PCRF-US) and Prof. H.T.Odum, a well-known ecologist of the Center for Wetlands from the University of Florida. "Dirty wastewater" apparently is a valuable source of water and nutrition to fertilize wetlands and gardens.

Wetland experts concluded that it is because of its natural aspect but the well designed and built ecosystem is an efficient means to benefit from purify the nutrition containing water. That is why, the system that depends on green plants and microbes will be more effective if it is constructed in warm and sunny areas. This approach is ideal for temperate and tropical regions. This approach is suitable for Indonesia because it is easy to maintain and is also quite efficient in converting what used to be "waste" into something beneficial. Wetland is relatively not very expensive, it is relatively independent from sophisticated technology that demands expensive maintenance. Wetlands does not require electricity neither fuel.

cies on liquid waste management, protection of surface water such as marshland, lake, river, coastal region, and sea, clean water programme, and various liqu i d waste technologies currently in application in the country. It also provides explanations about water supply financing, including assistance related to wastewater management programme. This website also provides information on various publication produced regularly by the institution.

Liquid waste bibiliography

http://www.cleanh2o.com/ww/ here are not many websites that are specially dealing a with specific subject such as in liquid waste. Unlike the others this website dedicates itself to virtual library in liquid waste, Waste Water Engineering Virtual Library (WWEVL). This library provides a list of approximately 1.500 sources that can be browsed using keyword. The web that was developed since 1994 has undergone several modifications. The last one was in 2004. The library contains urban waste water, research and academic institutions, commercial and professional organizations, consultancy, a list of business firms, waste water management organization, literature, government, environment, etc. MJ

Wastewater Treatment
http://www.epa.gov/owm/ s an industrialized nation the United States pays a great deal of attention to wastewater treatment. It is not surprising that this country has an institution specifically deals with wastewater. This institution is called Office of Wastewater Management. This institution is housed under the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This website contains various poli-

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A G E N DA
Date
6 7-8 8-10 13-14 13-17 13-16 14 14 16-17 19 20 20-21 21 21 22-23 23 22-25 22-24 23-25 23 23 27-1 27 28 28-30 29 30 2 4-8 4-5 4-5 4 7 8 11 12 13-14 13 14-15 16

Month
November November November November November November November November November November November November November November November November November November November November November Nov/Dec November November November November November December December December December December December December December December December December December December

Activity
Workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in So. Konawe Workshop on Community Based WSS Development in Lombok, NTB Workshop in Raw Water Management in Semarang, C. Java CWSH Technical Training in Bandung, W. Java CLTS Workshop for Western and Eastern Regions at Gorontalo and Semarang Training Workshop for Community Based WSS Development Strategy Planning in Makassar Workshop for Community Based WSS Development Strategy Planning in Serang Indonesian Sanitation Conference Implementation Meeting in Jakarta Workshop on Community Based WSS Development in Bangka World Toilet Day WSS Working Group Coordination Meeting and Review of WASPOLA Exit Strategy in Jakarta Workshop on Consolidation of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Gowa Financial Study Presentation in Jakarta Meeting on WASPOLA Communication Strategy in Jakarta Workshop on Finalising Strategy Planning in Takalar Workshop on Community Based WSS Development in So. Central Timor Orientation of WSLIC II Post Contruction in Kuningan, W.Java WSS Facilitator Training in Pandeglang, Banten Inauguration of ProAir Water Supply Facility in W. Sumatra, and NTT Workshop for CLTS Module Development Stakeholder Meeting on Sanitation Conference in Jakarta CWSH Technical Training in Medan Talkshow on WSS at TPI Station Jakarta Workshop on Strategy Planning in Grobogan Workshop on Development of Management Module for Inter-regional Raw Water Management in NTB Workshop on National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in Rote Ndao, NTT Workshop on Community Based WSS Development in Kabupaten Jeneponto, S. Sulawesi WSS Working Group Meeting on Water Dialogue in Bogor, W. Java Training for Community Based WSS Development Strategy Planning in Makassar, S. Sulawesi CWSH Technical Training in Pontianak, W. Kalimantan Meeting on CLTS National Strategy and Healthy Environment Evaluation in Bandung, W. Java Coordination Meeting on GOI - UNICEF Cooperation in Jakarta National Discussion on Cultural Aspects in Water Supply Provision System in Indonesia ProAir Coordination Team Meeting in Jakarta Sanitation Workshop in Jakarta Meeting on Policy Formulation for Community Based WSS Development in Bukittinggi, W. Sumatra Workshop for Policy Dissemination and Socialization of Community Based WSS Development Programme in Kabupaten Tanah Datar, W. Sumatra Meeting of Drinking Water Consumers and Community Communication Forum-II in Jakarta Sanitation Workshop for 6 ISSDP Cities in Banjarmasin Peak Event, National Health Commemoration Day in Kabupaten Lumajang, East Java

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WSS BIBLIOGRAPHY

P
ON

INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGIES FOR WASTE RECYCLING JAKARTA, 19 - 20 SEPTEMBER 2006

Publisher: Centre for Environmental Technology (BPPT & Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), 2006

PDAM TIRTANADI. 100 YEARS PROVISIONING WATER FOR LIFE

Publisher: PDAM Tirtanadi Medan, 2005

MEETING THE FINANCING CHALLENGE WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

Publisher: The World Bank

FOR

STRATEGIC PLAN FOR WSS DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN KABUPATEN BANGKA BARAT
Publisher: Regional Govwernmnet of Bangka Barat, 2005

WORKSHOP ON IMPROVEMENT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT JAKARTA, 20-21 SEPEMBER 2006

Publisher: Directorate General for Cipta Karya, Dept. Public Works, 2006

BETTER WATER AND SANITATION

FOR

THE URBAN POOR

Publisher: Water Utility Partnership for Capacity Building (WUP) Africa, 2003

SANIMAS TRAINING SURABAYA, 4-14 JULY 2006

Publisher: BORDA, Balifokus, DPU, BEST & LPTP, 2006

SUCCESS IN COMPOSTING OF WASTES (SOFIAN)

Publisher: AgroMedia Pustaka, 2006

R E G U L A T I O N
PRESIDENTAL REGULATION NO. 7 OF 2005: ON RRPJMN FOR 2004-2009, COMPLEMENTED WITH LAW NO. 25 OF 2004 ON SYSTEMATIC OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
Publisher: Gadjah Mada University Press, 2005

AND

CORE QUESTIONS ON DRINKING WATER SANITATION FOR HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS .

Publisher: WHO, Unicef, 2006

COLLECTIVE URBAN MANAGEMENT, KARTAMANTUL INTER-MUNICIPAL COOPERATION: THINKING PUBLIC, ACTING URBAN, SOLVING PROBLEMS TOGETHER INTER-MUNICIPAL COOPERATION KARTAMANTUL
Publisher: Kartamantul Joint Secretariate in cooperation with GTZ Urban Quality Yogyakarta, 2006

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, 8TH ED

Publisher: Gadjah Mada University Press, 2005

REGULATIONS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAW ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Publisher: Harvarindo, 2006

TREATMENT OF WASTES FROM DRAINAGE DITCH AS A BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY (MUTAWAKIL, SE)

Publisher: Penebar Swadaya, 2006

B O O K
URBAN WATER CONFLICT
Publisher: International Hydrological Programme (IHP), UNESCO, 2006

M A G A Z I N E
PERCIK MAGAZINE
October 2006 edition, English version

DRINKING WATER MAGAZINE

Ed. 134 November 2006 (Indonesian)

WATER WARS: DROUGHT, FLOOD, FOLLY, AND THE POLITICS OF THIRST.

Publisher: The Berkley Publishing Group, New York. 2002

CIPTA KARYA BULLETIN

September 2006 Edition (Indonesian)

TROPIKA INDONESIA MAGAZINE,

Vol 10 No. 2, April-Juni 2006

52

Percik

December 2006

G L O S S A RY

Plug Valve (Cone Valve)

A practical open-close valve for use in high pressure flow. The operation is controlled through a hole at the same diam. as the inlet/outlet.

Plumbing
Pipe network installation technique, auxillary tools and other devices for water supply provision and waste water drainage and to drain rainwater from a building of a ground into city drainage system.

Pneumatic
A mechanism taking benefit of blowing air or water bubble.

Pneumatic mixing
Mixing of solution taking benefit from blowing air or spraying of air bubbles from the bottom of a tank or container in order to produce a mixing effect from turbulent flow.

Polyelectrolyte
Also called polymeric coagulant, widely used especially to condition raw mud or digested mud, commonly needed for dewatering process.

Pond
A popular biological wastewater treatment unit commonly used in sparsely populated areas and also for waste from home industries and livestock. Low construction and maintence cost compared to other type of biological treatment facility.

Post chlorination
Chlorine desinfection after all the treatment processes are completed (generally after filtering). The contact with water should at least 30 minutes before water is used for consumption.

Pour-flush toilet
Also called goose neck toilet. A toilet with the outlet design like goose neck; the curve may retain the waste temporarily before it is flushed down with a stream of flush water. The curve is always filled with water so that it also functions as water trap.

Pre-aeration
An aeration process at the initiation of a series of treatment processes for the purpose of developing a colloidal coagulationflocculation of oily substance contained in raw water in order to minimize the burden of next treatment units.

Precipitation
Precipitation of water in the clouds into dew, rainwater, ice, snow, etc.

Preservation
An activity to keep something remains in the original condition.

Pressure filter
One of quick sand filter consisting of closely tight steel cylinder container. Water is let to flow into the tank at a pressure higher than the atmospheric pressure.

Quoted from Dictionary of Foreign Language Terms and Abbreviation in Sanitation and Environment Engineering Publisher: Trisakti University