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Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining (formerly known as RefSYS) is based on the flowsheet capabilities of HYSYS (use of partial information, bi-directional of information, and so forth). Existing HYSYS simulation cases can be leveraged in Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining adding petroleum assays information and specific refinery unit operations.
In order to run Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining features, you have to install both Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining and Aspen Properties, and have the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining license.
For more information on the petroleum assays, refer to Chapter 2 Petroleum Assay.
The key concept of Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining is the petroleum assay. A petroleum assay is a vector that stores physical properties and assay properties for a specific component list. Physical properties include all properties used in a typical HYSYS simulation case. Assay properties comprise refinery related properties as cloud point, octane numbers, flash point, freeze point, sulphur content, PONA distribution, GC data and etc. A component list typically consists of library components (for instance, methane to n-pentane) and pseudocomponents (hypothetical components). Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining is based on a flexible structure so that no pre-defined list of pseudo-components is required. Moreover, existing lists of pseudo-components created by the HYSYS Oil Environment can be used in Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining. Each component stores a value of a physical and assay property. The assay properties are usually imported from an assay management system, as for instance, CrudeManager from Spiral Software Ltd. At the Simulation Environment, each stream may have its own petroleum assay, that is, the physical and assay properties of components on one stream may differ from other streams. Bulk values for assay properties are calculated using specific lumping
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rules. When process streams are mixed together on any HYSYS or Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining operation, a new petroleum assay is created and special blending rules are employed to recalculate the physical and assay properties. This unique architecture allows the simulation of refinery-wide flowsheets using one single component list - resulting in optimal speed performance on calculations. Moreover, the propagation of those properties allows the integration of reactor models, since the required properties are available at the feed stream to the reactor unit. The various components that comprise HYSYS/Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining provide an extremely powerful approach to refinery simulation modeling. At a fundamental level, the comprehensive selection of operations and property methods allows you to model a wide range of processes with confidence. Perhaps even more important is how the HYSYS/Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining approach to modeling maximizes your return on simulation time through increased process understanding. The key to this is the Event Driven operation. By using a degrees of freedom approach, calculations in HYSYS/Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining are performed automatically. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining performs calculations as soon as unit operations and property packages have enough required information. Any results, including passing partial information when a complete calculation cannot be performed, is propagated bidirectionally throughout the flowsheet. What this means is that you can start your simulation in any location using the available information to its greatest advantage. Since results are available immediately - as calculations are performed - you gain the greatest understanding of each individual aspect of your process. The multi-flowsheet architecture of HYSYS/Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining is vital to this overall modelling approach. Although HYSYS/Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining has been designed to allow the use of multiple property packages and the creation of pre-built templates, the greatest advantage of using multiple flowsheets is that they provide an extremely effective way to organize large processes. By breaking flowsheets into
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smaller components, you can easily isolate any aspect for detailed analysis. Each of these sub-processes is part of the overall simulation, automatically calculating like any other operation. The design of the HYSYS/Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining interface is consistent, if not integral, with this approach to modelling. Access to information is the most important aspect of successful modelling, with accuracy and capabilities accepted as fundamental requirements. Not only can you access whatever information you need when you need it, but the same information can be displayed simultaneously in a variety of locations. Just as there is no standardized way to build a model, there is no unique way to look at results. HYSYS/Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining uses a variety of methods to display process information - individual property views, the PFD, Workbook, Databook, graphical Performance Profiles, and Tabular Summaries. Not only are all of these display types simultaneously available, but through the object-oriented design, every piece of displayed information is automatically updated whenever conditions change. The inherent flexibility of HYSYS/Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining allows for the use of third party design options and custom-built unit operations. These can be linked to Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining through OLE Extensibility. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining also offers an assortment of utilities which can be attached to process streams and unit operations. These tools interact with the process and provide additional information. All standard HYSYS unit operations are explained in the HYSYS Operations Guide and Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining unit operations are explained in this guide. The unit operations can be used to assemble flowsheets. By connecting the proper unit operations and streams, you can model a wide variety of refinery processes. Included in the available operations are those which are governed by thermodynamics and mass/energy balances, such as Heat Exchangers, Separators, and Compressors, and the
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logical operations like the Adjust, Set, and Recycle. A number of operations are also included specifically for dynamic modelling, such as the Controller, Transfer Function Block, and Selector. The Spreadsheet is a powerful tool, which provides a link to nearly any flowsheet variable, allowing you to model special effects not otherwise available in HYSYS/Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining.
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In modelling operations, HYSYS/Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining uses a Degrees of Freedom approach, which increases the flexibility with which solutions are obtained. For most operations, you are not constrained to provide information in a specific order, or even to provide a specific set of information. As you provide information to the operation, HYSYS/Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining calculates any unknowns that can be determined based on what you have entered. For instance, consider the Pump operation. If you provide a fully-defined inlet stream to the pump, HYSYS/Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining immediately passes the composition and flow to the outlet. If you then provide a percent efficiency and pressure rise, the outlet and energy streams is fully defined. If, on the other hand, the flowrate of the inlet stream is undefined, HYSYS/Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining cannot calculate any outlet conditions until you provide three parameters, such as the efficiency, pressure rise, and work. In the case of the Pump operation, there are three degrees of freedom, thus, three parameters are required to fully define the outlet stream. All information concerning a unit operation can be found on the tabs and pages of its property view. Each tab in the property view contains pages which pertain to a certain aspect of the operation, such as its stream connections or physical parameters (for example, pressure drop and energy input).
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To access the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining object palette do one of the following: In the main case (Simulation) environment, press F6. In the main case (Simulation) environment, select Flowsheet | RefSYS Operations command from the menu bar.
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Mass Entropy Molecular Weight Molar Density Mass Density Std. Ideal Liquid Mass Density Liquid Mass Density Molar Heat Capacity Mass Heat Capacity Thermal Conductivity Viscosity Surface Tension Specific Heat Z Factor
Act. Liq. Flow Std. Liq. Flow Std. Gas Flow Watson K Kinematic Viscosity Cp/Cv Lower Heating Value Mass Lower Heating Value Liquid Fraction Partial Pressure of CO2 Avg. Liq. Density Heat of Vap. Mass Heat of Vap.
The Heat of Vapourisation for a stream in HYSYS is defined as the heat required to go from saturated liquid to saturated vapour.
The PF Specs page contains a summary of the stream property view Dynamics tab.
The PF Specs page is relevant to dynamics cases only.
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Adding Notes
To add a comment or information in the Notes page/tab: 1. Go to the Notes page/tab. 2. Use the options in the text editor toolbar to manipulate the appearance of the notes. The following table lists and describes the options available in the text editor toolbar.
Object Font Type Font Size Font Colour Bold Italics Underline Align Left Centre Align Right Bullets Insert Object Icon Description Use the drop-down list to select the text type for the note. Use the drop-down list to select the text size for the note. Click this icon to select the text colour for the note. Click this icon to bold the text for the note. Click this icon to italize the text for the note. Click this icon to underline the text for the note. Click this icon to left justify the text for the note. Click this icon to center justify the text for the note. Click this icon to right justify the text for the note. Click this icon to apply bullets to the text for the note. Click this icon to insert an object (for example an image) in the note.
3. Click in the large text field and type your comments. The date and time when you last modified the information in the text field will appear below your comments.
The information you enter in the Notes tab or page of any operations can also be viewed from the Notes Manager property view.
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Notes Manager
The Notes Manager lets you search for and manage notes for a case. To access the Notes Manager do one of the following: Select Notes Manager command from the Flowsheet menu. Press the CTRL G hot key.
Figure 1.2 Click the Plus icon to expand the tree browser.
View/Add/Edit Notes
To view, add, or edit notes for an object, select the object in the List of Objects group. Existing object notes appear in the Note group. To add a note, type the text in the Note group. A time and date stamp appears automatically. To format note text, use the text tools in the Note group toolbar. You can also insert graphics and other objects.
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Click the Clear button to delete the entire note for the selected object. Click the View button to open the property view for the selected object.
Search Notes
The Notes Manager allows you to search notes in three ways: Select the View Objects with Notes Only checkbox (in the List of Objects group) to filter the list to show only objects that have notes. Select the Search notes containing the string checkbox, then type a search string. Only objects with notes containing that string appear in the object list. You can change the search option to be case sensitive by selecting the Search is Case Sensitive checkbox. The case sensitive search option is only available if you are searching by string. Select the Search notes modified since checkbox, then type a date.Only objects with notes modified after this date will appear in the object list.
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Create a New User Variable icon Edit the Selected User Variable icon
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3. In the Name field, type in the user variable name. 4. Fill in the rest of the user variable parameters as indicated by the figure below.
Figure 1.4 Select the data type, dimension, and unit type using these dropdown list. These tabs contain more options for configuring the user variable. Code field Allows you to add password security to the user variable.
For more information on the user variables, refer to Chapter 5 - User Variables from HYSYS Customization Guide.
You can define your own filters on the Filters tab of the user variable editing property view.
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Petroleum Assay
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2 Petroleum Assay
2.1 Introduction................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Centroid Point.......................................................................... 4 2.2 Petroleum Assay Manager Property View....................................... 5 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 Adding Petroleum Assays .......................................................... 7 Viewing Petroleum Assays ......................................................... 7 Copying Petroleum Assays......................................................... 8 Deleting Petroleum Assays......................................................... 8 Importing Petroleum Assays ...................................................... 9 Exporting Petroleum Assays..................................................... 15 Creating User-Defined Blending Rules ....................................... 17
2.3 The Petroleum Assay Property View ............................................ 20 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 Information Tab ..................................................................... 22 GC Data Tab .......................................................................... 35 Analysis Tab .......................................................................... 42 Estimation Tab ....................................................................... 43 Plots Tab ............................................................................... 45 Notes Tab.............................................................................. 45
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Introduction
2.1 Introduction
In refinery, the typical crude oil stream consist of the following characteristic: A continues mixture of many naturally occurring hydrocarbons with boiling points ranging from -160C (Methane) to more than 1500C. Heavy fractions that are not mixtures of discretely identifiable components. These heavy fractions are often lumped together and identified as the plus-fraction starting from C7+ to C12+.
A proper description of the physical properties of the plusfractions is essential for reliable phase behaviour calculations and compositional modelling studies. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining contains a data base that you can use to store and calculate the physical and petroleum properties of the crude oil stream. This data base is called a petroleum assay. A petroleum assay is a vector that stores physical properties and assay properties for a specific component list. Physical properties include all properties used in a typical HYSYS simulation case. Assay properties comprise refinery related properties as cloud point, octane numbers, flash point, freeze point, sulphur content, PONA distribution, GC data and etc. A component list typically consists of library components (for instance, methane to n-pentane) and pseudo-components (hypothetical components). Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining is based on a flexible structure so that no pre-defined list of pseudo-components is required. Moreover, existing lists of pseudo-components created by the HYSYS Oil Environment can be used in Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining. Each component stores a value of a physical and assay property.
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Petroleum Assay
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The assay properties are usually imported from an assay management system, as for instance, CrudeManager Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining Link from Spiral Software Ltd. At the Simulation Environment, each stream may have its own petroleum assay, that is, the physical and assay properties of components on one stream may differ from other streams. Bulk values for assay properties are calculated using specific lumping rules. When process streams are mixed together on any HYSYS or Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining operation, a new petroleum assay is created and special blending rules are employed to recalculate the physical and assay properties.
If you do not have the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining license, you cannot create or import a petroleum assay using the options in the Petroleum Assay Manager property view.
You can create a petroleum assay using the options in the Petroleum Assay Manager property view or the Oil Manager tab. The differences between the petroleum assays created in Petroleum Assay Manager and Oil Manager are listed in the following table:
Oil Manager Each petroleum assay have its own component list. Property values are not calculated based on blending rule, because each assay has its own component list. Enables you to modify a few petroleum properties. Simplified option to characterize a petroleum assay. Petroleum Assay Manager One component list is shared among multiple assays. Contains blending rule equation for more accurate calculation.
Enables you to modify more petroleum properties. Advanced option to characterize a petroleum assay.
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Introduction
FBPn
Temperature
% Volume
The final boiling point temperature is assigned as the hypocomponents boiling point temperature. The centroid boiling point is used to estimate the physical properties of the component.
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Petroleum Assay
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4. Step #2 and #3 are repeated to generate the boiling point temperatures for all of the hypocomponents. 5. For library components, the centroid boiling temperature is set to their normal boiling point.
The Petroleum Assay Manager property view enables you to create, manipulate, import, and export the petroleum assay.
Figure 2.2
To access the Petroleum Assay Manager property view: 1. Enter the Basis environment of the simulation case. 2. In the menu bar, select Basis | Basis Manager to open the Simulation Basis Manager property view.
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The following table lists and describes the objects in the Petroleum Assay Manager property view:
Object Petroleum Assays list View button Add button Delete button Copy button Import button Description Displays the petroleum assays available in the simulation case. Opens the Petroleum Assay property view of the selected petroleum assay. Creates a blank petroleum assay, where you can enter your own petroleum assay properties. Deletes the selected petroleum assay from the simulation case. Creates a copy of the selected petroleum assay. Imports a petroleum assay from an external file. You can import petroleum assay from three types of files: HYSYS (*.pet), Comma Separated Value File (*.csv), and XML File (*.xml). Exports the selected petroleum assay to an external file. You can export the petroleum assay into four types of files: Spiral CrudeManager, HYSYS, Comma Separated Value File, and XML File. Displays the blending rules/equations used to calculation the petroleum properties of the selected petroleum assay. You can change the equations used to calculate the petroleum properties by selecting a different blending rule in the drop-down list. Petroleum radio button User radio button Filters the information in the Property Blending Methods table to display only HYSYS default petroleum properties. Filters the information in the Property Blending Methods table to display only HYSYS non-default/ user created petroleum properties. Enables you to access the Blending Macros property view and create user define blending rules. This button is only available if a petroleum property contains a user define blending macro.
Export button
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Petroleum Assay
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2. Click the Extend Simulation Basis Manager button. The Petroleum Assay Manager property view appears. 3. Click the Add button. The Petroleum Assay property view appears.
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2. Click the Extend Simulation Basis Manager button. The Petroleum Assay Manager property view appears. 3. Select the petroleum assay you want to delete from the list in the Petroleum Assays group. 4. Click the Delete button. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining removes the selected petroleum assay from the list.
Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining will not ask for confirmation when deleting assays.
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Petroleum Assay
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4. Select the type of assay you want to import by clicking on the appropriate radio button.
Refer to Appendix A.6 PET Files for more information on PET files.
HYSYS imports a PET (HYSYS petroleum assay) file. The PET file contains the component list, physical properties, petroleum properties, fluid packages, reactions, and component maps associated to the petroleum assay. User Property names from HYSYS must be edited to use an alias in order for the imported properties to be passed to the proper Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining calculations. See Appendix - HYSYS User Property Aliases for Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining for a list of the aliases.
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Refer to Appendix A.4 Comma Separated Value Files for more information on CSV files. Refer to Appendix A.5 Petroleum Assay XML Files for more information on XML files.
Comma Separated Value File imports a CSV (Comma Separated Value) file. The CSV file is a simple structured data file. The file contains a table of components, and the components molecular weight, normal boiling point, specific gravity, and petroleum properties. XML File imports an XML file. The XML file contains the name of the petroleum assay, description, created date, last modified date, a list of components available, and the molecular weight, normal boiling point, specific gravity, and petroleum properties of each component.
PIMS Format imports a PIMS assay table file. The PIMS file contains all the necessary assay data, much like the CSV file. However the PIMS data variable string tag is different than Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining data variable string tag. So Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining needs to map its variables to PIMS variables. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining imports the following information from the petroleum assay: Components. If there is no list of components or the default component list is incomplete, Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining creates a new list of components based on the components in the imported petroleum assay. Fluid Package. If the existing fluid package does not contain the same component list as the imported petroleum assay or there are no fluid package, Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining automatically creates a new fluid package with Peng-Robinson as the default property package and attaches a new component list based on the imported petroleum assay. (To change the property package of the new fluid package, open the Fluid Package property view and select a different property package.) Physical Properties. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining imports the following three critical physical properties: molecular weight, centroid boiling point, and specific gravity. The rest of the physical properties are calculated based on the three critical properties.
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Petroleum Assay
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Petroleum Properties. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining imports all petroleum properties.
If the petroleum assay data file contains petroleum properties outside Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining petroleum property list, Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining imports the data from the non-default petroleum properties and designates the non-default petroleum properties as UserProp-n, where n is an integer value. If the petroleum assay data file has no values for a petroleum property, the system leaves the petroleum property blank.
5. Click the Continue button. A file browser opens. 6. Locate and select the assay file you want to open and click the Open button. If you are importing a PIMS Assay, follow the additional steps described in Section - PIMS Assay Import Additional Steps.
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1. After selecting the PIMS file, the Import PIMS Data property view appears:
Figure 2.4
All the data shown initially in the table of the Import PIMS Data property view are default values not related to the csv file previously selected. To map the PIMS variable data to the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining variable data, you must browse to and select the PIMS String Table.
2. In the Import PIMS Data property view, click Import Data String.
Refer to Section 2.4 Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining Unit Tags for more
3. Select the PIMS String Table file (*.sdb extension) to map the PIMS variable tag with an Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining variable tag and click Open. (The default name and location for the data string file is: \[install location]\paks\PIMSAssay.sdb) The PIMS String Table file (*.sdb) consists of 3 sections: The Property Tag section, where the text used to for the PIMS petroleum property variables is mapped to the text of the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining property description. Below is a sample of the PIMS tag (left) and associated Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining tag (right): - ISPG = "Standard Liquid Density"
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Petroleum Assay
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IFVT = "Boiling Temperature" VBAL = "Volume Fraction" IMWT = "Molecular Weight" IACD = "Acidity"
The Component Tag section, where the text used to represent PIMS components is mapped to the text of the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining components: Below is a sample of the PIMS tag (left) and associated Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining tag (right): - NC1 = "Methane" - NC2 = "Ethane" - NC3 = "Propane" - IC4 = "I-Butane" - NC4 = "N-Butane" - IC5 = "I-Pentane" The Unit Tag section. The Unit Tag section is optional. It maps PIMS unit abbreviations to Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining units if the PIMS Assay was stored using unit syntax other than that which Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining recognizes. You can add this section by appending a line for each foreign unit in the following format: UNIT_{PIMS property tag} = "{unit name}" for example: UNIT_IFVT = "C" means the PIMS property tag "IFVT" has units in C (Celcius). Refer to Section 2.4 - Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining Unit Tags for a table of Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining unit symbols.
4. Click the Import PIMS Data button. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining reads in all the data from the assay table using the mapping instructions from the string table, and populates the list in the Import PIMS Data property view.
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Petroleum Assay
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ISPGR01;Specific Gravity;0,7405 Notable exceptions are CutTemperature with a PIMS tag of IFVTR, Mass Fraction with a PIMS tag of WBAL and Volume Fraction with a PIMS tag of VBAL. 4. Save the file with a .csv extension, and close. Now you must prepare the .sdb file to import along with the PIMS file. 1. Open the [install dir]\paks\PIMSAssay.sdb string table file. See Section - PIMS Assay Import Additional Steps above for a description of the sections of this file. 2. Save the file to a new name. 3. Check the following factors: If you have a user assigned tag not present in the .sdb file, enter it with a text description in the first section. Make sure every Component name has a description. If there is no description, the component will not be passed in the import process. At minimum, the value must be Optionally, append unit-correcting strings to the end of the file if the assay was stored using unit strings other than those Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining recognizes. See Section - PIMS Assay Import Additional Steps and Section 2.4 - Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining Unit Tags for more information 4. Save the file with an .sdb extension and close. You can now import the .csv file as a PIMS assay in the normal way. See Section 2.2.5 - Importing Petroleum Assays.
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2. Click the Extend Simulation Basis Manager button. The Petroleum Assay Manager property view appears. 3. Select the petroleum assay you want to export from the list in the Petroleum Assays group. 4. Click the Export button. The Assay Export property view appears.
Figure 2.5
5. Select the file type for the exported assay by clicking on the appropriate radio button.
Refer to Appendix A.7 Spiral Files for more information on the Spiral file.
Spiral Crude Manager radio button allows you to export the assay as a Spiral file. The Spiral file contains the name of the petroleum assay, description, created date, last modified date, a list of components available, and the molecular weight, normal boiling point, specific gravity, and petroleum properties of each component. HYSYS radio button allows you to export the assay as a PET (HYSYS petroleum assay) file. The PET file contains the component list, physical properties, petroleum properties, fluid packages, reactions, and component maps associated to the petroleum assay. Comma Separated Value File radio button allows you to export the assay as a CSV file. The CSV file is a simple structured data file. The file contains a table of components, and the components molecular weight, normal boiling point, specific gravity, and petroleum properties. XML File radio button allows you to export the assay as a *.xml file. The XML file contains the name of the petroleum assay, description, created date, last modified date, a list of components available, and the molecular weight, normal boiling point, specific gravity, and petroleum properties of each component.
Refer to Appendix A.6 PET Files for more information on PET files.
Refer to Appendix A.4 Comma Separated Value Files for more information on CSV files.
Refer to Appendix A.5 Petroleum Assay XML Files for more information on XML files.
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Petroleum Assay
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With the exception of the PET file, the following information are exported to the petroleum assay files:
Petroleum assay name Petroleum assay description Petroleum assay creation and last modified dates Component list Component molecular weight Component normal boiling point Component specific gravity Component petroleum properties.
6. Click the Continue button. The File Selection for Exporting Petroleum Assay property view appears. 7. Select a location for the assay file using the Save in dropdown list, and type the name of the exported assay file in the File name field. 8. Click the Save button.
Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining lets you create your own calculation blending method for the petroleum properties. The new blending rule method is created in the Macro Language Editor property view. To create a new blending rule method for a petroleum property: 1. Enter the Simulation Basis Environment. 2. Open the Simulation Basis Manager property view.
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3. Click the Extend Simulation Basis Manager button. The Petroleum Assay Manager property view appears. 4. In the Property Blending Methods group, select the Petroleum radio button. 5. In the Petroleum Property table, scroll up and down until you find the petroleum property you want to manipulate.
Figure 2.6
6. Under the Blending Rule column, select the cell beside the petroleum property. 7. Click the down arrow select User Macro.
Figure 2.7
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10. In the Editing Existing Code of property view, click the Show/Hide Variable Details icon options in the view.
Figure 2.10
to access more
Use the options in the Editing Existing Code of property view to configure the new petroleum property blending rule.
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11. Click the OK button to accept the new petroleum assay blending rule.
The property view contains six tabs and a status bar: The Information tab contains all the options necessary to create a petroleum assay. The GC Data tab allows you to manipulate the GC data of the petroleum assay. The Analysis tab enables you to view the types of calculation errors that occur in the petroleum assay. The Estimation tab enables you to import certain petroleum assay property values based on assumptions and equations. The Plots tab displays the petroleum properties of the petroleum assay in graph format.
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The Notes tab allows you to specify information regarding the simulation case. The status bar indicates the status of the petroleum assay.
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The following table lists and describes the objects available in the Information tab:
Object Name field Description Allows you to specify the name of the petroleum assay. The name you supply also appears in the title bar of the Petroleum Assay property view. Allows you to select the fluid package associated with the petroleum assay. Displays the date and time when the petroleum assay was created. Displays the date and time when the petroleum assay was last modified. Allows you to supply information about the petroleum assay. Allows you to access the Editing Properties property view, where you can manipulate the petroleum property values. Allows you to access the Petroleum Assay Composition property view, where you can enter the composition of the petroleum assay. Enables you to access the Edit Bulk Properties Property View.
Associated Fluid Pkg drop-down list Created field Modified field Description field Edit Properties button Edit Composition button Edit Bulk Properties button
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Object For more information on FCC, refer to FCC Operation Guide. Reactor Type column
Description Displays the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining reactor: FCC. The FCC reactor handles petroleum assay differently than the standard HYSYS reactors.
Is Ready? column
Displays whether the petroleum assay has been configured to handle the associate reactors. Yes means the petroleum assay can be use for material streams flowing through the reactor. No means the petroleum assay cannot be use for material streams flowing through the reactor. Allows you to configure/prepare the petroleum assay to handle the associate reactor, before entering the simulation environment. Select the appropriate checkbox to prepare the petroleum assay.
To obtain the CrudeManager Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining Link, contact your local AspenTech
Allows you to access the CrudeManager Link and edit the petroleum assay using the assay management system from Spiral Software Ltd. In CrudeManager Link there are two different methods to characterizing a petroleum assay: Lite. The method uses simple and smooth cuts to calculate the petroleum properties based on the user provided experimental data. Advanced. This method uses statistical and prediction calculation models to calculate the petroleum properties based on the user provided experimental data. CrudeManager Link carries an HPI standard data base.
Refer to Importing HYSYS Assays and Importing a PIMS Assay Table sections for more information.
Enables you to easily import old HYSYS assays and PIMS assay table into an Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining petroleum assay.
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The current bulk properties available for specification are: Initial boiling point temperature Final boiling point temperature
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The Editing Properties property view is split into two panes. The pane on the left allows you to filter and select which properties you want to manipulate. The pane on the right provides options for you to enter the new property values.
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The Sort By group in the left pane, allows you to filter the list of properties, in the tree browser below the group, based on the selected radio button:
Click the Plus ( ) and Minus ( ) icons to expand and collapse the branches in the tree browser.
Property Name. Displays all the properties available (in Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining) in alphabetical order.
Group. Sorts and categorizes the properties based on their characteristic (for example, Thermodynamic, Property Package, Physical, User specified, Petroleum, and so forth). Type. Sorts the properties based on the value type they provide (for example, single point value or multiple curve/ plot values).
Modify Status. Splits the properties between those that have been already modified by you, and those that still have their default values.
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The following table lists and describes the objects in the Petroleum Assay Composition property view:
Object Component table Normalize button Cancel button Accept button Description Allows you to specify the mole fraction of the components in the petroleum assay. Allows you to normalize the total composition value to 1. Exits the Petroleum Assay Composition property view without saving any of the changes. Exits the Petroleum Assay Composition property view and save the changes.
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You cannot re-use/import the blending information from an old HYSYS assay into an Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining petroleum assay. The blend/cut information is always recalculated during the import process (using the predefined component list).
The imported HYSYS assay information does not contain any petroleum property information. So after you have imported the HYSYS assay into a petroleum assay, you can supply the petroleum property data using the Crude Manager or Edit Properties option in the Information Tab of the Petroleum Assay property view.
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3. Open the Simulation Basis Manager property view, by selecting Basis | Basis Manager command in the menu bar.
Figure 2.16
4. Click the Extend Simulation Basis Manager button. 5. In the Petroleum Assay Manager property view, click the Add button. 6. In the Petroleum Assay property view, select the fluid package (associated to the HYSYS Oil Characterization assay) in the Associated Fluid Pkg drop-down list.
Figure 2.17
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8. In the Available Assays property view, open the Select Assay drop-down list and select the assay you want to import to Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining. 9. Click the OK button.
5. In the Simulation Basis Manager property view, click the Oil Manager tab.
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6. Open the drop-down list in the Associated Fluid Package field and select the copied fluid package.
Figure 2.19
7. Click the Extend Simulation Basis Manager button. 8. In the Petroleum Assay Manager property view, click the Add button. 9. In the Petroleum Assay property view, select the copied fluid package in the Associated Fluid Pkg drop-down list.
Figure 2.20
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10. Click the HYSYS Oil Environment button. 11. In the Available Assays property view, open the Select Assay drop-down list and select the assay you want to import into Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining.
Figure 2.21
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4. In the new Petroleum Assay property view, select the fluid package in the Associated Fluid Pkg drop-down list.
Figure 2.22
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6. In the Petroleum Assay property view, click Import PIMS Assay to Oil Environment button.
Figure 2.24
7. In the file browser, locate and select the PIMS assay table file (.csv format, by default under the [install dir]\paks directory.) Click Open. The Import PIMS Data property view appears:
Figure 2.25
All the data shown initially will be default values and not related to the csv file previously selected.
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8. In the Import PIMS Data property view, click the Import Data String button to access the File Selection for Importing a PIMS String Table property view.
Refer to Section 2.4 Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining Unit Tags for more
9. In the File Selection for Importing a PIMS String Table property view, select the PIMS String Table file (*.sdb extension) to map the PIMS variable tag with an Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining variable tag and click Open. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining will read in all the data from the assay table using the mapping instructions from the string table and populate the list in the Import PIMS Data property view. 10. Click the Import PIMS Data button.
There are two types of GC data: Wide cut GC data is the value based on a lump/group of components within the cut. You can only specify wide cut GC data values in the GC Data Tab.
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Narrow cut GC data is the value based on individual components within the cut. HYSYS calculates the narrow cut GC data. You cannot specify values for narrow cut data.
The following table lists and describes the objects in the GC Data tab:
Object GC Data Characterization group Description Contains the PONA tree that list the wide cut GC data available (in Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining) for manipulation. To select a GC data for manipulation: 1. In the GC Data Characterization group, expand the PONA tree browser by clicking the Plus icon . 2. Expand the branches until you find the GC data you want to manipulate. 3. Select the checkbox beside the GC data you want to manipulate << Remove All button GC Data Characterization table .
Enables you to remove all the GC data parameters in the GC Data table. Allows you to enter the new values for the selected wide cut data at the specified cut point. The specified cut point is the wide cut datas true boiling point (TBP) or final boiling point temperature. The first row only contains the ICP (Initial Cut Point) data, you must leave the rest of the cells in the first row <empty> or have a value of 0. The percentage values are based on the entire crude and not on the cut. When defining GC component data, if you supply values at a component group level, you cannot define any information in the sub level of the group, and vice versa. Distributes the specified values evenly for the narrow cuts within the wide cut GC data. In this option, the calculation is faster and the mass balance is fulfilled. However, the generated values are less realistic.
Distributes the specified values in a normal distribution format for the narrow cuts within the wide cut GC data. In this option, the generated values are more realistic. However, the calculation is slower and the mass balance is not fulfilled automatically. You need to manually achieve the mass balance by adjusting the settings in the Edit Property Distribution Parameters Property View. Applies the new GC data values to the petroleum assay.
Characterize button
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Description Allows you to view and enter individual GC data values in the GC Data Characterization table. Allows you to view the sums up all the specified by-wt and by-vol GC data values (Wt Pct Entered and Vol Pct Entered) in the GC Data Characterization table. The sum values indicate the amount available for the Crude by Wt and by Vol (Total Crude Wt Pct and Total Crude Vol Pct). For example, if you over specified by entering more than is available, you can click the Normalize button to change the specified amount to the available amount and have all the GC data changed accordingly.
Opens the Edit Property Distribution Parameters Property View. Opens the Characterized GC Data Results Property View, which displays the calculated GC data values based on the modification.
The sum of the percentage values in each wide cut GC data column cannot surpass 100. An error message appears if your GC components are not in MW order, but this error does not stop the calculation.
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Figure 2.27
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The Reset to Defaults button allows you to restore the values in the table back to the default setting.
Properties such as A C6 Benzene, which represents pure components, will have a very small standard deviation of the order of 0.5 or lower. Properties such as Pi C8, which has a wider boiling point distribution will have a higher standard deviation.
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From Figure 2.26, the Even Distribution radio button was selected. So when the modified GC data was characterized, the specified value is evenly distributed for the narrow cut GC data.
The Viewing Options group contains the following options that manipulates the information displayed in the table: By Weight radio button displays the GC data information associated to the component's weight. By Volume radio button displays the GC data information associated to the component's volume. User Selected Props radio button displays just the GC data that you have manipulated. All Props radio button displays all the GC data.
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Description Displays the error level that indicates the seriousness of the associate errors: Low indicates the error will only affect the associate property under the Warning Source column. High indicates the error will affect the associate property under the Warning Source column and reactors that require the property value to perform calculation. Critical indicates the error will affect the associate property under the Warning Source column and reactors that require the property value to perform calculation. Displays which petroleum assay property or parameter is affected or caused the error. Displays the cause of the error and what operations will be affected by the error. Enables you to normalize the GC data values, so that the sum of the GC data values equal 100%. Enables you to activate the analysis option in the Analysis tab and view any errors in the active petroleum assay.
Warning Source column Warning column Resolve PONA button Analyze button
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A pre-selected estimation method is used for each property, although various known estimation methods might exist.
The Assay Properties Estimation list displays the list of properties for which estimation is currently implemented. The Estimation Methods button enables you to access the Estimation Methods property view.
Figure 2.32
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In the Estimation Methods property view, you can select different estimation method (using the appropriate dropdown list) for the properties in the Assay Properties Estimation list. The first column in the Assay Properties Estimation table displays the list of components in the petroleum assay. The Values column displays the current component values of the selected petroleum property. These values are specified by you in the Information tab or imported from the petroleum assay properties files (*.csv, *.pet, *.xml, and Spiral). The Estimated column displays the component values of the selected petroleum property if they were to be estimated. The Aniline Point, MON (Clear), Refractive Index, and Sulfur Content are estimated using methods from the following documents:
1"Use
of the Refractive Index in the Estimation of Thermophysical Properties of Hydrocarbons and Petroleum Mixtures", Mohammad R. Riazi and Yousef A. Roomi, Chemical Engineering Department, Kuwait University, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2001, Vol. 40, No.8.
2Estimation
of Sulfur Content of Petroleum Products and Crude Oils, Mohammad R. Riazi, Nasrin Nasimi, and Yousef A. Roomi, Chemical Engineering Department, Kuwait University, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1999, Vol 38, No.11.
The Accept button allows you to discard the current component values and replace them with the estimated values.
If the estimated value is <empty>, HYSYS was unable to calculate an estimate value. If you tried to accept the estimated value one of two events occur:
If the current value is also <empty>, HYSYS leaves the selected petroleum property value as unknown. If the current value is not <empty>, HYSYS leaves the selected petroleum property value as the current value.
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In a PIMS assay file, there are commands to designate units to the variable values. In the command, you must use the correct unit tag name recognized by Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining. The following table is the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining unit tag along with the description of what units the tag represent:
Tag Name = Unit kPa = kilo pascals MPa = mega pascals psi = pound per square inch kg/cm2 = kilogram per square centimeter Tag Name = Unit psia = pounds per square inch absolute N/m2 = newton per square meter torr = millimeter of mercury mmHg = millimeter of mercury cmH2O(4C) = centimeter of water at 4 degrees Celsius inH2O(60F) = inch of water at 60 degrees Fahrenheit kW = kilo watt MW = mega watt inHg(32F) = inch of mercury at 32 degrees Fahrenheit inHg(60F) = inch of mercury at 60 degrees Fahrenheit kcal/h = kilo calories per hour cal/h = calories per hour Mkcal/h = mega kilo calories per hour gmole/L = gram mole per litre g/cm3 = gram per cubic centimeter Tag Name = Unit bar = bar mbar = millibar lbf/ft2 = pounds-force per square foot atm = technical atmosphere at = physical atmosphere MJ/h = mega joule per hour kJ/min = kilo joule per minute kJ/s = kilo joule per second Btu/h = british thermal unit per hour MMBtu/hr = millions of british thermal unit per hour kgmole/m3 = kilogram mole per cubic meter lbmole/ft3 = pound mole per cubic foot lb/ft3 = pound per cubic foot
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Tag Name = Unit API = american petroleum institute cP = centipoise mP = millipoise microP = micropoise
Tag Name = Unit SG_60/60api = standard gravity dyne/cm = dyne per centimeter dyn/cm = dyne per centimeter lbf/ft = pound force per foot MMSCFH = million standard cubic feet per minute MMSCFD = million standard cubic feet per day lb/hr = pound per hour klb/day = kilo pound per day L/d = litre per day USGPM = US gallons per minute miles = mile km/h = kilometer per hour seconds = second years = year minutes = minute
cSt = centistokes kgmole/min = kilogram mole per minute gmole/h = gram mole per hour
Pa-s = pascal second lbmole/hr = pound mole per hour lbmole/h = pound mole per hour
g/s = gram per second kg/d = kilogram per day tn(short)/h = short ton per hour barrel/day = barrel per day ft3/day = cubic fee per day m = meter ft/s = feet per second weeks = week days = day
tonne/d = metric tonne per day tonne/h = metric tonne per hour m3/h = cubic meter per hour kbpd = thousand barrels per day in = inch ft = feet MPH = miles per hour months = month hours = hour
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Assay Manipulator
3-1
3 Assay Manipulator
3.1 Introduction................................................................................... 2 3.2 Assay Manipulator Property View .................................................. 3 3.2.1 Design Tab .............................................................................. 4 3.2.2 Assay Tab................................................................................ 6 3.2.3 Worksheet Tab ....................................................................... 10
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Introduction
3.1 Introduction
The Assay Manipulator allows you to change the petroleum assay properties of a material stream, without the need to supply any theoretical equations or calculations to obtain the property values. The common reasons to change the petroleum assay property values are: HYSYS does not have an operation that simulates a piece of equipment, in the actual plant, which changes the petroleum assay properties. There are no petroleum assay data that mimic the actual petroleum assay curves. The output petroleum properties of a HYSYS operation does not imitate the output petroleum properties from an actual plant operation. There is a need to conduct a sensitivity analysis on the simulation plant to see if a slight change in petroleum properties will affect the quality of the products.
Assay Manipulator supplies two ways to modify the petroleum assay properties: Change properties. In this option, you can modify values of an individual petroleum property (for example, sulfur content of a hypothetical component). Shift properties. In this option, you can specify a target bulk value of a petroleum property in the stream (for example, the RON of a stream), and the assay manipulator automatically adjusts the values of all the individual petroleum properties to meet the new bulk value.
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There are three common objects at the bottom of the Manipulator property view, the following table describes these objects:
Object Delete button Status bar Description Allows you to delete the operation. Displays the current status of the operation (for example, missing information or errors encountered during calculation). Allows you to ignore the operation during calculations. When the checkbox is selected, HYSYS completely disregards the operation (and cannot calculate the outlet stream) until you clear the checkbox.
Ignored checkbox
Connections Page
On the Connections page, you can specify the feed and product streams attached to the Assay Manipulator. You can change the name of the operation in the Name field.
Figure 3.2
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Parameters Page
On the Parameters page, the following information appears:
Object Transfer Temperature checkbox Transfer Pressure checkbox Transfer Flow Rate checkbox Figure 3.3 Description When selected, the temperatures of the feed stream and the product stream are equal. When selected, the pressures of the feed stream and the product stream are equal. When selected, the flow rates of the feed stream and the product stream are equal.
The User Variables page allows you to create and implement variables in the HYSYS simulation case.
Notes Page
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or the simulation case in general.
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Options Page
In the Options page, you can select the petroleum property you want to modify and select the type of modification method using the drop-down lists in the table.
Figure 3.4
Options
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You can only apply one type of modification method for each petroleum property.
The following table lists and describes the objects available on this page:
Object Drop-down list Table Description You can activate the selected the petroleum property for modification. Allows you to type the modified values for the selected petroleum property in the drop-down list. The table also displays the selected petroleum property values from the feed stream. Plot Displays both the original and manipulated petroleum property values.
The drop-down list will be blank if you had not selected Change Props method for any of the petroleum properties in the Options page.
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The following table lists and describes the objects available on this page:
Object Drop-down list Reference Assay table Description You can activate the selected the petroleum property for modification. You can choose the base/reference point(s) for the selected petroleum property to be shifted by doing one of the following: Select the Use Feed checkbox to use the feed streams property values as the base point(s). Use the drop-down list in the Use Assay cell to select the assay you want to use as the base point(s). You cannot select a different assay as the base point(s) if you have selected the Use Feed checkbox. You can type in the amount of shift for the selected petroleum property by doing one of the following: Type the amount of shift for the product stream in the Product cell. Type the difference amount between the product stream and the feed stream in the Prod - Feed cell. Displays the calculated values based on the information entered in the Reference and Targets tables. Displays both the original and manipulated petroleum property values.
Targets table
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The drop-down list will be blank if you had not selected Shift Props method for any of the petroleum properties in the Options page.
Composition Page
The Composition page enables you to manipulate the product composition. Using this feature, you can change the distillation curve (TBP, D86, D1160, and D2887) of a process stream in your flowsheet.
Figure 3.7
To activate and access the options in the Composition page, select the Manipulate Product Composition checkbox.
The following tables lists and describes the options available in the Composition page:
Object Manipulate Product Composition checkbox Plus Fraction radio button Light Ends radio button Description Enables you to toggle between activating or ignoring the modified variable for the product stream composition. Enables you to toggle between accessing or hiding the options to manipulate the temperature vs. percent yield data. Enables you to toggle between accessing or hiding the options to manipulate the mass or volume fraction of the light ends composition.
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Description Enables you to select mass or volume for the percent yield or composition fraction. Enables you to select between four different temperature data that affects the percent yield. The four options are: TBP, ASTM D86, D2887, and D1160. This drop-down list is only available for the Plus Fraction option.
Yield column
Enables you to specify the mass or volume percent yield associated to the specified temperature. This column is only available for the Plus Fraction option.
Right column
Enables you to specify the temperature of the selected option from the Left drop-down list. This column is only available for the Plus Fraction option.
Fraction column
Enables you to specify the mass or volume fraction of the light ends composition. This column is only available for the Light Ends option.
Plot
Displays the composition vs. NBP data of both feed and product streams.
The Worksheet tab contains a summary of the information contained in the stream property view for all the streams attached to the Assay Manipulator.
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Catalytic Reformer
4-1
4 Catalytic Reformer
4.1 Introduction................................................................................... 3 4.1.1 Theory.................................................................................... 6 4.2 Overall Operation Structure/Environment ................................... 16 4.2.1 Main Environment .................................................................. 17 4.2.2 Catalytic Reformer Environment ............................................... 21 4.2.3 Calibration Environment .......................................................... 23 4.3 Reformer Configuration Wizard.................................................... 24 4.3.1 Configuration Page ................................................................. 26 4.3.2 Geometry Page ...................................................................... 27 4.3.3 Calibration Factors Page .......................................................... 28 4.4 Catalytic Reformer Property View ................................................ 29 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 Design Tab ............................................................................ 30 Reactor Section Tab ................................................................ 33 Stabilizer Tower Tab................................................................ 44 Results Tab............................................................................ 47
4.5 Feed Type Library Property View ................................................. 56 4.6 Reactor Section Property View..................................................... 58 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.6.4 Design Tab ............................................................................ 59 Feed Data Tab........................................................................ 61 Operation Tab ........................................................................ 64 Results Tab............................................................................ 73
4.7 Feed Type Property View ............................................................. 80 4.8 Calibration Set Library Property View .......................................... 81 4.8.1 Factor Set Property View ......................................................... 82
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Catalytic Reformer
4.9 Calibration Property View .............................................................86 4.9.1 4.9.2 4.9.3 4.9.4 4.9.5 4.9.6 Design Tab .............................................................................91 Feed Data Tab ........................................................................94 Operation Tab.........................................................................95 Measurement Tab..................................................................103 Calibration Control Tab...........................................................107 Analysis Tab .........................................................................109
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Catalytic Reformer
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4.1 Introduction
The Reformer model in Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining is a state-of-the-art Catalytic Naphtha Reformer Unit simulation system that can be used for modeling a CCR or Semiregenerative reformer unit as a standalone unit operation or as part of a refinery-wide flowsheet. The Catalytic Reformer operation includes feed characterization system, reactor section, stabilizer and product mapper. The reactor section includes reactors, heaters, compressor, separator, and recontactor. The reactor model is based on rigorous kinetics. The feed characterization system and product mapper are designed to work together with the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining assay system so the Reformer model can be simulated in a refinery-wide flowsheet.
Figure 4.1
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Introduction
The hypothetical component names can be interpreted by identifying the prefix with the component type and the suffix with the carbon number. The prefix component types are: O: Olefin MBP: Multi-branch paraffin SBP: Single-branch paraffin 6N: 6-Carbon Ring Naphthenic IP: Isoparaffin (no distinction on number of branches) 5N: 5-Carbon Ring Naphthenic A: Aromatic P: Paraffinic (no distinction on isomer type) N: Naphthenic (no distinction on number of carbons in ring)
These components are either used directly in the kinetic reactor model or they are easily mapped into the components used within the kinetic reactor model. The transition between the Main Environment and the Catalytic Reformer Environment will handle the calculation of the composition of the Reformer components. In order to do this, however, you must specify the feed type. The feed type will specify the ratios of various isomers within the feed to the
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Catalytic Reformer
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Reformer. These ratios, along with the distillation and PONA data from the attached inlet stream will be used to calculate the Reformer component compositions.
Feed Component Ratios nP5 /Total C5 Ratio Normal P6 / Total P6 Ratio MB P6 / Total P6 Ratio MCP / [MCP+CH] Ratio Normal P7 / Total P7 Ratio MB P7 / Total P7 Ratio iP5 /Total C5 Ratio N10 N5/[N5+N6 Ring] Ratio iP11 / Total P11 Ratio N7 N5/[N5+N6 Ring] Ratio Normal P8 / Total P8 Ratio MB P8 / Total P8 Ratio N8 N5/[N5+N6 Ring] Ratio iP9 / Total P9 Ratio N9 N5/[N5+N6 Ring] Ratio iP10 / Total P10 Ratio N11 N5/[N5+N6 Ring] Ratio
In the Catalytic Reformer Environment, you have more options for calculating the composition of the feed. The you can calculate the composition based on a boiling range of an assay, based on the specified bulk properties, or based on the specified the kinetic lumps. For the assay option, you select an assay to associate with the feed. The feed type is specified along with the initial and final boiling point to generate a composition of the feed. For the bulk properties option, you specify the feed type along with distillation data and total naphthenics and aromatics in the feed. For the kinetic lumps option, you specify the feed type along with the composition of the components that is desired. You may optionally input a value for N+2A or N+3A to adjust the composition. If no value is entered for either N+2A or N+3A, the composition entered will be used directly.
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Introduction
4.1.1 Theory
Reaction Kinetics - Components
The components used for the reaction pathways in the Reformer model are either present in the Reformer component list, or can be easily calculated by summing the appropriate components. Below is a list of the components used in the reaction network:
H2 P1 P2 O2 P3 O3 P4 O4 P5 O5 5N5 MBP6 SBP6 O6 NP6 5N6 A6 6N6 MBP7 SBP7 NP7 O7 5N7 A7 6N7 MBP8 SBP8 NP8 O8 5N8 A8 6N8 IP9 NP9 5N9 A9 6N9 IP10 NP10 5N10 A10 6N10 IP11 NP11 5N11 A11 6N11 P12 N12 A12 P13 N13 A13 P14 N14 A14
The component names can be interpreted by identifying the prefix with the component type and the suffix with the carbon number. The prefix component types are: P: Paraffinic (no distinction on isomer type) O: Olefin 5N: 5-Carbon Ring Naphthenic MBP: Multi-branch paraffin SBP: Single-branch paraffin NP: Normal paraffin 6N: 6-Carbon Ring Naphthenic IP: Isoparaffin (no distinction on number of branches) A: Aromatic N: Naphthenic (no distinction on number of carbons in ring)
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The components P4, P5, and A8 are further delumped after the reaction network. P4 and P5 are mapped into their corresponding normal and isoparaffin components. A8 is mapped into ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene.
NP6 SBP6 NP6 5N6 5N6 6N6 6N6 A6 + 3H2 6N7 + H2 6N6 + P1 P5 + H2 P2 + P3 A7 + H2 A6 + P1 A7 + P5 A12 + H2
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Introduction
The reaction paths used for C6 through C8 are shown in the diagram below:
Figure 4.2
where: x: carbon number from 6 to 8 nP: normal paraffins SP: single-branch paraffins MP: multi-branch paraffins 5N: 5-carbon ring naphthenics 6N: 6-carbon ring naphthenics A: aromatics As the carbon number increases beyond 8, the complexity of the paths is reduced.
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Catalytic Reformer
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(4.1)
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Introduction
Items #5 through #9 are basically mechanical changes in the catalyst and occur primarily during catalyst regeneration. These mechanical changes in the catalyst, which effect activity, can only be accounted for through direct analysis of the catalyst or indirectly from measurement of plant operation. Fortunately, to predict reformer operation on an on-going basis, these changes can be lumped together in the deactivation model and thus do not create a problem in the reaction modeling. Permanent catalyst poisons such as those listed in item #4 are normally very gradual and can be handled with routine activity model updates, using the same lump mechanism used for items #5 through #9. When a significant quantity of permanent poison is deposited on the catalyst over a short period of time, the deactivation model will need to be updated from plant operating data. This is true provided the unit will remain in service. In most cases where a significant quantity of a permanent poison is deposited on the catalyst, the reformer is taken off line and the catalyst replaced. The changes in catalyst performance due to the factors listed in items #4 through #9 require that the Reformer model be updated after each catalyst regeneration of semi-regenerative units, and every 6 to 12 months for cyclic and continuous catalyst circulation units. Temporary sulfur poisoning will need to be addressed in the Reformer deactivation model. The difficult aspect of this will be determining how much of a change in catalyst activity is due to the temporary poison and how much is due to another mechanism. Once the quantity of sulfur is known, the prediction of activity recovery will be very straightforward. The effect of coke laydown on activity creates two areas of major concern. The first is the actual prediction of coke laydown, and the second is estimating the impact of coke deposition on catalyst activity. The following sections describe how these are handled in the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining Reformer model.
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Because the reaction rate of C6 ringed naphthenes to aromatics is extremely high, it can be safely assumed that very little coke is made from C6 ringed naphthenes. Also, the extremely low concentrations of naphthenes (both C5 ringed and C6 ringed) in the second and subsequent reactors, make it nearly impossible to generate accurate rate data from experimental data. Correlations of laboratory measurements of coke make and paraffin of C5 ringed naphthene concentration are further confused by the fact that the paraffins and naphthenes are existing in equilibrium, and the concentrations of both species decrease dramatically through the reactor systems. This is particularly true of the C9 and heavier material where: the vast majority of the coke originates
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Introduction
both species approach zero concentration in the last reactor where the majority of the coke is formed.
Literature reports give the reaction rates of the paraffin/ naphthene intermediate olefin in terms of the paraffin (or paraffin and naphthene) concentration. For commercial catalytic reformer modeling purposes, it can be assumed that the coke make is a function primarily of the C5 ring naphthenes and aromatics. Coke make in the Reformer is modeled via the reaction of paraffins, C5 ringed naphthenes, and aromatics to coke via a first order reaction mechanism. All C5 ringed naphthenes share a common activation energy as do the aromatics and paraffins. The frequency factors vary by carbon number and species. Each reactor has a coke make activity, as well as a total coke make activity for all reactors. The reaction rate is in the general form:
EP -----------RT EN -----------RT EA -----------RT
(4.2)
kP = rate factor of paraffins, carbon number i to coke kN = rate factor of C5 ringed naphthenes, carbon number i to coke kA = rate factor of Aromatic, carbon number i to coke AS = Coke Activity of the Reactor System ARXI = Coke Activity of the individual Reactor FNi, FAi = Frequency Factors for C5 ringed naphthenes and aromatics, carbon number i EN, EA = C5 ringed naphthenes and Aromatics activation energies
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The rate factors are then used in the reaction equations in the following general format:
dC = ( k [ TotalP ] + k [ Total5N ] + k [ TotalA ] ) PF H2HCF -----P N A dt where: dC ------ = coke/time dt kP = Paraffin to coke rate factor [TOTALP] = concentration of total paraffins kN = C5 ringed naphthene to coke rate factor [TOTAL5N] = concentration of total C5 ringed naphthenes kA = Aromatics to coke rate factor [TOTALA] = concentration of total aromatics PF = factor to adjust for changes in pressure H2HCF = factor to adjust for changes in H2/HC ratio
(4.3)
Each feed has an associated coke make multiplier. Default values are 1.0. This allows you to put a linear weighting on feeds with higher or lower coking tendencies than the base feed stock. This term is a simple multiplier on the coke rate expressions.
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Introduction
Acid X X X
Metal X
Pressure Multiplier X X
Also shown in the table above are the reaction mechanisms that are affected by pressure changes. The acid and metals activities are independent functions of carbon on catalyst (COC) expressed as percent of catalyst. The general form for both the acid and metals activity functions is:
2
Activity = Intercept + Poly1 COC + Poly2 COC + 3 4 Poly3 COC + Poly4 COC
(4.4)
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This allows any one of the following to be a constant and the severity target: Base Temperature WAIT WABT RON for C5+ or C6+ Aromatics Production
Stabilizer Configuration
The stabilizer is a conventional rigorous tower simulation using the HYSYS Petroleum Tower model. A vapor and liquid draw are taken off the overhead receiver, and the reformate off the reboiler.
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The Catalytic Reformer operation is actually a subflowsheet containing the required reactor and stabilizer tower (if applicable) that make up a catalytic reformer.
Figure 4.5
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In the Catalytic Reformer subflowsheet environment, you can access another sublevel environment called Calibration Environment.
Figure 4.6
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2. In the first page of the Reformer Configuration Wizard property view, you can configure the reactor part of the Catalytic Reformer. 3. Click Next. 4. In the second page of the Reformer Configuration Wizard property view, you can specify the reactor and heater parameters. 5. Click Next. 6. In the third and final page of the Reformer Configuration Wizard property view, you can select or specify a set of calibration factors. 7. Click Done. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining completes the Catalytic Reformer subflowsheet, based on the specified information from the Reformer Configuration Wizard, and opens the Catalytic Reformer subflowsheet environment. 8. In the Catalytic Reformer environment, you can: Access and modify the reactor by double-clicking the reactor object icon in the Catalytic Reformer PFD. Access and modify the stabilizer tower by double-clicking on the stabilizer tower object icon in the Catalytic Reformer PFD. Access the Calibration environment and calibrate the Reformer model.
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Catalytic Reformer
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9. In the menu bar, select File | Save As or File | Save command to save the Catalytic Reformer template as a *.ref file.
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2. Open the Select a calibration factor set to use for simulation drop-down list and select a calibration factor set. You can click the Library button to open the Calibration Set Library Property View to create, clone, and modify a calibration factor set.
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You can make changes to the Catalytic Reformer configuration and save the modifications as a separate data set.
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3. In the Operation tab, specify values for the variables that affect the reactor performance/results. 4. In the Measurement tab, specify the reactor, compressor, and product stream parameters. 5. In the Calibration Control tab, select and specify the parameter and objective function values that will be used in the calibration calculation/run. 6. Click the Run Calibration button. If you only have one data set, the Validation Wizard Property View appears. Validate the data set and click the OK button to continue with the calibration run. If you have more than one data set, the Select Data Sets for Calibration Property View appears. On the Select Data Sets for Calibration property view, select and validate the data set you want, and click the Run Calibration button to continue with the calibration run. 7. After the calibration run has finish, click the Analysis tab to view the calibration calculation results.
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Button Close
Description Enables you to exit the Reformer Configuration Wizard and keep any specifications or changes made to the catalytic reformer operation. Enables you to exit the Reformer Configuration Wizard and finish configuring the catalytic reformer operation.
Done
To access the Reformer Configuration Wizard: 1. In the HYSYS desktop menu bar, select FILE | New | Reformer command. HYSYS automatically completes the Simulation Basis environment specifications and then enters the Simulation environment. The Reformer Configuration Wizard property view appears. or 1. In the Main Environment, press the F12 to open the UnitOps property view. 2. In the Available Unit Operations group, select Catalytic Reformer and click Add. The Reformer Template Option property view appears. 3. Click the Configure a New Reformer Unit button. The Reformer Configuration Wizard property view appears. or 1. In the Catalytic Reformer Environment, select Reformer | Configuration Wizard command from the menu bar. The Reformer Configuration Wizard property view appears. or 1. In the Reactor Section Property View, click the Design tab and select the Configuration page. 2. Click the Configuration Wizard button. The Reformer Configuration Wizard property view appears. or 1. In the Calibration Environment, select Calibration | Calibration Workbook to open the Calibration property view. 2. Click the Design tab and select the Configuration page.
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3. Click the Configuration Wizard button. The Reformer Configuration Wizard property view appears.
Description Contains two radio buttons that enables you to select the catalyst in the reactor: CCR Semi-Regen Contains two radio buttons that enables you to select how many beds in the reactor: 3 Beds 4 Beds Enables you to toggle between including or excluding a recontactor in the catalytic reformer. Enables you to toggle between including or excluding a stabilizer tower in the catalytic reformer.
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Object Length row Cat. Wt. row Void Fraction field Catalyst Density field
Description Enables you to specify the length of each reactor bed. Enables you to specify the catalyst weight of each reactor bed. Enables you to specify the void fraction of the catalyst. Enables you to specify the density of the catalyst.
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Object Use an existing set of calibration factors drop-down list Library button
Description Enables you to select an existing calibration factor set. The default selection is the default calibration factor set provided by HYSYS. Enables you to access the Calibration Set Library Property View.
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The following table lists and describes the common features in the Catalytic Reformer property view:
Object Delete button Reformer Environment button Description Enables you to delete the Catalytic Reformer operation. Enables you to enter the Catalytic Reformer Environment.
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Description Displays the status of the reactor section of the catalytic reformer operation. Enables HYSYS to ignore the Catalytic Reformer operation during the process flowsheet calculation.
Connections Page
The Connections page enables you to rename the operation, and connect/disconnect streams flowing into and out of the Catalytic Reformer.
Figure 4.12
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Depending on the configuration of the Catalytic Reformer, the image of the operation will vary.
Description Enables you to specify a name for the Catalytic Reformer operation. Enables you to connect feed streams to the Catalytic Reformer, specify the internal feed stream names, and select the type for the feed streams. Enables you to connect product streams to the Catalytic Reformer and specify the internal feed stream name. Enables you to access the Feed Type Library Property View and modify the feed stream type and data.
Products table(s)
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Description Enables you to select and apply a calibration factor set to the Catalytic Reformer. Initially, Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining provides a default calibration factor set. The calibration factors in the default set are read only. If you want to manipulate the factor values, you have to create your own calibration factor set.
Enables you to access the Calibration Set Library Property View. The Calibration Set Library property view enables you to create, import, clone, edit, export, and delete a calibration factor set.
Displays the following calibration factors: Isomerization Tuning Factors Olefin Distribution Factor Equilibrium Constant Tuning Factors Light Ends Tuning Factors Kinetic Pathways Tuning Factors Dehydrogenation Tuning Factors Ring Closure Tuning Factors Cracking Tuning Factors Paraffin Isomerization Tuning Factors Ring Expansion Tuning Factors General Coke Activities DP Factors Base Heat Flux Pinning Coefficients RON Activity Factors
Notes Page
For more information refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or the simulation case in general.
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Feeds Page
The Feeds page enables you to modify the properties of the feed streams entering and exiting the Catalytic Reformer.
Figure 4.14
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Description Enables you to modify the following properties of the feed stream(s) entering the Catalytic Reformer: volume flow rate mass flow rate standard volume flow rate temperature Displays the total value for each of the following columns: Volume Flow Mass Flow Std Vol Flow
Combined row
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Description Enables you to specify the following variables that control the reactor temperature: WAIT (weight average inlet temperature) WABT (weight average bed temperature) Reactor Inlet Reference Temperature Rx 1 Temperature Bias Rx 1 Inlet Temperature Rx 2 Temperature Bias Rx 2 Inlet Temperature Rx 3 Temperature Bias Rx 3 Inlet Temperature Rx 4 Temperature Bias Rx 4 Inlet Temperature C5+ RON C6+ RON Sum of Aromatics, Wt.% of Feed Enables you to configure the Hydrogen recycle performance: Recycle Compressor Flow H2HC Ratio (mol/mol) Enables you to configure the product separator: Product Separator Temperature Product Separator Pressure
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Catalyst Page
The Catalyst page enables you to specify catalyst parameters for the reactor beds. The features available in the Catalyst page varies depending on which type of reactor you selected for the Catalytic Reformer: For the CCR reactor, you can specify the regenerator condition, and either specify the catalyst circulation rate or the coke on catalyst weight %.
Figure 4.16
Object CatCircRate field Coke on Catalyst (wt%) rows Coke Laydown Rate (kg/h) rows Percent Pinning (%) rows
Description Enables you to specify the catalyst circulation rate. Enables you to specify the Coke on Catalyst weight percentage for each reactor beds. Enables you to specify the Coke Laydown rate for each reactor beds. Enables you to specify the Pinning percent for each reactor beds.
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For the Semi-regen reactor, you can specify the start and end time for the reaction, the initial coke on catalyst, and the coke on catalyst equilibrium distribution factor.
Figure 4.17
Object Simulation End/Start Times table COC at Start of Simulation table Equilibrium Distribution Factors table Average COC table Rate of Coke Production table
Description Enables you to specify the start and end time for the simulation reaction. Enables you to specify the initial coke on catalyst value for all the reactor beds. Enables you to specify the equilibrium distribution factor of the coke on catalyst for all the reactor beds. Enables you to specify the average coke on catalyst value for all the reactor beds. Enables you to specify the coke laydown rate for all the reactor beds.
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Recontactor Page
The Recontactor page enables you to configure the booster compressors and recontactor drums.
If the Catalytic Reformer does not have a recontactor, the Recontactor page appears blank.
Figure 4.18
Description Enables you to specify the outlet pressure of the booster compressor for the following: low pressure high pressure Enables you to specify the inlet stream pressure difference of the recontactor drum for the following: low pressure high pressure Enables you to specify the product stream temperature of the recontactor drum for the following: low pressure high pressure Enables you to specify the Murphree efficiency of the recontactor drum for the following: low pressure high pressure
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Description Contains the Residual field that enables you to specify the maximum residual value allowed for the convergence calculation. Contains two fields that enable you to control the iteration range for the OOMF Solver performance: Maximum Iterations field enables you to specify the maximum number of iterations. Minimum Iterations field enables you to specify the minimum number of iterations. Contains three fields that enable you to configure the creep function of the OOMF Solver: On/Off Switch drop-down list. Enables you to select On (enable) or Off (disable) option for the creep feature. Iterations field. Enables you to specify the number of iterations per creep step. Step Size field. Enables you to specify the size of each creep step. Contains the Override Spec Group Completeness checkbox that enables you to toggle between: HYSYS overriding its normal behaviour of requiring that spec groups be complete before solving. HYSYS retaining its normal behaviour of requiring that spec groups be complete before solving.
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Description Contains features used to manipulate the SQP Hessian parameters: Initialization drop-down list. Enables you to select one of four options to initialize the Hessian value: Normal (default). Hessian initialized with identity matrix. This setting balances efficiency and robustness. It is well suited for general purpose optimization problems. Typical applications are offline optimization and online problems that start very far from a solution. Aggressive. Hessian initialized with small values. This setting moves the problem to bounds faster than the Normal mode. This setting is preferred for highly constrained optimization problems with few Degrees of Freedom at solution. Ideal applications are well-posed online realtime optimization problems. Scaled. A combination of the Aggressive and Advanced modes. Recommended for highly constrained optimization problems with few Degrees of Freedom at solution and a nonlinear objective function. Advanced. Hessian initialized with 2nd order information. Recommended for problems with many Degrees of Freedom at solution and/or quadratic objective function. Ideal for data reconciliation problems, both online and offline. Scaling factor field. Enables you to specify the scaling factor. Updates stored field. Enables you to specify the number of updates stored during calculation (default value is 10). Contains features used to configure the line search parameters: Algorithm drop-down list. Enables you to select one of four methods for the line search algorithm: Normal (default). A proprietary line search designed to balance robustness with efficiency. Exact. A well-known exact penalty line search. It is too conservative for most practical problems. Residual. A proprietary line search designed to initially favour the convergence of residuals over the objective function improvement. Square. A line search designed to attempt to enforce bounds on cases with no Degrees of Freedom. It should be used only in cases where there are multiple solutions to a problem, and the desired solution lies within the bounds. Step Control drop-down list. Enables you to select one of three options for the step size: Normal (default). The original method. Aggressive. A modified method that tends to take larger steps. Conservative. A modified method that tends to take smaller steps. Step Control Iterations field. Enables you to specify the number of step iterations. Contains the On/Off Switch drop-down list that enables you to select one of the following options: On. Activates the variable scaling parameter. Off. Deactivates the variable scaling parameter. Enables you to select one of the following action in case of failure: Do nothing. Revert to the previous results before the solve (this is the default option). Revert to the default input and results.
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Object Simulation Engine Message and Script Commands field Enter Script Command field Clear Message button Get Prev. Command button Get Next Command button Run Command button Clear Command button
Description Displays the messages and commands from the solver of the FCC reactor. Enables you to enter the text code for a command for the solver. Enables you to clear the messages in the Simulation Engine Message and Script Commands field. Enables you to retrieve a previous command from the command history and place the text code in the Enter Script Command field. Enables you to retrieve the next command from the command history and place the text code in the Enter Script Command field. Enables you to run the command code in the Enter Script Command field. Enables you to clear the command history.
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Advanced Page
The Advanced page displays in detail the parameters that affect the performance of the Catalytic Reformer.
The features in the Advanced page are intended for expert users who have detailed knowledge on the Catalytic Reformer.
Figure 4.22
The following table lists and describes the variables available in the Advanced page:
Parameter FOE Densities Description The Fuel Oil Equivalent (FOE) density of the following components: H2, Methane, Ethane, and Ethylene. The Heater efficiency variables enable you to specify the heat transfer efficiencies of the heater in each reactor.
Heater Efficiencies
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Description The General Kinetic calibration factors enable you to adjust the activities for a specific reaction type (using the activity for the reaction type) or to adjust the reactions rates of all reactions simultaneously (using the Global Activity). The Activity Profile Constants enable you to adjust the activity profile through a reactor. The only real valid reason for adjusting the Activity Distribution is to match measured internal reactor temperatures. Great care must be taken in this effort to insure that the exact locations of internal thermocouples are known. It is not recommended to tune to internal temperatures unless duplicate thermocouples are located in the beds at the same levels but in different quadrants of the reactor.
If the Catalytic Reformer does not contain a stabilizer tower, the above pages are blanked.
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Specs Page
Refer to Specs Page section from Chapter 6 Petroleum Column for more information.
The Specs page enables you to specify the values of the product output streams of the fractionator. These are the values that the Column algorithm tries to meet. There are two specs options to choose from: TBP Cut Point or Product Flow Fraction. Depending on which option you select in the Spec Option group, the features available in the Specs page varies.
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Figure 4.24
Figure 4.25
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Summary Page
The Summary page displays the calculated results of the Catalytic Reformer.
Figure 4.26
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Properties mass flowrate volume flowrate standard volume flowrate moles flowrate molecular weight specific gravity API gravity components paraffins naphthenics aromatics D86 Initial point D86 cut points TBP Initial point TBP cut points
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The Grouped Yield, Detailed Yield, and Fractionated radio buttons enables you to select how the information is displayed in the Product Yields page. Grouped Yields option displays the following properties:
Properties Displays the weight% and volume% values for the following properties: sum sum sum sum sum sum sum sum sum of normal paraffins single-branched paraffins of multi-branch paraffins of all paraffins of Olefins of 5 ring Naphtha of 6 ring Naphtha of all Naphtha of all aromatics sum sum sum sum sum sum sum sum sum sum of of of of of of of of of of C4+ C5+ C6+ C8 aromatics C5 paraffins C6 paraffins C7 paraffins C8 paraffins C9 paraffins C10 paraffins
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Properties Displays the isomer to normal weight ratios for the following components: C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C6+ C6+ single-branch to multibranch A8 para-xylene % A8 meta-xylene % A8 ortho-xylene % A8 ethyl-benzene %
Table
Detailed Yields
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Table
Vapor Streams
Liquid Streams
Displays the mass, volume, and mole basis (of Stab O/H liquid and Stab btms) for the following properties: Flow Rate H2 P1 P2 OL2 P3 O3 IP4 NP4 O4 IP5 NP5 O5 5N5 MBP6 SBP6 NP6 O6 5N6 A6 6N6 MBP7 SBP7 NP7 O7 5N7 A7 6N7 MBP8 SBP8 NP8 O8 5N8 ETHYLBEN O-XYLENE M-XYLENE P-XYLENE 6N8 IP9 NP9 5N9 A9 6N9 IP10 NP10 5N10 A10 6N10 IP11 NP11 5N11 A11 6N11 P12 N12 A12 P13 N13 A13 P14 N14 A14
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If the Catalytic Reformer does not contain a stabilizer tower, the Fractionated option displays a blank page.
The Net Yield Properties group a table that displays the following properties: C5+ RON C6+ RON sum of aromatics, weight% of feed
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Reactors Page
The Reactors page displays the key simulation results of the reactors.
Figure 4.30
The following calculated variable results are displayed for each reactor: Inlet Temperature Outlet Temperature Delta T. Temperature difference between the inlet stream and outlet stream.
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Inlet Pressure Outlet Pressure Delta P. Pressure difference between the inlet stream and outlet stream. Inlet Moles. Inlet stream flow rate in moles. Outlet Moles. Outlet stream flow rate in moles. Residence Time. The length of time the fluid stream remains within the reactor.
Heaters Page
The Heaters page displays the calculated results of the heater properties after the reaction.
Figure 4.31
Recontactor Page
The Recontactor page displays calculated results of the recontactor.
If the Catalytic Reformer does not contain a recontactor, then the Recontactor page appears blank.
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Figure 4.32
The following properties are displayed for the Booster Compressor and Recontactors at low and high pressures: For Booster Compressor: inlet stream moles flow rate, inlet stream temperature, inlet stream pressure, outlet stream temperature, outlet stream pressure, and gas power. For Recontactors: inlet vapour temperature, inlet vapour temperature, inlet vapour delta pressure, inlet liquid moles flow rate, inlet liquid temperature, inlet liquid pressure, inlet liquid delta pressure, heat loss, product temperature, product vapour fraction, Murphree efficiency, vapor mass, vapor moles, liquid temperature, liquid pressure, and liquid H2.
The following properties are displayed for the H2 Vent at low pressure: H2 to vent splitter, H2 to HP recontactor drum, fraction of H2 to HP recontactor drum, H2 Vent stream, and fraction of H2 to Vent H2.
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To access the Feed Type Library property view: 1. Open the Catalytic Reformer Property View. 2. Click the Design tab and select the Connections page. 3. Click the Feed Type Library button.
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The following table lists and describes the options available in the Feed Type Library property view.
Object Feed Types list Import button Export button Delete button Properties of Selected Feed Type table Description Displays the names of the feed type available in the Catalytic Reformer Enables you to import feed types (from *.csv files) into the Catalytic Reformer. Enables you to export a selected feed type, in the Feed Types list, to a *.csv file. Enables you to delete a selected feed type, in the Feed Types list, from the Catalytic Reformer. Enables you to modify the property information of a selected feed type in the Feed Types list.
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3. On the PFD property view, right-click the Reactor Section object icon. 4. Select View Properties command from the object inspect menu. The Reformer Reactor Section property view appears.
Figure 4.35
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The following table lists and describes the common features in the Reactor Section property view:
Object Delete button Status bar Ignore checkbox Description Enables you to delete the reactor section. Displays the status of the reactor section of the catalytic reformer operation. Enables HYSYS to ignore the reactor section during the process flowsheet calculation.
Configuration Page
The Configuration page enables you to specify the reactor name, and displays the reactor type, number of reactor beds, and whether the reactor contains a recontactor.
To modify the configuration, click the Configuration Wizard button to access the Reformer Configuration Wizard property view.
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Figure 4.36
Geometry Page
The Geometry page enables you to specify detailed information/ structure of the reactor beds and heaters.
Figure 4.37
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Description Enables you to specify the length of the reactor bed. Enables you to specify the weight of the catalyst in the reactor bed. Enables you to specify the ratio/fraction between empty space in the reactor vs. space taken by the tubes. Enables you to specify the density of the catalyst in the reactor beds.
Catalyst Density
Notes Page
For more information refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or the simulation case in general.
You can also access the features in the Feed Data tab by clicking the Feed Type Library button in the Connections page of the Catalytic Reformer property view.
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Library Page
The Library page enables you to create, copy, modify, import, export, and delete feed data types entering the reactor operation.
Figure 4.38
Description Displays the list of feed data types available for the reactor. Enables you to import a feed data from a file. The feed data are saved in *.csv type files. Enables you to export the selected feed data (from the Available Feed Types group) into a *.csv file. The exported feed data can be imported into a different applicable operation. Enables you to delete the selected feed data in the Available Feed Types group. Enables you to modify the property information of a selected feed type in the Feed Types list.
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Properties Page
The Properties page enables you to specify properties for virtual feeds. The virtual feeds are feeds not represented by internal or external streams in the subflowsheet and flowsheet respectively.
Figure 4.39
Description Displays both real and virtual feed streams connected to the Catalytic Reformer. Enables you to create a virtual feed stream. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining automatically assigns a default name to the virtual feed stream and treats the virtual stream as an internal stream.
Delete button
Enables you to delete the selected feed stream from the Feeds group. If the selected feed stream is a real stream, then both the internal and external streams will be deleted.
Assay radio button Bulk Properties radio button Kinetic Lumps radio button
Enables you to specify assay properties of the selected feed type in the Feed Type list. Enables you to specify bulk properties of the selected feed type in the Feed Type list. Enables you to specify kinetic lumps properties of the selected feed type in the Feed Type list.
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Description Enables you to use the GC data (from the selected feed stream) to derived the composition. This checkbox is only available if you select the Assay radio button and if the selected feed stream contains GC data.
Enables you to select the assay associated to the selected feed type in the Feed Type list. This drop-down list is only available if you select the Assay radio button.
Contains a table that displays the list of properties available for you to view or modify of the selected feed stream. The variables available in this table varies depending on which radio button you select in the Selected Feed group.
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Feeds Page
Refer to Feeds Page section for more information.
The Feeds page enables you to modify the physical properties of the feed streams entering and exiting the reactor section of the Catalytic Reformer operation.
Figure 4.40
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The Reactor Control page enables you to modify the variables that control the reactor.
Figure 4.41
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Catalyst Page
Refer to Catalyst Page section for more information.
The Catalyst page enables you to modify the catalyst properties in the reactor.
The options in the Catalyst page varies depending on which Catalytic Reformer configuration you selected.
Figure 4.42
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Recontactor Page
Refer to Recontactor Page section for more information.
The Recontactor page enables you to configure the recontactor in the reactor.
If the Catalytic Reformer does not contain a recontactor, the Recontactor page will appear blank.
Figure 4.43
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The Solver Options page enables you to modify the calculation variables used to determine the reaction results of the reactor.
Figure 4.45
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The Solver Console page enables you to view the solver message generated by the reactor and run script commands.
Figure 4.46
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Advanced Page
Refer to Advanced Page section for more information.
The Advanced page enables you to view in detail the parameters that affect the performance of the Catalytic Reformer.
The features in the Advanced page are intended for expert users who have detailed knowledge on the Catalytic Reformer.
Figure 4.47
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Summary Page
The Summary page displays the calculated results of the Catalytic Reformer.
Figure 4.48
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Reactors Page
For more information, refer to Reactors Page section.
The Reactors page displays the key simulation results of the riser and reactor.
Figure 4.52
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Heaters Page
The Heaters page displays the calculated results of the heater properties after the reaction.
Figure 4.53
Recontactor Page
The Recontactor page displays calculated results of the recontactor.
If the Catalytic Reformer does not contain a recontactor, then the Recontactor page appears blank.
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Figure 4.54
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Object Name field Description field Created field Modified field Kinetic Lump Weight Percents table Normalize button Delete button
Description Enables you to specify the name of the feed data. Enables you to provide an explanation/description of the feed data. Displays the date and time when the feed data was created. Displays the date and time when the feed data was last modified. Enables you to specify the value of the kinetic lumps ratio in the feed data. Enables you to normalize the values in the Ratio Value column so the sum of the ratio equals 1. Enables you to delete the current feed type in the Feed Type property view.
To access the Feed Type property view, in the Reformer Reactor Section property view, click the Feed Data tab, select the Library page, and click the Add button.
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Figure 4.57
The following table lists and describes the options available in the Calibration Set Library property view:
Object Available Calibration Factor Sets list View/Edit button Description Displays all the factor sets available in the current calibration environment. Enables you to view or modify the data of the selected factor set in the Available Calibration Factor Sets list.
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Description Enables you to add a new factor set and access the Factor Set Property View. Enables you to delete the selected factor set in the Available Calibration Factor Sets list. Enables you to create a copy/clone of the selected factor set in the Available Calibration Factor Sets list. Enables you to import a calibration factor set data from a *.csv file. Enables you to export/save the selected factor set (in the Available Calibration Factor Sets list) to a file *.csv.
HYSYS provides a default calibration factor set with values in the Calibration Set Library. The calibration factor values, in the Default calibration factor set, are read only. To modify the calibration factors, you need to make a clone of the Default Calibration Factor set, and modify the calibration factor values in the cloned set.
To access the Factor Set property view: 1. Open the Calibration Set Library Property View. 2. Do one of the following: Click the Add button to create a new calibration factor set. Select the calibration factor set you want to view in the Available Calibration Factor Sets list and click the View/ Edit button. Select the calibration factor set you want to edit in the Available Calibration Factor Sets list and click the Clone button.
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The options in the Factor Set property view is grouped into three pages: Reactor Advanced Stabilizer
All three pages in the Factor Set property view contains the following common options:
Object Name field Description field Description Enables you to specify the name of the calibration factor set. Enables you to provide a brief description on the calibration factor set.
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Description Displays the date and time when the calibration factor set was created. Displays the date and time when the calibration factor set was last modified.
Reactor Page
The Reactor page enables you to access the Reactor Factors group and specify variable values associated to the reactor.
Figure 4.59
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Advanced Page
The Advanced page enables you to access the Advanced Factors group and specify variable values associated to the advanced options.
Figure 4.60
Stabilizer Page
The Stabilizer page enables you to enables you to access the Fractionator Cuts group and specify variable values associated to the stabilizer tower.
The Stabilizer page is blank if the Catalytic Reformer does not contain a stabilizer tower.
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Figure 4.61
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The following table lists and describes the common features in the Calibration property view:
Object Run Calibration button Description Enables you to select one or more data set for the calibration run and access the Validation Wizard feature. This button is unavailable until all required data is entered. Data Set drop-down list Manage Data Sets button Push Data to Simulation button Enables you to select different data sets for entering the data or viewing the results for the calibration or the prediction run. Enables you to access the Data Set Manager Property View to manage the data set. Enables you to export input data from the current data set in the calibration property view to the property view in the Catalytic Reformer environment. Any existing simulation data will be overwritten with the current calibration data. Pull Data from Simulation button Enables you to import input data from the property view in the Catalytic Reformer environment into the current data set in the Calibration property view. Any existing calibration data will be overwritten with the current simulation data. Return to Simulation button Status bar Enables you to exit the Calibration environment and return to the Catalytic Reformer environment. Displays the current status of the calibration/ prediction run.
Validation Wizard
When you click the Run Calibration button, HYSYS lets you select the data set you want to use for the calibration run, and validate the selected data set before the calibration is actually run.
The Run Calibration button in the Calibration property view is unavailable until all necessary calibration input is complete.
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Depending on how many data sets are available for the calibration run one of the following property views appears when you click the Run Calibration button: Select Data Sets for Calibration property view Validation Wizard property view
The Select Data Sets for Calibration property view appears only when there is more than one data set for the calibration run.
Description Contains a checkbox that enables you to include or exclude the data sets for the calibration run. When a clear checkbox is selected, the Validation Wizard property view appears.
Displays the name of the data sets available for the calibration run. Displays the status of the associate data set. Enables you to run the calibration using the selected data set in the Select Data Sets for Calibration group. This button is not active until you have selected and validated a data set.
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Description Enables you to stop the calculation process during a calibration run. This button is only active during the calibration run calculation.
Close button
Enables you to close the Select Data Sets for Calibration property view without performing any calibration run.
If there is only one data set for the calibration run, the Validation Wizard property view appears when you click the Run Calibration button.
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Description Displays the following properties for the feed streams of the data set: stream name mass flowrate total mass flowrate feed hydrogen total hydrogen Displays the mass and hydrogen closure before and after the product masses are adjusted. Displays the following properties for the product streams of the data set: stream name measured mass flowrate adjusted mass flowrate measured hydrogen flow rate adjusted hydrogen flow rate total measured mass flowrate total adjusted mass flowrate total measured hydrogen flow rate total adjusted hydrogen flow rate You can also assign or not assign bias to the product stream by clicking the appropriate checkbox in the Assign Bias column. Enables you to close the Validation Wizard property view and accept the changes made in the property view. Enables you to close the Validation Wizard property view without accepting any changes made in the property view.
OK button
Cancel button
The information displayed in the Validation Wizard property view enables you to analyse the measurement data before accepting the data set for the calibration run. If the total product mass rate is greater than the total feed mass rate by about 2-3%, you should review the flow rate and gravity information of the products. If you think the error is acceptable, you can decide how you would like to distribute the mass imbalance by assigning the bias to any of the product streams (except coke). Once the bias is assigned, the Validation Wizard adjusts the mass flow of the selected product stream(s) to match the feed total mass flow by re-normalization.
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Object Available Data Sets list Add button Delete button Clone button Rename button
Description Displays all the data sets available in the associate calibration/prediction run. Enables you to add a new data set to the calibration/prediction run. Enables you to delete the selected data set in the Available Data Sets list. Enables you to clone the selected data set in the Available Data Sets list. Enables you to rename the selected data set in the Available Data Sets list.
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Configuration Page
The Configuration page enables you to access the Reformer Configuration Wizard and modify reactor type, number of reactor beds, and whether the reactor contains a recontactor.
Figure 4.66
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Geometry Page
For more information, refer to Geometry Page section.
The Geometry page enables you to specify detailed information/ structure of the reactor beds and heaters.
Figure 4.67
Notes Page
For more information refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or the simulation case in general.
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Library Page
For more information, refer to Library Page section.
The Library page enables you to create, copy, modify, import, export, and delete feed data types entering the reactor operation.
Figure 4.68
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Properties Page
For more information, refer to Properties Page section.
The Properties page enables you to specify properties for virtual feeds. The virtual feeds are feeds not represented by internal or external streams in the subflowsheet and flowsheet respectively.
Figure 4.69
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Feed Page
Refer to Feeds Page section for more information.
The Feeds page enables you to modify the physical properties of the feed streams entering and exiting the reactor section of the Catalytic Reformer operation.
Figure 4.70
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The Reactor Control page enables you to modify the variables that control the reactor.
Figure 4.71
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Catalyst Page
Refer to Catalyst Page section for more information.
The Catalyst page enables you to modify the catalyst properties in the reactor.
Figure 4.72
Recontactor Page
Refer to Recontactor Page section for more information.
The Recontactor page enables you to configure the recontactor in the reactor.
If the Catalytic Reformer does not contain a recontactor, the Recontactor page will appear blank.
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Figure 4.73
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Stabilizer Page
The Stabilizer page enables you to modify the feed temperature, top vapour pressure, bottom pressure, and reboiler duty (if applicable).
Figure 4.75
The Stabilizer page is blank if the Catalytic Reformer configuration does not include a stabilizer.
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The Solver Options page enables you to modify the calculation variables used to determine the reaction results of the reactor.
Figure 4.76
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The Solver Console page enables you to view the solver message generated by the reactor and run script commands.
Figure 4.77
Advanced Page
The Advanced page enables you to view the detail parameters that affect the performance of the Catalytic Reformer.
The information in the Advanced page are intended for expert users who have detailed knowledge on the Catalytic Reformer.
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Figure 4.78
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Operation Page
The Operation page enables you to modify the parameters of the reactor, compressor, and recycle stream.
Figure 4.79
The following table lists and describes the options available in the Operation page:
Object Inlet Pressure column Pressure Drop column Delta T Discharge Pressure cell Suction Pressure cell Description Enables you to modify the inlet pressure of the stream entering each reactor. Enables you to modify the pressure drop in each reactor. Enables you to modify the temperature difference in each reactor. Enables you to modify the pressure of the stream exiting the compressor. Enables you to modify the suction pressure of the compressor.
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Catalytic Reformer
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Description Enables you to modify the purity of hydrogen in the recycle stream. Enables you to modify the RON and MON values of the product stream for C5+ and C6+. If you do not have values for the measured octanes on a C5+ and C6+ basis, the model will estimate values from the reformate values entered in the Products page, Measurement tab. The estimated values are displayed on the Analysis page, Measurement tab.
Products Page
The Products page enables you to modify the product stream parameters.
Figure 4.80
The following table lists and describes the options available in the Products page:
Object Gas Rate row Liquid Rate row Description Enables you to modify the gas flow rate of the applicable product stream. Enables you to modify the liquid flow rate of the applicable product stream.
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Object Mass Rate row RON row MON row Composition row
Description Enables you to modify the mass flow rate of the applicable product stream. Enables you to modify the RON (research octane number) value of the applicable product stream. Enables you to modify the MON (motor octane number) value of the applicable product stream. Enables you to select the basis used to specify the composition of the product stream. There are three options: percentage in moles percentage in weight percentage in volume Enables you to modify the composition of the product streams.
component rows
Analysis Page
The Analysis page enables you to view the analysis results of the product measurement data.
Figure 4.81
The information is split into four groups: The Mass and Hydrogen Balances group displays the mass flow rate and hydrogen flow rate for the feed stream, product stream and closure.
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Catalytic Reformer
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The Ring Generation group displays the flow rate for the number of carbons in the feed and reformate stream, and the percentage change between the two streams. The Light Ends Ratios group displays the molar flow rate of the light end components in the product stream, percentage value of the light ends in the product stream, and the Iso to Normal butane ratio. The Estimated Octanes group displays octanes estimated from the measured reformate on a C5+ and C6+ basis.
Parameter Page
The Parameter page enables you to modify the initial, lower bound, and upper bound parameter value, and select which parameters are used in calibrating the reactor model.
Figure 4.82
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The following table lists and describes the options available in the Parameter page:
Object First column Included column Description Displays the list of available calibration parameters for you to select and/or modify. Enables you to toggle between considering or ignoring the calibration parameter by selecting or clearing the appropriate checkboxes. Enables you to modify the initial value of the calibration parameters. Enables you to specify the lower bound value of the calibration parameters. Enables you to specify the upper bound value of the calibration parameters.
HYSYS provides default factor set values for the initial values of the parameters (in the Initial Value column).
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Catalytic Reformer
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The first column contains the list of available variables for the calibration objective function and the second column enables you to specify the sigma value for each variables.
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The Calibration Factors page enables you to save, export, and edit the current calibration factor set in the calibration run.
Figure 4.84
The Calibration Factors page also contains two groups: The Parameter group displays the whether the variable was used as a reconciliation variable in the calibration, the initial and final values of the variable and the upper and lower bounds used for the reconciliation variables. The Objective Function group displays the sigma used for each term in the objective function, the measured value, the model value and the delta (model - measured) value.
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2. Enter a name of the calibration factor set in the Set Name field. To export the current calibration factor set values into the simulation environment, select the Use this set for current simulation checkbox. 3. Click OK.
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The File selection for exporting Factor Sets property view appears.
Figure 4.86
2. Use the Save in drop-down list to select the location and folder for the exported calibration factor set file. 3. Enter the name of the calibration factor set file in the File name field. The calibration factor set data is saved as a *.csv file. 4. Click Save.
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Catalytic Reformer
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3. Click the Edit button to open the Factor Set Property View. The Calibration Set Library also enables you to add, delete, clone, import, and export calibration factor sets. 4. In the Factor Set property view, make the modifications and accept the modified values by closing the property view.
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Summary Page
The Summary page displays the calculated values of the WAIT, yields and RON of the octane and reformate, recycle H2 properties, Hydrogen yield properties, and aromatic yield properties.
Figure 4.88
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Reactors Page
For more information, refer to Reactors Page section.
The Reactors page displays the key simulation results of the riser and reactor from the calibration run.
Figure 4.91
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Heater Page
The Heater page displays the calculated results of the heater parameters from the calibration run.
Figure 4.92
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Recontactor Page
For more information, refer to Recontactor Page section.
The Recontactor page displays calculated results of the recontactor from the calibration run.
Figure 4.93
If the Catalytic Reformer does not contain a recontactor, then the Recontactor page appears blank.
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Stabilizer Page
The Stabilizer page displays the calculated results of the stabilizer from the calibration run.
Figure 4.94
If the Catalytic Reformer does not contain a stabilizer, then the Stabilizer page appears blank.
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Hydrocracker
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5 Hydrocracker
5.1 Introduction................................................................................... 3 5.1.1 Feed Characterization System .................................................... 3 5.1.2 Reaction Kinetics...................................................................... 6 5.2 Overall Operation Structure/Environment ................................... 17 5.2.1 Main Environment .................................................................. 18 5.2.2 HCR Environment ................................................................... 21 5.3 HCR Configuration Wizard............................................................ 23 5.3.1 Configuration Page ................................................................. 24 5.3.2 Geometry Page ...................................................................... 26 5.3.3 Calibration Factors Page .......................................................... 27 5.4 HCR Property View....................................................................... 28 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.4.4 Design Tab ............................................................................ 29 Reactor Section Tab ................................................................ 31 Fractionator Tab ..................................................................... 39 Results Tab............................................................................ 41
5.5 Feed Type Library Property View ................................................. 46 5.6 HCR Reactor Section Property View ............................................. 48 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6.4 Design Tab ............................................................................ 49 FeedData Tab......................................................................... 51 Operation Tab ........................................................................ 53 Results Tab............................................................................ 59
5.7 Calibration Set Library Property View .......................................... 63 5.7.1 Factor Set Property View ......................................................... 64
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Hydrocracker
5.8 Results Property View ..................................................................67 5.8.1 5.8.2 5.8.3 5.8.4 5.8.5 5.8.6 Feed Blend Page .....................................................................67 Product Yields Page .................................................................68 Product Properties Page ...........................................................69 Reactor Page ..........................................................................69 Hydrogen System Page ............................................................70 Hydrogen Balance Page ...........................................................70
5.9 Calibration Property View..............................................................71 5.9.1 Design Tab............................................................................76 5.9.2 Feed Data Tab.......................................................................79 5.9.3 Operation Tab..........................................................................87 5.9.4 Operation Measure Tab .............................................................95 5.9.5 Product Measure Tab ................................................................96 5.9.6 Calibration Control Tab............................................................101 5.9.7 Analysis Tab ..........................................................................102 5.10 References................................................................................113
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Hydrocracker
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5.1 Introduction
The Hydrocracker model in Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining is a state-of-the-art Hydrocracker Unit simulation system that can be used for modeling a single-stage, two-stage Unicracker, or two-stage Isocracker hydrocracker unit as a standalone unit operation or as part of a refinery-wide flowsheet. The Hydrocracker unit operation includes feed characterization system, reactor section, recycle gas loop(s), product separation, and product mapper. The reactor model is based on rigorous kinetics. The feed characterization system and product mapper are designed to work together with the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining assay system so the Hydrocracker model can be simulated in a refinery-wide flowsheet.
The Hydrocracker within Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining has its own set of library and hypothetical components. The following is the component list for the Hydrocracker subflowsheet:
Nitrogen H2S Hydrogen Ammonia Methane Ethane Propane C4* C5* C6P* C6N* C9A* C10A* LTHA* MBNITN* MBNITA* MTHN* MTHA* MS12* MNNITA* MN3LO* MANLO* MAN2HI* HN1* HA1* MTHA2* HN2* HN3* HN4* MA2NHI* HAN* MANAHI* HA2* HNNITA2* HA4* C47P* VN1* VA1* VN2* VN3* VN4* VAN* VBNITA2N* VA2* IC9-2* NC10* NC11* NC12* NC14* NC16* C10N-1* C10N-2* C12N* C14N* C16N*
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Introduction
C6A* C7P* C7N* C7A* LTH* LBNIT* C8P* C8N* LNNIT* C8A* C9N* LS8*
MA2LO* MAN2LO* C18P* MA2NLO* MN1HI* MA1HI* MANALO* MN2HI* MN3HI* MANHI* MTHAN* MA2HI*
HAN2* C26P* HAN3* HA2N* HANA* HA2N2* HA3* HTHAN* HBNITAN* HS28* HTHA2* HBNITA2*
VTHA2N* VAN2* VAN3* VA2N* VANA* VA2N2* VA3* VA4* VNNITA3* VTHA3* NC9* IC9-1*
C12A* C14A* C16A* IC10* IC11* IC12* IC14* IC16* 12N2* 14N2* 16N2*
Below is a legend to help you decode the meaning of the above list: For components starting with C, the number beside the C indicates the carbon number of the component. These components end in P, N, or A indicating whether they are paraffins, naphthenes, or aromatics.
For components starting with NC, they are normal paraffins. The number beside the C indicates the number of carbon atoms. For components starting with IC, they are isoparaffins. The number beside the C indicates the number of carbon atoms. For components ending in N2, they are two ring naphthenic compounds. The prefix number indicates the number of carbon atoms. For components starting with L, they boil in the gasoline range. For components starting with M, they boil in the distillate range. For these components with LO ending, they boil toward the beginning of the distillate temperature range. For these components with HI ending, they boil toward
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Hydrocracker
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the end of the distillate temperature range. For components starting with H, they boil in the gas-oil range. For components starting with V, they boil in the vacuum resid range. A Th in the component indicates a thiophene ring. A BNit indicates a ring structure containing a basic nitrogen. An NNit indicates a ring structure containing a non-basic nitrogen. An N followed by a number indicates the number of naphthenic rings in a component. An A followed by a number indicates the number of aromatic rings in a component. An ANA indicates two aromatic rings separated by a naphthenic ring. An S in a compound indicates a sulfidic structure followed by a number indicating the number of carbon atoms. Medium (M) components ending with LO have 14 carbon atoms, medium components ending with HI have 18 carbon atoms. Heavy (H) components have 21 carbon atoms. Vacuum Resid (V) components have 47 carbon atoms.
These components are either used directly in the kinetic reactor model or mapped into the components used within the kinetic reactor model. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining provides a transition command between the main flowsheet environment and the Hydrocracker subflowsheet environment to handle the calculation of the composition of the Hydrocracker components. In order to use the transition command, you must specify a feed type. The feed type will specify a base composition of components in the kinetic reactor model basis. This base fingerprint, along with the distillation, gravity, sulfur content, nitrogen and basic nitrogen content, and bromine number can be used to generate the composition of the kinetic lumps used by the model. In the Hydrocracker subflowsheet environment, you have more options for calculating the composition of the feed. For example, you can calculate the composition based on a boiling range of an assay by specifying bulk properties or by specifying the kinetic lumps.
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Introduction
For the assay option, you can select an assay to be associated with the feed. The feed type is specified along with the initial and final boiling point to generate a composition of the feed. For the bulk properties option, you can specify the feed type along with distillation data, gravity, sulfur content, nitrogen and basic nitrogen content, and bromine number. You can optionally input data for refractive index, viscosity, and Ca content. For the kinetic lumps option, you can specify the feed type along with the composition of the components that is desired. You can also enter a bromine number to generate the inlet composition of olefins in the feed.
Components
The component slate chosen to represent the feed and the product streams of the Hydrocracker plant is comprised of 116 components covering the full range from hydrogen to hydrocarbons with 47 carbon atoms (B.P. 1300 C). In the reactor model, the 19 olefin components are assumed to be completely saturated in the first reactor bed. These olefins are saturated in an Aspen extended reaction block before the kinetic model for the first reactor bed. The Aspen extended reaction block calculates the enthalpy of reaction for the olefin saturation. This heat is distributed through the first reactor bed. This method reduces the number of components throughout the reactor section in order to improve the model performance. The Component Slate for the Hydrocracker Reactor Model table shows the corresponding components in the reactor model. The total number of components in the reactor model is 97.
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The Component Slate for Hydrocracker Model only in the feed table shows the corresponding olefin components in the feed but not in the reactor model.
The light ends will be defined using discrete components through C3. For C4 to C10 hydrocarbons, one pure component is used to represents several isomers. For example, the n-butane represents both n-butane and iso-butane. For higher boiling point components, only compounds with carbon number 14, 18, 26, and 47 are used to represent a wide range of boiling point components. The components also cover different classes of hydrocarbons that include one-ring naphthenics to 4-ring aromatics. The 13 sulfur components are separated into 8 groups: thiophenes, sulfides, benzothiophenes, tetrahydrobenzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, tetrahydrodibenzothiophenes, naphthabenzothiophenes, and tetrahydronaphthabenzothiophenes. The nitrogen compounds are represented by 10 components that include both basic and non-basic nitrogen compound.
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Introduction
Component 2,5-dimethyloctane n-tetradecane n-octadecane Tetracosane C47 Paraffins Naphthenes Methylcyclopentane Methylcyclohexane Cyclohexane, 1,4dimethyl 1-trans-3,5trimethylcyclohexane C14-1-ring-cycloheaxane C18-1-ring-cycloheaxane C21-1-ring-cycloheaxane C47-1-ring-cycloheaxane Trans-decaline (two Ring) C14-2-ring-cyclohexane C18-2-ring-cycloheaxane C21-2-ring-cycloheaxane C47-2-ring-cycloheaxane C14-3-ring-cyclohexane C18-3-ring-cycloheaxane C21-3-ring-cycloheaxane C47-3-ring-cycloheaxane C21-4-ring-cycloheaxane C47-4-ring-cycloheaxane Aromatics Benzene Toluene Para Xylene 2-methyl-3ethylbenzene 1,2,3,4,tetrahydronaphthalene n-octylbenzene C18-1ring-Arom C21-1ring-Arom C47-1ring-Arom C14tetrahydronaphthalene
Formula C10H22-1 C14H30 C18H38 C26H54 C47H96 C6H12-2 C7H14-6 C8H16-7 C9H18-1 C14H28 C18H36 C21H42 C47H94 C10H18-2 C14H26 C18H34 C21H40 C47H92 C14H24 C18H32 C21H38 C47H92 C21H36 C47H88 C6H6 C7H8 C8H10_3 C8H12-3 C10H12 C14H22 C18H30 C21H36 C47H88 C14H20
Abbreviation C10P C14P C18P C26P C47P C6N C7N C8N C9N MN1Lo MN1Hi HN1 VN1 C10N MN2LO MN2HI HN2 VN2 MN3Lo MN3Hi HN3 VN3 HN4 VN4 C6A C7A C8A C9A C10A MA1Lo MA1Hi HA1 VA1 MANLo
Class
CnH2n
CnH2n-2
CnH2n-4
CnH2n-6
CnH2n-6
CnH2n-8
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Hydrocracker
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Component C18tetrahydronaphthalene C21tetrahydronaphthalene C47tetrahydronaphthalene C14-naphthalene C18-naphthalene C21-naphthalene C47-naphthalene C14-1 ring-Arom-2-ring Naphthene C18-1 ring-Arom-2-ring Naphthene C21-1 ring-Arom-2-ring Naphthene C47-1 ring-Arom-2-ring Naphthene C14-2 ring-Arom-1-ring Naphthene C18-2 ring-Arom-1-ring Naphthene C21-2 ring-Arom-1-ring Naphthene C47-2 ring-Arom-1-ring Naphthene C21-3ring-Arom C47-3ring-Arom Fluorene, 9-methyl
Formula C18H28 C21H34 C47H86 C14H16 C18H24 C21H30 C47H82 C14H18 C18H26 C21H32 C47H32 C14H14 C18H22 C21H28 C47H80 C21H24 C47H76 C14H12 C18H20 C21H26 C47H78
Abbreviation MANHi HAN VAN MA2Lo MA2Hi HA2 VA2 MAN2Lo MAN2Hi HAN2 VAN2 MA2NLO MA2NHi HA2N VA2N HA3 VA3 MANALo MANAHi HANA VANA HA4 VA4 HAN3 VAN3 HA2N2 VA2N2
Class
CnH2n-12
CnH2n-10
CnH2n-14
CnH2n-18 CnH2n-16
C21-4ring-Arom C47-4ring-Arom C21-1 ring-Arom-3-ring Naphthene C47-1 ring-Arom-3-ring Naphthene C21-2 ring-Arom-2-ring Naphthene C47-2 ring-Arom-2-ring Naphthene Sulfur Components Thiophene
CnH2n-24 CnH2n-12
CnH2n-18
C4H4S
LTH
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Introduction
Component C8-Cyclo-sulfide C12-Cyclo-sulfide C28-Cyclo-sulfide Benzothiophene Benzothiophene, dimethylC10-tetarhydrobenzothiophene C14-trtrahydrodibenzothiophene C21-trtrahydrodibenzothiophene C14- dibenzothiophene C21- dibenzothiophene C47-tetrahydronaphthabenzothiophene C47naphthabenzothiophene Nitrogen Components Pyrrolidine (non-basic Nitrogen) Pyrrole (basic nitrogen) Quinoline, 1,2,3,4tetrahydro- (non-basic) Quinoline (basic) Phenanthridine, tetrahydroPhenanthridine Carbazole, dimethyl-
Formula C8H16S C12H24S C28H56S C8H6S C10H10S C10H12S C14H16S C21H30S C14H12S C21H26S C47H84S C47H72S2
Abbreviation LS8 MS12 HS28 LTHA MTHA MTHN MTHAN HthAN MthA2 HthA2 VthA2N VTHA3
Class
C4H9N C4H5N C9H11N C9H7N C9H9N C21H33N C21H25N C21H27N C35H55N C47H73N
LBNit LNNit MBNITN MBNITA MNNitA HBNitAN MBNitA2 MNNitA2 VBNitA2N VNNitA3
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Hydrocracker
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Component
Formula C10H16 C10H10 C14H28 C14H26 C14H20 C18H36 C18H34 C18H28 C21H40 C21H34 C26H52 C47H94 C47H92 C47H86
Abbreviation C10N_OLE C10A_OLE C14_OLEF MN1Lo_OL MA1Lo_OL C18_OLEF MN1Hi_OL MA1Hi_OL HN1_OLEF HA1_OLEF C26_OLEF C47_OLEF VN1_OLEF VA1_OLEF
Reaction Paths
The Hydrocracker model in Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining includes the following reaction types: Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) Saturation of aromatics (Hydrogenation) Ring opening Ring dealkylation Paraffin hydrocracking Saturation of olefins Saturation of olefin reaction calculations are done in a separate Aspen extended reaction block before the stream flows into bed 1. In the reactor bed 1, the heat of reaction calculated for the olefin saturation reactions is distributed through the bed.
The Hydrocracker reaction scheme has the following important characteristics: 45 reversible aromatics saturation reactions 19 irreversible olefins saturation reactions Saturation and dealkylation of non-basic nitrogen lumps Dealkylation and HDN for basic nitrogen lumps Saturation and dealkylation for hindered sulfur lumps
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Introduction
The figure below shows the importance of modeling aromatics saturation reversible.
Figure 5.1 Hydrocracker Example for Aromatics Crossover
Above a certain temperature, equilibrium effects start to outweigh kinetic effects, and additional saturation becomes difficult. This temperature-dependent aromatics crossover causes the degradation of middle distillate properties - kerosene smoke point and diesel cetane - near the end of hydrocracker catalyst cycles.
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Hydrocracker
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The figure below illustrates the importance of including both hindered and unhindered sulfur components in the reaction scheme.
Figure 5.2 Reaction Pathway Illustration: Sulfur-Containing Components
As discussed in recent publications: aliphatic sulfur compounds are relatively easy to remove with hydroprocessing thiophenes, benzothiophenes, and dibenzopthiopenes are somewhat more difficult substituted benzo- and dibenzothiophenes are very hard to remove.
In the Direct Mechanism for the hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene: Dibenzothiophene adsorbs to the catalyst surface The catalyst abstracts sulfur Biphenyl desorbs from the catalyst surface Hydrogen removes sulfur from the catalyst as H2S
Alkyl substitution of dibenzothiophene at the 4-position, the 6position - or both - sterically hinders this pathway. Before these hindered molecules can be desulfurized, they must first be saturated (which converts a planar aromatic ring into a more flexible saturated ring) or dealkylated.
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Introduction
As shown in the previous figure, the reaction scheme for the Hydrocracker in Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining prohibits direct desulfurization of 4,6-alkyl dibenzothiophenes. The figure below reflects this feature of the models.
Figure 5.3 Hydrocracker Example of H2 Consumption vs. Product Sulfur
As the extent of desulfurization increases, hydrogen consumption rises geometrically, in part because the model requires alternative HDS pathways for substituted dibenzothiophenes, and in part because at the higher required temperatures other saturation and cracking reactions are accelerated.
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Hydrocracker
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Activity Class SAT HSAT MSAT LSAT HDS HHDS MHDS LHDS HDN HHDN LHDN PCR HPCR MPCR LPCR RDA HRDA MRDA LRDA
Description Overall saturation activity Bottoms saturation activity Distillation saturation activity Naphtha saturation activity Overall hydro-desulfurization activity Bottoms hydro-desulfurization activity Distillate hydro-desulfurization activity Naphtha hydro-desulfurization activity Overall hydro-denitrogenation activity Bottoms hydro-denitrogenation activity Naphtha hydro-denitrogenation activity Overall paraffin cracking activity Bottoms paraffin cracking activity Distillate paraffin cracking activity Naphtha paraffin cracking activity Overall ring dealkylation activity Bottoms ring dealkylation activity Distillate ring dealkylation activity Naphtha ring dealkylation activity
For example, the rate expression for hydro-denitrogenation of LNNIT would have the following form:
n d [ LNNIT ] = ACT ADS ------------------------NIT k f [ LNNIT ] [ H 2 ] dt
(5.1)
where: [LNNIT] = Concentration of LNNIT ACT = Total activity for the reaction This is a product of each activity that affects the reaction. In this case, the activities affecting the reaction are the HDN and LHDN. ADSNIT = LHHW Adsorption term [H2] = Hydrogen concentration n = Power for H2 for denitrogenation reactions This value is unique for each reaction type.
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Introduction
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Hydrocracker
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The Hydrocracker operation is actually a subflowsheet (HCR Environment) containing the required reactor and fractionator (if applicable) that make up a hydrocracker.
Figure 5.5
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2. In the first page of the HCR Configuration Wizard property view, you can configure the design of the Hydrocracker. 3. Click Next. 4. In the second page of the HCR Configuration Wizard property view, you can specify the reactor parameters. 5. Click Next. 6. In the third and final page of the HCR Configuration Wizard property view, you can select or specify a set of calibration factors. 7. Click Done. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining completes the Hydrocracker subflowsheet, based on the specified information from the HCR Configuration Wizard, and opens the HCR environment.
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Hydrocracker
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8. In the HCR environment, you can: Access and modify the reactor by double-clicking the reactor object icon in the HCR PFD. Access and modify the fractionator by double-clicking on the fractionator object icon in the HCR PFD. Access the Calibration environment and calibrate the HCR model. 9. In the menu bar, select File | Save As or File | Save command to save the Hydrocracker template as a *.hcr file.
Create/Add Hydrocracker
To add a Hydrocracker into a PFD: 1. Open the appropriate simulation case. 2. Open the UnitOps property view. 3. In the Categories group, select the Refinery Ops radio button. 4. In the Available Unit Operations group, select HCR Reactor and click Add. The HCR Template Option property view appears 5. In the HCR Template Option property view, do one of the following: Click Read an Existing HCR Template to add a Hydrocracker operation based on an existing template. The Hydrocracker operation appears on the PFD. Click Configure a New HCR Unit to add a Hydrocracker operation and configure it from scratch. The HCR Configuration Wizard property view appears, and you have to configure the basic structure of the Hydrocracker operation using the features available in the HCR Configuration Wizard. After you have specified the minimum information required, the Hydrocracker operation appears on the PFD. 6. Open the Hydrocracker property view and make the necessary changes/specifications/connections for the simulation case.
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Hydrocracker
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2. Open the Select a calibration factor set to use for simulation drop-down list and select a calibration factor set. You can click the Library button to open the Calibration Set Library Property View to create, clone, and modify a calibration factor set.
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Hydrocracker
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To access the HCR Configuration Wizard: 1. In the HYSYS desktop menu bar, select FILE | New | HCR command. HYSYS automatically completes the Simulation Basis environment specifications and then enters the Simulation environment. The HCR Configuration Wizard property view appears. or 1. In the Main Environment, press the F12 to open the UnitOps property view. 2. In the Available Unit Operations group, select Hydrocracker and click Add. The HCR Template Option property view appears. 3. Click the Configure a New HCR Unit button.
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The HCR Configuration Wizard property view appears. or 1. In the HCR Environment, select HCR | Configuration Wizard command from the menu bar. The HCR Configuration Wizard property view appears. or 1. In the HCR Reactor Section Property View, click the Design tab and select the Configuration page. 2. Click the Configuration Wizard button. The HCR Configuration Wizard property view appears.
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Hydrocracker
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Description Enables you to toggle between including or excluding a pump around to the cut. Enables you to toggle between adding or removing a side stripper to the cut. Enables you to select the type of heat transfer method (reboiled or steam stripped) used in the side stripper. The drop-down list is only available in this column for cuts with side stripper.
Figure 5.7
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Hydrocracker
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Object Use an existing set of calibration factors radio button Drop-down list
Description Enables you to activate the feature used to select an existing calibration factor set. Enables you to select an existing calibration factor set. The default selection is the default calibration factor set provided by HYSYS. Enables you to access the Calibration Set Library Property View.
Library button
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The following table lists and describes the common features in the HCR property view:
Object Delete button HCR Environment button Status bar Ignore checkbox Description Enables you to delete the Hydrocracker operation. Enables you to enter the HCR Environment. Displays the status of the Hydrocracker operation. Enables HYSYS to ignore the Hydrocracker operation during the process flowsheet calculation.
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Hydrocracker
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Connections Page
The Connections page enables you to configure the stream flowing into and out of the Hydrocracker and specify the name of the Hydrocracker unit operation.
Figure 5.11
Description Enables you to select or specify the hydrogen makeup stream flowing into the stages of the Hydrocracker. Enables you to specify or connect the product stream from the Hydrocracker subflowsheet to the external product streams of the main flowsheet. This table is only available if the Hydrocracker operation contains a fractionator.
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Description Enables you to specify or connect the reactor effluent stream from the Hydrocracker subflowsheet to an external stream in the main flowsheet. This table is not available if the Hydrocracker contains a fractionator.
Enables you to modify the name of the Hydrocracker unit operation. Enables you to access the Feed Type Library Property View and modify the feed type available for the Hydrocracker. Enables you to select or specify the feed stream flowing into the Hydrocracker. You can also select the feed type of the feed stream. Enables you to specify or connect the purge stream from the hydrocracker subflowsheet to the external purge streams of the main flowsheet.
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Hydrocracker
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Description Enables you to select and apply a calibration factor set to the Hydrocracker. Initially, Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining provides a default calibration factor set. The calibration factors in the default set are read only. If you want to manipulate the factor values, you have to create your own calibration factor set.
Enables you to access the Calibration Set Library Property View. The Calibration Set Library property view enables you to create, import, clone, edit, export, and delete a calibration factor set.
Displays the following calibration factors: Global activity HDS activity HDN activity SAT activity Cracking activity Ring opening activity Light gas tuning factors Catalyst deactivation Reactor pressure drop factors Displays the top and bottom index of the zones in the fractionator. This table does not appear if the Hydrocracker does not contain a fractionator.
Notes Page
For more information refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or the simulation case in general.
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Feed Page
The Feed page enables you to modify the properties of the feed streams entering and exiting the Hydrocracker.
Figure 5.13
Description Enables you to modify the following properties of the feed stream(s) entering the Hydrocracker: volume flow rate mass flow rate temperature pressure entry location If you select Split option, the Select Feed Location Property View appears and enables you to specify the feed stream flow ratio between the reactors. Enables you to modify the following properties of the reactors: total feed preheat duty total feed pressure gas to oil ratio
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Hydrocracker
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Object Reactor radio buttons Split radio button Split table Normalize button Accept button
Description Enables you to select the reactor for feed stream to enter. Enables you to activate the split option. Enables you to specify the fraction of the feed stream entering each reactor. Enables you to normalize the sum of the feed fraction to equal 1. Enables you to apply the specifications in the Select Feed Location property view to the Hydrocracker and close the Select Feed Location property view. Enables you to exit the Select Feed Location property view without accepting the specifications.
Cancel button
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Specification Page
The Specification page enables you to modify the temperature of the beds in each reactor of the Hydrocracker.
Figure 5.15
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Hydrocracker
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Description Enables you to modify the following properties of the recycle gas loops: stream temperature stream pressure outlet pressure of the stream exiting the compressor pressure difference between the stream and the reactor stage Enables you to modify the following properties of the heater: temperature of exiting stream duty pressure of exiting stream pressure difference in heater Enables you to modify the following properties of the hydrogen makeup stream: mole flow rate temperature pressure composition hydrogen purge fraction
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Description Contains the Residual field that enables you to specify the maximum residual value allowed for the convergence calculation. Contains two fields that enable you to control the iteration range for the OOMF Solver performance: Maximum Iterations field enables you to specify the maximum number of iterations. Minimum Iterations field enables you to specify the minimum number of iterations. Contains three fields that enable you to configure the creep function of the OOMF Solver: On/Off Switch drop-down list. Enables you to select On (enable) or Off (disable) option for the creep feature. Iterations field. Enables you to specify the number of iterations per creep step. Step Size field. Enables you to specify the size of each creep step. Contains the Override Spec Group Completeness checkbox that enables you to toggle between: Overriding the normal calculation behaviour. Retaining the normal calculation behaviour. The normal calculation behaviour requires the spec groups be completed before solving the unit operation.
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Hydrocracker
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Description Contains features used to manipulate the SQP Hessian parameters: Initialization drop-down list. Enables you to select one of four options to initialize the Hessian value: Normal (default). Hessian initialized with identity matrix. This setting balances efficiency and robustness. It is well suited for general purpose optimization problems. Typical applications are offline optimization and online problems that start very far from a solution. Aggressive. Hessian initialized with small values. This setting moves the problem to bounds faster than the Normal mode. This setting is preferred for highly constrained optimization problems with few Degrees of Freedom at solution. Ideal applications are well-posed online realtime optimization problems. Scaled. A combination of the Aggressive and Advanced modes. This setting is recommended for highly constrained optimization problems with few Degrees of Freedom at solution and a nonlinear objective function. Advanced. Hessian initialized with 2nd order information. This setting is recommended for problems with many Degrees of Freedom at solution and/or quadratic objective function. Ideal for data reconciliation problems, both online and offline. Scaling factor field. Enables you to specify the scaling factor. Updates stored field. Enables you to specify the number of updates stored during calculation (default value is 10). Contains features used to configure the line search parameters: Algorithm drop-down list. Enables you to select one of four methods for the line search algorithm: Normal (default). A proprietary line search designed to balance robustness with efficiency. Exact. A well-known exact penalty line search. It is too conservative for most practical problems. Residual. A proprietary line search designed to initially favour the convergence of residuals over the objective function improvement. Square. A line search designed to attempt to enforce bounds on cases with no Degrees of Freedom. It should be used only in cases where there are multiple solutions to a problem, and the desired solution lies within the bounds. Step Control drop-down list. Enables you to select one of three options for the step size: Normal (default). The original method. Aggressive. A modified method that tends to take larger steps. Conservative. A modified method that tends to take smaller steps. Step Control Iterations field. Enables you to specify the number of step iterations. Contains the On/Off Switch drop-down list that enables you to select one of the following options: On. Activates the variable scaling parameter. Off. Deactivates the variable scaling parameter. Enables you to select one of the following action in case of failure: Do nothing. Revert to the previous results before the solve (this is the default option). Revert to the default input and results.
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Object Simulation Engine Message and Script Commands field Enter Script Command field Clear Message button Get Prev. Command button Get Next Command button Run Command button Clear Command button
Description Displays the messages and commands from the solver of the FCC reactor. Enables you to enter the text code for a command for the solver. Enables you to clear the messages in the Simulation Engine Message and Script Commands field. Enables you to retrieve a previous command from the command history and place the text code in the Enter Script Command field. Enables you to retrieve the next command from the command history and place the text code in the Enter Script Command field. Enables you to run the command code in the Enter Script Command field. Enables you to clear the command history.
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Hydrocracker
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If the Hydrocracker does not contain a fractionator the above pages appear blank.
Specs Page
Refer to Specs Page section from Chapter 6 Petroleum Column for more information.
The Specs page enables you to specify the values of the product output streams of the fractionator. These are the values that the Column algorithm tries to meet.
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There are two specs options to choose from: TBP Cut Point or Product Flow Fraction. Depending on which option you select in the Spec Option group, the features available in the Specs page varies. TBP Cut Point option
Figure 5.21
Figure 5.22
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Hydrocracker
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If there is more than one reactor, there will be a drop-down list that allows you to select the reactor and view the values corresponding to the selected reactor.
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If the Hydrocracker contains a fractionator, there will be two radio buttons: Standard Cut Products and Fractionated Products. Depending on the radio button selected, the Yields group displays the yields for standard cuts or the fractionated yields.
The liquid product cuts for the Fractionated Products option correspond to those specified in the Specs Page of the Fractionator tab.
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Hydrocracker
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If the Hydrocracker contains a fractionator, there will be two radio buttons: Standard Cut Products and Fractionated Products. Depending on the radio button selected, the Product Properties group displays the properties for standard cuts or the properties for the fractionated products.
The liquid product cuts for the Fractionated Products option correspond to those specified in the Specs Page of the Fractionator tab.
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Reactor Page
The Reactor page displays the calculated parameter results of the reactors in the Hydrocracker operation.
Figure 5.26
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Hydrocracker
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Fractionator Page
The fractionator page displays the calculated results of the product stream cut points from the fractionator.
Figure 5.28
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To access the Feed Type Library property view: 1. Open the HCR Property View. 2. Click the Design tab and select the Connections page. 3. Click the Feed Type Library button.
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Hydrocracker
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The following table lists and describes the options available in the Feed Type Library property view.
Object Feed Types list Import button Export button Delete button Properties of Selected Feed Type table Lump Weight Percents radio button Biases radio button Description Displays the names of the feed type available in the Hydrocracker Enables you to import feed types (from *.csv files) into the Hydrocracker. Enables you to export a selected feed type, in the Feed Types list, to a *.csv file. Enables you to delete a selected feed type, in the Feed Types list, from the Hydrocracker. Enables you to modify the property information of a selected feed type in the Feed Types list. Enables you to modify the percent lump weight value of the selected feed type. Enables you to modify the following properties of the selected feed type: light, medium, and heavy WABP light, medium, and heavy WABP bias Light and heavy cut point bias total Ca and Cn bias
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3. On the PFD property view, right-click the Reactor Section object icon. 4. Select View Properties command from the object inspect menu. The HCR Reactor Section property view appears.
Figure 5.31
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Hydrocracker
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The following table lists and describes the common features in the HCR Reactor Section property view:
Object Delete button Status bar Ignore checkbox Description Enables you to delete the reactor section. Displays the status of the reactor section of the Hydrocracker operation. Enables HYSYS to ignore the reactor section during the process flowsheet calculation.
Configuration Page
The Configuration page enables you to specify the reactor name, and displays the reactor type and number of reactor beds.
Figure 5.32
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To modify the configuration, click the Configuration Wizard button to access the HCR Configuration Wizard property view.
Geometry Page
The Geometry page enables you to specify the following parameters of each reactor beds: internal diameter catalyst loading catalyst density bed voidage
Figure 5.33
Notes Page
For more information refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or the simulation case in general.
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Hydrocracker
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Library Page
The Library page enables you to modify, import, export, and delete feed data types entering the reactor operation.
Figure 5.34
Description Displays the list of feed data types available for the reactor. Enables you to import a feed data from a file. The feed data are saved in *.csv type files. Enables you to export the selected feed data (from the Available Feed Types group) into a *.csv file. The exported feed data can be imported into a different applicable operation.
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Description Enables you to delete the selected feed data in the Available Feed Types group. Enables you to modify the property information of a selected feed type in the Feed Types list.
You can also access the features in the Library page by clicking the Feed Type Library button in the Connections page of the HCR property view.
Properties Page
The Properties page enables you to specify properties for virtual feeds. The virtual feeds are feeds not represented by internal or external streams in the subflowsheet and flowsheet respectively.
Figure 5.35
Description Displays both real and virtual feed streams connected to the Hydrocracker. Enables you to create a virtual feed stream. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining automatically assigns a default name to the virtual feed stream and treats the virtual stream as an internal stream.
Delete button
Enables you to delete the selected feed stream from the Feeds group. If the selected feed stream is a real stream, then both the internal and external streams will be deleted. 5-52
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Hydrocracker
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Object Assay radio button Bulk Properties radio button Kinetic Lumps radio button Assay drop-down list
Description Enables you to specify assay properties of the selected feed type in the Feed Type list. Enables you to specify bulk properties of the selected feed type in the Feed Type list. Enables you to specify kinetic lumps properties of the selected feed type in the Feed Type list. Enables you to select the assay associated to the selected feed type in the Feed Type list. This drop-down list is only available if you select the Assay radio button.
Contains a table that displays the list of properties available for you to view or modify of the selected feed stream. The variables available in this table vary depending on which radio button you select in the Selected Feed group.
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Feeds Page
Refer to Feed Page section for more information.
The Feeds page enables you to modify the physical properties of the feed streams entering and exiting the reactor section of the Hydrocracker operation.
Figure 5.36
Specifications Page
The Specifications page enables you to modify the reactor bed parameters of the Hydrocracker operation.
Figure 5.37
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Hydrocracker
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The Recycle Gas Loop page enables you to modify the recycle gas parameters of the Hydrocracker operation.
Figure 5.38
The Catalyst Deactivation page enables you to modify the catalyst parameters of the Hydrocracker operation.
Figure 5.39
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Description Contains the Residual field that enables you to specify the maximum residual value allowed for the convergence calculation. Contains two fields that enable you to control the iteration range for the OOMF Solver performance: Maximum Iterations field enables you to specify the maximum number of iterations. Minimum Iterations field enables you to specify the minimum number of iterations. Contains three fields that enable you to configure the creep function of the OOMF Solver: On/Off Switch drop-down list. Enables you to select On (enable) or Off (disable) option for the creep feature. Iterations field. Enables you to specify the number of iterations per creep step. Step Size field. Enables you to specify the size of each creep step. Contains the Override Spec Group Completeness checkbox that enables you to toggle between: Overriding the normal calculation behaviour. Retaining the normal calculation behaviour. The normal calculation behaviour requires the spec groups be completed before solving.
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Hydrocracker
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Description Contains features used to manipulate the SQP Hessian parameters: Initialization drop-down list. Enables you to select one of four options to initialize the Hessian value: Normal (default). Hessian initialized with identity matrix. This setting balances efficiency and robustness. It is well suited for general purpose optimization problems. Typical applications are offline optimization and online problems that start very far from a solution. Aggressive. Hessian initialized with small values. This setting moves the problem to bounds faster than the Normal mode. This setting is preferred for highly constrained optimization problems with few Degrees of Freedom at solution. Ideal applications are well-posed online realtime optimization problems. Scaled. A combination of the Aggressive and Advanced modes. This setting is recommended for highly constrained optimization problems with few Degrees of Freedom at solution and a nonlinear objective function. Advanced. Hessian initialized with 2nd order information. This setting is recommended for problems with many Degrees of Freedom at solution and/or quadratic objective function. Ideal for data reconciliation problems, both online and offline. Scaling factor field. Enables you to specify the scaling factor. Updates stored field. Enables you to specify the number of updates stored during calculation (default value is 10). Contains features used to configure the line search parameters: Algorithm drop-down list. Enables you to select one of four methods for the line search algorithm: Normal (default). A proprietary line search designed to balance robustness with efficiency. Exact. A well-known exact penalty line search. It is too conservative for most practical problems. Residual. A proprietary line search designed to initially favour the convergence of residuals over the objective function improvement. Square. A line search designed to attempt to enforce bounds on cases with no Degrees of Freedom. It should be used only in cases where there are multiple solutions to a problem, and the desired solution lies within the bounds. Step Control drop-down list. Enables you to select one of three options for the step size: Normal (default). The original method. Aggressive. A modified method that tends to take larger steps. Conservative. A modified method that tends to take smaller steps. Step Control Iterations field. Enables you to specify the number of step iterations. Contains the On/Off Switch drop-down list that enables you to select one of the following options: On. Activates the variable scaling parameter. Off. Deactivates the variable scaling parameter. Enables you to select one of the following action in case of failure: Do nothing. Revert to the previous results before the solve (this is the default option). Revert to the default input and results.
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Object Simulation Engine Message and Script Commands field Enter Script Command field Clear Message button Get Prev. Command button Get Next Command button Run Command button Clear Command button
Description Displays the messages and commands from the solver of the FCC reactor. Enables you to enter the text code for a command for the solver. Enables you to clear the messages in the Simulation Engine Message and Script Commands field. Enables you to retrieve a previous command from the command history and place the text code in the Enter Script Command field. Enables you to retrieve the next command from the command history and place the text code in the Enter Script Command field. Enables you to run the command code in the Enter Script Command field. Enables you to clear the command history.
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Hydrocracker
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For multiple reactors, use the drop-down list to view the feed blend properties in each reactor.
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Reactor Page
The Reactors page displays the key simulation results of the reactor (s) in the Hydrocracker.
Figure 5.45
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Figure 5.48
The following table lists and describes the options available in the Calibration Set Library property view:
Object Available Calibration Factor Sets list View/Edit button Description Displays all the factor sets available in the current calibration environment. Enables you to view or modify the data of the selected factor set in the Available Calibration Factor Sets list.
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Description Enables you to add a new factor set and access the Factor Set Property View. Enables you to delete the selected factor set in the Available Calibration Factor Sets list. Enables you to create a copy/clone of the selected factor set in the Available Calibration Factor Sets list. Enables you to import a calibration factor set data from a *.csv file. Enables you to export/save the selected factor set (in the Available Calibration Factor Sets list) to a file *.csv.
HYSYS provides a default calibration factor set with values in the Calibration Set Library. The calibration factor values, in the Default calibration factor set, are read only. To modify the calibration factors, you need to make a clone of the Default Calibration Factor set, and modify the calibration factor values in the cloned set.
To access the Factor Set property view: 1. Open the Calibration Set Library Property View. 2. Do one of the following: Click the Add button to create a new calibration factor set. Select the calibration factor set you want to view in the Available Calibration Factor Sets list and click the View/ Edit button. Select the calibration factor set you want to edit in the Available Calibration Factor Sets list and click the Clone button.
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The options in the Factor Set property view is grouped into two pages: Reactor Fractionator
Both pages in the Factor Set property view contain the following common options:
Object Name field Description field Date Created field Date Modified field Description Enables you to specify the name of the calibration factor set. Enables you to provide a brief description on the calibration factor set. Displays the date and time when the calibration factor set was created. Displays the date and time when the calibration factor set was last modified.
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Reactor Page
The Reactor page enables you to access the Reactor Factors group and specify variable values associated to the reactor.
Figure 5.50
Fractionator Page
The Fractionator page enables you to access the Fractionator Cuts group and specify variable values associated to the stabilizer tower.
Figure 5.51
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The Fractionator page is blank if the Hydrocracker does not contain a fractionator.
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For multiple reactors, use the drop-down list to view the feed blend properties in each reactor.
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Figure 5.58
To access Calibration property view: 1. Access the HCR environment 2. Select HCR | Calibration command in the menu bar. The Calibration view of the active HCR operation appears.
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Note: When you access the Calibration view, you also enter the Calibration Environment. The HCR Calibration view contains the following objects below the tabs:
Object Run Calibration Button Description Enables you to select one or more data set for the calibration run and access the Validation Wizard property view. This button is unavailable until all necessary input data is complete. Enables you to select one or more data set for the prediction run and access the Specification Wizard property view. This button is unavailable until all necessary input data is complete. Enables you to select different data sets for entering the data or viewing the results for the calibration or the prediction run. Enables you to access the Data Set Manager Property View to manage the data set. Enables you to export input data from the current data set in the calibration property view to the property view in the HCR environment. Any existing simulation data will be overwritten with the current calibration data. Pull Data from Simulation button Enables you to import data from the property view in the HDC environment into the current data set in the Calibration property view. Any existing calibration data will be over written with the current simulation data. Return to Simulation Status Bar Enables you to exit the Calibration environment and return to the HCR environment. Displays the current status of the calibration run.
Data Set drop-down list Manage Data Sets button Push Data to Simulation button
Validation Wizard
When you click the Run Calibration button, Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining lets you select the data set you want to use for the calibration run, and validate the selected data set before the calibration is actually run. Note: The Run Calibration button in the Calibration view is unavailable until all necessary calibration input is complete. The Select Data Sets for Calibration view displays status and names of data sets available with the calibration run.
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This view will appear only when there is more than one data set. If theres only one data set, Validation Wizard view will appear instead.
Object Run Calibration Description Enables you to run the calibration using the selected data set in the Select Data Sets for Calibration group. Enables you to stop the calculation process during a calibration run. This button is only active during the calibration run calculation. Enables you to close the Select Data Sets for Calibration view without performing any calibration run.
Stop
Close
Select the appropriate checkbox under the Include column to select the data set you want to use in the calibration run. When you select the checkbox, the Validation Wizard view of the selected data set appears. The Validation Wizard property view displays the mass flows of feed and product streams (derived from the input data), and coke flow and wt% hydrogen in coke (calculated using air rate and flue gas analysis). The information displayed enables you to analyse the measurement data before accepting the data set for the calibration run. If the total product mass rate is greater than the total feed mass rate by about 2-3%, you should review the flow rate and gravity information of the products. If you think the error is acceptable, you can decide how you would like to distribute the mass imbalance by assigning the bias to any of the product streams (except coke). Once the bias is assigned, the Validation Wizard adjusts the mass flow of the selected product stream(s) to match the feed total mass by re-normalization. If the coke flow and wt% hydrogen in code values are not reasonable, the air rate measurement and flue gas analysis should be reviewed before calibration is run.
In the Coke and Sulfur Balance group, you must specify the following values for the Calibration of coke and sulfur balance: Wt% feed sulfur in code (default = 5%) Wt% coke from stripper (default = 15%) Stripper efficiency (default = 75%)
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When all the information in the Validation Wizard view appears satisfactory, click the OK button to accept the values in the selected data set. The Validation Wizard view closes and you return to the Select Data Sets for Calibration view. Note: You can click the Cancel button to close the Validation Wizard View without saving/accepting any changes made in the view. Once the data set has been selected and validated, you can click the Run Calibration button on the Select Data Sets for Calibration view to start the Calibration run.
Specification Wizard
When you click the Run Prediction button, Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining lets you select a calibration factor set, and select data set you want to use for prediction calculation. Note: The Run Prediction button in the Calibration view is unavailable until all necessary input is complete. The Select Data Sets for Prediction view displays status and names of data sets available with the calibration run. The following table lists and describes the options in the Select Data Sets for Prediction view:
Object Select Calibration Factor Set to Use for Prediction drop-down list. Library button Run Prediction button Description Enables you to select a calibration factor set to use in the prediction calculation.
Enables you to access the Calibration Set Library view to manage the calibration factor set. Enables you to run the prediction calculation using the selected calibration factor set for data sets included in the Select Data Sets for Prediction group. The button is not active until you have selected and validated a data set. Enables you to stop the process during a prediction calculation. Enables you to close the Select Data Sets for Prediction view without performing any prediction calculation.
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Select the appropriate checkbox under the Include column to select the data set you want to use in the prediction. When you select the checkbox, the Specification Wizard view of the selected data set appears. The Specification Wizard property view enables you to select the variable(s) that is specified for the prediction calculation, the rest of the variables will be calculated. In the Regenerator group, select the appropriate checkbox of the variable you want the prediction calculation to accept the specified value, while the rest of the variables are calculated based on the specified value. If a fractionator is included into HCR, then the TBP cut point specs appears in the Specification Wizard view. you can modify the values in the Specify TBP Cut Points group and the new data will be used in the prediction run. Click the OK button to close the Specification Wizard view and accept the modification/selections. Click the Cancel button to close the Specification Wizard view and not accept the modification/selections.
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Use the Design tab to view the following types of information about the HCR:
Use this page Configuration Geometry to View the configuration of the HCR View the geometry of the following elements of the HCR: Internal Diameter Catalyst Loading Catalyst Density Bed Voidage Enter notes about calibration
Notes
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Configuration Page
The Configuration page on the Design tab of the Calibration property view is a read-only page. This page displays the flowsheet configuration information: The The The The The number of reactors number of HPS type AMINE Scrubber presence and type of fractionator number of beds
Note: To change configuration specifications, you need to go back to the HCR environment.
Figure 5.60
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Geometry Page
The Geometry page on the Design tab of the Calibration property view displays the flowsheet geometry information.
Figure 5.61
Note: If you selected the Allow Midpoint Injection option on the HCR Configuration Wizard Configuration Page (page 1), Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining displays the Injection Point in the Reactor group. The groups in the Geometry page contains the following information:
Group[ Internal Diameter Catalyst Loading Catalyst Density Bed Voidage Description The internal diameter of the reactor. The loading KG of the reactor. The density of the reactor. The Bed Voidage of the reactor.
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Notes Page
For more information refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
Use the Notes page to make any notes about the calibration of the HCR and related matters. Notes can be useful for informing other people working with your case about changes and assumptions you have made. You can: Enter notes in the Notes window Add objects, for example, a formatted Word document, in the Notes window.
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Library Page
Use the Library page on the Feed Data tab of the Calibration property view to manage the Feed Type Library.
Figure 5.62
A library of feed types is provided in the HCR/Feed Library sub folder on your installation folder. You can import one or more of them to your simulation. The following table lists and describes the options in the Library page:
Objects Feed Types Properties of Selected Feed Types Import button Description Displays the type of feeds associated with the HCR operation. Displays the following information: Lump Weight Percents Biases Enables you to import a feed type from a file in the HCR operation.
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Description Enables you to export a selected feed type (from the Feed Types list) into a separate file. The exported feed type can be imported into a different HCR operation. Enables you to delete a selected field type in the Feed Types list.
Delete button
Properties Page
Use the Properties page on the Feed Data tab of the Calibration property view to specify properties for virtual feeds, which is to say feeds that are not represented by an internal and external stream in the subflowsheet and flowsheet respectively. The real feed streams also appear here, but there are restrictions.
Figure 5.63
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Clone button
The feed properties calculated from the assay and the cut points are displayed.
Field Feed Type Description The feed type. Select the feed type from the dropdown list. The feed types available are those in the Feed Types list on the Library page of the Feed Data tab. The name of the assay. Initial point of the distillation. Final point of the distillation. The API gravity of the feed. The specific gravity of the feed.
Assay Initial Point Final Point [C] API Gravity Specific Gravity (60F/60F)
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0% Point [C] 5% Point [C] 10% Point [C] 30% Point [C] 50% Point [C] 70% Point [C] 90% Point [C] 95% Point [C] 100% Point [C] Total Nitrogen [ppmwt] Basic Nitrogen [ppmwt] Total/Basic Nitrogen Ration Sulfur Content%
0% point of the distillation. 5% point of the distillation. 10% point of the distillation. 30% point of the distillation. 50% point of the distillation. 70% point of the distillation. 90% point of the distillation. 95% point of the distillation. 100% point of the distillation. Total Nitrogen content in the feed, ppmwt. Basic Nitrogen content in the feed, ppmwt. Ratio of total basic nitrogen content. Sulfur content in the feed, wt%
Field Name
Feed Type
0% Point [C] 5% Point [C] 10% Point [C] 30% Point [C] 50% Point [C] 70% Point [C] 90% Point [C]
0% point of the distillation. 5% point of the distillation. 10% point of the distillation. 30% point of the distillation. 50% point of the distillation. 70% point of the distillation. 90% point of the distillation.
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Field 95% Point [C] Total Nitrogen [ppmwt] Basic Nitrogen [ppmwt] Total/Basic Nitrogen Ratio Sulfur Content%
Description 95% point of the distillation. Total Nitrogen content in the feed, ppmwt. Basic Nitrogen content in the feed, ppmwt. Ratio of total basic nitrogen content. Sulfur content in the feed, wt%
If the feed is connected to an external stream, then you cannot choose a Property Method. You can only change the feed name and the feed type.
Operation Tab
The Operation tab in the Calibration property view is the same as the Operation tab in the HCR Reactor Section property view. The Operation tab contains features used to manipulate the operation parameters of the Hydrocracker operation.
Feeds Page
The Feeds page of the Operation tab of the Calibration property displays the calculated physical properties of the feed stream entering the reactor. This data is used for calibration runs. The following table lists and describes the options in the Feed page view:
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Description Enables you to modify the following properties of the feed stream(s) entering the Hydrocracker: volume flow rate mass flow rate temperature pressure entry location If you select Split option, the Select Feed Location Property View appears and enables you to specify the feed stream flow ratio between the reactors. Enables you to modify the following properties of the reactors: total feed preheat duty total feed pressure gas to oil ratio
Total Feed
Specification Page
The Specification page on the Operation tab of the Calibration property enables you to modify the reactor bed parameters of the Hydrocracker operation.
Figure 5.64
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Description Enables you to modify the following properties of the heater: temperature of exiting stream duty pressure of exiting stream pressure difference in heater Enables you to modify the following properties of the hydrogen makeup stream: mole flow rate temperature pressure composition hydrogen purge fraction
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Fractionator Page
The Fractionator tab contains options for the fractionator in the Hydrocracker. The options are split into the following pages: Zone Pressures Specs
If the Hydrocracker does not contain a fractionator the above pages appear blank.
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Completeness Checking
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Description Contains features used to configure the line search parameters: Algorithm drop-down list. Enables you to select one of four methods for the line search algorithm: Normal (default). A proprietary line search designed to balance robustness with efficiency. Exact. A well-known exact penalty line search. It is too conservative for most practical problems. Residual. A proprietary line search designed to initially favour the convergence of residuals over the objective function improvement. Square. A line search designed to attempt to enforce bounds on cases with no Degrees of Freedom. It should be used only in cases where there are multiple solutions to a problem, and the desired solution lies within the bounds. Step Control drop-down list. Enables you to select one of three options for the step size: Normal (default). The original method. Aggressive. A modified method that tends to take larger steps. Conservative. A modified method that tends to take smaller steps. Step Control Iterations field. Enables you to specify the number of step iterations. Contains the On/Off Switch drop-down list that enables you to select one of the following options: On. Activates the variable scaling parameter. Off. Deactivates the variable scaling parameter. Enables you to select one of the following action in case of failure: Do nothing. Revert to the previous results before the solve (this is the default option). Revert to the default input and results.
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Description Enables you to run the command code in the Enter Script Command field. Enables you to clear the command history.
Temp./Press. Page
The Operation Measure tab in the Calibration property view allows you to input the temperature measurement that will be used in the objection function for calibration.
Figure 5.69
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Note: The number of columns depends on the number of reactors. The number of rows is the maximum number of beds among all reactors. The filed will be locked as a blank if the particular bed does not exist in the specific reactor. For example, if there are three reactors and there are two beds in Reactor 1, three beds in Reactor 2 and two beds in Reactor 3, then there will be rows for Bed 1, Bed 2 and Bed 3. However, the cells for data in Bed 3 of Reactor 1 and Reactor 3 will be blank and locked.
Flow Page
Use the Flow page on the Operation Measure tab of the Calibration property view to input flow measurements in the recycle loop that will be used in the objection function for
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calibration.
Figure 5.70
Cuts Page
The Cuts page on the Product Measure tab of the Calibration property view enables you to specify the number of GC analyses
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The cuts available vary depending on whether the HCR has a fractionator. If the HCR has a fractionator: The naphtha cuts, LCO cuts and Bottom cuts are those you specified on the HCR Configuration Wizard. If the HCR does not include a fractionator, then you must specify the number of liquid cuts, which correspond to the number of liquid product measurements you have.
What/how many you can specify up to 5 up to 4 up to 3 up to 2 Bottoms HCO and Bottoms
Name of analysis or cut Number of fuel gas analyses Number of LPG analyses Number of naphtha cuts Number of Distillate Cuts Bottom cuts
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Figure 5.72
The table that appears in the Light Ends page enables you to input measurement data and is based on the number of fuel gas, LPC analyses and Naptha cuts specified on the Cuts Page. For example, the Heavy Naphtha column appears only if the configuration has a Heavy Naphtha draw. For each type of cut (each cut is represented by a column) you can enter the flow rate and composition in the appropriate cell. Notes: You only need to enter the Naphthenes, Olefins and Aromatics data for the naphtha cuts. The HCR model then extrapolates the curves to the regions where you did not specify data.
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For Fuel Gas columns, Liquid Rate variable is not available and for the other columns, Gas Rate variable is not available. When you enter a value for a composition, the Input Composition for GC Analysis dialog appears on which to enter the data.
Note: You only need to enter the Naphthenes, Olefins and Aromatics data for the naphtha cuts. The HCR model adjusts the reference curve for Naphthenes, Olefins and Aromatics to match the measurements specified. The model then extrapolates the curves to the regions where you did not specify data. The streams on the Heavy Liquids page correspond to the
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fractionated draws that you specified: on the HCR Configuration Wizard on the Cuts Page if the HCR does not have a fractionator
The Olefins, Naphthenes and Aromatics in naphtha cut(s) are required input. Those for other liquid cuts are optional. The temperature and pressure are used for fractionator calibration. Note: The Heavy Naphtha and Light Naphtha flows appear both on the Light Ends Page and in the Heavy Liquids Page.
Parameters Page
The Parameters page on the Calibration Control tab of the Calibration property view displays a list of parameters and a checkbox for each parameter to allow you to select which
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This page contains several columns. The first column displays a list of parameters. The second column is the initial values of the parameters and the third column is a checkbox. The initial values of the parameters are from the default factor set but you can modify them.
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There are four buttons located on the top of the Calibration Factor page and two groups. The following table outlines the buttons:
Button Save for Simulation Action Save the calibration factors for a simulation run, by clicking Save for Simulation. In the normal workflow, after running the calibration and reviewing the results, you will save the calculated calibration factors. Therefore, if you return to the Simulation environment, the system prompts you with the following question: Do you want to make the newly calculated calibration factors available for simulation? If you select Yes - Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining proceeds as if you had clicked Save for Simulation. If you select No - the calibration property view closes. If you select Cancel - the Calibration property view remains open. Export Export the calibration factors as a file.
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The factors are split into two read-only groups. The Calibration Factors group displays all calculated reactor and (if it exists) fractionator calibration factors:
Default Calibration Factor set 0.7000 0.7000 0.7000 0.7000 9.761-eOC 0.6336
Factors Global Activity Reactor 1- Bed 1 Reactor 1- Bed 2 Reactor 2- Bed 1 Reactor 2- Bed 2 Overall HDS Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration 430- HDS Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration 430-950 HDS Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration 950+ HDS Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration Overall HDN Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration 430- HDN Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration 950+ HDN Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration
1.000 1.000
0.7581 1.000
1.000 1.000
0.2508 0.8342
1.217 1.000
1.665 1.000
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Factors Overall SAT Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration 430- SAT Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration 430-950 SAT Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration 950+ SAT Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration Overall Cracking Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration 430- Cracking Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration 430-950 Cracking Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration 950+ Cracking Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration Overall Ring Opening Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration 430- Ring Opening Activity Treating Bed
1.000 1.000
0.9032 1.000
0.9182 1.000
0.1679 1.000e-OC
2.200 1.000
2.498 1.000
0.8000 1.000
5.000e-OC 1.000e-OC
1.000
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Factors Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration 430-950 Ring Opening Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration 950+ Ring Opening Activity Treating Bed Treating Bed to Cracking Bed Ration Light Gas Tuning Factors C1 C2 C3 C4 Catalyst Deactivation Initial Deactivation Constant Long Term Deactivation Constant Activation Energy
1.000 1.000
1.000 1.000
Included (Initial Value and Final Value will display if present. Included (Initial Value and Final Value will display if present. Included (Initial Value and Final Value will display if present.
WABT Bias
Reactor Pressure Drop Factor Reactor 1- Bed 1 Included (Initial Value and Final Value will display if present. Reactor 1- Bed 2 Included (Initial Value and Final Value will display if present.
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Default Calibration Factor set Included (Initial Value and Final Value will display if present.
Reactor 2- Bed 2
Factors Temperature Rise RIBI Temperature Rise [C] RIB2 Temperature Rise [C] R2BI Temperature Rise [C] R2B2 Temperature Rise [C] Recycle Quench Throws Reactor 1 Bed 1 [STD_m3/h] Bed 1 [STD_m3/h] Reactor 2 Bed 1 [STD_m3/h] Bed 2 [STD_m3/h] Purge Gas Flow - Loop 1 [STD_m3/h] H2 Makeup 1 rate - Loop 1 [STD_m3/h] H2 Consumption [STD_m3/m3] Product Flow and Properties Naphtha C6-430F Vol. Flow [m3/h] Diesel 430F-700F Vol. Flow [m3/h] Bottoms 700-1000F Vol. Flow [m3/h] Resid 1000F + Vol. Flow [m3/h] C1C2 Yield [%] C3 Yield [%] C4 Yield [%]
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The following table list and describes the groups in the Mass Balance page:
Section Feed Group Displays data on Stream Name Mass Flow [kg/h] Hydrogen Flow [kg/h] Closures (Measured/Adjusted)
Material Balance
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Displays data on Stream name (Measured Mass Flow/Adjusted Mass Flow and Ass. Bias) Consumption
Note: If there are two reactors, or there is a feed mid-point injection, you can use the Blend Properties at Selected Reactor Location list to choose the location to display.
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If the Hydrocracker contains a fractionator, there will be two radio buttons: Standard Cut Products and Fractionated Products. Depending on the radio button selected, the Yields group displays the yields for standard cuts or the fractionated yields.
The liquid product cuts for the Fractionated Products option correspond to those specified in the Specs Page of the Fractionator tab.
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Hydrocracker
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The Product Properties group displays the following values for each of the stream(s) listed: API Gravity Specific Gravity Sulfur [%] Total Nitrogen [ppmwt] Basic Nitrogen [ppmwt] Paraffins [%] Naphthenes [%] Aromatics [%] RON MON Smoke Point [mm} Freeze Point [C] Flash Point [C]
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If the Hydrocracker contains a fractionator, there will be two radio buttons: Standard Cut Products and Fractionated Products. Depending on the radio button selected, the Product Properties group displays the properties for standard cuts or the properties for the fractionated products.
The liquid product cuts for the Fractionated Products option correspond to those specified in the Specs Page of the Fractionator tab.
Reactor Page
The Reactor page on the Analysis tab of the Calibration property view displays the key simulation results of the reactor. The results displayed depend on the configuration of the HCR.
Figure 5.81
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Hydrocracker
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Fractionator Page
The Fractionator page on the Analysis tab of the Calibration property view displays the fractionator solver tuning parameters. The Section-based solver tuning parameters group displays for each zone: Top Index Bottom Index Top R2 Bottom R2
The TBP Cut Points group displays the calculated cut point to match the specified flow rate of each zone.
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H2 Balance
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Hydrocracker
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Worksheet Page
The Worksheet page on the Advanced tab of the Calibration property view displays the summary of the calibration results. Each row in the table corresponds to each variable from every other Analysis page, and each column for every included data sets in the calibration run.
Figure 5.84
5.10 References
1
"The Lower It Goes, The Tougher It Gets," Bradford L. Bjorklund, Neil Howard, Timothy Heckel, David Lindsay, and Dave Piasecki, presented at presented at the NPRA 2000 Annual Meeting, Paper No. AM-00-16, March 26-28, 2000. "Improve Refinery Margins and Produce Low-Sulfur Fuels," Scott W. Shorey, David A. Lomas, and William H. Keesom, World Refining Special Edition: Sulfur 2000, Summer 1999, p. 41.
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References
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Petroleum Column
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6 Petroleum Column
6.1 Introduction................................................................................... 2 6.1.1 Petroleum Column Conventions .................................................. 3 6.2 Petroleum Column Theory.............................................................. 4 6.2.1 Zone-By-Zone Method............................................................... 4 6.2.2 Stage-By-Stage Method ............................................................ 8 6.2.3 TBP Cut Points ......................................................................... 9 6.3 Petroleum Column Installation .................................................... 12 6.3.1 Refinery Column Input Experts................................................. 13 6.4 Petroleum Distillation Column Property View .............................. 20 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4 Design Tab ............................................................................ 22 Worksheet Tab ....................................................................... 37 Performance Tab .................................................................... 37 Calibration Tab....................................................................... 53
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Introduction
6.1 Introduction
The Petroleum Column provides users with the capability to model columns in a refinery. The Petroleum Column has been specifically designed to help users with solving the following problems: Simulation of a Petroleum Column for a wide range of crude oils within an optimization or gradient generation scenario. In this situation, the column needs to be simulated over and over again, and the column should converge quickly and consistently in all scenarios. Manually calibrate the Petroleum Column from plant data.
If you require significant internal details of the column such as vapor-liquid traffic or temperature profiles matching very closely to plant data, or if you are interested in extreme flexibility in the specifications or the topology of the column, you need to use the standard HYSYS column.
The focus of the Petroleum Column is to model the imperfect separation of crude and other feeds that occur in the refining industry as possible. The modeling of imperfect fractionation plays a very important role in overall refinery economics. Conversely the focus is not to use the tool as a detailed design tool. The Petroleum Column model has the following capabilities: Allows one feed. Allows you to place reboiled or steam-striped sidestrippers. Allows you to place pump-arounds. Allows you to specify the flow-ratio of each product with respect to the feed, or the TBP cut-point of a product with respect to the feed. Calculates the composition, distillation curves, temperature and flow for each of the products. Calculates the petroleum properties for each of the products of the Petroleum Column. Calculates pump around duties.
The Petroleum Column supports the use of two solution strategies: Zone-by-zone and Stage-by-stage.
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The following are some of the conventions, definitions, and descriptions of the basic columns:
Column Component Tray Section Stages Description A HYSYS unit operation that represents the series of equilibrium trays in a Column. Stages are numbered from the top down or from the bottom up, depending on your preference. The top tray is 1, and the bottom tray is N for the top-down numbering scheme. The stage numbering preference can be selected on the Connections page of the Design tab on the Column property view. The overhead vapour product is the vapour leaving the top tray of the Tray Section in simple Absorbers and Reboiled Absorbers. In Refluxed Absorbers and Distillation Towers, the overhead vapour product is the vapour leaving the Condenser. The overhead liquid product is the Distillate leaving the Condenser in Refluxed Absorbers and Distillation Towers. There is no top liquid product in simple Absorbers and Reboiled Absorbers. The bottom liquid product is the liquid leaving the bottom tray of the Tray Section in simple Absorbers and Refluxed Absorbers. In Reboiled Absorbers and Distillation Columns, the bottom liquid product is the liquid leaving the Reboiler. An Overhead Condenser represents a combined Cooler and separation stage, and is not given a stage number.
Overhead Condenser
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For example:
Consider a simple distillation column with one feed and two products only. For near ideal systems such as hydrocarbon systems, it is possible to correlate the distillate and bottoms flow as shown in the figure below:
Figure 6.1
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Petroleum Column
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If one plots the quantity ln(Di/Bi) vs. NBPi for each component i, the plot is typically bilinear.
where: Di = molar component flow of component i in the distillate Bi = molar component flow of component flow of component i in the bottoms NBP = normal boiling point of the component
The slope of the curve signifies the extent of imperfect fractionation. As S tends to zero, there is virtually no separation, and inversely as S tends to negative infinity, the separation is almost perfect. The position of the curve horizontally is decided by the overall distillate and bottoms flow distribution. HYSYS assume that the slopes of the curves drawn above are only a characteristic of the structure of the column, and are independent of the feed or the pressure or other operating conditions. This assumption enables HYSYS to calculate the product composition of the distillate and bottoms streams, for a wide range of feed conditions. Furthermore, HYSYS assume that all Petroleum Columns are in indirect sequence of simple columns. Based on these assumptions the composition of the streams coming out of each sections of the column can be calculated using the following equations described below: For each section:
d N, i 1 ln --------- = ----------- ( NBP i ) + K D, N b N, i D, N 1 = ---------- ( NBP i ) + K B, N B, N f N, i = d N, i + b N, i DN =
(6.1)
(6.2)
d N, i
i
(6.3)
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BN =
b N, i
i
(6.4) (6.5)
F N = DN + B N
where: N = section in the column fN,i = i component flow rate in feed for section N dN,i = i component flow rate in distillate for section N bN,i = i component flow rate in bottoms for section N D, N = fractionation index for the distillate section N B, N = fractionation index for the bottom section N KD,N = intercept for the distillate section N KB,N = intercept for the bottom section N DN = total distillate flow for section N BN = total bottom flow for section N FN = total feed flow for section N You are required to specify fractionation indices for each section, pressure for each section, and product flow fractions for each product coming out of the column including the condenser. The sections are numbered from bottom of the column to the top of the column.
The above system of equations is then solved for dN,i, bN,i, fN,i, KD,N, and KB,N.
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Petroleum Column
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Water Handling
The above equations are based on the assumption of a waterfree basis. As a result the quantity of water calculated through the above equations is zero. A separate water balance is performed on the whole column after the hydrocarbon component flow rates have been calculated. It is assumed that each of the product streams is 75% saturated with water. Knowing the water-free composition of each (liquid) product stream, HYSYS compute the saturation amount of water. This enables HYSYS to calculate the composition of the water in liquid product streams. The remaining water leaves from the top of the column.
Condenser Handling
The condenser is dealt with separately. The feed to the condenser is the distillate from the top section. From your specification of the amount of vapor and liquid product from the condenser, HYSYS can calculate the composition of each of the vapor and liquid products as well as the quantity of the water that will be in the vapor phase and the quantity of water that will be in a separate aqueous phase. The temperature of the condenser will also be calculated.
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The Stage-by-stage solver uses the standard HYSIM I/O algorithm, and the Petroleum Column automatically generates all the specifications required by the HYSIM I/O solver. The Petroleum Column applies the following structural assumptions to generate the specifications: Each pump-around draw and return is one theoretical stage. Each side-stripper draw and return is on the same theoretical stage. A pump-around may or may not exist for each separation zone. If the pump-around exists, it is placed on the stage below the side-stripper draw (and return).
The following set of specifications are generated: Bottoms flow rate calculated from the TBP or the flow spec that you provide. Every side-stripper product flow-rate calculated from the TBP or flow-specs that you provide. Each pump-around DT is set to 50C. For each pump-around the liquid flow on the tray above is set to nearly zero. You must specify steam-flow or side-stripper reboiler duty.
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Overhead
Naphtha
Kero
Gas Oil
Residue
100C
250C
280C
320C
500C
In the above case, the intention is to inform the column to split the crude oil into five product streams. The five product streams will have the following qualities: top product is cut from the initial boiling point of the crude up to 100C naphtha product is cut between 100C and 250C kero product is cut between 250C and 280C gasoline product is cut between 280C and 320C residue product is cut from 320C to the final boiling point of the crude
These cut points are translated into molar flow fractions of the feed.
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The figure below displays an example of the cut points translated into molar flow fractions:
Figure 6.3
In a crude column, there are no degree of freedom to exactly achieve the specified cut points at both ends of the column. Furthermore, the column achieves perfect separation only at infinite number of stages. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining is able to model the imperfect separation and therefore achieve the separation as shown in the
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Petroleum Column
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figure below:
Figure 6.4
Overhead
Naphtha
Individual cut
The above type of cut is also exemplified in the TBP 5% and TBP 95% columns of the TBP cut point specification table (shown in the figure below):
Figure 6.5
The values in the TBP 5% and TBP 95% columns are calculated by Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining and indicates what the product stream actually achieve in the simulation.
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The Refinery Column Input Experts property view appears. You do not have to install the Petroleum Column through Refinery Column Input Experts property view. You can turn off the Input Expert option and configure the Petroleum Column from the Petroleum Distillation Column property view. To deactivate the Input Expert option: 1. Click the Tools menu, and select the Preferences command. The Session Preferences property view appears. 2. In the Session Preferences property view, click the Simulation tab and select the Options page. 3. In the General Options group, clear the Use Input Experts checkbox.
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Petroleum Column
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Connections Page
The Connections page of the RCIE allows you to specify the material and energy streams flowing into and out of the Petroleum Column.
Figure 6.6
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HYSYS recommends you select one of the last few trays at the bottom of the petroleum column for the Feed Stage.
The Basis group contains radio buttons that enables you to select the unit of the flow rate displayed in the Installed Side Strippers table. There are three units to choose from: molar, mass, or liquid volume. The Installed Side Strippers table displays the following information on each side stripper connected to the Petroleum column: name of the side stripper number of stages in the side stripper draw and return stage/tray of the side stripper configuration of the side stripper (Reboiled or Steam Stripped) reboiler duty (values only available if the configuration is Reboiled) steam flow rate (values only available if the configuration is Steam Stripped)
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Petroleum Column
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To add a side stripper: 1. Click the Add Side Stripper button. The Side Strippers page changes and the options for configuring a side stripper appears.
Figure 6.8
2. Use the top drop-down list to select the stage where the side stripper stream is withdrawn and pump back into. 3. Enter the number of trays for the side stripper by typing the total number of trays in the k = field. 4. Select the configuration for the side stripper by clicking the appropriate radio button in the Configuration group. If you selected Reboiled radio button, the side stripper uses a reboiler. If you selected Steam Stripped radio button, the side stripper requires a steam stream. In the Steam Feed field, either type in the name of the stream or if you have pre-defined your stream select it from the drop-down list. 5. In the Product Stream field, either type in the name of the stream or if you have pre-defined your stream select it from the drop-down list. 6. Click the Install button to install the side stripper. You can click the Clear button to remove all the information and start configuring the side stripper all over again.
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The Side Strippers page returns to the previous property view and the information on the new side stripper appears in the Installed Side Strippers table.
Figure 6.9
7. Repeat all the above steps to add another side stripper. To delete an existing side stripper: 1. In the Installed Side Strippers table, select a cell associated to the side stripper you want to modify. 2. Click the Delete Side Stripper button. 3. You will be ask to confirm the deletion: Click the Yes button to delete the selected side stripper. Click the No button to not delete the selected side stripper.
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To modify an existing side stripper: 1. In the Installed Side Strippers table, select a cell associated to the side stripper you want to modify. 2. Click the View Side Stripper button. The Side Stripper property view appears.
Figure 6.10
3. Make the modifications and click the Close button. You can also delete the selected side stripper by clicking the Delete button.
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Zones Page
The Zones page of the RCIE allows you to specify the pressure, pump around (PA), and tuning parameters in each zone of the Petroleum Column.
Figure 6.11
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Petroleum Column
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Specs Page
Refer to Section 6.2.3 TBP Cut Points for more information on TBP cut points.
The Specs page of the RCIE allows you to specify the TBP cut point or product stream flow fraction of the Petroleum Column.
Figure 6.12
Refer to Chapter 12 Session Preferences in the HYSYS User Guide for details on how to access the Session Preferences property view.
It is not necessary to use the RCIE to install a Petroleum Column. You can disable and enable the use of RCIE on the Options page in the Simulation tab of the Session Preferences property view. If you do not use the RCIE, you move directly to the Petroleum Distillation Column property view when you install a new Petroleum Column.
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The column property view is used to define specifications, provide estimates, monitor convergence, view Stage-by-stage and product stream summaries, add pump-arounds and sidestrippers, and define other Petroleum Column parameters such as convergence tolerances.
HYSYS recommends you select one of the last few trays at the bottom of the petroleum column for the Feed Stage.
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Petroleum Column
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The following table lists and describes the common objects at the bottom of the Petroleum Column property view:
Object Delete button Run button Description Enables you to delete the Petroleum Column. HYSYS will ask you to confirm deletion. Enables you to start the column calculation to converge the column. The button hides when the column convergence calculation is in progress. Enables you to reset all calculated values in the column to the default values. The button hides when the column convergence calculation is in progress. Enables you to stop the column calculation before column convergence. The button is only available when the column convergence calculation is in progress. Displays the status of the Petroleum Column. Enables you to switch from Zone-by-zone solver to Stageby-stage solver method. Enables you to toggle between ignoring or considering the Petroleum Column during process flowsheet calculations.
Reset button
Stop button
Column Convergence
The Run and Reset buttons are used to start the convergence algorithm and reset the Column, respectively. HYSYS first performs iterations toward convergence of the inner and outer loops (Equilibrium and Heat/Spec Errors), and then checks the individual specification tolerances.
If you want to modify the Petroleum Column after you have converged said column, you should click the Solver Holding icon before modifying the values. By stopping the Solver option, you can change multiple values without waiting for the entire Petroleum Column to solve and converge every time a single value changes.
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Connections page
The Connections page enables you to configure the streams (material or energy) flowing into and out of the column and specify the number of trays within the column.
Figure 6.14
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Petroleum Column
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The following table lists and describes the objects in the Connections page:
Object Column Name field Condenser Energy Stream field Ovhd Outlets fields Description Enables you to specify a name for the petroleum distillation column. Enables you to specify or select an energy stream for the condenser. The top field enables you to specify the vapour outlet stream of the condenser. The bottom field enables you to specify the liquid outlet stream of the condenser. For more information on Zone-by-zone and Stageby-stage solver methods, refer to Section 6.2 Petroleum Column Theory. Solver group Contains radio buttons that enable you to toggle between Zone-by-zone or Stage-by-stage calculation method. Contains two columns that enable you to connect the streams flowing into the column. Stream column enables you to specify or select feed streams. Inlet Stage column enables you to select the stage/tray number the associate feed stream is entering. Enables you to specify the number of tray/stages in the column. Enables you to access the Tray Section Details Property View. Enables you to specify or select the steam stream entering from the bottom of the petroleum distillation column. Enables you to specify or select the water stream flowing out of the condenser. Contains columns that enable you to configure the side draw streams flowing out of the column. Stream column enables you to specify or select the stream exiting the column. Type column displays the phase of the associate side draw stream. Draw Stage column enables you to select the stage/tray the associate stream is flowing out of. Contains two radio buttons that enable you to toggle between numbering the stages/trays in the column top-down or bottom-up format. Top Down radio button numbers the top tray as 1 and increases the number for each tray below. Bottom Up radio button numbers the bottom tray as 1 and increases the number for each tray above. Enables you to specify or select the waste stream flowing out from the bottom of the column.
Residue field
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Zones Page
In the Zone-by-zone solver method, the number of stages is no longer specifiable. So you need to specify zone information to help the column converge. The Zones page enables you to define zone pressure and tuning parameters in the Petroleum Column.
Figure 6.16
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The following table lists and describes each object in the Zones page:
Object Zone Start cell Zone End cell PA cell Description Displays the starting point of each zone in the Petroleum Column. Displays the end point of each zone in the Petroleum Column. Contains a checkbox that enables you to toggle between connecting or removing a pump around with the associate zone. Displays the name of the side stripper associated to each zone. Enables you to specify the top pressure for each zone. Enables you to specify the bottom pressure of the Petroleum Column. Enables you to export the column data to the Calibration tab. Enables you to specify the top slope value of the imperfect fractionation for each zone. Index value of 1 indicates perfect separation. Larger index value indicates less perfect separation. HYSYS recommends an average tuning parameter value of 5 for the imperfect fractionation value. Enables you to specify the bottom slope value of the imperfect fractionation for each zone. Index value of 1 indicates perfect separation. Larger index value indicates less perfect separation. HYSYS recommends an average tuning parameter value of 5 for the imperfect fractionation value. Enables you to import the tuning parameter data from the Calibration tab.
Associated SS cell Zone Top Pressure cell Bottom Pressure field Refer to Section 6.4.4 Calibration Tab for more information. For more information, refer to Section 6.2.1 Zone-By-Zone Method. Copy Column Data to Calibration button Top Index cell
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For any side stripper, you must specify the number of stages, the liquid draw-and-return stage, and the steam stream flow rate or the reboiler duty. These parameters (except for the number of stages) can be modified in the Side Stripper page and the Side Stripper property view. The following table lists and describes each object in the Side Stripper page:
Object Basis group Description Contains three radio buttons that enable you to toggle between the following three types of basis for the data in the tables: molar, mass, or liquid volume. Displays the name of the side strippers. Displays the number of trays in the associate side stripper. Enables you to select the draw-and-return stage from the main column for the associate side stripper.
Input group first column # Stages column Liq Draw Stage column
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Object Configuration column Reboiler Duty cell Steam Flow cell View button Add button Delete button Output group first column Liquid Draw Stage cell Outlet Flow cell
Description Displays the side stripper type: reboiler or steam stripped. Enables you to specify the amount of heat flowing from the reboiler. Enables you to specify the amount of steam flowing into the side stripper. Enables you to access the Side Stripper Property View of the selected side stripper. Enables you to add a side stripper to the petroleum distillation column. Enables you to delete the selected side stripper from the petroleum distillation column. Displays the name of the side strippers. Enables you to select the draw-and-return stage from the main column. Displays the flow rate of the product stream from the side stripper.
Figure 6.18
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The following table lists and describes each object in the Side Stripper property view:
Object Name field Tray Location dropdown list Configuration group Description Enables you to enter the name of the side stripper. Enables you to select the draw-and-return stage from the main column. Enables you to select the side stripper configuration by selecting the appropriate radio button. There are two types available: reboiler and steam stripped. This group is only available when you are installing the side stripper for the first time. k = field Steam Feed field Enables you to specify the number of trays in the side stripper. Enables you to connect the steam stream to the side stripper. You can either type in the name of the stream or if you have pre-defined your streams select them from the drop-down list. This field is only available if you select the Steam Stripped radio button. Reboiler Duty Spec field Enables you to specify the amount of heat flow from the reboiler into the side stripper. This field is only available if you select the Reboiler radio button and click the Install button. Product Stream field Enables you to connect the product stream to the side stripper. You can either type in the name of the stream or if you have pre-defined your streams select them from the drop-down list. Enables you to delete the side stripper. Enables you to install the side stripper. This button is only available when you are installing the side stripper for the first time. Close button Enables you to save the changes made in the side stripper property view. This button is only available after you have installed the side stripper.
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The following table lists and describes the objects available in the Side Draws page:
Object Basis group Description Contains three radio buttons that enable you to toggle between the following three types of basis for the data in the table: molar, mass, or liquid volume. Enables you to specify or select the draw streams flowing out of the petroleum distillation column. Enables you to select the stage/tray the associate draw stream is connected to. Displays the phase type of the associate draw stream. Displays the flow rate of the associate draw stream.
Draw Stream column Draw Stage column Type column Draw Stream Flow
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Specs Page
Refer to Section 6.2.3 TBP Cut Points for more information about TBP cut points.
The Specs page enables you to specify values used in the Petroleum Column convergence algorithm. Unlike the other Columns in HYSYS, the Petroleum Column is limited to two types of specifications: TBP End Points and Product Yields.
Figure 6.20
The following table lists and describes all the objects available in the Specs page. Depending on which option you select in the Spec Option group, some of the objects are hidden.
Object TBP End Points radio button Product Yields radio button first column TBP End Point column Description Enables you to access the TBP End Points specification options. Enables you to access the Product Yields specification options Displays all the streams flowing out of the petroleum distillation column. Enables you to specify the boiling point temperature for each product stream in the Petroleum Column. This object is only available if you select the TBP Cut Point radio button. Product Yield column Displays the molar fraction value from the feed stream to the associate outlet stream. This object is only available if you select the TBP Cut Point radio button.
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Description Displays the boiling point temperature for each product stream at 5%. This object is only available if you select the TBP Cut Point radio button.
Displays the boiling point temperature for each product stream at 95%. This object is only available if you select the TBP Cut Point radio button.
Enables you to specify the fraction of the feed stream to the product streams. This object is only available if you select the Product Flow Fraction radio button.
Total field
Displays the sum of fractions from the feed stream. The sum value must equal 1. This object is only available if you select the Product Flow Fraction radio button.
Enables you to select the unit basis for the specified values. There are three options: molar, mass, and volume. This option is only applicable to the Product Flow Fraction specification option.
Displays the minimum feed fraction values for the residue product stream. If the minimum fraction value is higher than the specified fraction value, the petroleum column will not solve or converge in rigorous/Stage-by-stage solving method. To decrease the minimum fraction value, you have to increase the feed stream temperature, and vice versa.
Enables you to populate the specification data with the information from the Products page of the Calibration tab.
Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining automatically normalize the values in the Feed Fraction column, so that the sum of the values equal 1.
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SolverOptns Page
The SolverOptns page enables you to manipulate how the column solves the column variables.
Figure 6.21
There are two groups in the SolverOptns page: Solving Options and Solving Methods.
The Solving Options group contains options only applicable to the Stage-by-stage solving method.
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If Zone-by-zone solving method is selected, the options in the Solving Options group are hidden.
Because the default values are already very small, you should use caution in making them any smaller. You should not make these tolerances looser (larger) for preliminary work to reduce computer time. The time savings are usually minor, if any. Also, if the column is in a recycle or adjust loop, this could cause difficulty for the loop convergence.
Equilibrium Error
The value of the equilibrium error printed during the column iterations represents the error in the calculated vapour phase mole fractions. The error over each stage is calculated as one minus the sum of the component vapour phase mole fractions. This value is then squared; the total equilibrium error is the sum of the squared values. The total equilibrium error must be less than 0.00001 to be considered a converged column.
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HYSYS cannot use the equation of state or activity model in the super critical range, so an alternate method must be used. You can specify which method you want HYSYS to use to model the phase behaviour. There are three choices for super critical calculations:
Model Refer to Chapter 1 Interface in the HYSYS User Guide for details on the Trace Window. Simple K Description The default method. HYSYS calculates K-values for the components based on the vapour pressure model being used. Using this method, the K-values which are calculated are ideal K-values. When supercritical conditions are encountered, HYSYS reduces the pressure on all trays by an internally determined factor, which can be seen in the Trace Window when the Verbose option is used. This factor is gradually decreased until supercritical conditions no longer exist on any tray, at which point, the pressure in the column is gradually increased to your specified pressure. If supercritical conditions are encountered during the pressure increase, the pressure is once again reduced and the process is repeated. When supercritical conditions are encountered on a tray, HYSYS searches for the closest tray above which does not have supercritical behaviour. The nonsupercritical conditions are substituted in the phase calculations for the tray with supercritical conditions.
Decrease Pressure
Adjacent Tray
Trace Level
The Trace Level defines the level of detail for messages displayed in the Trace Window, and can be set to Low, Medium, or High. The default is Low.
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Auto Reset On
When this checkbox is selected, HYSYS resets the column values once during convergence calculation, if during the calculation the heat and spec errors do not reduce by more than 15%.
This group contains two radio buttons that enables you to select the column solution method.
Figure 6.23
The display field, which appears below the drop-down list, provides explanations for each method.
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Notes Page
For more information refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any comments or information regarding the specific unit operation, or your simulation case in general.
The Worksheet tab contains a summary of the information contained in the stream property view for all the streams attached to the unit operation.
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Summary Page
The Summary page gives a tabular summary of the feed or product stream properties. Select the appropriate radio button to display the information you want to see.
Figure 6.24
Figure 6.25
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Petroleum Column
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When you select the Flow radio button, the Column Profiles page displays the following property view:
Figure 6.26
The values under the Net Liquid and Net Vapour columns are the net flows for each stage.
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When you select the Energy radio button, the Column Profiles page displays the following property view:
Figure 6.27
Feeds/Products Page
The Feeds/Products page gives a tabular summary of feed and product streams tray entry/exit, temperatures, pressures, flows, and duties.
Figure 6.28
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You can view the results in molar, mass or liquid volume, by selecting the appropriate basis radio button.
If a stream has been split, a star (*) follows the phase designation.
You can split a feed stream into its phase components on the Options page of the Simulation tab in the Session Preferences property view.
If there is a duty stream on a stage, Energy appears in the Type column. The direction of the energy stream is indicated by the sign of the duty.
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Plots Page
On the Plots page, you can view various column profiles or assay curves in a graphical or tabular format.
Figure 6.30
Select the Live Updates checkbox to update the profiles with every pass of the solver (in other words, a dynamic update). This option is deactivated by default, and performance of the column can be a bit slower if the checkbox is on and a profile is open.
To view a column profile, follow this generalized procedure: 1. Select a profile from the list in the Tray by Tray Properties group. The choices include: Temperature, Pressure, Flow, Transport Properties, Composition, K Value, and Light/Heavy Key.
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2. In the Column Tray Ranges group, select the appropriate radio button:
Radio Button All Action Displays the selected profile for all trays connected to the column (in other words, main tray section, side strippers, reboilers, and condenser). From the drop-down list, select a tray section. The main tray section along with the condenser and reboiler are considered one section, as is each side stripper. From/To Use the drop-down lists to specify a specific range of the column. The first field contains the tray that is located at a higher spot in the tower (in other words, for top to bottom tray numbering, the first field could be tray 3 and the second tray 6).
Single Tower
3. After selecting a tray range, click either the View Graph button or the View Table button to display a plot or table respectively.
Figure 6.31
Plots and tables are expandible property views that can remain open without the column property view.
Refer to Section 10.4 Graph Control in the HYSYS User Guide for more information.
To make changes to the plot, right-click in the plot area, and select Graph Control from the object inspect menu.
Depending on the profile selected, you have to make further specifications. For certain profiles, there is a Properties button on both the profile plot and table. By clicking this button, the
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Properties property view appears, where you can customize the display of your profile. Changes made on the Properties property view affect both the table and plot. A description of the specifications available for each profile type are outlined in the following table.
Profile Type Temperature Profile Pressure Profile Flow Profile Description Displays the temperature for the tray range selected. No further specification is needed. Displays the pressure of each tray in the selected range. No further specification is needed. Displays the flow rate of each tray in the selected range. You can customise the data displayed using the Properties property view. In the Basis group, select molar, mass or liquid volume for your flow profile basis. In the Phase group, select the checkbox for the flow of each phase that you want to display. Multiple flows can be shown. If three phases are not present in the column, the Heavy Liquid checkbox is not available, and thus, the Light Liquid checkbox represents the liquid phase. In the Tray Flow Basis group, you can specify the stage tray flow basis by selecting the appropriate radio button: Net. The net basis option only includes interstage flow. Total. The total basis option includes draw and pump around flow.
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Description Displays the selected properties from each tray in the selected range. You can customise the data displayed using the Properties property view:
In the Basis group, select molar or mass for the properties profile basis. In the Phase group, select the checkbox for the flow of each phase that you want to display on the graph. Multiple flows can be shown. If three phases are not present in the column, the Heavy Liquid checkbox is not available. In the Axis Assignment group, by selecting a radio button under Left, you assign the values of the appropriate property to the left y-axis. To display a second property, choose the radio button under Right. The right y-axis then shows the range of the second property. If you want to display only one property on the plot, select the None radio button under Right. The Properties Profile table displays all of the properties for the phase(s) selected.
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Description Displays the selected components mole fraction of each tray in the selected range. You can customise the data displayed using the Properties property view.
In the Basis group, select molar, mass or liquid volume for the composition profile basis. In the Phase group, select the checkbox for the flow of each phase that you want to display. Multiple flows can be shown. If the three phases are not present in the column, the Heavy Liquid checkbox is not available, and thus, the Light Liquid checkbox represents the liquid phase. Choose either Fractions or Flows in the Comp Basis group by selecting the appropriate radio button. The Components group displays a list of all the components that enter the tower. You can display the composition profile of any component by selecting the appropriate checkbox. The plot displays any combination of component profiles.
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Description Displays the K Values of each tray in the selected range. You can select which components you want included in the profile using the Properties property view. Displays the fraction ratio for each stage. You can customise the data displayed using the Properties property view.
In the Basis group, select molar, mass or liquid volume for the profile basis. In the Phase group, select Vapour, Light Liquid or Heavy Liquid for the profile phase. In the Light Key(s) and Heavy Key(s) groups, you can select the key component(s) to include in your profile.
From the Assay Curves group, you can create plots and tables for the following properties: Boiling Point Assay Molecular Weight Assay Density Assay User Properties
For each of the options, you can display curves for a single tray or multiple trays. To display a plot or table, make a selection from the list, and click either the View Graph button or the View Table button.
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The figure below is an example of how a Boiling Point Properties plot appears.
Figure 6.33
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The Data Control property view consists of four groups as shown in the figure below.
Figure 6.34
The following table describes each data control option available according to group name.
Group Style Description Select either the Multi Tray or Single Tray radio button. The layout of the Data Control property view differs slightly for each selection. For the Single Tray selection, you must open the dropdown list and select one tray. For the Multi Tray selection, the drop-down list is replaced by a list of all the trays in the column. Each tray has a corresponding checkbox, which you can select to display the tray property on the plot or table. This group is only available if you select the Single Tray radio button, and displays the properties available for the plot or table. You can select properties to appear in the plot of table, by selecting the appropriate checkbox in this group. If Multi Tray radio button has been selected, the group is replaced by a drop-down list. You can only choose one property on the graph or table when displaying multiple trays. Each curve option has its own distinct Properties group. Basis Select molar, mass or liquid volume for the composition basis.
Refer to Chapter 4 HYSYS Oil Manager in the HYSYS Simulation Basis guide for details on boiling point curves.
Properties
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Group Phase
Description Select the checkbox for the flow of each phase that you want displayed. Multiple flows can be shown. If there are not three phases present in the column, the Heavy Liquid checkbox is not available, and thus, the Light Liquid checkbox represents the liquid phase. The radio buttons in the Visible Points group apply to the plots only. Select either the 15 Points or 31 Points option to represent the number of data points which appear for each curve.
Visible Points
The Volume Interchange Curves property view contains a volume interchange plot. The volume interchange plot displays two types of information: Cumulative and Incremental. You can toggle between Cumulative and Incremental by selecting the appropriate radio button in the Volume Interchange group.
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The volume interchange curves on the plot allows you to interpret the amount of material from the feed stream is exiting each product stream. For example, a product curve which starts boiling at 10% and ends the boiling at 30% implies that 20% of the material from the feed stream is allocated to this product curve. The product curve also implies that 10% of the feed stream material has been allocated to the lighter product curves, and 70% of the feed stream material has been allocated to the heavier product curves. The temperature associated to the volume interchange curves indicates the temperature of when the material in a stream curve starts and finishes boiling. The greater the overlap of temperature between the product and feed curve, the better the separation and vice versa.
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An overlap in temperature between two adjacent product curves indicates that some material from the light product stream will enter the heavy product stream and vice versa. This overlap is referred to as "tails".
The degree of imperfect fractionation appears more clearly in the Incremental plot. The overlaps in the plot, as shown in the figure above, indicate the imperfect separation between the two adjacent product streams. The spikes in the product curves are the result of the discrete nature of the HYSYS modeling of crude oil thermodynamics. A crude, which typically has several thousand components, is modelled using only 50 to 80 lumps (where each lump represent a group of components with similar characteristics). This lumping of components causes the spikes in the Increment plot.
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To converge the column based on calibration calculation: 1. Go to the Feeds page and specify the required feed stream information. 2. Go to the Products page and specify the required product stream information. 3. Go to the Energy page and specify the required energy information. 4. Click the Calibrate button at the bottom of the Petroleum Distillation Column property view. 5. After HYSYS has completed the calculations, you can see the results in the following two pages: Tabular Results page displays the calculated results in tabular format. Plotted Results page displays the calculated results in plot format.
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Feeds Page
The Feeds page enables you to calibrate the feed stream entering the Petroleum Column.
Figure 6.38
The following table lists and describes the objects available in the Feeds page:
Object Number of Zones cell Feed Temperature cell Pressure cell Description Displays the number of zones available in the Petroleum Column. Enables you to specify the temperature of the feed stream entering the Petroleum Column. Enables you to specify the pressure for each zone.
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Petroleum Column
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Products Page
The Products page enables you to calibrate the product streams exiting the Petroleum Column.
Figure 6.39
The following table lists and describes the objects available in the Products page:
Object Top Vapour Flow Basis group Zone drop-down list Top Table Temperature column Flow column Composition column Enables you to specify the temperature of each product stream zone. Enables you to specify the flow rate of each product stream. Enables you to select the composition type of each product stream zone. If you select TBP composition, you will have to specify the yield and temperature of the zone in the lower left table. Description Enables you to select the top vapor flow basis by clicking the appropriate radio button. There are two selections to choose from: Molar Wet or Molar Dry. Enables you to select the product stream zone you want to modify.
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Description Contains checkboxes that enable you to toggle between activating or deactivating the option to specify volume fraction for the light ends composition. Selected checkbox indicates you can specify the volume fraction of the light ends for the zone. Clear checkbox indicates you cannot specify the volume fraction of the light ends for the zone. Enables you to specify the percentage yield reference point for the calibration calculation. Enables you to specify the temperature associated to the temperature yield reference point. Enables you to specify the light ends component volume fraction associated to the normal boiling point. For example, if a product stream has a flow rate of 100 m3/hr and the propane flow rate in the product stream is 1 m3/hr. Then the volume fraction of propane is 0.01. The value in the Vol Fraction column is the volume fraction based on the total volume of the entire product stream, and not just the total volume of the light ends.
Bottom Left Table Yield column Temperature column Bottom Right Table Vol Fraction column
NBP column
Energy Page
Energy page enables you to specify the energy flowing in and out of the Petroleum Column for the calibration calculation.
Figure 6.40
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The following table lists and describes the object available in the Energy page:
Object Reboiler Duty column Steam Flow column Steam Pressure column Steam Temperature Description Enables you to specify the reboiler duty for the applicable product stream zone. Enables you to specify the steam flow rate for the applicable product stream zone. Enables you to specify the steam pressure for the applicable product stream zone. Enables you to specify the steam temperature for the applicable product stream zone.
You use copy the values under the Top Index and Bottom Index columns, and use the values to configure the column for the simulation case.
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The following table lists and describes the object available in the Plotted Results page:
Object Plotted Results dropdown list Manual Tuning button Description Enables you to select the product stream zone you want to view in the plot. Available only if the Slope Results radio button is selected. Enables you to manually enter tuning-parameter slope values. Slope Results radio button Plant vs. Calculated radio button Feed Curve radio button Enables you to display the tuning parameter slope values on the plot. Enables you to display the plant data and calculated calibration results data on the plot. Enables you to display the feed curve on the plot. The feed curve is the plotted values of distilled volume percent values from the feed stream with respect to temperature.
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Petroleum Feeder
7-1
7 Petroleum Feeder
7.1 Introduction................................................................................... 2 7.2 Petroleum Feeder Property View ................................................... 2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 Connections Tab....................................................................... 4 Parameters Tab ........................................................................ 5 Worksheet Tab ......................................................................... 6 User Variables Tab .................................................................... 6
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Introduction
7.1 Introduction
The Petroleum Feeder is a logical unit operation that allows flexibility over how the crude proportions are defined and allows you to mix petroleum assays from the Basis Environment with assays from other streams in the flowsheet. In addition, you can setup feeds as blends and/or cuts of petroleum assays. Streams can also be setup to represent spiked or partial crudes.
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There are three common objects at the bottom of the Feeder property view, the following table describes these objects:
Object Delete button Status bar Description Allows you to delete the operation. Displays the current status of the operation (for example, missing information or errors encountered during calculation). Allows you to ignore the operation during calculations. When the checkbox is selected, HYSYS completely disregards the operation (and cannot calculate the outlet stream) until you clear the checkbox.
Ignored checkbox
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Connections Page
On the Connections page, you can specify the assays, feed streams, and product stream attached to the Petroleum Feeder. You can change the name of the operation in the Name field, and the fluid package associated to the operation in the Fluid Package drop-down list.
Figure 7.2
Notes Page
For more information refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or the simulation case in general.
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Parameters Page
The Parameters page contains a drop-down list and one or two table depending on your selection of feed type entering the Petroleum Feeder.
Figure 7.3
The Balance Type drop-down list allows you to select the unit basis for the specified values. There are three types of unit for you to choose from mole, mass, and volume.
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The table in the Flow Ratio and Boiling Range group contains the following:
Column First column Ratio Description Displays the names of the assays and feed streams connected to the Petroleum Feeder. You can specify the flow ratio of the petroleum assay(s) and stream assay(s) that makes up the petroleum feeder product stream. For example, if you selected Mole as the unit basis of the flow ratio, and you specify the Arab assay to have a ratio of 0.25. Then 25% of the product stream's mole composition is from the Arab assay. The sum values under the Ratio column must equal 1. IBP You can specify a different initial boiling point temperature for the Petroleum Feeder blending calculation. You cannot specify values lower than the HYSYS default temperature. The default values of the IBP and FBP are the boiling temperature of the lightest and heaviest components in the component list, respectively. These are not the initial and final points of the TBP curve of the assay. FBP You can specify a different final boiling point temperature for the Petroleum Feeder blending calculation. You cannot specify values higher than the HYSYS default temperature.
The Worksheet tab contains a summary of the information contained in the stream property view for all the streams attached to the Petroleum Feeder.
You must specify the temperature, pressure, and flow rate of the product stream exiting the Petroleum Feeder. You can specify these values in the Worksheet tab or the product streams property view.
The User Variables tab contains the User Vars page. This page allows you to create and implement variables in the HYSYS simulation case.
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Introduction
8.1 Introduction
If you do not have the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining license, you cannot add a Petroleum Yield Shift Reactor.
The Petroleum Yield Shift reactor unit operation supports efficient modeling of reactors by using data tables to perform shift calculations. The operation can be used for complex reactors where no analytical model is available, or where models that are too computationally expensive.
8.1.1 Theory
Shift reactor models are empirical models representing the response of the output of a reactor to changes in its operating conditions. These models are not based upon the underlying scientific theory for the reactor, or upon the chemistry of the reaction, but simply upon an observation of how the output responds to certain stimuli. The models are generally linear and are only applicable within a fairly tight range of a particular base condition. The petroleum yield shift unit operation calculates the flow rates of a defined set of product streams based upon the difference between the current value of an independent variable and a supplied base value. Dependent variables other than the flow rates can also be specified. The following general equations are used for the calculation of a dependent variable yk:
y k 0 dyk ,j = ------- ( x j x j ) x j
0
(8.1)
yk = yk +
j=0
dyk ,j
(8.2)
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where: dyk,j = shift for dependent variable yk with respect to independent variable xj y k = base value for dependent variable yk at base conditions of the independent variables x0 y ----- = rate of change of dependent variable yk with respect to x unit change in independent variable xj xj = current value of independent variable
0
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There are three common objects at the bottom of the Petroleum Yield Shift Reactor property view, the following table describes these objects:
Object Delete button Status bar Description Lets you delete the operation. Displays the current status of the operation (for example, missing information or errors encountered during calculation). Lets you ignore the operation during calculations. When the checkbox is selected, HYSYS disregards the operation (and cannot calculate the outlet stream) until you clear the checkbox.
Ignored checkbox
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Connections Page
The Connections page (Figure 8.1) lets you configure the material and energy streams flowing in and out of the reactor. The following table describes the objects in the Connections page:
Object Name field Fluid Pkg field Main Feed field Description Modify the name of the reactor. Select the fluid package associated with the reactor. Specify or select the main petroleum feed flowing into the reactor. This stream is split into the cuts specified in the Cuts table. Connect or create an energy stream if one is required for the operation. Specify or select additional feed streams to the reactor. The total flow rate of the product streams is determined from the sum of all feed streams into the reactor. Specify or select the product streams to associate with the cuts of the main feed. Specify or select a product stream to associate with the highest boiling cut of the main feed. Specify or select product streams that are not cuts of the main petroleum feed.
Energy Stream field (optional) Supplementary Feeds table (optional) Cuts table Bottom cut Supplementary Products table (optional)
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The parameters are optional and you do not have to supply any parameter information to get the reactor to solve.
The following table lists and describes the options available in the Model Data page:
Object Icons Panel Description Green Plus - add a HySYS defined variable as an independent parameter. Yellow folder - edit an independent parameter. Red X - delete an independent parameter. Grey Stacks - add an independent parameter not defined in HySYS - e.g. age of catalyst. Base Yield Flow Rates Column. Specify the base yield flow rates, i.e. product flow rates either when there are no independent variables defined in the model, or if they are defined but are at their base values. All other columns in the table. The values in the columns (except the first cell) define the rate at which the yield flow rates change with respect to the changes in the independent variable. Base values of the independent variables. Choose to specify the yield flow rates either on a flow rate basis or on a feed flow fraction basis.
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The User Variables page lets you create and implement variables in the HYSYS simulation case.
Notes Page
Use the Notes tab record any comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or the simulation case in general.
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Assay Properties Selection group Assay properties to be modified can be selected using the options in the Assay Properties Selection table. The table lists the available product streams. Clicking in a cell in a column lets you select an assay property that you want to manipulate for that stream. Assay Properties Definition group The Assay Properties Definition group lets you select the assay property for a stream and specify its base value.
Description Select the cut stream containing the assay property that you want to manipulate. Select the assay property for which you want to specify a base value. Only properties selected for the cut stream in the Assay Properties Selection table are available. Specify the base value for the assay property. This is the value of property that the reactor would produce at the condition represented by the base values of the independent variables.
Base Value
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Description Toggle between using or ignoring the assay property values from the feed stream. Open a drop-down list and select the assay property values from a petroleum assay.
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The following table lists and describes the options available in the TBP Curves page:
Object Use TBP Curve to Calculate Stream Composition checkbox Stream drop-down list Volumetric Yield column Description Toggle between activating or ignoring the modified variable for the product stream composition. Select the product stream associated to the available TBP curve data. Specify the volume percent yield associated to the specified temperature for the product stream. Specify the TBP associated with the volumetric yield. Add a volumetric yield between 0% and 100% and corresponding TBP data to the table. Remove a selected volumetric yield and corresponding TBP data from the table. You cannot remove the default data set of 0% and 100%.
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The Worksheet tab contains a summary of the information contained in the stream property view for all the streams attached to the Petroleum Yield Shift Reactor.
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Product Blender
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9 Product Blender
9.1 Introduction................................................................................... 2 9.2 Theory ........................................................................................... 3 9.2.1 Simulation Calculation Mode ...................................................... 3 9.2.2 Optimization Calculation Mode ................................................... 3 9.3 Product Blender Property View ...................................................... 5 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 Connections Tab....................................................................... 7 Parameters Tab ........................................................................ 8 Optimization Tab .................................................................... 10 Worksheet Tab ....................................................................... 26 User Variables Tab .................................................................. 26
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Introduction
9.1 Introduction
The Product Blender allows you to mix several streams together, and calculate a blended property value or optimize the properties in the product stream by back calculation and determine the optimum mix ratios for the inlet streams. This unit operation is like a black box consisting of splitters and mixers. Each inlet stream enters a Tee or splitter, which splits the stream based on the specified flow ratio. Then the split streams enter the appropriate mixer. Each mixer represents the blended product stream. The Product Blender also has a surplus stream that is used to maintain mass balance in the unit operation system. For example, consider the figure below of a Product Blender with three inlet streams, two product streams, and one surplus stream.
Figure 9.1
Product streams E and D are a mixture of inlet streams C, B, and A as indicated by the colored lines. The surplus stream provides an exit flow for left over fluid from the inlet streams, as shown in the above figure for inlet streams A, C, and B.
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9.2 Theory
The Product Blender has two different calculation mode to determine the flow rate in the product streams: Simulation and Optimization.
The characteristics of the product and surplus streams are based on the specified flow ratio from the inlet streams and the automatic pressure assignment option.
The Hyprotech SQP is a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm incorporating an L1-merit function and a BFGS approximation to the Hessian of the Lagrangian. The algorithm features step size restriction, decision variable and objective function scaling, a basic watchdog method, and a problemindependent and scale-independent relative convergence test. The algorithm also ensures that the model is evaluated only at points feasible with respect to the variable bounds.
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Theory
The cutter is added to reduce the calculation time required during the PFD calculation process. If all the operations and streams in the PFD need to be recalculated every time the optimizer generates a possible solution, then the entire calculation would take too long or lose required information for the entire PFD to solve. So HYSYS place a cutter that will temporary separate the Product Blender from the rest of the PFD during the optimization calculation. When the optimum value is found, the value is propagated back into the PFD. The stream cutter is also inactive only during the optimization calculation process in the Product Blender. Before and after the
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Product Blender
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calculation process, the stream cutter is active and allows information from the Product Blenders output streams to flow to the rest of the process flowsheet diagram.
The stream cutter is only placed when there is an operation downstream to the Product Blender (in other words, an operation connected to the outlet streams of the Product Blender).
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There are four common objects at the bottom of the Product Blender property view, the following table describes these objects:
Object Status bar Description Displays the current status of the operation (for example, missing information or errors encountered during calculation). Allows you to delete the operation. Allows you to toggle between simulation and optimization calculation modes. If you select the optimization mode without first adding any variables (optimization variable, process constraints, or objective functions), HYSYS will auto generate derivatives and optimizer for optimum product flow rate with inlet stream flow ratios as the optimization variables. If you select the optimization mode after adding any variables (optimization variable, process constraints, or objective functions), HYSYS will keep the previous variable values. Ignored checkbox Allows you to ignore the operation during calculations. When the checkbox is selected, HYSYS completely disregards the operation (and cannot calculate the outlet stream) until you clear the checkbox.
Delete button Refer to Section 9.2 Theory for more information. Calculation Mode dropdown list
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Connections Page
On the Connections page, you can specify the feed and product streams attached to the Product Blender. You can change the name of the operation in the Name field, and the fluid package associated to the operation in the Fluid Package drop-down list.
Figure 9.4
Notes Page
For more information refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor where you can record any comments or information regarding the specific unit operation or the simulation case in general.
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Parameters Page
Figure 9.5
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If 50% of stream A is entering stream C and 25% of stream A is entering stream D. Type 0.50 in the cell along row A and under column C, and type 0.25 in the cell along row A and under column D. HYSYS automatically calculates the amount of stream ratio left for stream A, which is 25%, and sends the amount to the Surplus stream.
The values in the rows of the Flow Ratio table represent split ratios of the inlet streams, so the sum of values along each row must equal 1.
If you are uncertain of which pressure assignment to use, choose Set Outlet to Lowest Inlet.
Only use Equalize All if you are completely sure that all the attached streams should have the same pressure.
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You must be in Optimization calculation mode, in order to apply any of the options in the Optimization tab.
The Optimization tab contains a tree browser that lets you access the following pages: Variables Configuration Page. This page allows you to modify initial values of the optimization variables used in the optimization calculation. Variables Inputs Page. This page allows you to configure the optimization variables in the optimization calculation. Variables Results Page. This page displays the calculated results of the optimization variables from the optimization calculation. Constraints Configuration Page. This page allows you to modify the initial values of the constraints in the optimization calculation. Constraints Inputs Page. This page allows you to configure the constraints in the optimization calculation. Constraints Results Page. This page displays the calculated results of the constraints from the optimization calculation. Objectives Page. This page allows you to configure the goals of the optimization calculation. Optimizer Configuration Page. This page allows you to configure the calculation process of the optimization calculation. Optimizer Results Page. This page displays the results of the calculation process from the optimization calculation.
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The following table describes the four common objects at the bottom of the Optimization tab:
Object Create Derivative Util button Description Allows you to add derivative utilities or generate default derivative utilities. The default utilities are: The flow ratios between the inlet and product streams for the optimization variables. The flow ratios between the inlet and surplus streams for the process constraints. The actual volume flow rates of the product streams for the objective functions. Refer to Chapter 14 Utilities in the HYSYS Operations Guide for more information on the Derivative Utility property view. Refer to Chapter 7 Optimizer Operation in the HYSYS Operations Guide for more information on the Optimizer property view. View Derivative Utility button Allows you to access the Derivative Utility property view. The Derivative Utility property view contains detailed information and option on the variables and constraints. Allows you to create an optimizer with default optimizer parameter settings. Allows you to access the Optimizer property view. The Optimizer property view contains detailed information and options on the optimizer configuration. Allows you to add optimization variables, constraints, or objectives for the optimization calculation. The type of optimizer parameters you can add, depends on what is selected in the drop-down list. Types of Parameters drop-down list Allows you to select the type of optimizer parameter to add to the optimization calculation. You have three choices: optimization variable, constraint, or objective.
Add button
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To access the Variables Configuration page, expand the Variables branch in the tree browser and select Config.
To expand a tree browser, click the Plus icon tree browser, click the Minus icon . . To shrink a
The table in the Variables Configuration page contains the following information:
Column Opt Variable Description Allows you to change the name of the optimization variable. You can access the Optimization Object Property View of the variable by double-clicking on the variable name. Hooked Object Hooked Property Displays the object associated to the optimization variable. Displays the property associated to the optimization variable.
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Product Blender
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Description Allows you to change the current optimization variable value. Allows you to toggle between using or ignoring the optimization variable during optimization calculation. A selected checkbox indicates the variable is being used in the calculation.
To remove a optimization variable, select the variable under the Opt Variable column and press DELETE.
To access the Variables Inputs page, expand the Variables branch in the tree browser and select Inputs.
To expand a tree browser, click the Plus icon tree browser, click the Minus icon . . To shrink a
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The table in the Variables Inputs page contains the following information:
Column Minimum Description Allows you to specify the lower bound property for the variable during the optimization process. This value might be different from its global minimum, if the change in the variable is restricted to its allowed amount, set by the maximum rate of change, during the period in the optimization process. Current Value Maximum Allows you to specify the current variable value before optimization calculation. Allows you to specify the upper bound property for the variable during the optimization process. This value might be different from its global maximum, if the change in the variable is restricted to its allowed amount, set by the maximum rate of change, during the period in the optimization process. Range Allows you to specify an alternative for the span. The purpose of the range is to scale the gradients of the cost function and constraints, to give similar gradient magnitude for each variable. The gradients of the objective function (and constraints) vary inversely with the variable ranges. Global Min. Global Max. Allows you to specify the absolute minimum value for which the variable is operated. Allows you to specify the absolute maximum value for which the variable is operated.
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Product Blender
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To access the Variables Results page, expand the Variables branch in the tree browser and select Results.
To expand a tree browser, click the Plus icon tree browser, click the Minus icon . . To shrink a
The table in the Variables Results page contains the following information:
Column Start Value Current Value Description Displays the initial value of the variable before optimization calculation. Allows you to specify the current variable value before optimization calculation.
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Column Status
Description Displays the current status of the variable, which is calculated by the Optimizer. Unlike constraints, opt. variables are not allowed to move out of their bounds. The Status property is set to one of: Not Evaluated. Status of the variable is not evaluated by the Optimizer. Inactive. Variable Output property lies between the Minimum and Maximum properties, but not on one of the bounds. Equality. Maximum and minimum properties of the variable, Minimum and Maximum, are equal, and the Output property has the same value as well. Active Low. Variable Output property value is equal to that of the Minimum. Active High. Variable Output property value is equal to that of the Maximum. Displays the shadow price (Lagrange multiplier) for the given opt. variable, calculated by the Optimizer. The shadow price is used to estimate the effect which small changes to variable bounds have on the plant cost function. Displays the difference between the Global Minimum and Global Maximum values for the variable and is calculated by the variable set-up. The role of the span is to convert every variable into the range (0, 1), to use uniform numerical perturbations and convergence tests.
Price
Span
Output
Displays the current value of the variable in the plant model. The output value is determined by the optimizer during the optimization process.
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To access the Constraints Configuration page, expand the Constraints branch in the tree browser and select Config.
To expand a tree browser, click the Plus icon tree browser, click the Minus icon . . To shrink a
The table in the Constraints Configuration page contains the following information:
Column Constraints Description Allows you to change the name of the constraint variable. You can access the Optimization Object Property View of the constraint by double-clicking on the variable name. Hooked Object Hooked Property Displays the object associated to the constraint. Displays the property associated to the constraint.
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Description Displays the current value of the constraint. Allows you to toggle between using or ignoring the constraint variable during optimization calculation. A selected checkbox indicates the constraint is being used in the calculation.
To remove a constraint, select the constraint under the Constraint column and press DELETE.
To access the Constraints Inputs page, expand the Constraints branch in the tree browser and select Inputs.
To expand a tree browser, click the Plus icon tree browser, click the Minus icon . . To shrink a
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The table in the Constraints Inputs page contains the following information:
Column Minimum Current Value Maximum Scale Description Allows you to specify the lower bound of the constraint value. Displays the current constraint value. Allows you to specify the upper bound of the constraint value. Allows you to specify the number scale on which the feasibility of the constraint is measured. This property is used in conjunction with the Optimizer Zeta property, which is a relative feasibility tolerance. In general, a constraint is said to be feasible if:
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To access the Constraints Results page, expand the Constraints branch in the tree browser and select Results.
To expand a tree browser, click the Plus icon tree browser, click the Minus icon . . To shrink a
The table in the Constraints Results page contains the following information:
Column Current Value Status Description Displays the current value of the constraint. Displays the current status of the constraint, which is calculated by the Optimizer. The Status property is set to one of the following: Not Evaluated. The status of the constraint has not been evaluated by the Optimizer. Inactive. The constraint current property lies between the Minimum and Maximum properties, but is neither Active High nor Active Low. Violated Low. The constraint current property is less than Minimum Scale x Zeta, where Scale is the constraint Scale property and Zeta is the Optimizer Zeta tolerance property. Violated High. The current property is greater than Maximum + Scale x Zeta. Active Low. The constraint current property is less than Minimum + Scale x Zeta, but greater than Minimum - Scale x Zeta. Active High. Constraint current property is greater than Maximum Scale x Zeta, but less than Maximum + Scale x Zeta.
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Product Blender
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Column Normalization
Description When the Jacobian matrix is first calculated (first pass evaluation) the Normalization property for the constraint is set to be the largest Jacobian entry in the row (Sparse Row) of the Jacobian matrix corresponding to this constraint. This number is used to normalize the rest of the given Jacobian row, for all remaining Optimizer search steps (in other words, it is not recalculated). When calculating the gradient of a given constraint with respect to each variable, the internal scaled variable is perturbed away from the current point by adding the number specified in the Optimizer Perturbation property. The new value of the constraint is found corresponding to the new variable value, and the change in constraint, divided by the change in the variable, is the corresponding Jacobian element. The constraint Base property stores the pre-perturbation value of the constraint. Under certain circumstances, however, the Base property itself can change during the Jacobian calculation. This is due to the fact that removing a perturbation from a perturbed variable, and re-running the plant model, will not reproduce the previous Base property within the constraint Current property; this is due to noise in the model arising from non-zero convergence tolerances (in other words, the de-perturbed constraint Current differs slightly from the pre-perturbed Current). Therefore, under certain circumstances (when the Pert_Reset flag property of the Optimizer is checked) the Optimizer will remove the perturbation from the variable, rerun the plant model, and then re-set the Base property of the constraint to match the re-calculated Current property. This eliminates associated noise from the Jacobian matrix.
Base Value
Price
Displays the shadow price (Lagrange multiplier) for the given constraint, calculated by the Optimizer. If a feasible solution is found by the Optimizer, then a simple interpretation of the Lagrange multiplier is that it gives the gradient of the cost function along the corresponding constraint normal. Thus, the shadow price indicates the approximate change to the objective function when increasing (in other words, relaxing) the given active bound by a unit amount.
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Objectives Page
The Objectives page allows you to specify the name and price of the objectives. The objectives are the goals you specified for the optimization calculation.
Figure 9.13
To access the Objectives page, select Objectives branch from the tree browser. The table in the Objectives page contains the following information:
Column Objective Description Allows you to change the name of the objective. You can access the Optimization Object Property View of the objective by double-clicking on the variable name. Hooked Object Hooked Prop Current Value Weighted Value Price Displays the object associated to the objective. Displays the property associated to the objective. Displays the current value of the objective. Displays the difference between the previous objective value and the new optimized objective value. Allows you to specify the price value. The objective function value is calculated using the following equation and price value:
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To remove an objective, select the objective under the Objective column and press DELETE.
To access the Optimizer Configuration page, expand the Optimizer branch in the tree browser and select Config.
To expand a tree browser, click the Plus icon tree browser, click the Minus icon . . To shrink a
The following table describes the objects in the Optimizer Configuration page:
Object Maximum Iteration field Description Allows you to specify the maximum number of major iterations. A major iteration consists of a sequence of minor iterations that minimize a linearly constrained sub-problem. Allows you to scale the objective function. Positive values are used as-is, negative values use the factor abs(scale*F) (where F is the initial objective function value) and a value of 0.0 a factor is generated automatically.
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Object Gradient Calculation Method dropdown list Diagnostic Print Level drop-down list Accuracy Tolerance field
Description Allows you to select one-sided (forward) or two-sided (central) differences for gradient calculations. In both cases, the perturbation size used for the Optimizer internal variables is given by the Perturbation property. Allows you to select the amount of information to include in the Optimizer diagnostic file. A relative accuracy tolerance used in the test for convergence. The following convergence test is used,
ConvergenceSum = F ( x ) d +
j=1
uj Cj ( x )
The ConvergenceSum is a weighted sum of possible objective function improvement and constraint violations, and has the same units as the objective function. This allows the same tolerance parameter to be used for different problems, and makes the convergence test independent of objective function scaling. Step Restriction field A line search step-size restriction factor used during the first 3 iterations. Values greater than 1.0 result in no step restriction. Set the factor to 1.0, 10-1, 10-2, etc. to impose larger restrictions. The change in size of the scaled variables is used in gradient evaluation. Individual variables are scaled according to the variable Minimum and Maximum properties (or the Range property if the Fix Variable Spans property checkbox is selected). If the Optimizer algorithm is set to MDC_SQP / MDC_SLP, this parameter gives the maximum number of Optimizer iterations allowed to find the first feasible solution. If the Optimizer algorithm is set to NAG_SQP, this parameter gives the maximum number of minor iterations. A minor iteration in this case represents a sequence of local improvements to the linearized problem within a major iteration.
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The following table describes the display fields in the Optimizer Results page:
Field Starting Objective Value Final Objective Value Termination Reason Feasible Point Iterations Solution Phase Description Displays the starting objective function value before optimization calculation. Displays the current objective function value as calculated by the Optimizer. Displays the termination status of the Optimizer. Values include Running, Step convergence, Unbounded, Impossible, Not run, and Stopped. Displays the number of minor iterations since the last major iteration. Displays the current phase of the Optimizer algorithm. Values include Initialize, Setup, OPT Deriv, OPT Search, and Results. Reports the number of gradient evaluations performed during the course of the optimization. Displays the number of major iterations. Reports the number of model evaluations performed during the course of the optimization. The version of Optimizer. Reports the time taken to solve the optimization problem.
Gradient Evaluations Actual Optimizer Model Evaluations Code Version Total CPU Time
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The Optimization Object property view contains the following three tabs: Connection tab. Displays the connections of the optimization object to the flowsheet Object name. Properties tab. Displays the properties of the optimization object. Transfer tab. Displays the transfer options/flags of the optimization object.
The Worksheet tab contains a summary of the information contained in the stream property view for all the streams attached to the operation.
The User Variables tab contains the User Vars page. This page allows you to create and implement variables in the HYSYS simulation case.
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10.3 Petroleum Assay Utility.............................................................. 23 10.3.1 Design Tab .......................................................................... 25 10.3.2 Results Tab .......................................................................... 28 10.3.3 Dynamics Tab ...................................................................... 30 10.4 Swing Cut Utility ........................................................................ 32 10.4.1 10.4.2 10.4.3 10.4.4 Specification Tab .................................................................. 34 Light Ends Tab ..................................................................... 36 Assay Table Tab.................................................................... 37 PIMS Format Tab .................................................................. 39
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Introduction
10.1 Introduction
The utility commands are a set of tools, which interact with a process by providing additional information or analysis of streams or operations. Similar to the HYSYS utilities, the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining utilities become a permanent part of the Flowsheet and are calculated automatically when appropriate. They can also be used as target objects for Adjust operations. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining utilities can be added through the Available Utilities property view or the Utilities page on the Attachments tab of a stream's property view.
Figure 10.1
A utility added through either route is automatically updated in the other location. For example, if you attach an Envelope utility to a stream using the Available Utilities property view, the Envelope utility automatically appears on the Utilities page of the Attachments tab in the property view of the stream to which it was attached.
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The following table lists and describes each button located at the bottom of the Delta Base property view:
Button Delete Tear Description Deletes the Delta Base utility. HYSYS request for confirmation before deleting the utility. Places material stream cutters for all streams entering and exiting the scope objects that are connected to objects outside the scope. Removes all the material stream cutters created by the Tear option.
UnTear
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Button Isolate
Description Disables the transition of variables across the cutters for all stream cutters placed by the Tear option. After clicking Isolate, if you close the Delta Base utility without clicking Propagate, the cutters will be left in nontransitional state. So any changes made in the flowsheet will not be transferred into or out of the scoped objects.
Propagate
Enables the transition of variables across the cutters for all stream cutters placed by the Tear option. Value changes in the flowsheet are able to propagate through the scope objects and to the entire process flow diagram.
Close
The table layout of the Derivative Analysis tab is similar to the Excel spread sheet layout from the PIMS program.
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Figure 10.3
The following table lists and describes the objects available in the Derivative Analysis tab:
Object Name field Scope Objects button Description Allows you to change the name of the Delta Base utility. Allows you to scope objects to be included in the Delta Base utility by opening the Target Objects Property View. Allows you to add independent variables by opening the Select Variable Property View. Allows you to add dependent variables by opening the Select Variable Property View. Contains the tag name, unit type, perturbation value, and proxy variable toggle of the independent variables. The unit type selected for the independent variable is the unit that will be used to calculate the derivative value. Middle left table Contains the tag name, description, unit type, and base value of the dependent variables.
Add Independent Variable button Add Dependent Variable button Top right table
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Description Contains the derivative value for the dependent variables with respect to the independent variables. For example, the derivative value for independent variable X and dependent variable Y, is located in the intersecting cell of column X and row Y.
Contains the tag name, description, unit type, and base value of the independent variable. Allows you to stop the solver, cancelling the calculation of derivatives or the refreshing of dependent variable values. Allows you to start the calculation to generate derivative values based on the independent variable perturbation. Allows you to export the generated derivative values to a *.cvs file. This file can be imported into the PIMS program.
The unit selected for the independent variable is the unit that will be used to calculate the derivative value.
4. In the top right table, change the independent variable's name by selecting and typing the new name in the appropriate cell in the Tag row.
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5. Specify the absolute value by which you want the variable to be changed, the perturbation value, by typing the value in the appropriate cell in the Pert row. The value entered will have the units selected in the Units cell. 6. In the bottom left table, change the independent variable's description by selecting and typing the new description in the appropriate cell under the Desc column. 7. Specify a tag for the row containing the independent variable by selecting and typing a name in the appropriate cell under the Tag column. This name will be exported as the tag for the 'balance row' in the PIMS model. 8. You can change the base variable value by selecting and typing the new value in the appropriate cell under the Base column. The value entered will have the units selected in the Units cell.
4. (Optional) You can modify the selected independent variable by double-clicking the Independent Variable field and following the Select the Variable procedure. 5. Select the proxy variable by double-clicking on the Proxy Variable field and following the Select the Variable procedure.
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6. Specify the units, base value, and perturbation value for the proxy variable in the appropriate field. 7. Click the Close icon property view. to close the Independent Var
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The table layout of the Variables tab is the standard HYSYS layout.
The following table lists and describes the objects available in the Variables tab:
Object Name field Scope Objects button Description Allows you to change the name of the Delta Base utility. Allows you to scope objects to be included in the Delta Base utility by opening the Target Objects Property View. Allows you to add independent variables by opening the Select Variable Property View.
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Description Allows you to edit the selected independent variables by opening the Select Variable Property View. Allows you to remove the selected independent or proxy variables from the Delta Base utility. When you delete a proxy variable, HYSYS automatically deletes the independent variable associated to the proxy variable.
Delete button
Allows you to set all independent and proxy variables to the current values in the flowsheet. Contains the tag name, description, unit type, base value, current value, perturbation value, and proxy toggle checkbox of the independent variables. The unit type selected for the independent variable is the unit that will be used to calculate the derivative value.
Dependent Variable group Insert button Edit button Allows you to add dependent variables by opening the Select Variable Property View. Allows you to edit the selected dependent variables by opening the Select Variable Property View. Allows you to remove the selected dependent variables from the Delta Base utility. Allows you to set all dependent variables to the values corresponding to the base values for the independent variables. Allows you to stop the solver, cancelling the refreshing of dependent variable values or the calculation of derivatives. Contains the tag name, description, unit type, base value, and current value of the dependent variables.
Cancel button
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The description of the selected independent variable appears in the table. 5. Change the variable's name by typing the new name in the appropriate cell under the Tag column. 6. Change the independent variable's description by selecting and typing the new description in the appropriate cell under the Description column. 7. Use the drop-down list in the appropriate cell under the Units column to select and view the variable values in different units. 8. Change the base variable value by selecting and typing the new value in the appropriate cell under the Base column. The value entered will have the units selected in the Units column. The current value of the variable in the flowsheet is displayed in the appropriate cell under the Current column. 9. Specify the absolute perturbation value by typing the new value in the appropriate cell under the Pert column. The value entered will have the units selected in the Units column. 10. (Optional) If a proxy variable is required to vary the independent variable, select the checkbox in the appropriate cell under the Pert column.
Information about the proxy variable appears in a row below the associated independent variable.
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You can also access the Select proxy variable for property view by double-clicking any of the cells in the row containing the proxy variable. 3. Select the proxy variable by following the Select the Variable procedure. 4. Specify the units, base value, and perturbation value for the proxy variable directly in the row containing the proxy variable. 5. (Optional) Change the independent variable associated with the proxy variable. Select any cell in the row containing the proxy variable, and double-click in the cell or click the Edit button. 6. (Optional) Change the name of the independent and proxy variables by typing a new name in the appropriate cell.
Proxy variables that are not connected to a variable will display no var in the Proxy Variable field. The Description for proxy variables is not modifiable and indicates which independent variable is associated to the proxy variable.
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The following table lists and describes each object in the Select Variable property view:
Object Flowsheet list Object list Variable list Variable Specifics list Variable Description field OK button Description Allows you to select a flowsheet from a list of all available flow sheets in the simulation. Allows you to select an object from the list of all objects available from the selected flowsheet. Allows you to select the variable from the list of all variables available from the selected object. Allows you to select a specific variable qualification from the list of all specifics from the selected variable. Allows you to type in a description for the selected variable. Allows you to add the selected variable to the Delta Base utility.
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Description Allows you to filter the list of objects available for the variable selection. There are seven filter options: All. Makes all the objects in the selected flowsheet available. Streams. Makes only streams in the selected flowsheet available. UnitOps. Makes only unit operations in the selected flowsheet available. Logicals. Makes only logical operations in the selected flowsheet available. Utilities. Makes only utility operations in the selected flowsheet available. ColumnOps. Makes only objects in the selected column environment available. Custom. Makes only the objects from the customized filter available. Allows you to configure the customized filter option, by accessing the Select Type property view and setting the type of objects to be included in the filter. Allows you to remove the selected variable from the Delta Base utility. Allows you to exit the Select Variable property view without saving any changes.
Custom button
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To disconnect a variable from an object, click the Disconnect button. The Variable Navigator remains open, allowing you to make a new variable selection.
The following table lists and describes in the objects in the Target Objects property view:
Object FlowSheets group Object Filter group Description Allows you to select a flowsheet from a list of top-level and sub-level flowsheets available to the Delta Base utility. Allows you to filter the list of objects available for scoping into the Delta Base utility. There are five filter options: All. Makes all the objects in the selected flowsheet available. Streams. Makes only streams in the selected flowsheet available. UnitOps. Makes only unit operations in the selected flowsheet available. Logicals. Makes only logical operations in the selected flowsheet available. FlowSheet Wide. Makes the entire selected flowsheet available.
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Description Allows you to select the operations you want to scope into the Delta Base utility. The name of the right group in the Objects Available group varies depending on the option selected in the Object Filter group. Allows you to move the selected objects from the Objects Available group to the Scope Objects group. Allows you to remove the selected objects from the Scope Objects group. Displays the objects you have selected to scope into the Delta Base utility. Allows you to include the selected scope objects into the Delta Base utility, and close the Target Objects property view. Allows you to close the Target Objects property view, without accepting any changes made in the property view.
>>>>>> button <<<<<< button Scope Objects group Accept List button Cancel Changes button
Scoping Objects
To scope objects for the Delta Base utility: 1. Open the Delta Base utility property view. 2. Go to the Derivative Analysis tab. 3. Click the Scope Objects button. The Target Objects property view appears. 4. In the FlowSheets group, select the flow sheet that contains the object you want to scope. 5. In the available objects group (list on left side), select the objects you want to consider in the Delta Base utility. 6. Click the >>>>>> button to move the selected objects into the Scope Objects group. 7. Click the Accept List button to scope the selected unit operations and exit the Target Objects property view.
Changing the scope in the Target Objects property view will automatically remove variables (that are no longer attached to the objects in the Scope Objects list) from the Delta Base utility.
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The derivative values are displayed in the middle table with respect to the independent variable columns.
Figure 10.9
The derivatives are displayed in the delta units of the dependent variable with respect to the delta units of the independent variable. Selecting different units will display the derivatives in the new unit set, but the values are only valid at the base values of the independent variables in the unit sets at which the analysis was performed.
Click the Cancel Solve button, if you want to stop the derivative calculations. 7. (Optional) Click the Propagate button to deactivate the stream cutters. This allows changes in the flowsheet to propagate through the scope objects to the entire process flow diagram, but may cause independent variables to become un-modifiable.
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(10.1)
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The Petroleum Assay utility, which is used in conjunction with characterized assays from the Petroleum Assay, allows you to obtain the results of a laboratory style analysis for your simulation streams. Simulated distillation data including TBP, ASTM D86, D2887, D1160(Vac), and D1160(Atm), as well as petroleum properties for each cut point are calculated. The data can be viewed in a tabular format or graphically. The object for the analysis can be a material stream, a stream phase in any stage of a tray section, a stream phase in a separator, a stream phase in a condenser, or a stream phase in a reboiler.
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Figure 10.10
To ignore this utility during calculations, select the Ignored checkbox on the utilitys property view. HYSYS disregards the utility entirely until you restore it to an active state by clearing the checkbox.
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Connections Page
On the Connections page, you can select the parameters for the Petroleum Assay utility.
Figure 10.11
To set the Petroleum Assay utility parameters: 1. On the Connections page of the Design tab, change the Name of the utility, if desired. 2. From the Object Type drop-down list, select the object type you want. The options are Stream, Tray Section, Separator, Condenser, or Reboiler. For a tray section, the petroleum assay properties can be accessed on the Profiles tab of the Column Runner.
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3. Click the Select Object button, the Select (object type) property view appears.
Figure 10.12
The title of the Select (object type) property view depends on the object type you selected. For example, if you select the condenser, the Select Condenser property view appears. 4. Choose the appropriate object from the Object list, and click the OK button to add the selected object to the utility. The Object list can be filtered by selecting one of the radio buttons in the Object Filter group. 5. For all object types except the Stream selection, from the Phase drop-down list you can select the phase for the analysis as either Vapour or Liquid. 6. If the Object Type which you have selected is a Tray Section, from the Stage drop-down list select a stage.
Notes Page
For more information refer to Section 1.2.3 Notes Page/Tab.
The Notes page provides a text editor, where you can record any comments or information regarding the utility, or to your simulation case in general.
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Simulated distillation profiles are provided for the following assay types: TBP ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM D86 D2887 D1160 (Vac.) D1160 (Atm.)
The ASTM D86 boiling point curve corresponds to the true boiling points of the oil, which assumes no cracking has occurred.
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When the oil is characterized by a ASTM D86 distillation assay with no cracking option, the ASTM D86 boiling point curve corresponds to raw lab data, with no cracking correction applied. When the oil is characterized by a ASTM D86 distillation assay with cracking option, the ASTM D86 boiling point curve corresponds to the assay input data.
Properties Page
The Properties page displays the petroleum assay properties.
Figure 10.14
Plots Page
The Plots page displays the plots of the boiling point curves, molecular weight, standard liquid density, and the petroleum properties in graphical form. Examine the plot of your choice by making a selection from the Property drop-down list.
Refer to Section 10.4 Graph Control in the HYSYS User Guide for details concerning the customization of plots.
You can customize a plot by right-clicking in the plot area, and selecting Graph Control from the object inspect menu.
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The Control Period field is used to specify the frequency that the utility is calculated. A value of 10 indicates that the utility be recalculated every 10th pressure flow step. This can help speed up your dynamic simulation since utilities can require some time to calculate. The Use Default Periods checkbox allows you to set the control period of one utility to equal the control period of any other utilities that you have in the simulation. For example, if you have five utilities, and require them all to have a control period of 5 and currently the value is 8, with this checkbox selected if you change the value in one utility all the other utilities change. Alternatively, if you want all the utilities to have different values you would clear this checkbox. The Enable in Dynamics checkbox is used to activate this feature for use in Dynamic mode.
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1. Open the Swing Cut Utility property view. 2. Scope the appropriate objects. 3. Select the light end components for the Swing Cut calculation. 4. Select the assay properties for the Swing Cut calculation. 5. Specify a tag name in the Crude tag field. 6. Click the Run button. 7. Click the Export Assay Table button to export the calculated assay properties data to a *csv file.
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The following table lists and describes the objects available in the Specifications tab:
Object Name field Scope Objects button Calculation Basis drop-down list Description Allows you to change the name of the Swing Cut utility. Allows you to select a Petroleum Distillation column to be attached to the Swing Cut utility by opening the Target Objects Property View. Allows you to select Volume Basis or Mass Basis for your calculations.
Once you have connected the Swing Cut utility to a Petroleum Distillation column, the product streams of the column are shown in the Heart and Swing Cut table.
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You can select the products you want to include in the printed report in the Swing Cut utility by selecting their corresponding checkboxes in the Include column. The TBP Cut data for each product stream are retrieved from the column. You need to specify a maximum TBP cut temperature to define a swing cut. The maximum TBP Cut must be a temperature value in between two adjacent product streams and it must satisfy the following condition:
( T2 T1 ) T 1 + 1.0 < TBP < T 1 + ----------------------2 T2 > T1 where: T1, T2 = temperature values for product stream 1 and 2 TBP = maximum TBP cut for the product stream 1
(10.3)
(10.4)
Since there is no specific TBP cut point for the last product stream, the last maximum TBP cut must satisfy the following condition:
T 1 + 1.0 < TBPLast < T 1 + 50.0 where: T1 = temperature of the product stream before the last product stream TBPLast = swing cut TBP for the last product stream (10.5)
You will not be allowed to enter a value if the value is out of range.
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Calculation Basis drop-down list enables you to select Volume Basis or Mass Basis for your calculations. Crude Tag field enables you to specify a PIMS tag for the assay table. Run button enables you to run the Swing Cut calculation option. Export Assay Table button enables you to export the calculated assay properties data into a *.csv format file.
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2. Click the down arrow icon to open the drop-down list and select an assay property.
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From LGO:
Vs Ps + V1 P1 = ( Vs + V1 ) P2 [(V + V ) P V P ] s 1 2 1 1 P = ---------------------------------------------------------------s V s where: V = volume (or weight) P = property s = swing cut 1, 2 = state (low, high cut point) (10.6)
(10.7)
The Swing Cut utility is available in steady state mode. You can perform the calculations on the petroleum distillation column without propagation of the perturbation to other unit operations. The utility will be available within the subflowsheet environment as well as at the main flowsheet level. Each instance of the utility will be independent. There may be several instances of the utility active in a flowsheet.
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Figure 10.21
Comma Separated Values (csv) file is a simple structured data file. The file contains a table of product streams and their corresponding properties data. The data in the file can be accessed through Microsoft Excel application. Aspen Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining uses csv files to contain petroleum properties of individual assays. The following describes the general layout of the csv file: In the first column, the PIMS tags for the product streams and cut properties are displayed in combination. In the second column, the full name of the product stream and the associated cut property are displayed. The third column displays the numerical data information. The crude tag is displayed in the first cell of the third column. You can have multiple crude data displayed on the same spreadsheet.
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A.3 Petroleum Property Calculation ..................................................... 5 A.3.1 A.3.2 A.3.3 A.3.4 A.3.5 A.3.6 Mass Blend.............................................................................. 6 Mole Blend .............................................................................. 6 Volume Blend .......................................................................... 7 Healy Method for RON and MON ................................................. 8 Component Level Calculations.................................................... 9 Stream Level Calculations ....................................................... 16
A.4 Comma Separated Value Files...................................................... 40 A.4.1 Format of CSV Files ................................................................ 40 A.5 Petroleum Assay XML Files .......................................................... 44 A.5.1 A.5.2 A.5.3 A.5.4 File Versions .......................................................................... 46 File Types.............................................................................. 46 Crude and Component Information........................................... 47 Individual Component Information............................................ 48
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A-2
Introduction
A.1 Introduction
This appendix is contains the blending rules of the physical and petroleum properties in petroleum assays, the definition of a Comma Separated Value (CSV) file, and the format of an XML file containing a petroleum assay data.
If you do not have the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining license, you will not be able to access the petroleum properties.
All the physical properties of a stream with petroleum assays are calculated/estimated based on three critical information: molecular weight, centroid boiling point, and specific gravity. These three property values are often provided with the petroleum properties values of a petroleum assay.
If the three critical property values are not provided, estimated values are calculated based on blending the components property values. The components considered are the components that are active in the petroleum assay.
When two petroleum assays are blended together, their physical properties are recalculated/re-estimated using the blended value of the molecular weight, centroid boiling point, specific gravity, and heat of formation.
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MW blend =
(A.1)
MFlow S
where: MWblend = mixed molecular weight MFlow = mass flow rate of stream S MW = molecular weight in each stream
CBP blend =
(A.2)
VFlow S
where: CBPblend = mixed centroid boiling point VFlow = volumetric flow rate of stream S CBP = centroid boiling point in each stream
A-3
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A-4
MFlow S (A.3)
where: SGblend = mixed specific gravity VFlow = volumetric flow rate of stream S The volumetric flow conditions is at standard 60F. MFlow = mass flow rate of stream S
HofF blend =
(A.4)
MolFlow S
where: HofFblend = mixed heat of formation MolFlow = molar flow rate of stream S HofF = heat of formation in each stream
A-4
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Component level blending occurs in all situations when two or more streams enter a unit operation. For example, in mixers, separators, and distillation columns with two or more feeds.
For example, consider the streams mixing in the figure below. To calculate the blended Aniline Point for component B in stream 3, the Component Level method uses the B component property from stream 1 and 2. You can also select the type of blending rule (mass, mole, or volume) to calculate the new Aniline Point.
Figure A.1
Stream Level. In this calculation method, the overall stream properties are used to calculate the petroleum property. For example, consider the streams mixing in the figure above. To calculate the blended Aniline Point for stream 3, the Stream Level method uses the petroleum property from component A, B, and C. In the case of Stream Level there is only one type of blending equation available.
There are three main blending calculations that most of the petroleum properties use: Mass, Mole, and Volume.
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A-6
Mixprop =
(A.5)
MFlowS
where: MFlow = mass flow rate of stream S prop = property to be blended in each stream Mixprop = mixed value of the targeted property
where: MolFlow = molar flow rate of stream S prop = property to be blended in each stream Mixprop = mixed value of the targeted property
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Mixprop =
(A.7)
VFlow S
where: VFlow = volumetric flow rate of stream S prop = property to be blended in each stream Mixprop = mixed value of the targeted property
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A-8
(A.8)
(A.9)
RONi Vi
S
MONi Vi
S
Olfi Vi
S
Olfi Vi
S
Aromi Vi
S
Aromi Vi
S
( RONi MONi ) Vi
S
VFlow i V i = -------------------------------------------VFlow S
S t
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Aniline Point
The Aniline Point16,6 is calculated using the following blending rules: Mass Blend Mole Blend Volume Blend
Aromatics By Volume
The Aromatics By Volume6 is calculated using Volume Blend.
Aromatics By Weight
The Aromatics By Weight16 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Asphaltene Content
The Asphaltene Content3 is calculated using Mass Blend.
C To H Ratio
The C to H Ratio is calculated using Mass Blend.
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A-10
Cloud Point
The mass, mole, and volume blending calculations are also available.
( v i CI i ) CIB i = -------------------------------1.8
1 -n
(A.10)
CI i = ( 1.8 C i ) where:
(A.11)
CIBi = Cloud Point of the blended component i CIi = Cloud Point index of individual components vi = Volume fraction of individual components Ci = Cloud Point of individual components n = default constant value of 0.55, for heavier cut point HYSYS recommends 0.6
Copper Content
The Copper Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
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Flash Point
The mass, mole, and volume blending calculations are also available.
(A.12)
FI i = ( 1.8 F i ) where:
(A.13)
FIBi = Flash Point of the blended component i FIi = Flash Point index of individual components vi = Volume fraction of individual components Fi = Flash Point of individual components
Molecular Weight
The Molecular Weight is calculated using Mass Blend.
A-11
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A-12
MON Clear
The MON Clear6 is calculated using Healy Method for RON and MON.
Naphthenes By Volume
The Naphthenes By Volume6 is calculated using Volume Blend.
Naphthenes By Weight
The Naphthenes By Weight3,16 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Ni Content
The Ni Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Nitrogen Content
The Nitrogen Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Olefins By Volume
The Olefins By Volume is calculated using Volume Blend.
Olefins By Weight
The Olefins By Weight3 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Paraffins By Volume
The Paraffins By Volume6 is calculated using Volume Blend.
A-12
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Paraffins By Weight
The Paraffins By Weight3,16 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Pour Point
The mass, mole, and volume blending calculations are also available.
(A.15)
Refractive Index
The Refractive Index is calculated using the following blending rules: Mass Blend Mole Blend Volume Blend
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A-14
RON Clear
The RON Clear6 is calculated using the Healy Method for RON and MON.
RON Leaded
The RON Leaded calculated using the following blending rules: Mass Blend Mole Blend Volume Blend
0.8
(A.16)
1.25
(A.17)
RVPi = RVP of individual components RVPIi = RVP index of individual components Vi = Volume fraction of individual components RVPBi = RVP of the blended component i
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SG (60/60F)
The SG (60/60F)7 is calculated using Volume Blend.
Smoke Point
The Smoke Point2 calculated using the following blending rules: Mass Blend Mole Blend Volume Blend
Sulfur Content
The Sulfur Content12 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Vanadium Content
The Vanadium Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Viscosity
The Viscosity is calculated using an indexing method, and there are two methods available. One method uses 0.8 as the parameter constant and the second method uses 0.08 as the parameter constant.
U b = 10
10Vmix
(A.18)
U mix =
xi log ( log [ Vi + c ] )
(A.19)
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A-16
Wax Content
The Wax Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
(A.20)
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AromT = aromatics content, range 0 to 50 RVP T = Reid Vapor Pressure 0.145 MTBET = ETBE T =
Ethanol T =
AcetB = 7.25 for winter, 4.44 for summer SultB = 338.0 for winter, 339.0 for summer RVPB = 11.5 for winter, 8.7 for summer E300B = 83.0 for winter, 83.0 for summer AromB = 26.4 for winter, 32.0 for summer
Aniline Point
The Aniline Point6,16 is calculated using Volume Blend.
Note: AP values in HYSYS are computed in K. Because some components may be missing AP values, x i 1 . That means AP ( @K ) AP ( @C ) + 273.15
Aromatics By Volume
The Aromatics By Volume6 is calculated using Volume Blend.
Aromatics By Weight
The Aromatics By Weight16 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Asphaltene Content
The Asphaltene Content3 is calculated using Mass Blend.
A-17
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A-18
(A.21)
where: T 1 = 0.0006197 ( Sulf T ) 0.003376 ( E200 T ) + 0.02655 ( Arom T ) + 0.22239 ( Benz T ) B 1 = 0.0006197 ( Sulf B ) 0.003376 ( E200 B ) + 0.02655 ( Arom B ) + 0.22239 ( Benz B ) T 2 = 0.000337 ( Sulf T ) + 0.011251 ( E300 T ) + 0.011882 ( Arom T ) + 0.222318 ( Benz T ) 0.096047 ( OxyT ) B 2 = 0.000337 ( Sulf B ) + 0.011251 ( E300 B ) + 0.011882 ( Arom B ) + 0.222318 ( Benz B ) 0.096047 ( Oxy B ) SulfT = sulfur content, range 0 to 500 AromT = aromatics content, range 0 to 50 Oxy T =
Benz T =
EXBenzB = 77.62 for winter, 53.54 for summer SulfB = 338.0 for winter, 339.0 for summer E200B = 50.0 for winter., 41.0 for summer AromB = 26.4 for winter, 32.0 for summer
A-18
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BenzB = 1.53 for winter, 1.64 for summer E300B = 83.0 for winter, 83.0 for summer OxyB = 0.0 for winter, 0.0 for summer
(A.22)
A-19
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A-20
VOC RunLos = 1000 ( 0.016169 [ RVP 2 ] 0.17206 [ RVP T ] + 0.56724 ) VOC Reful = 1000 ( 0.004767 [ RVP T ] + 0.011859 ) RVP T = Reid Vapor Pressure 0.145 RVP 2 = ( RVP T ) Benz T =
2
MTBET =
(A.23)
A-20
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ButB = 15.84 for winter, 9.38 for summer SulfB = 338.0 for winter, 339.0 for summer E200B = 50.0 for winter, 41.0 for summer E300B = 83.0 for winter, 83.0 for summer AromB = 26.4 for winter, 32.0 for summer OlefB = 11.9 for winter, 9.2 for summer OxyB = 0.0 for winter, 0.0 for summer
C To H Ratio
The C to H Ratio is calculated using Mass Blend.
CetIdx 976 = 420.34 + 0.016 ( API ) + 0.192 ( API ) log 10 ( D86T50F ) + 65.01 ( log [ D86T50F ] ) 0.0001809 ( D86T50F ) where: D86T50F = D86 value in F at 50% volume
2 2
(A.24)
(A.25)
A-21
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A-22
where: SG Corr = exp ( 3.5 [ SG 0.85 ] ) 1.0 T10Dif = D86T10 - 215.0 D86T10 = D86 value in C at 10% volume T50Dif = D86T50 - 260.0 D86T50 = D86 value in C at 50% volume T90Dif = D86T90 - 310.0 D86T90 = D86 value in C at 90% volume
Cetane Number
Cetane Number17 is calculated using the following equation:
Cetane Number = 5.28 + 0.371 ( CetIdx 4737 ) + 0.0112 ( CetIdx 4737 ) where: CetIdx4737 = Cetane Index (4737), see Equation (A.25)
2
(A.26)
Cloud Point
Cloud Point Blending6,16 uses two options: The Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining Indexing Method uses the following equations:
( vi Ci ) CIB = ----------------------------------1.8
1--------0.55 0.55
(A.27)
(A.28)
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The Crude Manager Indexing Method for Cloud Point uses the following equations:
CIB = ( V i exp ( 0.035 C i ) ) CI = log ( CIB ) --------------0.035 (A.29)
(A.30)
0.133 ( SG i )
(A.31)
Copper Content
The Copper Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
DON (Clear)
DON is calculated at the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining stream level using the following formula:
(A.32)
A-23
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A-24
Driveability Index
The driveability index is calculated at the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining stream level using the following formula:
(A.33)
where: DI = Driveability Index TBP10 = 10 vol % TBP F TBP50 = 50 vol % TBP F TBP90 = 90 vol % TBP F
Flash Point
Flash Point Blending6,10,16 is calculated using the following methods: Flash Point: Indexing Method:
FIB =
( v i FIi ) -------------------------------------1.8
1 -----0.6
0.6
(A.34)
(A.35)
FIi = Flash Point of component i in K vi = Volume fraction of component i FI = Flash Point of stream in K
A-24
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(A.36)
This is also a back up method for calculating the flash point when the indexing method fails (due to not having the Flash point of individual components). Flash Point: Riazi Cuts Method This method calculates the Flash point of individual component by following equation
1 FP i = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.84947 0.024209 + ------------------ + 3.4254e-3 log ( NBP i ) NBP i where: NBPi = Normal boiling point of component i in K FPi = Flash point of component i in K
(A.37)
It then blends the flash point of individual components using the Wickey18 method.
6.1188 + 2414.0 Flash Point Index = pow 10.0, ------------------------------------------- FP i + 230.56 2414.0 FP = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 230.56 ( 6.1188 + log 10 ( FlashPointIndex ) )
(A.38)
(A.39)
A-25
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A-26
Flash Point: Linear D86 Based Method The Linear D86 based method uses a simple correlation:
(A.40)
where: D86_IBP = D86 IBP in C, D86_5 = 5 vol % D86 in C FP = Flash point of stream in C
Param1, param2, param3 and D86 IBP can be specified from the correlation manager.
FP = ( Vf max ) ( F max F min ) + F max where: Fmax = maximum freeze point of all components in K Fmin = minimum freeze point of all components in K
(A.41)
A-26
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FIB i = exp ( 2.35 + 0.03638 FI i ) FI = ( Ln ( FIB ) 2.35 ) 0.03638 where: FIi = Freeze Point of component i in F FIBi = Freeze Point Index for component i FI = Freeze Point of stream in F
(A.42)
(A.43)
A-27
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A-28
E300B = 83.0 for winter, 83.0 for summer AromB = 26.4 for winter, 32.0 for summer OlefB = 11.9 for winter, 9.2 for summer
Luminometer Number
The Luminometer Number is calculated using the following formula:
L = 12.03 + 3.009 ( Smoke ) 0.0104 ( Smoke ) where: L = The Luminometer Number Smoke = the smoke point in mm.
2
(A.44)
Molecular Weight
The Molecular Weight is calculated using Mass Blend.
MON Clear
The MON Clear is calculated using Volume Blend.
Naphthenes By Volume
The Naphthenes By Volume6 is calculated using Volume Blend.
Naphthenes By Weight
The Naphthenes By Weight6,16 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Ni Content
The Ni Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
A-28
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Nitrogen Content
The Nitrogen Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
NOx (emission)
Emissions from NOx11 is calculated using the following equations:
NOx B ( T1 B1 ) ( T2 B2 ) NOx = -------------- ( 0.738e + 0.262e ) 6 10 where: T 1 = 0.0018571 ( Oxy T ) + 0.0006921 ( Sulf T ) + 0.0090744 ( RVP T ) + 0.000931 ( E200 T ) + 0.00846 ( E300 T ) + 0.0083632 ( Arom T ) 0.002774 ( Olef T ) 6.63 10 ( Sulf T ) 0.000119 ( Arom T ) + 0.0003665 ( Olef T )
2 7 2 2
(A.45)
B 1 = 0.0018571 ( Oxy B ) + 0.0006921 ( Sulf B ) + 0.0090744 ( RVP B ) + 0.000931 ( E200 B ) + 0.00846 ( E300 B ) + 0.0083632 ( Arom B ) 0.002774 ( Olef B ) 6.63 10 ( Sulf B ) 0.000119 ( Arom B ) + 0.0003665 ( Olef B )
2 7 2 2
T 2 = 0.000252 ( Sulf T ) 0.00913 ( Oxy T ) 0.01397 ( RVP T ) + 0.000931 ( E200 T ) 0.00401 ( E300 T ) + 0.007097 ( Arom T ) 0.00276 ( Olef T ) 7.995 10 ( Arom T ) + 0.0003665 ( Olef T ) B 2 = 0.000252 ( Sulf B ) 0.00913 ( Oxy B ) 0.01397 ( RVP B ) + 0.000931 ( E200 B ) 0.00401 ( E300 B ) + 0.007097 ( Arom B ) 0.00276 ( Olef B ) 7.995 10 ( Arom B ) + 0.0003665 ( Olef B ) SulfT = Sulphur content, range 0 to 500 AromT = Aromatics content, range 0 to 50 OlefT = Olefins content, range 0 to 25
5 2 2 5 2 2
A-29
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A-30
OxyT = Oxy mod mass component 100 (For ethanol Oxymod = 0.347, MTBE Oxymod = 0.187, ETBE Oxymod = 0.157, and TAME Oxymod = 0.157) RVPT = 8.7 for winter, RVP 0.145 for summer If you do not specify a Reid Vapor Pressure value, Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining automatically use 8.7 (the Winter value). NOxB = 1540.0 for winter, 1340.0 for summer RVPB = 8.7 OxyB = 0.0 SulfB = 338.0 for winter, 339.0 for summer E200B = 50.0 for winter, 41.0 for summer E300B = 83.0 AromB = 26.4 for winter, 32.0 for summer OlefB = 11.9 for winter, 9.2 for summer
Olefins By Volume
The Olefins By Volume is calculated using Volume Blend.
Olefins By Weight
The Olefins By Weight3 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Paraffins By Volume
The Paraffins By Volume6 is calculated using Volume Blend.
Paraffins By Weight
The Paraffins By Weight3,16 is calculated using Mass Blend.
A-30
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(A.46)
A-31
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A-32
PolyB = 4.5 for winter, 3.04 for summer SulfB = 338.0 for winter, 339.0 for summer RVPB = 11.5 for winter, 8.7 for summer E200B = 50.0 for winter, 41.0 for summer E300B = 83.0 AromB = 26.4 for winter, 32.0 for summer OlefB = 11.9 for winter, 9.2 for summer OxyB = 0.0
Pour Point
The Pour Point6,16 of a stream may be calculated using either of two methods: Method 1 (Default)
(A.47)
PPidx = ( Vol i ( exp ( 73.0883 + 12.885 log ( PP i 1.8 ) ) ) log PPidx 73.0883 ------------------------------------------------ 12.885 PP = exp -----------------------------------------------------1.8 where: PPidx = Pour Point index Voli = Volume Fraction of component i PPi = Pour point of component i in K PP = Pour point of component i in K
(A.48)
Method 2.
(A.49)
(A.50)
A-32
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where: PPi = Pour Point of component i in F Voli = Volume Fraction of component i PPidx = Pour point index PP = Pour point of stream in F
Refractive Index
The Refractive Index13 is calculated using Volume Blend
(A.51)
(A.52)
A-33
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A-34
RON Clear
The RON Clear6 may be calculated using the following methods: RON Clear: Indexing Method RON - Index (RONidxi) is calculated from following equation:
RONidx i = a + b ( RON iC ) (A.53)
The values of parameters a, b and c are dependent upon the value of RONi. RONidx blends by volume and the RON of the blend are calculated using the following reverse formula:
(A.54)
The values of parameters d, e and f are dependent upon the value of RONidx.
where: RONi = RON of component i RONidxi = RON Index for component i RON = RON of blend RONidx = RON Index for blend a, b, c, d, e and f = Parameters
RON Clear: see Volume Blend RON Clear: see Healy Method for RON and MON.
RON Leaded
The RON Leaded is calculated using Volume Blend.
A-34
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SG (60/60F)
The SG (60/60F)7 is calculated using Volume Blend.
Smoke Point
The Smoke Point2 is calculated using the following blend index:i
1 SPidx = Vol i ------- SP i (A.55)
1 SP = -------------SPidx
(A.56)
where: SPi =Smoke Point of Component i Voli =Liquid Volume Fraction of Component i SPidx = Smoke Point Index of Stream SP = Smoke Point of Stream
moleFrac i MW i SLD = ( moleFrac i MW i ) -------------------------------------------- Den i where: moleFraci = Mole Fraction of component i
(A.57)
A-35
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A-36
MWi = Molecular Weight of component i Deni = Density of component i in kg/m3 SLD = Standard liquid density of stream in kg/m3
Sulfur Content
Sulfur Content12 is calculated using Mass Blend.
Vanadium Content
Vanadium Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
A-36
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Viscosity
Viscosity is calculated using standard HYSYS methods. (See The Aspen HySYS Simulation Basis Reference Guide)
VOC (exhaust)
Exhaust from VOC11 is calculated using the following equations:
ExVOC B ( T 1 B1 ) ( T 2 B2 ) + 0.556e ) ExVOC = ---------------------- ( 0.444e 6 10 where: T 1 = 0.0005219 ( Sulf T ) 0.0003641 ( Oxy T ) + 0.0289749 ( RVP T ) + 0.01447 ( E200 T ) + 0.0001072 ( E200 T ) 0.068624 ( E300 T ) + 0.0004087 ( E300 T ) + 0.0323712 ( Arom T ) 0.002858 ( Olef T ) 0.0003481 ( Arom T E300 T ) B 1 = 0.0005219 ( Sulf B ) 0.0003641 ( Oxy B ) + 0.0289749 ( RVP B ) 0.01447 ( E200 B ) + 0.0001072 ( E200 B ) 0.068624 ( E300 B ) + 0.0004087 ( E300 B ) + 0.0323712 ( Arom B ) 0.002858 ( Olef B ) 0.0003481 ( Arom B E300 B ) T 2 = 0.043295 ( RVP T ) 0.003626 ( Oxy T ) 0.000054 ( Sulf T ) 0.013504 ( E200 T ) 0.062327 ( E300 T ) + 0.0282042 ( Arom T ) 0.002858 ( Olef T ) + 0.000106 ( E200 T ) + 0.000408 ( E300 T ) 0.000287 ( Arom T E300 T ) B 2 = 0.043295 ( RVP B ) 0.003626 ( Oxy B ) 0.000054 ( Sulf b ) 0.013504 ( E200 B ) 0.062327 ( E300 B ) + 0.0282042 ( Arom B ) 0.002858 ( Olef B ) + 0.000106 ( E200 B ) + 0.000408 ( E300 B ) 0.000287 ( Arom B E300 B ) SulfT = Sulphur content, range 0 to 500 AromT = Aromatics content, range 0 to 50 OlefT = Olefins content, range 0 to 25
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(A.59)
A-37
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A-38
OxyT = Oxy mod mass component 100 (For ethanol Oxymod = 0.347, MTBE Oxymod = 0.187, ETBE Oxymod = 0.157, and TAME Oxymod = 0.157) E200 T 65.52 E300 T 79.75 + 0.385 ( Arom T ) RVPT = 8.7 for winter, RVP 0.145 for summer If you do not specify a Reid Vapor Pressure value, Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining automatically use 8.7 (the Winter value). ExVOCB = 1341.0 for winter, 907.0 for summer RVPB = 8.7 OxyB = 0.0 SulfB = 338.0 for winter, 339.0 for summer E200B = 50.0 for winter, 41.0 for summer E300B = 83.0 AromB = 26.4 for winter, 32.0 for summer OlefB = 11.9 for winter, 9.2 for summer
NonExVOC total = VOC HotS + VOC Diu + VOC RunLos + VOC Reful
(A.60)
A-38
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Region 1: 0.031807 ( RVP 2 ) 0.3568833 ( RVP T ) + 1.226859 NonExVOC total = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000 [ 0.006654 ( RVP 2 ) 0.08009 ( RVP T ) + 0.2846 ] VOC HotS = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000 [ 0.007385 ( RVP 2 ) 0.08981 ( RVP T ) + 0.3158 ] VOC Diu = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000 [ 0.017768 ( RVP2 ) 0.18746 ( RVP T ) + 0.6146 ] VOC RunLos = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000 [ 0.0004767 ( RVP T ) + 0.011859 ] VOC Reful = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------1000 Region 2: 0.027022 ( RVP 2 ) 0.300753 ( RVP T ) + 1.063329 NonExVOC total = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000 [ 0.006078 ( RVP 2 ) 0.07474 ( RVP T ) + 0.27117 ] VOC HotS = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000 [ 0.004775 ( RVP 2 ) 0.05872 ( RVP T ) + 0.21306 ] VOC Diu = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000 [ 0.016169 ( RVP2 ) 0.17206 ( RVP T ) + 0.56724 ] VOC RunLos = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1000 [ 0.004767 ( RVP T ) + 0.011859 ] VOC Reful = --------------------------------------------------------------------------1000
A-39
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A-40
VOC (total)
Total VOC11 is calculated using the following equations:
VOC total = ExVOC + NonExVOC total (for Summer) = ExVOC (for Winter) (A.61)
Wax Content
The Wax Content6 is calculated using Mass Blend.
A-40
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The fourth row defines the table heading. The first column has the heading Cpt (Component), followed by the property names listed in sequence, separated by commas. The remaining rows contain the corresponding component names and property values in sequence, separated by commas:
Methane,n1,n2,n3,n4,etc,etc.
The correct case and spelling of the properties are required for Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining to properly import the assay values. Any change in spelling results in Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining reading the in properties as user properties, and the property values will be displayed in the UserProp column, instead of in the correct property name column. Below are the proper designations for Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining properties: Acidity, Aniline Point, Aromatics By Volume, Aromatics By Weight, Asphaltene Content, Basic Nitrogen Content, Boiling Temperature, C to H Ratio, C5 Mass, C5 Vol, Cloud Point, Conradson Carbon Content, Copper Content, Copper/Iron Content, Flash Point, Freeze Point, Mercaptan Sulfur Content, Molecular Weight, MON (Clear), MON (Leaded), Naphthenes By Volume, Naphthenes By Weight, Nickel Content, Nitrogen Content, Olefins By Volume, Olefins By Weight, Paraffins By Volume, Paraffins By Weight, Pour Point, Refractive Index, Reid Vapour Pressure, RON (Clear), RON (Leaded), Smoke Point, Sodium Content, Standard Liquid Density, Sulfur Content, True Vapour Pressure, Vanadium Content, Wax Content, Viscosity @ 50C, Benzene Content By Volume, Benzene Content By Weight, Toluene Content By Weight, Toluene Content By Volume, Isoparaffin By Weight and Isoparaffin By Volume.
A-41
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A-42
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Property Smoke Point Sodium Content Standard Liquid Density Sulfur Content True Vapor Pressure Vanadium Content Viscosity @ 100C Viscosity @ 50C Wax Content
Unit Millimeters Weight % Kg/m3 Weight % Kilo Pascal (kPa) ppmWt CentiStokes (cSt) CentiStokes (cSt) Weight %
You must use the correct/required units while specifying the property values in the CSV file for Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining to interpret the values correctly.
Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining imports the following information from the CSV file: List of components. Three critical physical properties: molecular weight, centroid boiling point, and specific gravity. The rest of the physical properties are calculated based on the three critical properties. All petroleum properties.
A-43
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A-44
The XML file can contain the exact same information as the CSV file. The XML file contains the name of the petroleum assay, description, created date, last modified date, a list of components available, and the molecular weight, normal boiling point, specific gravity, and petroleum properties of each component. Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining imports the following information from the XML file: List of components.
A-44
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Three critical physical properties: molecular weight, centroid boiling point, and specific gravity. The rest of the physical properties are calculated based on the three critical properties. All petroleum properties.
If the petroleum assay data file contains petroleum properties outside Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining petroleum property list, Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining imports the data from the non-default petroleum properties and designate the non-default petroleum properties as UserProp-n, where n is an integer value. If the petroleum assay data file does not have values for a petroleum property, Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining leaves the petroleum property blank.
The difference is the data provided by the XML file is stored into branches of a tree browser. There are four levels or branches in a typical petroleum assay XML file. File version File type Crude and component information Individual component properties
The information in the XML file is presented in three colors: Blue indicates the code used by the XML. Red indicates the displayed variables. Black indicates the value that can be modified.
A-45
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A-46
You have to click the Plus icon to expand the Version branch to view the second level branch.
You have to click the Plus icon view the third level branch.
A-46
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Figure A.5
You have to click the Plus icon to expand the Crude and Component branch to view the information in each branch.
In the Component branch, each individual component has a Y or N value for the active state.
The Y indicates the component is being used in the petroleum assay. The N indicates the component is not being used in the petroleum assay.
A-47
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A-48
In the Component branch, the list of components are split into two types: Library components. These are the standard and default components provided by Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining. Each library component branch contains the name of the component and indicator on active state. Hypothetical components. These are the non-standard crude oil components. Each hypothetical component branch contains the name of the component, indicator on active state, indicator on the component type (in other words, is it a hypocomponent? Yes or No), final boiling point temperature (in Kelvin), and initial boiling point temperature.
A-48
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You have to click the Plus icon to expand the Individual Component branch to view the property information in each branch. Each Property branch contains the name of the property and the property may or may not have a value. You can specify or modify the value of a property by clicking in between the two quotation marks and typing in the new value.
Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining imports all the following information from the PET file: List of components. Three critical physical properties: molecular weight, centroid boiling point, and specific gravity. The rest of the physical properties are calculated based on the three critical properties.
A-49
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A-50
PET Files
Use this HYSYS Alias Acidity W Aniline Pt Aromatics V Aromatics W Asphaltene Basic N2 C/H Ratio Cloud Pt
A-50
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Target Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining Property Conradson Carbon Content Copper Content Cetane Number Flash Point Freeze Point MON (Clear) MON (Leaded) Assay - Naphthenes Vol Pct Assay - Naphthenes Wt Pct Nickel Content Nitrogen Content Assay - Olefins Vol Pct Assay - Olefins Wt Pct Assay - Paraffins Vol Pct Assay - Paraffins Wt Pct Pour Point Refractive Index Reid Vapour Pressure RON (Clear) RON (Leaded) Smoke Point Sulfur Content Mercaptan Sulfur Content Sodium Content True Vapour Pressure Vanadium Content Iron Content Luminometer Number C5 Mass C5 Vol Viscosity @ 38C Viscosity @ 50C Viscosity @ 60C Viscosity @ 100C Wax Content
Use this HYSYS Alias Conradson C Copper Cetane No Flash Pt Freeze Pt MON-Clear MON-Leaded Naphthene V Naphthene W Nickel Nitrogen Olefins V Olefins W Paraffins V Paraffins W Pour Pt Ref Idx RVP RON-Clear RON-Leaded Smoke Point Sulfur Mercaptan S Na TVP Vanadium Iron Lumino No C5 W C5 V Visc @ 38C Visc @ 50C Visc @ 60C Visc @ 100C Wax
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Spiral Files
A.8 References
1
31.0 API Iranian Heavy Crude Oil, Chevron Oil Trading Company, 1971. Albahri, T.A., Riazi, M.R., and Algattan, A.A., 2003, Analysis of Quality of Petroleum Fuels, Energy & Fuels, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 689-693. Aspen Physical Property System 12.1 Physical Property Data, AspenTech Support, Aspen Technology Inc., viewed: 21 April 2006, http://support.aspentech.com/CustomerSupport/Documents/ Engineering/AES%2012.1%20Product%20Documentation/ AprSystem%2012.1/ APRSYS%20121%20Physical%20Property%20Data.pdf Auckland, M.H.T., and Charnock, D.J., The Development of Linear Blending Indices for Petroleum Properties, J. Institute Petroleum, Vol. 55, No. 545 (September 1969), pp. 322-329. Baird, Cud Thomas IV, 1989, Guide to Petroleum Product Blending, HPI Consultants Inc., Texas. Crude Name: Sample Assay PTI Assay IF: SMP.01.2002, 2003, Specializing In Crude Assay Information, PetroTech intel, viewed: 21 April 2006, http://www.petrotechintel.com/pti.data/ components/std_assay.pdf
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DIADEM 2004, version 2.3.0, DIPPR Information and Data Evaluation Manager for the Design Institute for Physical Properties, BYU DIPPR Lab, e-mail: dippr@byu.edu. Fasullo, P.A., Rvp Reductions Would Harm U.S. Gas-Processing Industry, Oil Gas Journal, Vol. 86, No. 5 (February 1, 1988), pp. 51-56. Healy, W.C., Maassen, C.W., and Peterson, R.T., A New Approach to Blending Octanes. API Midyear Meeting, Division of Refining, New York (May 27, 1959). Hu, J., and Burns, A.B., New Method Predicts Cloud, Pour, Flash Points of Distillate Blends, Hydrocarbon Processing, Vol. 49, No. 11 (November 1970), pp. 213-216. of Fuels and Fuel Additives, 2001 CFR Title 29, Volume 8, National Archives and Records Administration, Code of Federal Regulations,viewed: 21 April 2006, http://www.access.gpo.gov/ nara/cfr/waisidx_01/40cfr80_o1.html
10
11Regulation
12
Riazi, M.R., Nasimi, N., and Roomi, Y.A., 1999, Estimation of Sulfur Content of Petroleum Products and Crude Oils, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 4507-4512 Mohammad R., and Roomi, Yousef A., 2001, Use of Refractive Index in the Estimation of Thermophysical Properties of Hydrocarbons and Petroleum Mixtures:, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 40, No. 8, pp. 1975-1984 W.E., More About Figuring RVP of Blends, Petroleum Refiner, Vol. 40, No. 10 (October 1960), p. 109.
13Riazi,
14Stewart,
15
Stewart, W. E., Predict RVP of Blends Accurately, Petroleum Refiner, Vol. 38, No. 6 (June 1959), p. 231. Petroleum Reserve Crude Oil Assay Manual, 2nd ed., Strategic Petroleum Reserve Crude Oil Assays, U.S. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy Strategic Petroleum Reserve Headquarters, viewed: 21 April 2006, http:// www.spr.doe.gov/reports/docs/crudeoilassaymanual.pdf
16Strategic
17
Technical Data Book: Petroleum Refining, American Petroleum Institute, Vol 1 - III, May 1985. R.O.Wickey, D.H. Chittenden, Hydrocarbon Processing, 42, 6, 1963, 157-158.
18
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References
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Index
A assay curves 6-47 Assay Manipulator 3-2 add 3-3 assay tab 3-6 change props page 3-7 composition page 3-9 connections page 3-4 create 3-3 design tab 3-4 notes page 3-5 options page 3-6 parameters page 3-5 property view 3-3 shift props page 3-8 user variables page 3-5 worksheet tab 3-10 B Blend centroid boiling point A-3 heat of formation A-4 liquid density A-4 molecular weight A-3 physical properties A-2 specific gravity A-4 Blending Macros 2-18 Blending Rules 2-6 user define 2-17 Blends Healy method A-8 mass A-6 mole A-6 MON A-8 RON A-8 volume A-7 C Calibration advanced options 4-102 catalyst 4-98 catalyst results 4-118 catalyst weight 4-104 coke laydown 4-104 configure reactor 4-92 control variables 4-107 data set 4-87 design reactor 4-91 feed blend results 4-115 feed condition 4-96 feed data 4-94 feed properties 4-95 feed type 4-94 heater temperatures 4-106 initial parameter value 4-107 manage data set 4-87, 4-91 objective function 4-108 operation measurement 4-103 operation variables 4-95 overall results 4-121 parameter 4-107 pinning percent 4-104 product property results 4-110 product yield results 4-116 property view 4-86 reactor control 4-97 reactor geometry 4-93 reactor pressure 4-105 reactor results 4-117 recontactor 4-98 recontactor results 4-119 results 4-109 run 4-87 select data set 4-88 sigma values 4-108 solver commands 4-102 solver console 4-102 solver options 4-101 solver scripts 4-102 summary results 4-120 validation wizard 4-89 Calibration Set Library add set 4-82, 5-64 clone set 4-82, 5-64 delete set 4-82, 5-64 edit set 4-81, 5-63 export set 4-82, 5-64 import set 4-82, 5-64 property view 4-81, 5-63 Catalytic Reformer 4-3 add 4-19 advanced options 4-43 calibration 4-23, 4-86 calibration environment 4-23 calibration factor set 4-81 calibration factors page 4-31 calibration run 4-23, 4-87
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catalyst 4-36 catalyst activity model 4-13 catalyst results 4-54 catalytic reformer environment 4-21 coke make model 4-11 components 4-6 configure reactor 4-59 connections page 4-30 create 4-19 deactivate catalyst 4-9 delete 4-20 design 4-30 environments 4-16 export calibration factors to file 4-111 factor set 4-82 feed 4-33 feed blend results 4-48 feed characterization 4-4 feed type library 4-56 feed type property view 4-80 fractionator 4-44 fractionator specs 4-45 main environment 4-17 modify calibration factor set 4-112 notes page 4-32 product property results 4-52 product yield results 4-49 property view 4-29 push calibration factors to simulation 4111 reaction expressions 4-9 reaction paths 4-7 reactor control 4-34 reactor design 4-59 reactor feed 4-61 reactor feed condition 4-65 reactor feed properties 4-63 reactor feed type 4-62 reactor geometry 4-60 reactor operation 4-64 reactor results 4-53 reactor section 4-33, 4-58 reactor temperature control 4-15 recontactor 4-38 recontactor results 4-54 reformer configuration wizard 4-24 results 4-47 solve commands 4-42 solver console 4-42
solver options 4-40 solver scripts 4-42 summary results 4-47 system pressure control 4-14 template 4-18 theory 4-6 zone pressure 4-45 Characterized GC Data Results property view 2-40 Comma Separated Value File See CSV File component level Aniline Point A-9 aromatics A-9 asphaltene A-9 basic nitrogen A-9 C to H ratio A-9 Cloud Point A-10 Conradson carbon A-10 copper A-10 Cu/Fe A-10 Flash Point A-11 Freeze Point A-11 molecular weight A-11 MON Clear A-12 naphthenes A-12 Ni A-12 Nitrogen A-12 olefins A-12 paraffins A-12A-13 Pour Point A-13 refractive index A-13 Reid Vapor Pressure A-14 RON Clear A-14 RON Leaded A-14 rvp A-14 sg A-15 Smoke Point A-15 specific gravity A-15 sulfur A-15 vanadium A-15 viscosity A-15 wax content A-16 CSV File A-41 format A-41 layout A-41 property units A-43 D Data Control
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property view 6-48 Data Set Manager add data set 4-91 clone data set 4-91 delete data set 4-91 property view 4-87, 4-91 rename data set 4-91 Delta Base Utility 10-3 add 10-3 create 10-3 data layout in HYSYS format 10-11 data layout in PIMS format 10-6 delete 10-4 dependent variables 10-10, 10-15 derivative analysis tab 10-6 derivative equations 10-22 derivative values 10-20 edit 10-4 export derivatives 10-23 independent variables 10-8, 10-12 property view 10-5 proxy variables 10-9, 10-13 scope objects 10-19 select variable 10-16 target objects 10-18 variables tab 10-11 E Edit Bulk Properties property view 2-23 Edit Property Distribution Parameters property view 2-39 Editing Properties property view 2-24 F Factor Set fractionator page 5-66 property view 4-82, 5-64 reactor page 5-66 Flowsheet Menu notes manager 1-9 H HCR Configuration Wizard 5-23 calibration factors 5-27 configuration 5-24 geometry 5-26 HCR Reactor Section
catalyst deactivation page 5-55 configuration page 5-49 design tab 5-49 feed blend page 5-59 feed data tab 5-51 feeds page 5-54 geometry page 5-50 hydrogen balance page 5-62 hydrogen system page 5-61 library page 5-51 notes page 5-50 operation tab 5-53 product properties page 5-60 product yields page 5-60 properties page 5-52 property view 5-48 reactor page 5-61 recycle gas loop page 5-55 results tab 5-59 solver console page 5-58 solver options page 5-56 specifications page 5-54 Hydrocracker 5-3 add 5-19 calibration factor set 5-22 Calibration Set Library 5-63 catalyst deactivation page 5-35 components 5-6 connections page 5-29 create 5-19 deactivation of catalyst 5-16 delete 5-20 design tab 5-29 environments 5-17 Factor Set 5-64 feed blend page 5-41 feed characterization 5-3 feed page 5-32 feed type library 5-46 fractionator page 5-45 fractionator tab 5-39 HCR configuration wizard 5-23 HCR environment 5-21 HCR reactor section 5-48 hydrogen balance page 5-46 hydrogen system page 5-44 main environment 5-18 notes page 5-31 product properties page 5-43
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product yields page 5-42 property view 5-20, 5-28 reaction kinetic expression 5-14 reaction kinetics 5-6 reaction paths 5-11 reactor page 5-44 reactor section tab 5-31 reactor temperature control 5-16 recycle gas loop page 5-34 Results 5-67 results tab 5-41 solver console page 5-38 solver options page 5-36 specification page 5-34 specs page 5-39 system pressure control 5-16 template 5-18 tuning factors page 5-30 zone pressures page 5-39 I Input Experts 6-13 connections page 6-13 side stripper page 6-14 specs page 6-19 zone page 6-18 Input Stream Base Yield property view 8-11 N Notes add 1-8 Notes Manager 1-9 add 1-9 edit 1-9 search 1-10 view 1-9 Notes page 1-7 Notes tab 1-7 O Optimization Object property view 9-26 P PET file A-50 Petroelum Assay Composition property view 2-26
Petroleum Assay add 2-7 analysis tab 2-41 blending rules 2-17 centroid point 2-4 composition 2-26 copy 2-8 create 2-7 delete 2-8 edit 2-7 edit properties 2-24 estimation tab 2-42 export 2-15 gas chromatography 2-34 GC data results 2-40 gc data tab 2-34 import 2-9 Haverly H/CAMS 2-13 PIMS 2-11 import HYSYS assays 2-27 information tab 2-22 notes tab 2-44 plots tab 2-44 PONA tree diagram 2-36 property view 2-20 remove 2-8 summary information 2-22 view 2-7 Petroleum Assay Manager property view 2-5 Petroleum Assay Utility 10-23 add 10-24 boiling curves page 10-28 connections page 10-26 create 10-24 delete 10-25 design tab 10-25 dynamics tab 10-30 edit 10-25 plots page 10-29 properties page 10-29 results tab 10-28 Petroleum Assays 2-2 csv file 2-10, 2-16 PET file 2-9 pet file 2-16 Spiral file 2-16 xml file 2-10, 2-16 Petroleum Assays Utility
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notes page 10-27 Petroleum Column 6-2 add 6-12 auto reset 6-36 calibration tab 6-53 column profiles page 6-39 condenser handling 6-7 configuration 6-22 connections page 6-22 conventions 6-3 convergence 6-21 convergence results 6-37 create 6-12 cumulative plots 6-51 design tab 6-22 energy balance page 6-41 energy page 6-56 equilibrium error 6-33 equilibrium tolerance 6-33 feed page 6-54 feed-propducts page 6-40 heat and spec error 6-34 heat tolerance 6-33 incremental plots 6-52 initialize ideal K 6-35 installation 6-12 maximum iteration 6-33 notes page 6-37 performance tab 6-37 plots 6-42 plots page 6-42 plotted results page 6-58 products page 6-55 property view 6-20 run / reset buttons 6-21 save for initial estimate 6-34 side draws page 6-29 side stripper page 6-26 solver options 6-32 solveropts page 6-32 spec tolerance 6-33 specifications 6-30 specs page 6-30 stage-by-stage method 6-8 stream detail 6-40 stream summary 6-38 summary page 6-38 super critical handling model 6-34 tabular results page 6-57
tbp cut points 6-9 theory 6-4 trace level 6-35 two liquids check 6-36 volume interchange curve 6-50 water handling 6-7 water tolerance 6-36 worksheet tab 6-37 zone page 6-24 zone-by-zone method 6-4 Petroleum Distillation Column 6-2 property view 6-20 Petroleum Feeder 7-2 add 7-2 connections page 7-4 connections tab 7-4 notes page 7-4 parameters page 7-5 parameters tab 7-5 property view 7-2 user variables tab 7-6 worksheet tab 7-6 Petroleum Properties A-5 component level A-5, A-9 Healy method A-8 mass blend A-6 mole blend A-6 MON blend A-8 RON blend A-8 stream level A-5, A-16 volume blend A-7 Petroleum Yield Shift Reactor 8-2 assay properties page 8-13 base shift page 8-12, 8-14 base yield page 8-9 conditions page 8-9 connections page 8-5 design tab 8-4 indep variables page 8-7 notes page 8-8 product flow tab 8-8 product properties tab 8-13 properties page 8-15 property view 8-3 reactor params page 8-6 tbp curves page 8-16 theory 8-2 user variables page 8-8 worksheet tab 8-17
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Prediction advanced options 4-102 catalyst 4-98 catalyst weight 4-104 coke laydown 4-104 configure reactor 4-92 design reactor 4-91 feed condition 4-96 feed data 4-94 feed properties 4-95 feed type 4-94 heater temperatures 4-106 operation measurement 4-103 operation variables 4-95 pinning percent 4-104 reactor control 4-97 reactor geometry 4-93 reactor pressure 4-105 recontactor 4-98 solver commands 4-102 solver console 4-102 solver options 4-101 solver scripts 4-102 Product Blender 9-2 add 9-5 automatic pressure assignment 9-9 connections page 9-7 connections tab 9-7 constraints configuration page 9-17 constraints inputs page 9-18 constraints results page 9-20 create 9-5 inlet flow ratios 9-8 notes page 9-7 objectives page 9-22 optimization calculation mode 9-3 optimization tab 9-10 optimizer configuration page 9-23 optimizer results page 9-25 parameters page 9-8 parameters tab 9-8 pressure 9-9 property view 9-5 simulation calculation 9-8 simulation calculation mode 9-3 switching between simulation and optimization 9-4 theory 9-3 user variables tab 9-26
variables configuration page 9-12 variables inputs page 9-13 variables results page 9-15 worksheet tab 9-26 R Reactor Section advanced options 4-72 catalyst 4-67 catalyst results 4-78 configuration 4-59 control 4-66 design 4-59 feed blend 4-74 feed condition 4-65 feed data 4-61 feed properties 4-63 feed type 4-62 geometry 4-60 notes page 4-61 operation 4-64 product properties 4-76 product yields 4-75 property view 4-58 reactor results 4-77 recontactor 4-68 recontactor results 4-78 results 4-73 solver commands 4-71 solver console 4-71 solver options 4-70 solver scripts 4-71 summary results 4-73 Refinery Column Input Experts 6-13 Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining common property views 1-5 utilities 10-2 Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining Object Palette 1-6 Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining Options 1-2 Results feed blend page 5-67 hydrogen balance page 5-70 hydrogen system page 5-70 product properties page 5-69 product yields page 5-68 property view 5-67 reactor page 5-69
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S Select Feed Location property view 5-33 Select Variable property view 10-16 using 10-17 Side Stripper property view 6-27 Spiral file A-52 stream level acetaldehyde toxic emission A-16 Aniline Point A-17 aromatics A-17 asphaltene A-17 basic nitrogen A-17 benzene toxic emission A-19 benzene toxic exhaust emission A-18 butadiene toxic emission A-20 C to H ratio A-21 Cetane Index 4737 A-21 Cetane index 967 A-21 Cetane Number A-22 Cloud Point A-22 Conradson carbon A-23 copper A-23 Cu/Fe A-23 DON(Clear) A-24 Driveability Index A-24 Flash Point A-24 formaldehyde toxic emission A-27 Freeze Point A-26 Hydrogen combustion A-28 Luminometer Number A-28 molecular weight A-28 MON Clear A-28 naphthenes A-29 Ni A-29 nitrogen A-29 NOx emission A-29 olefins A-30A-31 paraffins A-31 polycyclic toxic emission A-31 Pour Point A-32 refractive index A-33 Reid Vapor Pressure A-34 RON Clear A-35 RON Leaded A-36 rvp A-34
sg A-36 Smoke Point A-36 specific gravity A-36 Standard Liquid Density A-36 sulfur A-37 total toxic emission A-37 vanadium A-37 viscosity A-38 VOC exhaust A-38 VOC total A-40 VOC total non-exhaust A-39 wax content A-41 Swing Cut Utility 10-32 add 10-32 assay table tab 10-37 create 10-32 delete 10-33 edit 10-33 export assay properties 10-33 light ends tab 10-36 pims formate tab 10-39 property calculation 10-38 select assay property 10-38 specification tab 10-34 T Target Objects property view 10-18 scoping 10-19 TBP Cut Points 6-9 Tray Section Details property view 6-24 U User Variable add 1-12 User Variables page 1-10 User Variables tab 1-10 utility delta base 10-3 petroleum assay 10-23 swing cut 10-32 W Worksheet tab 1-6 X XML file A-45
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component A-48 crude A-48 first branch A-47 forth branch A-49 individual component A-49 second branch A-47 third branch A-48 type A-47 version A-47
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