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5.

1 Soap and Detergent


Soap Salt that is formed by neutralization between a fatty acid and an alkali. One example of soap is sodium palmitate, CH(CH)COONa. It is formed when palmatic acid is neutralized by sodium hydroxide, NaOH. CH(CH)COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH(CH)COONa(aq) +HO(l)

Detergent Salt that is formed by neutralizing an alkyl hydrogen sulphate with an alkali. One example of detergent is sodium lauryl sulphate Detergents may contain many other substances in addition to the substances that does the cleaning and also to make it more effective. These substances are called additives

Biological enzymes are catalyst that increases the detergency or cleaning power of a detergent. Whitening agents include bleaches such as sodium perborate. They release chlorine and oxygen that remove stains and make clothes become whiter and cleaner.

Preparation of detergent Detergents are made using raw materials obtained from petroleum

1. Production of lauryl hydrogen sulphate CH(CH)CHOH + HSOCH(CH)CHOSOH + HO

2. Neutralization of lauryl hydrogen sulphate CH(CH)CHOSOH + NaOHCH(CH)CHOSONa + HO

Preparation of soap Oils and fats are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids. It made up through heating oils or fats with an alkali such as sodium hydroxide, NaOH. The oil or fat molecules are broken up or hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids. This reaction is the reverse of esterification (saponication) The fatty acids formed then react with sodium hydroxide, NaOH to forma salt (soap).

Saponification of oils or fats

Neutralization of fatty acids

RCOOH + RCOOH + RCOOH + 3NaOH RCOONa + RCOONa+ 3HO

+ RCOONa

The cleansing action of soap and detergent One part of the soap and detergent anion is negatively charged (polar end).-It dissolves in water. It is hydrophilic or likes water. The other part has no charge (non-polar end)-It dissolves in oil or grease. It is hydrophobic or hates water. These two parts work together to remove grease.

When soap or detergent is added to the dirty surface of a piece of cloth covered with a layer of oil or grease, a) The negatively charged heads (hydrophilic) of soap ions or detergents ions dissolves in water b) The hydrocarbon tails (hydrophobic) of soap or detergent ions dissolves in the layer of grease.

If the water is agitated slightly, the grease begins to lift off the surface. When the cloth is rinsed with water, the droplets will be carried away Heating and stirring may help to loosen the dirt particles from the material being washed.

The effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and detergent Property Cleaning effectiveness Ease of rinsing Soap Less effective Difficult to wash out all the soap on clothes and the remaining will leave odour and spoils the fabric. pH Slightly alkaline Can be controlled to suit the cleaning task Molecular structure Determined by the fatty acids found in the oil or fat used to produce soap Can be modified to suit the clean task. For example, a detergent can be made specially for cleaning toilet bowl. Formation of scum Form scum with hard water Does form scum with hard water Detergent More effective Easily can be rinsed from clothes

Uses of food additives To make food last longer (to extend the shelf life)

Types of food additives Preservatives : sodium nitrite, sodium benzoate Antioxidant : ascorbic acid Flavouring : Monosodium glutamate(MSG), aspartame Stabiliser and thickener : gelatin and acacia gum Dye : azo compounds,triphenyl compounds

Effects on health Allergy : MSG Carcinogenic : NaNO Brain damage Hyperactivity

Functions of food additives Preservatives : to inhibit or prevent the growth of moulds, yeast and bacteria that spoil foods Antioxidants : to prevent spoilage of food due to oxidation by oxygen Flavouring agents : to enhance the taste of food Stabilisers and thickeners : to improve the texture of foods Colouring agents : to restore the colour or to enhance the natural colour

5.3 : medicine
. A medicine is a substance used to prevent or cure disease or to reduce pain and suffering due to illness

Plant local name uses aloe vera sap used to relieved pain from burns betel leaves relived sore eyes bitter gourd fruit use to cure diabetes coconut, young coconut waters reduce fever Garlic reduces infection and hypertension ginger reduces inflammation and improves blod circulation and digestion ginseng roots maintain good health hibiscus leaves relives headache and hair loss turmeric cures pimples

Traditional medicines Derived from plants

Medicines

Modern medicines chemical that are extracted from plants and animals

Type of modern medicine function examples analgesics relieve pain asprin paracetamol antibiotics kill or inhibit growth of infectious bacteria penicillin streptomycin psychotherapeutic medicines control systems of mental illness stimulants antidepressants

Side effects of medicines Both traditional and modern medicines have side effects Some traditional medicines help people lose their weight by speeding up their metabolism. The side effects are an increase in blood pressure and heart rate Birth control pills are an example of modern medicine. Woman who use them experience side effects such as hypertension, acne and abnormal bleeding.

Correct ways of using medicines Use the correct amount or dosage and using it for the correct purpose For example, using antibiotics to treat infection caused by viruses is drug misuse. This is because antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Drug abuse is using drug for its intoxicating effect. For example, the use of morphine, viagra and ecstasy pills.

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