Symbol

Symbol Name

Meaning / definition

Example

= > < () [] + * /
mod

equals sign not equal sign strict inequality strict inequality inequality inequality parentheses brackets plus sign minus sign plus - minus minus - plus asterisk times sign multiplication dot division sign / obelus division slash horizontal line modulo period power caret square root cube root forth root n-th root (radical)

equality inequality greater than less than greater than or equal to less than or equal to calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first addition subtraction both plus and minus operations both minus and plus operations multiplication multiplication multiplication division division division / fraction remainder calculation decimal point, decimal separator exponent exponent

5 = 2+3 54 5>4 4<5 54 45 2 (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18 1+1=2 21=1 3 5 = 8 and -2 3 5 = -2 and 8 2*3=6 23=6 23=6 62=3 6/2=3

7 mod 2 = 1 2.56 = 2+56/100 23 = 8 2 ^ 3= 8 9 = 3

3 4

. ab a^b a 3 a 4 a n a

a a = a

8 = 2 16 = 2

for n=3, n8 = 2

%
ppm ppb ppt

percent per-mille per-million per-billion per-trillion

1% = 1/100 1 = 1/1000 = 0.1% 1ppm = 1/1000000 1ppb = 1/1000000000 1ppb = 10-12

10% 30 = 3 10 30 = 0.3 10ppm 30 = 0.0003 10ppb 30 = 310-7 10ppb 30 = 310-10

Geometry symbols

Symbol

Symbol Name

Meaning / definition

Example

AB

angle measured angle spherical angle right angle degree arcminute arcsecond line ray

formed by two rays

ABC = 30
ABC = 30 AOB = 30

= 90 1 turn = 360 1 = 60 1 = 60
line from point A to point B line that start from point A perpendicular lines (90angle) parallel lines equivalence of geometric shapes and size same shapes, not same size triangle shape distance between points x and y

= 90 = 60 = 6059' = 6059'59''

| || ~ | x-y |
rad grad

perpendicular parallel congruent to similarity triangle distance

AC |BC AB || CD ABC XYZ ABC ~ XYZ ABC BCD | x-y | = 5 c = d = 2r 360 = 2 rad 360 = 400 grad

= 3.141592654...
pi constant radians grads
is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle

radians angle unit grads angle unit

Algebra symbols

Symbol

Symbol Name

Meaning / definition

Example

x := ~ () [] {} x x x! |x| f (x) (f g) (a,b) [a,b]

x variable equivalence equal by definition equal by definition

unknown value to find identical to equal by definition equal by definition

when 2x = 4, then x = 2

approximately equal weak approximation approximately equal approximation proportional to lemniscate much less than much greater than parentheses brackets braces floor brackets ceiling brackets exclamation mark single vertical bar function of x proportional to infinity symbol much less than much greater than calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first set rounds number to lower integer rounds number to upper integer factorial absolute value maps values of x to f(x)

11 ~ 10 sin(0.01) 0.01
f(x) g(x)

1 1000000 1000000 1 2 * (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18 4.34 4.35 4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24 | -5 | = 5 f (x) = 3x+5 f (x)=3x, g(x)=x1 (f g)(x)=3(x-1) x (2,6) x [2,6] t = t1 - t0 xi= x1+x2+...+xn

function composition (f g) (x) = f (g(x)) open interval closed interval delta discriminant sigma

(a,b) {x | a < x < b} [a,b] {x | a x b}

change / difference

= b2 - 4ac
summation - sum of all values in range of series

sigma capital pi e constant / Euler's number Euler-Mascheroni constant golden ratio

double summation product - product of all values in range of series

xi=x1x2...xn e = lim (1+1/x)x , x

e = 2.718281828... = 0.527721566...
golden ratio constant

Linear Algebra Symbols

Symbol

Symbol Name

Meaning / definition

Example

AB [] () |A| det(A) || x || AT A A* A -1
rank(A) dim(U)

dot cross tensor product inner product brackets parentheses determinant determinant double vertical bars transpose Hermitian matrix Hermitian matrix inverse matrix matrix rank dimension

scalar product vector product tensor product of A and B

ab ab AB

matrix of numbers matrix of numbers determinant of matrix A determinant of matrix A norm matrix transpose matrix conjugate transpose matrix conjugate transpose

(AT)ij = (A)ji (A)ij = (A)ji (A*)ij = (A)ji

rank(A) = 3 rank(U) = 3

A A-1 = I
rank of matrix A dimension of matrix A

Probability and statistics symbols

Symbol

Symbol Name

Meaning / definition

Example

P(A) P(A B)

probability function probability of event A probability of probability that of events A and events intersection B

P(A) = 0.5 P(AB) = 0.5

P(A B) P(A | B) f (x) F(x) E(X) E(X | Y) var(X) 2 std(X) X cov(X,Y) corr(X,Y) X,Y Mo MR Md Q1 Q2 Q3

probability of events union

probability that of events A or B

P(AB) = 0.5 P(A | B) = 0.3

conditional probability of event A given probability function event B occured probability density function (pdf) cumulative distribution function (cdf) population mean expectation value conditional expectation variance variance standard deviation standard deviation median covariance correlation correlation summation

P(a x b) = f (x) dx F(x) = P(X x)

mean of population values expected value of random variable X expected value of random variable X given Y variance of random variable X variance of population values standard deviation of random variable X standard deviation value of random variable X middle value of random variable x covariance of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y summation - sum of all values in range of series double summation value that occurs most frequently in population

= 10 E(X) = 10 E(X | Y=2) = 5 var(X) = 4 2 = 4 std(X) = 2 X = 2

cov(X,Y) = 4 corr(X,Y) = 3 X,Y = 3

double summation mode mid-range sample median

MR = (xmax+xmin)/2

half the population is below this value 25% of population are below lower / first quartile this value median / second 50% of population are below quartile this value = median of samples upper / third 75% of population are below quartile this value

x s2 s zx X~
N(,2) U(a,b) exp() gamma(c, ) 2(k) F (k1, k2) Bin(n,p) Poisson() Geom(p) HG(N,K,n) Bern(p)

sample mean sample variance sample standard deviation standard score distribution of X normal distribution exponential distribution chi-square distribution F distribution binomial distribution geometric distribution hyper-geometric distribution Bernoulli distribution

average / arithmetic mean population samples variance estimator population samples standard deviation estimator

x = (2+5+9) / 3 = 5.333 s2 = 4 s=2

zx = (x-x) / sx
distribution of random variable X gaussian distribution

X ~ N(0,3) X ~ N(0,3) X ~ U(0,3)

uniform distribution equal probability in range a,b

f (x) = e-x , x0
c-1 -x

gamma distribution f (x) = c x

/ (c),x0

f (x) = xk/2-1e-x/2 / ( 2k/2(k/2) ) f (k) = nCk pk(1-p)n-k

k -

Poisson distribution f (k) = e / k!

f (k) = p (1-p) k

Combinatorics Symbols

Symbol

Symbol Name

Meaning / definition

Example

n!
nPk nCk

factorial permutation

n! = 123...n

5! = 12345 = 120
5P3

= 5! / (5-3)! = 60

combination

5C3

= 5!/[3!(5-3)!]=10

Set theory symbols

Symbol

Symbol Name

Meaning / definition

Example

{}

set

a collection of elements

A={3,7,9,14}, B={9,14,28}

AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB 2A

intersection union subset

objects that belong to set A and set B objects that belong to set A or set B subset has less elements or equal to the set

A B = {9,14} A B = {3,7,9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66}

proper subset / strict subset has less elements subset than the set not subset superset proper superset / strict superset not superset power set power set equality complement relative complement relative complement symmetric difference left set not a subset of right set set A has more elements or equal to the set B set A has more elements than set B set A is not a superset of set B all subsets of A all subsets of A both sets have the same members all the objects that do not belong to set A objects that belong to A and not to B objects that belong to A and not to B objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection set membership no set membership collection of 2 elements set of all ordered pairs from A and B the number of elements of set A

(A)
A=B Ac A\B A-B AB AB aA xA (a,b) AB |A|

A={3,9,14}, B={3,9,14}, A=B

symmetric difference element of not element of ordered pair cartesian product cardinality

A={3,9,14}, B={9,14} A={3,9,14}, B={9,14} A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,9,14} A={3,9,14},

B={1,2,3}, AB={1,2,3}, AB={1,2,3}, A B={1,2,3},

A B={1,2,9,14} A={3,9,14}, 3 A A={3,9,14}, 1 A

A={3,9,14}, |A|=3

#A U 0 1
Logic symbols

cardinality aleph empty set universal set natural numbers set (with zero) natural numbers set (without zero) integer numbers set rational numbers set real numbers set complex numbers set

the number of elements of set A infinite cardinality

A={3,9,14}, #A=3

={}
set of all possible values

C = {}

0 = {0,1,2,3,4,...} 1 = {1,2,3,4,5,...} = {...-3,-2,1,0,1,2,3,...}

0 0 6 1 -6

= {x | x=a/b, a,b} 2/6 = {x | - < x <} = {z | z=a+bi, <a<, -<b<} 6.343434 6+2i

Symbol

Symbol Name

Meaning / definition

Example

^ & + | x' x ! ~

and caret / circumflex ampersand plus reversed caret vertical line single quote bar not exclamation mark circled plus / oplus tilde

and and and or or or not - negation not - negation not - negation not - negation exclusive or - xor negation

xy x^y x&y x+y xy x|y x' x x !x xy ~x

implies equivalent for all there exists there does not exists therefore because / since if and only if

Calculus & analysis symbols

Symbol

Symbol Name

Meaning / definition

Example

limit

limit value of a function represents a very small number, 0 near zero

e y' y '' y(n)

epsilon e constant / Euler's number derivative second derivative nth derivative derivative second derivative nth derivative time derivative time second derivative partial derivative

e = 2.718281828...
derivative - Leibniz's notation derivative of derivative n times derivation derivative - Lagrange's notation derivative of derivative n times derivation derivative by time - Newton notation derivative of derivative

e = lim (1+1/x)x , x (3x3)' = 9x2 (3x3)'' = 18x (3x3)(3) = 18 d(3x3)/dx = 9x2 d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x

(x2+y2)/x = 2x
opposite to derivation integration of function of 2 variables integration of function of 3 variables

integral double integral triple integral

 [a,b] (a,b) i z* z

closed contour / line integral closed surface integral closed volume integral closed interval open interval imaginary unit complex conjugate complex conjugate nabla / del vector unit vector

[a,b] = {x | a x b} (a,b) = {x | a < x < b} i -1 z = a+bi z*=a-bi z = a+bi z = a-bi

gradient / divergence operator

z = 3 + 2i z* = 3 + 2i z = 3 + 2i f (x,y,z)

x*y
Numeral symbols

convolution Laplace transform Fourier transform delta function

y(t) = x(t) * h(t) F(s) = {f (t)} X() = {f (t)}

Name zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten

European

Roman

Hindu Arabic

Hebrew

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty fourty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C

Greek alphabet letters

Greek Symbol Upper Case Lower Case

Greek Letter Name Alpha

English Equivalent a

Pronunciation al-fa

Upper Case

Lower Case

Greek Symbol

Greek Letter Name Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon

English Equivalent a b g d e

Pronunciation al-fa be-ta ga-ma del-ta ep-si-lon


Roman numerals

Number

Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega

z h th i k l m n x o p r s t u ph ch ps o

ze-ta eh-ta te-ta io-ta ka-pa lam-da m-yoo noo x-ee o-mee-c-ron pa-yee row sig-ma ta-oo oo-psi-lon f-ee kh-ee p-see o-me-ga

Roman numeral

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I II III IV V VI VII

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV