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VII ENCUENTRO DE LA ALIANZA INTERNACIONAL DE PEQUEOS PRODUCTORES DE SOYA Y DE LA AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR III ASAMBLEA GENERAL Santa Cruz, Bolivia del 18 al 20 de Julio de 2012

La Soya o Soja (Glycine max)

Leguminosa de un enorme potencial nutricional, ha sido desde tiempos antiguos parte de la dieta de muchas culturas orientales. Diversos preparados y frmulas muestran este hecho: tofu o queso de soya,, tempeh, miso, etc. brotes de soya, Salsa de soya, etc.
La protena de la soja en el tempeh comienza a ser ms digestivo como resultado del proceso de fermentacin. En particular, losoligosacridos que se asocian frecuentemente con los gases y la indigestin, todos estos efectos se reducen mediante la cultura delRhizopus. En las formas tradicionales de elaboracin del tempeh se haca que la bacteria que elaboraba la B12 estuviera presente durante el proceso. En los pases de la cultura occidental es muy comn el empleo de la Rhizopus oligosporus

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En la elaboracin de un miso liviano o ligero, la soja es inoculada con un cultivo o fermento y se incuba durante setenta y dos horas. El cultivo preparado para producir miso se llama kji (), y es una mezcla de trigo o de arroz con el fermento kji-kin (, especie de hongo asociado actualmente al Aspergillus oryzae), o sino con el shyu-kji-kin (, Aspergillus sojae)

El tofu se obtiene coagulando la leche de soya y prensando el cuajo obtenido. Coagulantes bsicos Estos coagulantes se usan de forma industrial, y consisten en la adicin de una sal no txica a la leche de soja: Sulfato de calcio (yeso): Es el sistema tradicional y el ms extendido para obtener tofu al estilo chino. Produce un tofu tierno pero de textura ligeramente quebradiza. No deja rastro de sabor perceptible en el producto final. El tofu obtenido hace que el producto sea tambin rico en calcio Cloruro de magnesio y cloruro de calcio: Ambas sales tienen un alto grado de solubilidad en el agua y afectan a la protena de soja del mismo modo. Producen un tofu con una textura tierna y uniforme. Coagulantes cidos Glucono delta-lactona (GDL): cido orgnico usado en las recetas chinas de Tofu, que produce un tofu de fina textura, casi con la apariencia de la gelatina. Este coagulante se usa de forma especfica para los tofus ms suaves, y proporciona un toque de sabor cido al producto finalizado. [editar]En la cultura

En las culturas occidentales la soya es consumida slo hace algunos aos, principalmente impulsada por sectores naturalistas que promueven el uso de alimentos funcionales nutracuticos; tal es el caso de la ingestin de los isoflavonoides para la regulacin del funcionamiento de tejidos modulados por estrgenos. Entre los derivados mas importantes estn :leche de soya, yogurt de soya, porotos de soya, carne de soya, aceite de soya, harina de soya

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La concentracin de protenas en la soya, excepto metionina con niveles apreciables de aminocidos esenciales, hacen de esta especie un recurso nutricional de alta valoracin particularmente en las regiones ms deprimidas.

Propiedades de la Soja
Protenas: destaca su contenido de protenas de buena calidad, superado incluso el aporte proteico de las carnes. 100 gramos de soja = 35,9 gramos de protena 100 gramos de carne de ternera = 20 gramos de protena Fibra: su elevado aporte de fibra contribuye a prevenir o aliviar el estreimiento, a hacer ms lento el paso de los azcares hacia la sangre y a reducir los niveles de colesterol, efecto que tambin comparten las grasas insaturadas que contiene la soja. 100 gramos de soja = 15,7 gramos de fibra Hidratos de carbono: 100 gramos de soja = 15,8 gramos de hidratos de carbono Grasas: la soja es rica en grasas (18,6%), que en su mayor parte son poliinsaturadas. Destaca la presencia de dos cidos grasos: linolnico (omega-3; la grasa caracterstica del pescado azul) y linoleico (omega-6), ambos fundamentales y beneficiosos para la salud de vasos sanguneos y corazn. Contiene adems lecitina; un tipo de grasa que se emplea como complemento diettico y aditivo emulsionante (E-322) en chocolates, repostera, margarinas, etc. Minerales y vitaminas: en comparacin con el resto de legumbres, aporta mayor cantidad de minerales como calcio, hierro, magnesio, potasio y fsforo, y cantidades apreciables de vitamina E, folatos y otras vitaminas del grupo B. Asimismo, cabe destacar la presencia de isoflavonas; antioxidantes de probados beneficios para la salud.

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Las formulaciones actuales como leche, yogurt, etc., hacen atractivo su uso

Sin embargo, la soya producida en Sud Amrica tiene un destino predominantemente orientado a la produccin de alimentos para ganado, en diversos continentes. El destino al consumo humano es escaso, en los pases a los que se exporta.

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De ah que no existen grandes emprendimientos para valorar la soya como insumo en la dieta humana. No obstante, la soya en Amrica Latina tiene una tendencia creciente para el consumo humano.

Se ha establecido que la soya, junto a otras leguminosas y pseudocereales (Ej. Quinua) puede constituirse en la solucin al problema del hambre, al menos en el continente americano.

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Sin embargo, existe el antecedente de que el consumo de soya tienen algunos inconvenientes que ya fueron advertidos, inclusive en las culturas orientales. Entre estos se cuenta presencia de factores antinutricionales como:
cido Ftico Fitatos : Molculas con capacidad para inhibir la absorcin de Zn++, Ca++, Mg++.

Inhibidor de protenas: con capacidad para neutralizar la actividad de la tripsina pancretica en la que bloquean la digestin de protenas e, indirectamente su absorcin.

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Exceso de Mn: que puede acumularse y tener efectos neurotxicos.

La ausencia de metiotina puede ser compensada por la conversin de la homocisteina, siempre que est biodisponible el cido flico y la vitamina B12 que no existen en la soya.

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Los fitoestrgenos Daidzeina y Genisteina en formulaciones infantiles han sido reportadas como agentes feminizantes por su efecto estrognico.

La presencia de Genisteina, adems de efectos estrognicos puede inducir trastornos tiroideos (efecto goitrognico)

Thus, soy effects on the thyroid involve the critical relationship between iodine status and
thyroid function. In rats consuming genistein-fortified diets, genistein was measured in the thyroid arehyroid at levels that produced dose-dependent and significant inactivation of rat and human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in vitro. Furthermore, rat TPO activity was dose-dependently reduced by up to 80%. . Daniel R. Doerge1 and Daniel M. Sheehan2 1Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA; 2Daniel M. Sheehan and Associates, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA Health Perspect 110(suppl 3):349353 (2002).

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Epxido

La presencia de lipooxigenasa que forma epxidos en los dobles enlaces en los lpidos dan el sabor que muchos rechazan en la soya (leche de soya) El aceite de soya tambin se transforma(se epoxida). Para evitar esto la agroindustria hidrogena al aceite, quita los dobles enlaces y al eliminar su insaturacin pierde su valor nutricional (genera colesterol)

Sustancias qumicas que se usan en la fabricacin de derivados, como los solventes en aceite, pueden tener efectos colaterales. Muchos carbohidratos presentes en la harina son capturados por microorganismos del intestino y causan flatulencias

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A lo anterior se agregan los riesgos de las variedades transgnicas, resistentes al glifosato que generan problemas de salud relacionadas con la presencia de un nuevo gen en el producto y de trazas del herbicida. Estas afectaciones han sido mostradas en modelos animales y hay algunas evidencias en humanos.

El caso ms conocido: la Soya transgnica Roundup Readyde la empresa Monsanto

Es resistente a un herbicida: el Glifosato de amonio

El glifosato inhibe a una enzima que tienen todas las plantas: la Shikimato Sintasa (5 fosfo-enolpiruvil-shikimato-3-fosfato sintasa o EPSPS, que es esencial en el metabolismo). Si sta entra en contacto con el herbicida la planta muere.

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A la soya transgnica se le incorpora un gen de resistencia al glifosato, obtenido de una bacteria: Agrobacterium CP4, que codifica para una Shikimato Sintasa que no recibe al glifosato(CP4 EPSPS) , por tanto, no se inhibe en su presencia y la planta (soya) sigue en funcionamiento.

Ventajas del uso de las semillas de los OGM

VENTAJAS PARA LOS PRODUCTORES: A.- Para los productores de Semillas(Monsanto, Aventis): Enormes Ganancias por la venta de semillas. Se vende la semilla en todas las siembras. Hay controles para no obtener semilla y sembrarla, se disponen de controles B.- Para los productores de maz o soya.

Menos uso de mano de obra: el pequeo disminuye su esfuerzo al quitar malezas, el grande ya no contrata peones, fumiga por avin (aumenta sus ganancias). Usa menos pesticidas qumicos; solo se usara Glifosato El dinero proveniente de la disminucin de costos de produccin (por la no contratacin de trabajadores) se destina a la compra de mas semilla transgnica Mas rendimiento? No est establecido. Algunos dicen que si por que se evita la disminucin de granos que ocasionan las plagas: ej.-barrenador europeo, en el maz convencional. Sin embargo, diversos estudios muestran que no controla al gusano cogollero(plaga que se quiere combatir en Sta. Cruz) y que el rendimiento, por tanto, es muy poco significativamente mas alto que su homologo isognico y menor que otros hibridos disponibles (ver artculo siguiente)

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Impacto del gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) en maces Bt en el norte santafesino. Sosa, Maria A.; Vitti Scarel, Daniela E. Trabajo presentado en Reunion de Comunicaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas 2004. 18 de Octubre de 2004. Campus Universitario Resistencia Chaco. Facultad Ciencias Agrarias. UNNE. Conclusiones: Todos los materiales Bt fueron afectados por S. frugiperda, aunque con menor intensidad que el material convencional. El material DK 722 MG produjo cuatro quintales mas que su isogenico convencional aunque las diferencias no fueron significativas. La sequia posiblemente enmascar el impacto de la plaga sobre el rendimiento.

Desventajas de los OGMs

Para los Productores de Semillas: Ninguna Para los productores de Maz o Soya:
Se cierra el mercado de productos orgnicos[actualmente en alza, tanto en la regin (paises del ALBA) y en Europa] Contaminan a travs de polen y vientos (cientos de Km como en Mxico y Espaa) e insectos, a las parcelas convencionales y a otras variedades(contaminacin gentica). En el caso de Sta. Cruz sur, debe recordarse que es la regin de mayor intensidad de viento de Sudamrica(ver mapa elico en anexos). Puede tener cultivos transgnicos sin usar semillas transgnicas (compradas) y es sujeto a juicios y multas por no pagar derechos de patente Contamina con herbicidas a las parcelas vecinas causando muerte de especies silvestres y cultivadas

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Desventajas de los OGMs

Contamina con herbicidas por aire y agua de riego a otras reas de la regin. Provoca la creacin de las llamadas supermalezas: ya se ha reportado chinches resistentes a las variedades B.t. y hierbas resistentes a glifosato: ej.: Digitaria insularis, una especie perenne de difcil control.

Las variedades B.t. matan insectos por lo que puede conducir a la eliminacin de insectos benficos. Ej.- Polinizadores --- se extinguen las frutas silvestres y cultivadas; desaparecen las especies que fertilizan, airean, y drenan la tierra, se pierden especies que son alimento o que se alimentan de otras especies.- por tanto, afecta las cadenas trficas y al conjunto de la biodiversidad local: la tierra ya no es un ecosistema natural. El glifosato tiene tambin este efecto.

Esterilizan sus tierras : el glifosato es txico para la micro flora edfica, consecuencia: desertificacin o grandes gastos en rehabilitacin El glifosato tambin tiene efectos sobre la salud de los productores y consumidores. Despus de varias cosechas la tierra queda inservible. Es necesario ampliar la frontera agrcola a expensas de los bosques

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Las pruebas de inocuidad proceden mayoritariamente de los laboratorios de las empresas que producen los transgnicos (Monsanto, DuPont, Aventis)* Revisando los propios datos de Monsanto(recuperados por decisin de una corte en Alemania), investigadores independientes encontraron dao heptico y renal en ratas administradas con soya Roundup ready. Laboratorios contratados por estas empresas, que realizaban estudios de toxicidad de l Glifosato fueron multados y encarcelados por fraude __________ *Con dichas pruebas se aprob la importacin de la Soya transgnica en Bolivia y en otros pases

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Hay que diferenciar entre: Ausencia de evidencia Y Evidencia de ausencia

Ventajas y riesgos para la salud

Adems: Existen evidencias y reportes de alergias (a las nuevas proteinas) y resistencia a antibiticos Un gen no es slo un gen (funcionalmente pueden haber lecturas desplazadas) que codifiquen para protenas desconocidas que pueden ser
Autoaintgenos, mutgenos, alergenos, mielotxicos, nefrotxicos Hepatotxicos, neurotxicos, inmunotxicos

Muchos pises se han sujetado al principio de precaucin y rechazan los transgnicos. En la UE slo de usa soya para alimentacin de cerdos. En Bolivia el maz no es slo forrajero El nico pais de Europa que cultiva transgnicos es Espaa, respaldada por decisiones de su Ministra de Ciencia Tecnologa e Innovacin.

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Cristina Gamenda, Ministra espaola de Ciencia, Innovacin y Tecnologa Experta en biomedicina y biofarmacia. Presidenta de la empresa de investigacin Genetrix. Los transgnicos son seguros. Yo me los comera tranquilamente

El glifosato tambin ha mostrado efectos txicos

Existen datos sobre la peligrosidad de este herbicida, tanto en los que utilizan directamente, en los aereofumigados, en los consumidores y el la fauna afectada. Se ha reportado afectacin del desarrollo placentario y del aparato endcrino. En animales anomalas del desarrollo

-------------------

Estudios recientes demuestran: Efecto genotxico (mutagnico); Efecto inductor de stress oxidativo ; Dao en clulas mononucleares de la sangre; Induccin de muerte celular en clulas embrionarias y placentarias, incluyendo la afectacin de su funcionamiento endcrino. La asociacin entre la presencia de cncer y la exposicin a glifosato ha sido demostrada en diversos estudios:
La asociacin con linfoma no-Hodking fue demostrada en sucesivos estudios epidemiolgicos en Suecia y Canad y la asociacin con Mieloma mltiple en EEUU. La relacin entre glifosato y cncer tambin fue respaldada por estudios de laboratorio en la piel de animales experimentales.

La manipulacin gentica realizada en el maz transgnico ha unido el gen Bt a otro gen, utilizado como marcador gentico, que produce resistencia a antibiticos betalactmicos (incluyendo la ampicilina); sobre este no es posible descartar la posibilidad de su incorporacin en las bacterias intestinales de quien consuma el alimento, induciendo as la presencia de cepas resistentes a estos agentes teraputicos, lo que conlleva potenciales peligros en patologas infecciosas. Recientemente, tal posibilidad ha sido demostrada en modelos experimentales en condiciones controladas(A)

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Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Apr;45(4):551-62. Epub 2006 Oct 4.

Thirteen week feeding study with transgenic maize grain containing event DAS-157-1 in Sprague-Dawley rats.
MacKenzie SA, Lamb I, Schmidt J, Deege L, Morrisey MJ, Harper M, Layton RJ, Prochaska LM, Sanders C, Locke M, Mattsson JL, Fuentes A, Delaney B.
DuPont Haskell Laboratory, Newark, DE, USA.

Abstract
Maize line 1507, containing event DAS-157-1 (1507), is a genetically modified (GM) maize plant that expresses the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sbsp. aizawai and the phosphinothricin-Nacetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes throughout the plant including in the grain expression of the Cry1F protein confers in planta resistance to the European corn borer (ECB; Ostrinia nubilalis Hbner: Crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests. Expression of the PAT protein confers tolerance to the herbicidal active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium. The current study evaluated the nutritional performance of rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain in a subchronic rodent feeding study. The grains in this study, 1507, its near-isogenic control (33P66), and a non-GM commercial hybrid (33J56) contained similar amounts of proximates, amino acids, minerals, anti-nutrients, and secondary metabolites. The subchronic feeding study compared standard toxicology response variables in rats fed diets containing 1507 maize grain with those in rats fed diets containing non-GM maize grains. All diets were prepared according to the specifications of PMI Nutrition International, LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002 (PMI) 5002). Diets were fed ad libitum to Sprague-Dawley rats for approximately 90 days. In-life response variables included indicators of dietary performance and weekly evaluations for clinical signs of toxicity. No toxicologically significant differences were observed in the nutritional performance variables, clinical and neurobehavioral signs, ophthalmology, clinical pathology (hematology, clinical chemistry, coagulation, and urinalysis), organ weights, and gross and microscopic pathology between any pair of treatment groups. These results demonstrate that 1507 maize grain is as safe and as nutritious as non-GM maize grain.

Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Sep;47(9):2269-80. Epub 2009 Jun 12.

Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-9814-6 in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Appenzeller LM, Munley SM, Hoban D, Sykes GP, Malley LA, Delaney B.
Pioneer, A DuPont Company, Johnston, IA, USA.

Abstract
This 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM), herbicidetolerant maize DP-9814-6 (98140; trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of Pioneer Hi-Bred)). Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence, gat4621, from Bacillus licheniformis; tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to inactivation. Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+Gly/SU) plants, the conventional non-transgenic, near-isogenic control (091), and three commercial non-transgenic reference hybrids (33J56, 33P66, and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38% w/w into a common rodent chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International, LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats (12/sex/group) for at least 91 consecutive days. Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the conventional near-isogenic control maize, no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing grain from 98140 or 98140+Gly/SU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD, 1998. Section 4 (Part 408), Health Effects: Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents, Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals. Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France]. These results support the comparative safety and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional, nontransgenic hybrid field corn.

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Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2007 May;52(4):596-602. Epub 2007 Mar 13.

New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity.
Sralini GE, Cellier D, de Vendomois JS.
Committee for Independent Information and Research on Genetic Engineering CRIIGEN, Paris, France. criigen@unicaen.fr

Abstract
Health risk assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) cultivated for food or feed is under debate throughout the world, and very little data have been published on mid- or long-term toxicological studies with mammals. One of these studies performed under the responsibility of Monsanto Company with a transgenic corn MON863 has been subjected to questions from regulatory reviewers in Europe, where it was finally approved in 2005. This necessitated a new assessment of kidney pathological findings, and the results remained controversial. An Appeal Court action in Germany (Mnster) allowed public access in June 2005 to all the crude data from this 90-day rat-feeding study. We independently re-analyzed these data. Appropriate statistics were added, such as a multivariate analysis of the growth curves, and for biochemical parameters comparisons between GMO-treated rats and the controls fed with an equivalent normal diet, and separately with six reference diets with different compositions. We observed that after the consumption of MON863, rats showed slight but dose-related significant variations in growth for both sexes, resulting in 3.3% decrease in weight for males and 3.7% increase for females. Chemistry measurements reveal signs of hepatorenal toxicity, marked also by differential sensitivities in males and females. Triglycerides increased by 24-40% in females (either at week 14, dose 11% or at week 5, dose 33%, respectively); urine phosphorus and sodium excretions diminished in males by 31-35% (week 14, dose 33%) for the most important results significantly linked to the treatment in comparison to seven diets tested. Longer experiments are essential in order to indicate the real nature and extent of the possible pathology; with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON863 is a safe product.

International Journal of Biological Sciences 2009; 5(7):706-726 A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian Health Jol Spiroux de Vendmois1, Franois Roullier1, Dominique Cellier1,2 and Gilles-Eric Sralini1,3
1. CRIIGEN, 40 rue Monceau, 75008 Paris, France. 2. University of Rouen LITIS EA 4108, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France. 3. University of Caen, Institute of Biology, Risk Pole CNRS, EA 2608, 14032 Caen, France; Correspondence to: Prof. Gilles-Eric Sralini, Institute of Biology, EA 2608, University of Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France. Phone +33 2 31 56 56 84; Fax +33 2 56 53 20; Email: criigen@unicaen.fr.

Abstract We present for the first time a comparative analysis of blood and organ system data from trials with rats fed three main commercialized genetically modified (GM) maize (NK 603, MON 810, MON 863), which are present in food and feed in the world. NK 603 has been modified to be tolerant to the broad spectrum herbicide Roundup and thus contains residues of this formulation. MON 810 and MON 863 are engineered to synthesize two different Bt toxins used as insecticides. Approximately 60 different biochemical parameters were classified per organ and measured in serum and urine after 5 and 14 weeks of feeding. GM maize-fed rats were compared first to their respective isogenic or parental non-GM equivalent control groups. This was followed by comparison to six reference groups, which had consumed various other non-GM maize varieties. We applied nonparametric methods, including multiple pairwise comparisons with a False Discovery Rate approach. Principal Component Analysis allowed the investigation of scattering of different factors (sex, weeks of feeding, diet, dose and group). Our analysis clearly reveals for the 3 GMOs new side effects linked with GM maize consumption, which were sex- and often dose-dependent. Effects were mostly associated with the kidney and liver, the dietary detoxifying organs, although different between the 3 GMOs. Other effects were also noticed in the heart, adrenal glands, spleen and haematopoietic system. We conclude that these data highlight signs of hepatorenal toxicity, possibly due to the new pesticides specific to each GM corn. In addition, unintended direct or indirect metabolic consequences of the genetic modification cannot be excluded.

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WIKIPEDIA: RoundupReady: Fraude cientfico En dos ocasiones la Agencia de Proteccin Ambiental de los Estados Unidos ha encontrado cientficos falsificando deliberadamente los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de investigacin contratados por Monsanto para estudiar los efectos del glifosato.23 24 25 En el primer incidente involucrando ``Industria Biotest Laboratories", un revisor del EPA declar despus de la investigacin sobre "falsificacin de datos de rutina" que era "difcil de creer la integridad cientfica de los estudios cuando se dice que tomaron muestras de los teros de conejos machos".26 27 28 En el segundo incidente sobre falsificacin de resultados, ocurrido en 1991, el propietario del laboratorio (Craven Labs), y tres empleados fueron acusados en 20 cargos; el propietario fue condenado a 5 aos de prisin y una multa de 50.000 dlares, el laboratorio fue multada con 15,5 millones de dlares y se le orden pagar 3,7 millones en restitucin.29 30 31 Los laboratorios Craven haban realizado estudios para 262 empresas, entre ellas los plaguicidas de Monsanto. Publicidad engaosa En 1996 Monsanto fue acusado de falsa y publicidad engaosa de los productos derivados del glifosato, acarreando una demanda judicial iniciada por el fiscal general del Estado de Nueva York32 El 20 de enero de 2007, Monsanto fue declarada culpable de publicidad engaosa por presentar al Roundup como biodegradable y alegar que el suelo permaneca limpio despus de su uso. Defensores del medio ambiente y de los derechos del consumidores plante el caso en 2001 sobre la base de que el glifosato, el ingrediente principal del Roundup, est clasificado por la Unin Europea, como "peligroso para el medio ambiente" y "txico para los organismos acuticos". Monsanto Francia tiene previsto apelar el veredicto.33 [

Environ Toxicol Chem. 2007 Oct;26(10):2094-100. Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea (Unionidae). Bringolf RB, Cope WG, Mosher S, Barnhart MC, Shea D. Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7633, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7633, USA. rbringolf@warnell.uga.edu Abstract Native freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world. Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants; however, there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides, including glyphosate, to mussels. Therefore, the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate, its formulations, and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea, a native freshwater mussel. Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels. Roundup, its active ingredient, the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate, IPA alone, and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L. siliquoidea glochidia. MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (0.5 mg/L) for L. siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date. Juvenile L. siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818, Roundup, glyphosate IPA salt, and IPA alone. Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles. Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles. Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive. In summary, these results indicate that L. siliquoidea, a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America, is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818

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Chemosphere. 2003 Aug;52(7):1189-97. Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations: comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factors. Tsui MT, Chu LM. Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China. Abstract Glyphosate-based herbicides (e.g. Roundup) are extensively used in the aquatic environment, but there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of the formulated products and the influences by environmental factors. In this study, the acute toxicity of technical-grade glyphosate acid, isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate, Roundup and its surfactant polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) to Microtox bacterium (Vibrio fischeri), microalgae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Skeletonema costatum), protozoa (Tetrahymena pyriformis and Euplotes vannus) and crustaceans (Ceriodaphnia dubia and Acartia tonsa) was examined and the relative toxicity contributions of POEA to Roundup were calculated. The effects of four environmental factors (temperature, pH, suspended sediment and algal food concentrations) on the acute toxicity of Roundup to C. dubia were also examined. Generally, the toxicity order of the chemicals was: POEA>Roundup>glyphosate acid>IPA salt of glyphosate, while the toxicity of glyphosate acid was mainly due to its high acidity. Microtox bacterium and protozoa had similar sensitivities towards Roundup toxicity (i.e. IC50 from 23.5 to 29.5 mg AE/l). In contrast, microalgae and crustaceans were 4-5 folds more sensitive to Roundup toxicity than bacteria and protozoa. Except photosynthetic microalgae, POEA accounted for more than 86% of Roundup toxicity and the toxicity contribution of POEA was shown to be species-dependent. Increase in pH (6-9) and increase of suspended sediment concentration (0-200 mg/l) significantly increased the toxicity of Roundup to C. dubia, but there were no significant effects due to temperature change and food addition.

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2007 Jul;53(1):126-33. Epub 2007 May 4. Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cells. Benachour N, Sipahutar H, Moslemi S, Gasnier C, Travert C, Sralini GE. Laboratoire Estrognes et Reproduction, USC-INRA, IBFA, Universit de Caen, Caen, France. Abstract Roundup is the major herbicide used worldwide, in particular on genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it. We have tested the toxicity and endocrine disruption potential of Roundup (Bioforce on human embryonic 293 and placental-derived JEG3 cells, but also on normal human placenta and equine testis. The cell lines have proven to be suitable to estimate hormonal activity and toxicity of pollutants. The median lethal dose (LD(50)) of Roundup with embryonic cells is 0.3% within 1 h in serum-free medium, and it decreases to reach 0.06% (containing among other compounds 1.27 mM glyphosate) after 72 h in the presence of serum. In these conditions, the embryonic cells appear to be 2-4 times more sensitive than the placental ones. In all instances, Roundup (generally used in agriculture at 1-2%, i.e., with 21-42 mM glyphosate) is more efficient than its active ingredient, glyphosate, suggesting a synergistic effect provoked by the adjuvants present in Roundup. We demonstrated that serum-free cultures, even on a short-term basis (1 h), reveal the xenobiotic impacts that are visible 1-2 days later in serum. We also document at lower non-overtly toxic doses, from 0.01% (with 210 microM glyphosate) in 24 h, that Roundup is an aromatase disruptor. The direct inhibition is temperature-dependent and is confirmed in different tissues and species (cell lines from placenta or embryonic kidney, equine testicular, or human fresh placental extracts). Furthermore, glyphosate acts directly as a partial inactivator on microsomal aromatase, independently of its acidity, and in a dose-dependent manner. The cytotoxic, and potentially endocrine-disrupting effects of Roundup are thus amplified with time. Taken together, these data suggest that Roundup exposure may affect human reproduction and fetal development in case of contamination. Chemical mixtures in formulations appear to be underestimated regarding their toxic or hormonal impact.

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Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2010 Oct;73(7):1681-8. Epub 2010 Sep 1. The toxicity of Roundup 360 SL formulation and its main constituents: glyphosate and isopropylamine towards nontarget water photoautotrophs. Lipok J, Studnik H, Gruyaert S. Faculty of Chemistry, Opole University, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland. jacek.lipok@uni.opole.pl Abstract The toxicity of commercial formulation of Roundup 360 SL, widely used, nonselective herbicide and its main constituents, glyphosate (PMG), equimolar (1:1) isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (GIPA) and isopropylamine (IPA) was examined towards eight aquatic microphotoautotrophs; seven cyanobacterial strains representing either saline or freshwater communities, and common eukaryotic algae Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck. Autotrophs were cultured 21 days in their appropriate standard media supplemented with various amounts of Roundup, glyphosate, GIPA and IPA. The determination of the growth of examined photoautotrophs was performed by time-course measurements of total chlorophyll content in experimental cultures. The growth rates related to corresponding concentrations of chemicals, the EC(50) values and generation doubling time were determined in order to present the toxicity Roundup 360 SL formulation and its main constituents. Market available formulation of Roundup was found to possess toxicity significantly higher than this, attributed to its main constituents; however both these compounds, isopropylamine and glyphosate, also inhibited the growth of examined strains in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, the interpretation of toxicity of the examined substances was found to be significantly dependent on the method of EC(50) calculation. The choice of molar or weight concentration of substances tested separately and in specific formulation was found to be essential in this matter. Due to these findings the EC(50) values were calculated based either on molar or on weight concentrations. Considering Roundup 360 SL formulation, these values ranged from 10(-3) up to 10(-1) mM and they were one order of magnitude lower than those found for isopropylamine. Quite surprisingly the minimum EC(50) values found for glyphosate did not reach micromolar concentrations, whereas most of the EC(50) values revealed to IPA did not exceed this range. Notably, in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau, isopropylamine alone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate.

Chem Res Toxicol. 2009 Jan;22(1):97-105. Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical, embryonic, and placental cells.
Benachour N, Sralini GE. UniVersity of Caen, Laboratory Estrogens and Reproduction, UPRES EA 2608, Institute of Biology, Caen 14032, France. Abstract We have evaluated the toxicity of four glyphosate (G)-based herbicides in Roundup formulations, from 10(5) times dilutions, on three different human cell types. This dilution level is far below agricultural recommendations and corresponds to low levels of residues in food or feed. The formulations have been compared to G alone and with its main metabolite AMPA or with one known adjuvant of R formulations, POEA. HUVEC primary neonate umbilical cord vein cells have been tested with 293 embryonic kidney and JEG3 placental cell lines. All R formulations cause total cell death within 24 h, through an inhibition of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity, and necrosis, by release of cytosolic adenylate kinase measuring membrane damage. They also induce apoptosis via activation of enzymatic caspases 3/7 activity. This is confirmed by characteristic DNA fragmentation, nuclear shrinkage (pyknosis), and nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), which is demonstrated by DAPI in apoptotic round cells. G provokes only apoptosis, and HUVEC are 100 times more sensitive overall at this level. The deleterious effects are not proportional to G concentrations but rather depend on the nature of the adjuvants. AMPA and POEA separately and synergistically damage cell membranes like R but at different concentrations. Their mixtures are generally even more harmful with G. In conclusion, the R adjuvants like POEA change human cell permeability and amplify toxicity induced already by G, through apoptosis and necrosis. The real threshold of G toxicity must take into account the presence of adjuvants but also G metabolism and time-amplified effects or bioaccumulation. This should be discussed when analyzing the in vivo toxic actions of R. This work clearly confirms that the adjuvants in Roundup formulations are not inert. Moreover, the proprietary mixtures available on the market could cause cell damage and even death around residual levels to be expected, especially in food and feed derived from R formulation-treated crops

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Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cells and Aromatase Sophie Richard, Safa Moslemi, Herbert Sipahutar, Nora Benachour, and Gilles-Eric Seralini Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moleculaire, USC-INCRA, Universit de Caen, Caen, France Roundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide, including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it. Its residues may thus enter the food chain, and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers. Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems, but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned. Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use, and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants. Surprisingly, Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient. We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase, the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis. The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme, but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell culture. We conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup, not just glyphosate, can be observed in mammals. We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability and/or bioaccumulation. Key words: adjuvants, aromatase, endocrine disruption, glyphosate, herbicide, human JEG3 cells, placenta, reductase, Roundup, xenobiotic. Environ Health Perspect 113:716720

Existe solucin para el problema de la Soya como alimento humano?

-Los procesos de fermentacin utilizados en a cultura oriental pueden ser tambin utilizados en los procesamientos de uso actual. -La purificacin de protena puede disminuir la presencia de otros compuestos solubles (fitatos. Fitoestrgenos, etc.)

-Existen variedades de soya exenta de lipooxigenasa (tienen buen sabor)

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Todo lo anterior es posible solo en soya convencional. De nada sirve precticar dichos procedimientos con la soya transgnica, ya que: No se puede quitar el gen insertado No se puede lavar el glifosato. CONCLUSIN: Solo es posible usar la soya como alimento humano si se quitan los factores de interferencia nutricional en la soya convencional

Gracias
rogercarvajal@acelerate.com

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