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July 26, 2012 Manuel A. Silva, Dr.Ing. - Manuel J. Blanco, Ph.D., Dr.Ing. TWTH 17:00-19:30 - Class Room: ECCR 1B55 Office Hours: TWTH 15:30-16:30
Dispatchability
The ability to dispatch power. Dispatchable generation refers to sources of electricity that can be dispatched at the request of power grid operators; that is, it can be turned on or off upon demand
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Thermal energy storage. Thermal energy produced by the solar field can be stored, decoupling power generation from solar resource. Hybridization. Ability to hybridize with an alternative energy source fossil or renewable fuel.
Thermal energy storage and/or hybridization provide the basis for CSP to be:
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Andasol Gemasolar
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A fraction of the thermal energy produced at the solar field is stored, increasing the internal energy of the storage medium.
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Sensible heat Latent heat (Thermochemical) Solar Multiple = (thermal power delivered by the field at design conditions) / (thermal power required to generate rated electric power) SM > 1
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By utilization
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Short term
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Provide operational stability Increase capacity factor Shift electrical generation hours
Medium term
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By type
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Direct (same substance as working fluid, does not require HX) Indirect (different substance, requires HX)
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Liquid materials
Source: Gil, A. et al. State of the art on high temperature thermal energy storage for power generation. Part 1Concepts, materials and modellization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. January 2010
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Source: Gil, A. et al. State of the art on high temperature thermal energy storage for power generation. Part 1Concepts, materials and modellization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. January 2010
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Source: Survey of thermal storage for parabolic trough power plants, Pilkington Solar Int. (2000)
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PS10 / PS20
PS10 TES main characteristics Max. pressure: 40 bar Thermal capacity: 20 MWh (50 min at 50% load) Total Volume: 600 m3 4 tanks, sequentially operated
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Thermal capacity proportional to T Hot cold tank design Commercial (salt widely used in process industry) High operation T limited (salt decomposition) Need for heat tracing (risk of freezing) Costly equipment (pumps, valves)
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GEMASOLAR
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Type: Fluid: Freezing point: Capacity: Tank size: Molten salt mass: T cold tank: T hot tank:
2 tanks, molten salts NO3 mixture (60% NaNO3 - 40% KNO3) 223C 640 MWh (~15 h full load operation) 14 m high, 23 m diameter 8000 tons approx 290 C 565C
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Needs oil-to-salt HXs Freezing point = 220 oC T max. limited by HTF Large volumes (small T) Increases investment
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Type: Fluid: Freezing point: Capacity: Tank size: Molten salt mass: T cold tank: T hot tank:
2 tanks, molten salts NO3 mixture (60% NaNO3 - 40% KNO3) 223C 1,010 MWh (~7.5 h full load operation) 14 m high, 37 m diameter 27,500 tons 292 C 386C
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ANDASOL
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Single tank system, . Hot and cold fluids separated by stratification; the zone between the hot and cold fluids is called the thermocline. Usually a filler material is used to help the thermocline effect. Sandia National Laboratories identified quartzite rock and silica sands as potential filler materials. Depending on the cost of the storage fluid, the thermocline can result in a substantially low cost storage system. This system has an additional advantage: most of the storage fluid can be replaced with a low cost filler material, for example, quartzite rock and sand.
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A thermocline molten salt system: - Uses a single tank to storage energy - Has a thermal gradient that separates the hot from cold fluid. - Uses a low-cost filler material to displace higher-cost molten nitrate salt.
Salt-to-Oil Heat Exchanger
Sun Lab
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden CO
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Improves plant controlability and operability, expanding de range of possible operating strategies Facilitates Dispatchability If adequately designed, can improve
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Extends lifetime of equipment (reduces the number of stratstop cycles) Increases investment
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Oversized solar field Tanks, HX, molten salt management equipment, heat tracing, safety
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Gemasolar
Produccin de energa
Torresol Energy
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Hybridization options
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SEGS 30 MW
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ISCCS
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38
14/7/10
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