Aerobic vs Anaerobic Bacteria There are two types of organisms and tiny single-celled bacteria called aerobic and

anaerobic bacteria in the human body. Aerobics are able to use oxygen, whereas anaerobic bacteria can sustain itself without the presence of oxygen. Aerobic bacteria can detoxify oxygen, whereas anaerobic bacteria cannot sufficiently break down food molecules as much as aerobic bacteria. Aerobic bacteria gets energy from food when compared to anaerobic, that can survive in places where there is less oxygen, such as human guts. Some anaerobic bacteria also causes diseases in those areas of the human body where there is less oxygen supplied. Aerobic bacteria cannot grow without an ample supply of oxygen involved in a chemical reaction, whereas the anaerobic term does not imply this. Aerobic bacteria, when compared to anaerobic bacteria, uses O2 for cellular respiration. Anaerobic respiration means an energy cycle with less efficiency to produce energy. Aerobic respiration is energy given off by a complex process when O2 and glucose metabolize together inside the cells mitochondria. Usually in runners, the body can go into an oxygen debt state when he runs fast. This causes anaerobic respiration, which allows the production of lactic acid crystals in the muscles. This causes the muscle to hurt, and is healed by massaging the area to dissolve or flush away the crystals with the help of the blood stream. Anaerobic bacteria versus aerobic bacteria occurs in fermentation. Aerobic bacteria uses the oxygen present in the air for energy metabolism, versus anaerobic bacteria that does not need oxygen from the air for energy metabolism This can be understood by doing an experiment to identify them by growing aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in a liquid culture. Aerobic bacteria will gather on top to inhale most of the oxygen in order to survive, whereas anaerobic bacteria will rather collect on the bottom to avoid the oxygen. Almost all animals and humans are obligate aerobes that require oxygen for respiration, whereas anaerobic yeast is an example of facultative anaerobe bacteria. Individual human cells are also facultative anaerobes: They switch to lactic acid fermentation if oxygen is not available. 4 Generation Cephalosporins Cefclidine, Cefepime (Maxipime), Cefluprenam, Cefoselis, Cefozopran,Cefpirome (Cefrom), Cefquinome. The following cephems are also sometimes grouped with fourth-generation cephalosporins: Oxacephems: flomoxef Description Gram-positive: They are extended-spectrum agents with similar activity against Gram-positive organisms as firstgeneration cephalosporins. Gram-negative: Fourth-generation cephalosporins are zwitterions that can penetrate the outer [14] membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They also have a greater resistance to beta-lactamases than the thirdgeneration cephalosporins. Many can cross the bloodbrain barrier and are effective in meningitis. They are also used against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Tigecycline is a glycylcycline antibiotic developed by Francis Tally and marketed by Wyeth under the brand name Tygacil. It was given a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) fast-track approval and was approved on June 17, 2005. It was developed in response to the growing prevalence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii. The New Delhi metallo--Lactamase multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae has also shown susceptibility to tigecycline.

Structure
This antibiotic is the first clinically-available drug in a new class of antibiotics called the glycylcyclines. It is structurally similar to the tetracyclines in that it contains a central four-ring carbocyclic skeleton and is actually aderivative of minocycline. Tigecycline has a substitution at the D-9 position which is believed to confer broad spectrum activity.

Mechanism of action
Tigecycline is bacteriostatic and is a protein synthesis inhibitor by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria and thereby blocking entry of Aminoacyl-tRNA into the A site of the ribosome during prokaryotic translation.

Indications
Tigecycline is given intravenously and has activity against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens, many of which are resistant to existing antibiotics. Tigecycline successfully completed phase III trials in which it was at least equal to intravenous vancomycin and aztreonam to treat complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI), and to intravenous imipenem and cilastatin to [6] treat complicated intra-abdominal infections(cIAI). Tigecycline is active against many Grampositive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and anaerobes including activity against methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (with MIC values reported at 2mcg/mL) and multi-drug resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. It has no activity against Pseudomonas spp. or Proteus spp. The drug is licenced for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections as well as intra-abdominal infections.

Dosing
Tigecycline is given by slow intravenous infusion (30 to 60 minutes). A single dose of 100 mg is given first, followed by 50 mg every twelve hours after that. Patients with impaired liver function need to be given a lower dose. No adjustment is needed for patients with impaired kidney function. It is not licensed for use in children. There is no oral form available.