Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 106

rOd sLd tK r

5DK W
wUF rOKF WO d

WU
_ e'

uU _ nBK
U dH

uHR*
VO$ UD sd
UM u u U

oM /Z bL U
u oO bL UA

ZUM* ed WIM quD dU b

5DK W w wUF rOKF WOd d


wb UFK UNb w uU _ nBK WU; U fb

UF d
hL( u rOF ZUM* WM' fOz
5U ZUM* ed U db

ZUM* ed
hL(u dL ud d
WOMH dzb
d

rOLB

Ud bz
wb W
u bL

WUDK Vu; b

bO uL

uG dd%

WFJA `O wLK rOJ%

uC u' b
uC wudI U
uC WH dU
uC WOBL WO
rU uL t bL

U UNMLK wMu odH


UIM We U .
uC u UA
uC d U
uC fd u UL
V 5F .

WO
d v_ WF D

ZUM* edwUF rOKF WOd u WuH lD uI lOL c
WMb* ed WN s 5LO vK U bUF* UuOB* w ZUM* ed
5DK tK
+ fU + uHK
pcdc@palnet.com wdJ uMF www.pcdc.edu.ps WOdJ WHB

bONL
VFA UuL oOI WOMODKH WOuB) wd UNM l{ d{ wUF rOKF WOd
V?F?AK WOMu UO UM U?LN
U?U? bF wMODK UNM UM .u?F?A? 5 tUJ cQ v wMODKH
UN w Wb* WdA u* WOLM wU ou WOd
u1b rOI aOd UU wMODKH
uK WOL) WD) U
u wu c lL: b oI UN s w rOKFK WOzd WKOu t w UNM* WOL sLJ
VUD rKF* bO v_ _ rKFK jOu bB* t_ UNM* dUM b wb* UJU WU WUM
j?zU?u? s? U?d?O? d?_ r?K?F?? WOK; WUI uU( Xd rKF qzU s dO v WU{
bU*
w?M?N?* w?M?I?? rOKF UNM* UND s v_ WKd* oOD UF c u d

U??B? ?
w?
b?M?H? U??? w?e? w?U?M?B? t?d?H? u??U?? _ n?B? V??J?
w?U?? n?B UNM V UNFO wKL dE U?U?? V?J b f* lOMB qOLweM*
W?O?b?* V?J lOL b XKL b
wUF rOKF WOd uJ UN qI* UF w uU
r?O?K?F?? UJA U w WO WOM lOu vK U?O?U? u? qLF uHBK UF rOKFK
WKu* UuL

UOI YU* lOL w  qd* ZUM* WOKOK% WO1uI U qL wdJ


wMODKH rOKF WOu 5% ud duD
U?U U?I? U?b v dA b_ uHBK e$ w rKF* W WOb* VJ bF
wIDM qN uKQ X{d UuKF UF s tOK qLA U0 rKF rOKF WOKL w WOU eO
.uI VOU WDA_ qzUu fb ozdD qB W{ dR sLC WuM d dOu
uc* WOL) WD) U l
UNb uuI sc ULKF* 5LKF* 5ud WUA0 UuM
Ud UNOIM VJ WFd r

w? dOG l w duD qbFK WKU


WOd& UF WFd v v_ s UFD u d
s? t?O? c?? U? b?I?0 e? w?M?ODKH wb* UJ WLO
UO( UN wuuMJ wLKF bI
Udu
dOOG

ub sc WOb* VJ b U w 5BB * s sJ2 b d WUA s uN

d nOQ wU w ZUM* ed UN WONM0 WFd* s WFu UOKLF s rOKF w


bOu vK qLF c su wd w
WOb ULEM* UR* v dbI dJA qe bI UNF wUF rOKF WOd
ZUM* dA* wU* UNLb UJOK WuJ WU WIbB WOdF b
s? w? ?U?? w?M?u? q?L?F? c U$ w XU w WOMu Wud UHJU d H u UL
V q
y eOL* ruN rNUA vK rdJA WOb* VJ bS uI w Wud UK
U?u? 5?U?A?* s?d; 5HR* d
ZUM*ed Wu ZUM* U' qLA tF
u
U?M? b?O* s WOb* VJ d w 5UA* 5FUD 5Fd* 5Ud 5LLB* qLF
oOD
wUF rOKF WOd

ZUM* ed
uK

W bI

bF 5Kd* bO vK  B 5*UF tK bL(

V?? U??? d?A? U?( nBK WU; U WKD UUM ULKF* 5LKF* UMu bI Ud
.bb' wMODKH UNM*
lbu bu e 5 jd buK WOU_ WUF b_ d UJ U d w UMOu bI
. uGK dJH WKD u VUM w UKDB* dH* ULF
.UNOL WU; uNH0 WKD ndF v UJ c s v_ bu X{dF
UOKLF qO qOK% u{u UM - UL WOeO* WUF WOU( WUF* s Yb( - WOU bu w
. WU bu w
U?H?
W?O?U* rzuI u{u v dD - UL.W?F?d?* e?O? qOd s Yb( - WFd bu w
.WU) bu w UU(
.UU( UH
WOU* rzuI s Yb( - b
WU bu U
bN c ud wLKF uN: c w UMI b
uJ tK Q UJ Uu; dF c bF
WKD UMzUM Wb v

oOu w tK

uHR*

Uu;

WU; ndF
dUb p
WU; 5 odH
UuD WU; QA
WU; b
WU; s
bOH * UH
d_ uKFU WU; W
WHK< WU; uI

WOeO* WUF
WOU; WUF*

WOU b u

v_ b u

WU; v qb

WU b u

WOU; dH U*
WOeO* WUF

WOeO* WUF* bU UOKLF qOK%
WOU* rzuI

UOKLF qO qOK%
WOU; b
UU (
WOU* UOKLF qOK%
WOU* UOKLF qO

WFd b u

WFd* eO
qOd
U_ d
UU ( qO
qOd
bOd
WFd* eO

W U) b u

Wd' Uu 
UNOL Uu  ndF
UdB* Wu
d Wu
WU u_ Wu
bF* WFd* eO

W U) b u

UU ( UH WOU* rzuI
WOU* rzuI
UH uO
UH bF U
WFd* eO

ld* WLzU

bu

WU; v qb

vK U uJ wGM buK p bF
WU; ndF
dUb p WU; 5 odH
UuD WU; QA vK dF
WU; b bb%
WU; s bOH* UH bb%
d_ uKFU WU; W
UO
WHK< WU; uI WdF

WUL v qb

Accounting) WU; ndF


WU;

f_ U* s WuL qLA rK UN vK WU; ndF sJ1


U?E?M? U?N?O? d?E?M? s?J?1

U?N?b? b?M? W?O?U?* U?O?K?L?F? q?O?K?% b?b?% w? q?L?F?? w buI


b?b?% v?K? q?L?F? UuKF

UNBOK UOKLF c nOMB r UN W bM l


s UNKO
W?? O? ?U?? * b?? _ q?? O? K? %

s UNHOUJ UNd bb% s dA* WUB


bu sJ=9 YO
v UNUB r s UNKO

p?c? W?M?O?F? W?O?U d s U ` s UNUL WO d r


U?? ? ?H? ? W?? O? ?M? ?F? ?* U?? N? '
.bOH*

dH WUN w WUB


bu pK wU* ed* UO
UUA W vK qLA WOKL WU; oU ndF s `C
w WOz
w? W?O?U?* U?OKLFU U?N?b? b?M? W?O?U?* UOKLF qOK% bb%
sJ1 UNOK dU

UOU
d
d YO U QAM h w UOKLF
UN fO UOKL w WOU* dO UOKLF S qUI*U uIMU tUO

uIMU UNUO
sJ1 QAM* vK dU wU d
WOU* UOKLF vK WK
szUeK WUC lO
5Hu* V l
UdNJ uU l
U d
WOU* dO UOKLF vK WK
db* d
qLF w 5Hu*
ZM* WOu

w? Ubb% - w UOKLF U?N? W??? bM l


s dUb w WOU* UOKLF qO
UNOK dFM WLEM WIdD dUb w UNKO V dU wU d UN w _ UAM
WUI bu
b w _ w bM* UOKLF qO wU d WOu bM u
bB* V 5u v rI WOU* UOKLF u
U
lO dOu q QAM* q s bB* WOK WOu
dA dOu q dOG l QAM* UF V QAM bB* WOU WOu
UuKF* UB sJ1 YO wU UAM w UNKO - w WOU* UOKLF hOK nOMB
WUM* dI U UN 5LN* v WOU;
Reports) W?O??U?; d?U?I s UN 5LN* v WOU; UuKF* c UB r U U

r?zuI c. Financial Statements W?O?U* rzuI u lzU rU vL w (Accounting


.WOU bu w UNO{u UNd rO
v?K? s?bLF dUI bS uU; uI vMF WOU; dUI WOU; UuKF* qF'
UNLN UNUI sJ1 v UR* qJ bu U
u?B?I?* q?L?:U? W?B??K UuKF w WOU* rzuI w UUN r w WOU; UuKF*
u?L?: U?N? b? WLOI UNFOL& r WMOF d h w ?? U?F?O*U WU) UOKLF cN
WOU* rzuI w b r
d

UA
WOU UOKL vK d WK j

dUb p WU; 5 odH


ULNMO odH V pc TU UI c WIOI( UO
] dUb p WU; dOJ bIF
s u dUb p 5 w p s d qLA UN dO dUb p WHO vK qLA WU;U
U?O?K?L?F hOK qO bb% qLA w WU; s e jI uN wUU WOU* UOKLF qO
UN 5LN* v UNUB r s WOU*
UL_ ZzU d WOU* UOKLF qO bM nI WU; u ULNMO d r S cJ
U? U??? U?uKF0 W dI c e? U?L? Z?zU??M? pK dOH .bI v p bF q
dUb pU tbI

UuD WU; QA
qd* d rKF c s WuKD* WU( v WU; rK uD QA ld
w uM vK UNUL sJ1 w WHK< WOMe
UAM U YO WCUI* UE vK bL c _ U WKd
UN WULK WK WU( sJ r b

UDO U
dU UNb bF wNM XU WCUI* UE w UOKLF _
w? u?I?M? X? YO WCUI* UE UH uIM uN WKd
w q qUF U?C? b UL UM 5 qUFK WOU_ WKOu
tMJ1 wU UE v WU tH dU b YO WU UO(
UL_ ZzU d UOKLF hOK qOK% qO s
s uKOAU U
u

WOU* UOKLF qO s sJ=L UE l{ w qCH uF UM

o?? ?O? ?
U?? ?E? ? l?? {

c U: c w U VU uKOAU U
u v RH WIO
WIdD

U??O? K?L?F? q?O????

WM WO
bM WMb w dA

b?? O? I?  U??E? W??O? U??*

rO c e* bOI UE vL tU w uKOAU td c UEM

.e*

WUI bu oLF tF qUF


u vK Vd YO Wb( Ud uN WUMB u/ WKd
W?L?U??* U?dA uN WdH UdA* w dO u/ WOUMB
q?UF vK U
wU UE uu WK WU( X wUU
dOG* c l

WU; b
WO UIMU WU; b iF hOK sJ1
q?J vK UNHOMB wU* d_ WU UOKLF lOL qO
UUG dA* w UNM UH UNO ud qN UU
dI U jOD
W? d?O? W WOU dUI qJ vK WK* UOKLF hOK
UB dOH qJ vK
U ` s 
WM WMOF dH dA* qL WO d

ld s UO WIU uMU tUI dH WUN w dALK wU* ed* bb%
u s tOK U UJK2 s dA* b U WdF
`?d? s? sJ2 b
d oOI% q s UNOK Wb d td dA* UdB W
d
dALK d b U vK uJ U 5F c_ l
Ub) .bI bu lO UF bb% bu U WHKJ bb% q d b

WU; s bOH* UH


. UL_ WG UNOK oKD iF S WOU* UuKF*U W
F U be uI WU; U0
v?K? W?O?U; UUO b s UNOK uKB w bzuHWU; s sbOH* UO sJ1
w uM
UOb vDu UOKF be WU; uI YO W Uu* lOL dA*
WKB UNO w WLOJ( dI U w UNbU UNQ s w W UuKF* UUOU
j?O?D?? s? WOU_ UNUN0 UOI vK UbU  WbI* WOU; UuKF* QAM*
WFU d rOEM
U?L? W??O?? 5?? w?? U?u?K?F*U dA* U be WU; uI d?A?* U

vK dF w rbU UL U U dA* oI q WO{U* dH dA*
w WUM* dI U qC WIdD UNLOOI rNMJ1 wUU rNUL wU* l{u
p u{
c?zb?M?d?A?L?K? wU* l{u qOK% w su* 5Mzb WU; bUu?* uMzb
t?U?I? t?C?O?H?? t?U? d?A?L?K? d?
W?O?U?J?S oKF d
U rNMJ1
WOU; UUO pK s UHU
qUF QA d
U dALK wU* l{u WdF vK dA* szU WU; bU szUe
qUF s n
u qUF w dL tF
lCO c qb bb% vK qb Wd{ wHu WOU; UUO bU VzdC WKB
b( dbIK u{u* d s b WdCK
tUL ZzU dALK wU* l{u vK u
u w R WU; bU dA* w uKUF
v?K U?L?? d?_ V?UD* Vd l uB dA* l UH rNMJ1 YO
pK UuKF*

s? U?N?M?O?J?9 ? s? W?H c WU; bU u?O?U?* uKK;


Q?A? s?d?L????L?K? U? `?B?M? .b?I? WOU* UUO qOK%
dA* s t UL U UL
U?U?O?? v?K? W?O?u?J?( d?zb? i?F? b?LF W?O?u?J?( d?zb
w?? W?O?u?I? U?U?O dAM UB dz q uAM* WOU;
UdA* nK s cR
U?u?K?F?*U? r?b?e? ? s? 5?M?u?* WU; bU u?M?u*
WU WUI rNu d U WdF s rNMJ9 w WOU;
w? w?? WU; jd

d_ uKFU WU; W

u?K?F?U? w?U?L?? rK
e? w?? WUN qzUu s WU; dF U? WU; W
UIO

UU d_
jOD vK UbU w WUB
WOL
d UuKF*U
U?u?K?F?* v?K? b?L??F? W?U?
d? tOu rOEM
U??J? _ U??N? ? v??K? f?O? d?I? U?? W?O??U?;
WOBA
Y c rKF tQ UB
rK ndF sJ1 UBU WU; W
w? W??U?M??* l?U?A?* 5? U?? q?u? W?U* u* lu w
u* pK s WFHM* s sJ2 b
d oOI% sJ1 YO tH dA*
w? Y??? U?B?
S WOK b qC UNb od s
`?C?? U?M? n?O?U?J?? V?K?D? dF UF_ q u
a? U?F?_ n?O?U?J??U WIKF* UuKF*U be w WU;
o?O?I??? W??U?M?* dI U UNKOK% w 5UB
bU w
UB
b
W?O?U?* r?zu?I? b? v? W?U; bN u?U?I?U? W??U; W
s d?O?? _ b?K w bzU UEM uUI l WIH uJ b w5LNLK UNUB
VULK b U* qO vKFWOuJ( 5uI uBM lC WOU; 5uI d
. t qL vK tLN U1 lOD v UdA uUI rK= Wd w

WHK< WU; uI
c? QA b
U?M?O?F? v?M UNM d q ZUF WBB d v WU; rOI w uU; c
WHK sUO w wU; qLF VFA UB
uD WO rOI
wQ U WU; d s
c? nOMB r UNKO UNb bM WOU* UOKLF qOK% bb vMF WOU* WU;
v? U?N?U?B? W?O?U?* r?zuI dOC% s WUB
bu sJ=L Y?O?? U?N?B?OK UOKLF
w UJ c w UNbM w WU; S wUU WUB
bu U UNM sbOH*
WOU WU
UN1bI UOzUB UUO UU( bS WU; s dH c rN W WU;
WUM* dI U s sJL v
r??I? W?F?K?? W?H?K?J WHKJ bb WU; s uM c rN n?O?U?J WU
WUM* dI U UN be r YO UN
d UNUO
UNU WOdG' WIDM*
q?b? b?b??? W WOU; UUO dF WU; s dH c rN W?OdC WU;
v c d_ WOdC 5uI bF b
VzdC uU
UJ o WdCK l{U)
w? d?E?M? U?N? V?dI q s .bI dH c l qUFK 5U; iF hOB
UNK dA* l WdC dz UNOK nK b
w WOdC UUCI
YO u q WOuJ( bu ZzU UOI dH c h WOuJ( WU;
u? U?N??zU?? s? UNM Wb dUI .bI WOuJ( UdB* u* qO v?K uI
WU WHB VFAK WOFdA WcOHM WOuJ( eN
s bQ UUO WOU; d W s oIU dH c rNUU( oOb
c? o?d? s? Q?A?M?L?K? `?O??B? wU* l{u s dF dH WUN w bF w WOU* rzuI
h UMO

WK_
uD nO `{ WU; d
=
WK j WOU* dO UOKLF WOU* UOKLF 5 d
=
UNu U WOu _U uBI* U
dUb p WU; 5 d
=
WU; b U
s q WU; 5 W
F sLJ s

uUI
UB

s q uNH `{
WOdC WU;
WOuJ( WU;
oO
b
. WHK< WU; uI b
W WU; WOU* WU; 5 dH U
s rK WU; q
QD `B V
. WOU* dH WUN w WOU; d W s oIU rN c dH u UU( oO
b -
v t1bI WOzUB UUO UU( bS rN c dH w WOU* WU; -
b s b u W dO W WOU dUI qJ vK WK* UOKLF hOK -
.WU;
. WOU* UOKLF vK U u UdNJ uU l -

bu

WOeO* WUF

WOU; WUF*
vK U uJ wGM buK p bF
WOU; dH U* bb%
. WOd WUB bu u WdF
UNUuJ ndF WOeO* WUF rN
`d WUF UI

Ub QAM* WU UOKLF qOK% w WOeO* WUF b


UNKO UOKLF qOK% bF WOU* rzuI dOC%
WOuLF WOeO*

U* WLzU

qb WLzU

WOUL WUFL

WOU; dH U*
r?K?F? c? q?L? r?E?M? r?J?% w?? f?_ buI s rEM U rK _ uJ dC s
UM  X O U: c w WU; dH U* s WuL qLA YO
w U* pO p jO
S? wUU UN b U d U vK d* hO A w bLF U?Cd ZUF c VOD
5ULK WO MU pc d_rNKL rEM YO dH U* s WuL0 UNK e VD WMN
WOU* UuKFLK rdOC% bM d U vK bLF b sc
W?U?I? bu w dFM YO WOU; dH U* pK s U?CF wU e' w pO
UNM d b vK

WOU; U*
U?J?K??2 qO V t vK b* c hM (Cost Principle ) W?O?U WHKJ b
WOu  UNLO V fO UNHKJ V WOU;  dUb w QAM*
[ mK UNO XF WFD dA QAM XU aU b* c vK U
QAM* rI r UM [ rO]I X _ WLO XFH aU UM
dUb w UNKO Vu UNLO UL _ lO
U?M? [ ? d?U?b? w? _ q?? ? V?? WO U WHKJ b* oOD w WU
U?O??U?? u?? dA WHKJ q9 w WLOI pK dUb w WK  vI V UNzd WHKJ
UM [ WOu  WHKJ v UM [ s dA WHKJ dOOG
bU WIdD tM oI UNUO sJ1 WObB d WHKJ _ b* c WU; bL U*
d v d s nK w WOu  WLOI UOKF Xb UN_

UA
d WKQ WOu  WLOI WHKJ 5 dH t l b* gUM

t? v?K? b??* c? h?M (Revenue Recognition Principle) d? o?I?% b??


.b?I? bM q d b?I? t?C?? s? f?O tb tII% bM d qO V
bIM iI XOu s dEM dB szUe v WUC lO Wb)
U
m?K?? W?b?) p?K? s UN o szUe b_ Wb .bI QAM XU aU
d p qO V v Uu bF tOK o * mK* lb b UDS ue U UM
r V QAM dU w qO  S d qO b* UIOD QAM dU w UM
u bF iI bM fO Wb) .bI u w

WOU; dH
v WO{dH c dOA (Monetary Unit Assumption) WbIM bu WO{d
W?O??U?; ?  dUb w tKO r V bIMU WUO sJ1 UB b q
5Hu* ??L dUb w tKO V bIMU WUO sJ1 b S wUU
bIMU WUO sJ1 t_ tKO V qLF w
WM q UMbK WOzdA bI dF* sL se d0 WU vI WKLF bIM WLO
UUC WM q UM dF UOU UMS p l uO UMbK WOzdA bI s vK w
UF_ r C V q UOKF ULN l sUM vK qBM uO UM v

c hM (Economic Entity Assumption) WUB bu I WO{d


PAM* UUA s pU* UUA s WuBH vI V QAM* UUA vK WO{dH
d_
U
u?J? V?? Q?A?M?* U?U? ? w? q u QAM pU eM0 WU) UdNJ dOu
QAM* s WuBH

u * c w u{u* c l qUF WuFB bb UBU d_ c UC - bI

u W v `dK WUN WUB bu rO I sJ1

UNUIH bI UNLOEM UN vK uI b h UNJK1 WUB b w WdH QAM*


bu Ue WU s WOR * qL UNUL Wd
W?U?J UdA uI UO_ VK w d 5B 5 bIF w w U_ U
d
dzU ) U_ rO I WOHO pd q uI U q WOU_ UIM rEF rEM WOUH
a UdA 5
b uJ UNFO Ud UNb sJ1 rN v UNUL r I w w WLU* U
d
UNzdA U w rN_ WLO l vK rN  pU rU * WOR  dBI UO

dO

UNOJU
UNJK1 w rN_ b w WdA u sR  uJ
.UbK WOUF UOFL' q WO dO U R UM UL

UA
.wK; u  s WUB bu u s u q vK WK j
u{u* c l qUF WuN  dE WdH PAM* vK WU; u qBH c tbM U
Wb

Basic Acounting Equation WOU; WUF* WOeO* WUF


UL sbO sbB s vQ u* c UNUL dOO  WOU u v WU QAM W
wU bB dOG s ub
dA* U VU
u* wL UM dA* VU o ub uL U V u* uL S wUU
dOGK Ue dOGK ub vK oKD u_ w bb WOL WOU*
WOU WUF* UI sJ1 p vK UM

WOJK* uI dOGK Ue u_

wU U* cQM WUB bu u qJ WO ULz

w WOeO* WUF w WUF* c


UM U pu uLL u UNOL w w UM pO w dHM

u _ pK UB U R
dOGK Ue u w wUU p Vd s WHK w UM  uJ qL WU
pUL s d e' UM UNM e uJ pKL s t  UL w UM  uJ
pUL dCU u wU _ p Vd s UM XHK p dHM
WOJK* uI Ue u_

d
qOBH WOeO* WUF UuJ dFM
WFHM UN w QAM* q s UNOK dDO * WuKL* WUB u* w Assets u _
uIMU UNUO sJ1 WFu WOKI 
u _ vK WK
.WbIM
wU*
w{_
eN_ bF*
Ub .bI UNFb QAM* uI V w WOU* UUD* w Liabilities Ue
dA* vK 5{dILK
U w d vMF0 qI * w UNO
Ue vK WK
WuJ dO QAM* vK WONH u w WMzb 3c
WuJ u w UOLJ
WOJM dI
Ue b bF u_ vK dA* U uI wOwners Equity WOJK* uI
WOKJ* uI s dOFK U* uNH b Ue u_ 5 dH
UL 5 WOJK* uI e
w? b?b? U?L???U? dA* VU uI UbM b?b? U?L???U dA* VU UO
be WOJK* uI S dA*
WUC lO Wb .bI s UNKLF QAM* UO s W&UM WOJK* uI w Ue w d
d? U? W?U?C? l?O d WOL szUeK lzUC lO w qL XUdu  d szUeK
Ub d WOL szUeK W( Wb .bI w qLO W uUB

UL 5  WOJK* uI qI

d? u W WbI u V dA* VU uI UbM d?A* VU Uu


qI dA* w pU U qI WOJK* uI S wB A WULF dA* s
d oOI% qO w QAM* UNKL UIH s U w U dB*
UdNJ U* dOu 5Hu* V U UdB* vK WK
wQ UL U ) `d wU uNH0 UdB* d 5 WF qL$ lOD
UdB* d U ) `d wU
s? q d XU U `d wU vL "UM S UdB* s d d XU
U ) wU vL "UM S UdB*
U
U? ? t?U?d?B? X?U? U?M? [ U? de dN d dA d XU
dNA fH UM [
U d dA* U ) `d wU V
UdB* d

U ) `d wU q(

[ [
UM
de dN w UM U U oI d oU  U* s `C

WOeO* WUF bU UOKLF qOK%


W?b?I bu UNUO Ubb% sJ1 WUB b s U w Transactions U?OKLF
WOU; dUb w UNKO sJ1 wUU
W?U?F? UuJ rO vK dR w U?O?u? U?O?KLF s dO bF uI dA* S U( WFOD
5u v WOU; UOKLF rO I sJ1 WOJK* uI Ue u_ WOeO*
WOJ* uK N q dA* q uJ UN WOK UOKL
u? d? q?? d?A?* U? d?OG dA* 5 b% w UOKLF w W?O?U UOKL
bF d WOJ
vK dR UN_ UOKL dF QAM* UN uI w UUAM d iF v UM WuM s b

nOu VKD 5bI* U _ b l WKUI d p vK U WOJK* uI Ue u_


qI * w WUC d q s WOHU UU d

dOQ UN uJ V WOU WOKL q S wUU wNb wU d WOeO* WUF w U *


u d dOQ t uJ V p S u_ b L Wu UNKF& YO WUF* vK U 

.d_ u_ b w UBI


.Ue b w U
WOJK* uI w U

[ d q w UBI UM uJ sJL* sL UM [ dA* u b


w uM vK Wu WUF* vI pc  UM Ue w U UM
WOJK* uI +

Ue

u _

[
[

V U  W UNO WUF w WOeO* WUF dc u tOK bOQ U Ud{ d U


XU ULN WOU WOKL b bF pc dL
WOeO* WUF vK UOKLF pK dOQ qOK uIM UOKLF s bF U wQ U w dF M
WOU; WUF*
Y?O? W??U?; w bzd UUL Wd QAM `H VU u dL U aU
s? b?F? b?zd? X?U? q?L?F? s? _ d?N?A uNLK WOU Ub .bI bzd QAM uI
wQ UL
w UOKLF
dA* w bI UM [ mK ULU dL U WOKLF
dA* w dL U beO UM [ dA* w u_ be WOKLF c qOK
b?? q?u?F? q?I be dA* w pU* U dc V UL V UM [
w uM vK uJ WOeO* WUF vK WOKLF dOQ S wUU UUd o
WOJK* uI
dL U
UL [ +

Ue =

u_
WbIM
[ WOKLF

WUJ UML WU  WUF* Xd wUU WU  XU 5dD w Ue oU  U* s `C


iF UNCF s UeOO9 s b bF u_ _ WOKLF c w WbIM u dQ c q_ r
s? b? d?U?M? W?F?Q? dQ sJ1 UN_ UNO dOG V UMF{ UM `CO WOJK* uI( W MU U
V  U dUMF c bb%
bI XF UM WLOI U dA QAM* XU WOKLF
WbIM bb%

UC

u_ qKI UM U_ bb%

u_ be WOKLF c qOK


w uM vK WOeO* WUF uJ WOU WOKLF bF UM
WOJK* uI

u _

U_ WbIM

Ue

dL U
[

[ oU  bOd

WOKLF

WOJK* uI Ue uL U u_ uL S WOU WOKLF bF t dNE UL


bI XF UM WLOI eN dA QAM* XU WOKLF
b?b% U?C? u?_ qKI UM eN_ b?b?% u?_ b?e WOKLF c qOK
w uM vK WOeO* WUF uJ WU WOKLF bF UM WbIM
WOJK* uI
dL U

+ Ue

=
=

u _
eN_ + U_ + WbIM

[

[

oU bO d

WOKLF

dL U * W S WU WOKLF bF cJ
[ [

UL  s U ( vK UM rOI WOJ u dA QAM* XU WOKLF


_ ?_ W?O??J* uK vK WK WOJ* uK b?b?% u?_ b?e WOKLF c qOK
w lb r iI r WOKLF bBI U ( vK uI UbM QAM* vK Ue be dUb
w uM vK WOeO* WUF uJ WFd WOKLF bFd WOKL WOKLF _ lb r UN bBI WU( c
+

WOJK* uI

Ue

dL U +

u _

WMz 3 = eN_ + U_ + uK + WbIM

+
[

oU bO d
WOKLF

bI XC UM WLOI szUe b_ WOU Ub QAM* Xb WOKLF


U? w V  UM ? U?* be UM ? W?b?I?M? be WOKLF c qOK
w uM vK WOeO* WUF uJ WOKLF bF WbI* Ub) s d u U*

WOJK* uI

+ Ue =

dL U +
[

WMz 3

u _

= eN_ + U_ + uK + WbIM

Ub d +

oU bO d

WOKLF

.UdN UM tLO Vd bb nu 5OF vK UHU QAM* XU WOKLF


.WOeO* WUF vK dR wUU QAM* vK dU wU d UN fO WOKLF c qOK
U ( vK UM WLOI d ue WOU Ub .bI QAM* XU WOKLF
u? s WdAK U WMb 3 vL bb U u_ w QAMO u_ be WOKLF c qOK
Ub) s d V WOJK* uI be UL sd vK

w uM vK WOeO* WUF uJ WFU  WOKLF bF


WOJK* uI + Ue

u _

dL U + WMz 3 eN_ + U_ + uK


+ WMb* 3c + WbIM

\ oU bO d

Ub d +

WOKLF

wB A tULF UM mK V dL U WOKLF


? d?L? U qKI UM WbIM b?b?% u?_ qKI WOKLF c qOK
WOB A Uu * V UM
w uM vK WOeO* WUF uJ WMU WOKLF bF
WOJK* uI + Ue =

u _

dL U + WMzb 3c = duOLJ + U_ + uK + WMb* 3c + WbIM

\ oU bO d
[

Uu  -

- WOKLF

UNOK WI * ub s UM mK QAM* XF WOKLF


WMzb 3c ub qKI WbIM qKI WOKLF c qOK
w uM vK WOeO* WUF uJ WFU WOKLF bF
WOJK* uI + Ue =

u _

dL U +WMzb 3c = duOLJ + U_ + uK + WMb* 3c + WbIM


[

\ oU bO d
- WOKLF
\

V? U?M? U?d?N? U?O? UM U WO nUB* QAM* XF W?O?KLF


UM dOdJ
n?UB* V UM U* qKI U?M WbIM qKI WOKLF c qOK
wQ UL WOeO* WUF uJ dUF WOKLF bF
WOJK* uI + Ue =

u _

dL U + WMzb 3c = duOLJ +U_ + uK +WMb* 3c + WbIM


[

[ oU bO d

U -

- WOKLF

UdN UO -

w b'U WOeO* WUF vK WIU  UOKLF dOQ hO K sJ1


WOJK* uI + Ue =

u _
WDI
s d_ WuM s b U: c w

dL U + WMzb 3c= eN_ + U_ + uK +WMb* 3c +


UL \+

\+
+
+

WOKLF
WOKLF

WOKLF

WOKLF

Ub d +

Ub d +

Uu * -

U UdN UO V [

WbIM

UM [

WOKLF
WOKLF

WOKLF

WOKLF

WOKLF

+ [ dNA WUN w bOd

UM \

UA
WOeO* WUF uM vK UdOQ WdF bF ULKJU UOKLF n U lOD q oU  b' s

The Financial Statements WOU* rzuI


b?M? W?OU* UOKLF qOK% bb% UN UUA W s uJ WOKLWU; dc uF UM
UNUB WOU* UOKLF hO K UNU WOU; dUb w WOU* UOKLF pK qO UNOU UNb
WOU rzu qJ vK UN 5LNLK
U?M?L? b?I? W??U?; U?UA s wU _ UUAM bu s oU  e' w t UM{d U
c? b?e?? W?O?K?L?F? c? u?I? U?M?J WOU; WUF* vK dR nO YO s WOU* UOKLF qOK
w? U?U?M?F w WIdD WOU; dUb w WOU* UOKLF pK qO UML p bF c qKI
dUb w UOKLF qO WOHO rKF b WU WId UNMJ WDO WId
qO  WOHO vK WK_ w WIU  l  UOKLF w b'
p?c? w?U; UEM Ud  q9 w WOU* rzuI dOC% u WU; UUA s vI U

dB  WIdD  WOU; UUAM bu c w qL$


w u WF WU; w WOU* rzuI
b s W&UM U ) `d pc UNUdB dH d WLzUI c dNE qb WLzU
wQ UL qb WLzU dOC% sJ1 WU; w bzd QAM* W MU dUM dNA UOKLF qOK% h K
WU; w bzd
qb WLzU
w WONM* dH s

d
Ub d
UdB*
dOdJ V
U
UdN UO
UdB* uL

UM

`d wU

UM [
UM

tuM
5OKLF s dNA WII* d uL u Ub) d
r QAM* r W d lC L UNOK UUF U/ l V WOU* rzuI d WId
d UdB* UNOK Wb w d Vd r Wb w WOMe dH WOU* WLzUI
U ) `d wU tM ZM UdB* UNM UdD

v? dH Wb cM U* vK Xb w dOG WLzUI c dNE W?OJK* uI WLzU


Uu *U qI d WOU{ ULU be U* UM dc b UNUN
Q?A?M?* U?* W?L?zU? wQ ULO p dNE w w U* WLzU UdB* WOB A
. dUM dN s WU; w bzd
WU; w bzd
WOJK* uI WLzU
w WONM* dH s

UM

dL U
UM [

wU{ UL UC
`d wU

Uu * dD

UM [

dL U

tuM
w fQ bb dA dA* _ dH U dNA Wb w dL U
`d wUB dH UN - d s WdD  UN_ dU UdB* dD r

WLzU dOC% w U ) qb wU U UM_ U* WLzU q dC% V qb WLzU


U*
WOJK* uI Ue u_ WLzUI c dNE wU* ed* WLzU WOuLF WOeO* WLzU
w WU; w bzd QAM* WOuLF WOeO* wQ ULO b aU w w UL

WU; w bzd
WOuLF WOeO*
w w UL

u _

UM [

WbIM

WMb* 3c

uK

U_

eN_

UM [

u_ uL

WOJK* uI Ue
Ue
UM

WMzb 3c
WOJK* uI

dL U

UM [

WOJK* uI Ue uL

tuM
Y?? r??O? b?I v UNu% Wd U?N??u?O? V? ? o?U? ? qJAU u_ VOd V
WI bu w u{u*
U?? W? d w UMF{ pc WMOF WE( w QAMLK wU* l{u s dF WOuLF WOeO*
d??H? W?F?U? b? s? d??F? U?* WLzU qb WLzU w w UL
w WONM* dH s U W d w UMF{ wUU d Xb
WOMF* dH Xb w WbIM Uub* WbIM U{uI* WLzUI c dNE bIM ob WLzU
UI qBH w qOUH s UN oKF U WLzUI c dOC% WId d rO

WK_
WK j WO U WHKJ b0 wMF U
uBI* U
WbIM bu WO{d
WUB bu I WO{d
WdH QAM* hzUB U
wQ U vK WK j
u_
Ue
U* w Ue
U* w UBIM
W?d?( V??J? t??L? U?U?? V??J? `??H? W?O?U?? w? UM XU aU
WO UOKLF Xb UdN UULK
VJ* w UM [ WLOI WOJ eN bI
UM [ mK ULU UM XU
dUH U_ Wd s U ( vK UM [ WLOI U dA Wd( XU
p qUI UM [ XC szUe b_ WOuU Ub .bI Wd( XU
dUH U_ WdA WI * ub s UM mK Wd( XF
WU_ W R* U ( vK UM WLOI d WOuU Ub Wd( Xb
wB A UNULF bI UM mK V UM XU
WU_ vK o * mK* nB Wd( XC
UM VJ* U UM dOdJ V WO UdB* Wd( XF
UM UdN UO
uKD*

WOeO* WUF b U WIU  UOKLF qK


WO rzuI dC
qb WLzU
.WOJK* uI WLzU

WOuLF WOeO*

tu XU UF WUN w UM [ b U d Ud

UdA UL b aU
w uM vK tUe
WOJ u eN [ WMz 3 [ WMb 3 WbI [
U?M? m?K V U* d UM [ m?K?? U?F UM w U{ b UL XLK S
wB A tULF
uKD*
UF p U ) `d wU U -
.WOJK* uI WLzU dOC% -
WOuLF WOeO* dOC% -
dN Xb w U QAM UOKLF h K wQ U w
WOJK* uI + Ue =
U U + WMzb 3c =
UL [ +

u _
_ uK

WMb* 3c

[
+

WbIM

Uu 

UdN UO

U
uKD*

WIU  UOKLF s WOKL q ULKJU n


WOuLF WOeO* WLzU qb WLzU dC

bu

UOKLF qO qOK%


vK U uJ wGM buK p bF
WOU; b rN
UNu UU( rN
szb sb* WdF
WOU* UOKLF qOK%
WOU* UOKLF qO
t qO WOHO WOuO d WdF

UOKLF qO qOK

Accounting Cycle WOU; b


WOU* dH qKU cHM w WFU* uD) s WuL s U w WOU; b

WOU; b uD
WOU* UOKLF qOK%
WOU* UOKLF qO
U_ d v WOuO d s WOU* UOKLF qOd
WFd* eO dOC%
Wd' Uu uO dOC%
bF* WFd* eO dOC%
WOU* rzuI dOC%
UH uO dOC%
UH bF U WFd* eO dOC%
bu w d_ uD) dF rO WOU v_ 5uD) bu c w bM
w?u?N?H? v?K?u?C? j?O?K??? u?I?M? WOU* UOKLF qO qOK% `O{u d q sJ.W?UI
szb sb* UU(

(Accounts UU(
WOKLF dH tO lL& WLzU b s U u U( ndF
s?? U?? ? u?? U?? ? (

U?? p?M?? U?? W?b?I?M? U? q bu WFOD WOU*

t??O? l?L?? W??L?zU? b?

UdO nUN dB U UFO*

W?O?U?* W?O?K?LF dH


bu WFOD

w WbIM UOKLF lOL lOL& r WbIM U w U* qO vKF


? s U?C? r?? U?L? U?u?b U{uI XU u b WLzU
QAM*U WU) UFO* lOL lOL& UFO* U

(Debit and Credit szb sb*


U???K? u?J WHK< WOU; U'UF* w Ub UKDB
Y?O? s? U?U??( u

b YO d_ VU'sz VU s1_ VU sb VU UU


WOU* rzuI

u_ -

U??( s? s?1_ V?U?' w? W?OU* UOKLF U q s sb* `KDB

Ue -

p wDF w UUK bO szb `KDB U cQ w UUK

WOJK* uI -

d_ VU' w UNU q s

d -

fJF hIM tFO fHM U( e YO WU WFO U qJ


U?u?L?? fL v WOU* rzuI YO s UU( rOI sJ1 tFO

UdB*
w WOU
V?U?' w? q??? W?M?b? UNFO w uJ (Assetsu?_
U?A?M?* U?N?c? W?U?B?? l?U?M? q??9 U?N?_ p WOeO* s s1_
w? U?N?O?K? d?R? w?? W?OU* UOKLF w u_ c e wUU
szb VU' w UNOK dR w WOU* UOKLF w qI sb* VU'
w q WMz UNFO uJ YO (Liabilities) Ue
V?? U?AM* vKU?u? q??9 U?N?_ p? WOeO* s d_ VU'
UOKLF s Ue c WLO e qI* w Ub
w WOU* UOKLF w qI szb VU' w UNOK dR w WOU*
sb* VU' w UNOK dR
q WMz UNFO w uJ Owners Equity WOJK* uI
QAM* w 5JU* uI q9 UN_ p WOeO* w d_ VU' w
szb VU' w UNOK dR w WOU* UOKLFU UNLO e YO
sb* VU' w UNOK dR w UOKLFU UNLO qI
q??9 U?N?_ p? W?M?z U?NFO w uJRevenues) d

U?O?K?LFU d c e YO UAM* UNb lK Ub


UNOK dR w UOKLFU qI szb VU' w UNOK dR w WOU*
sb* VU' w
UN_ p WMb UNFO w uJ YO Expenses) UdB*
UOKLFU e YO dA* UNOK qB lK Ub s dF

szb VU' w UNOK dR w UOKLFU qI sb* VU' w UNOK dR w WOU*


w UuL v UNFO YO s UU
( rO
I UC sJ1
c? s?u? L s UAM* l uKUF sc U_ s dF w W?OB UU

q?? t?U?? UOB q9 b bU bL bL q 5OFO U?U q9 U UU(
XD WMz c WMb UU( c qF& UdO UR* u U dA
u?L?K? U? u UN uJ w dA*U WU) u_ q9 w W?O?IOI( UU
(
qF& UNU bM WMb UU( c qF& uLK dO uMF UO UN uJ w u_
UNUBI bM WMz
b? d?zU??) U?_ U?d?B* d q9 w UU( wW?O?Lu UU
(
d bb% dB q s UNb - U/ uu dO UN_ WOL UU( c XOL
d WMb dzU) UdB* uJ YO dA*U WU) dzU) U_ nUB*
WMz U_
UNOK UOKLF d UNFO UUK hK - UC
UU( WFO

UU(

WOU* WOKLF d
sz

sb

sz

sb

hIM

u_

hIM

Ue

hIM

WOJK* uI

hIM

hIM

nUB*

WOU* WOKLF qOK%


d?U?M vK d?O?Q? b?% b?I? q?J?A UNUO sJ1 UB b s U w W?O?U?* WOKLF
.WOU* rzuI
uI VU 5??U WOU WOKL qJ YO UN WuJ* d_ bb% W?OU* WOKLF qOK bBI
b$ sJ1 bzUH WFHM* Wb) U* c qI d VU bzU WFHM Wb U UDS

c dD . wA c cQ s bu b UO wDF s b v t_ d 5U' sc b


v? W?O?U?* WOKLF qOK% q s c U0 U?M?b? uJ cQ c dD vD U0 U?Mz uJ wDF
UNKOK% sJ1 wU dOQ bu r S WOKLF cN wU dOQ u s b UNd
c s bu t_ wU d UN Vd WOKLF cN WUC d q s VK U - L

WdF V WOKLF c qOK% q sL bI


[ WLOI dA QAM* XU u 5 w vD
[ XD U?{ c? U?A?M* b$ WIU WOKLF w p qUI XD U UAM* c U

U
[ WLOI U( vK wbF* U_ W d s U vK uB(U XU UAM* UM{d u
b$ WIU WOKLF UMF S wU d UN U WdF s b WOKLF c qOK% bMF UM
YO WOU WOKL dF wUU wU e UNOK Vd qUI* w U vK uB(U XU UAM*
u?J? w?U??U? U?_ c? U?A?M?* b?$ w?bF* U_ W d U_ UL WOKLF c d
U?A?M?* v?K? V?d? wUU U_ c Xb w w U_ W d b$ qUI* w sb* VU'
WMz 3c WLOI fHM WMz U_ W d qF& YO .tLOI e

U
U s _ dNA WOD UbK UN QAM w XKB w UOKLF wK U w
bb' tdA* ULd UAM* bM w UN UM [ mK ULU UN U w
.t WU) UOF U q s
. pM b U `H U w
bI Ub UM [ WuM dQ UOFK dI UU U w
bI
[ UNLO s b U% W d s UM [ WLOI WO bF dA U w
.U( vK w U
.bI UM WLOI v{d* b_ WO Ub .bI U w
w UNM iI r UM tUF XGK bOF idLK WOd WOKL dS U w
.bI U% W d v UM [ b U w
.bI bOF vK o* mK* i w
.Wd nUB UM

UdN UM

UO UM

bI WOU nUB* b w

WbIM szb VU' _ sb* VU' uJ WbIM _ UL WOKLF d S wUU bI

WIU
 UOKLF qK uKD*
u'
UMb WbIM uJ wUU bI UM [ c dA* UN s b$ / v_ WOKLF
U* vD t_ UMz qF YO dA* VUB U* mK* c d qUI* w
wKI wU i l UNOK Vd r t_ wU dOQ UN bu t b$ / WOU WOKLF
dB s UNM dF w U WFHM vK qB dA* b$ / WU WOKLF
UMz WbIM qF YO bI UM [ vD qUI* w UMb uJ wUU U
UMb qF wUU UM [ WLOI bF vK qB dA* b$/ WFd WOKLF
W dA tOK e Vd UC UN UMz qF dA*U WbIM s UM [ vD qUI* w .UN
5d s uJ szb VU' k UMz qF wUU UM [ WLOI U%
w UN UMb qF wUU WbIM w UM vK dA* qB / W
U) WOKLF

UN UMz qF dALK d dF YO WLOI fHM WO Ub vD qUI*


YO UM WLOI WO Ub .bI dA* U WOKLF c w UC / WU
 WOKLF
3 U qF qUI* w WLOIU UMz WO Ub d qF wUU dALK d dF
Ub r Ub) c t_ WLOIU UMb bOF WMb
qUI* w UN UMb qF& wUU UM [ c U% W d b$ / WFU
 WOKLF
UMz WbIM qF YO bMBK UM [ dA* vD
UMb WbIM qF
YO bI bOF s UM vK uB(U dA* U /WMU WOKLF
mK* c vD t_ UMz bOF WMb* 3c qF qUI* w
W?d?? n?U?B? U?dN UO s t WU) Ub) c dA* b$ / W?F?U? WOKLF
U?M?b? WdM nUB* U?M W?LOI U?M?b? UdNJ dOU W?LOI U?M?b? UO* U qF YO
mK* c vD t_ UM

WLOI UMz WbIM UM

WLOI

WIU UOKLF hK


szb U
(

WLOI

sb* U
(

WOKLF r

U*

WOU WOKL bu

WOU WOKL bu

[
[
[

U dB

WbIM
WbIM
U% W d WMz 3

WO Ub d

WO Ub d

WbIM
bOF WMb 3
WbIM

WbIM

WLOI

bF*

WbIM

UO dB

UdN dB

Wd nUB

WbIM
bOF WMb 3
U% W d WMz 3

Recording WOU* UOKLF qO


qOK c oOu q s WOU; dUb w UNU w WOU* UOKLF qOK% bF dU* uD)
WOU* UOKLF c W'UF
b? X??? W?O?u?? u? s? b? W?OU; dUb w WOU* UOKLF c U q s
W?U?) r?zU??I? W?U?O??L?J? pOA uUH WOu _ c vK WK_ s WOU* WOKLF
WOu U dF WOU* WOKLF b X w _ lOL YO UF uMU
UOKLF c qO w UNb q s bM s WuL UA s b WOKLF c U bF
w bM c WOU; dUb w WOU*
- UC UJO WbI mU i U q s bF c bM u iI bM
- UC UJO WbI mU l U q s bF c bM u dB bM
- UC WbIM dO UOKLF U bF c bM u bOI bM

WU UN 

- UC

5D
K
i bM

UM

fK

bM r
aU

s wMK
b u c* mK*
p
W UB*rK*

WU UN 

- UC

5D
K
d bM

UM

fK

bM r
aU
bO
b mK WU UN  s wMK

s p
W UB*

rK*

WU UN 

- UC

5D
K
bO bM
aUWOuO WH r bM r
UO

sz

sb

UM fK

UM fK

uL:
W UB*VU;p

.e* bOI WdE V bOI UE UL r WOU* UOKLF qO

(Double Entry System) e* bOI WdE


UU Ud UAM* w b% WOU WOKL qJ t vK WdEM c hM
e* bOI WdE
c?Q? c U( wA c cQ d U??O bI ULb WLOI w
w b% WOU WOKL qJ rU WdEM c b b UMz qF tODF c UMb qF wA c
w UU Ud QAM*
uKOAU U u wUD UO{Ud
s??b?? U??L? b?? W??L? O? I?

e* bOI WdE bu

sz d

sz d sb d Ud WOU WOKL qJ


b?U?I? c? o?DM sz uN wDF s q sb uN cQ s q
WOBA UU( vK
v?K bUI c oDM sz uN hI U q sb uN U q
WOIOI( UU(
W?M?z U?_ d? l?OL WMb dzU) UdB* lOL

WOLu UU( vK bUI c oDM


WOU dU u s b bM l s WOU* UOKLF U bF
W??u?; W?O??U?; Z?d? s UNKO r b UNKO q s
uU( bU
r?? Y?O? W?O?uO d u WOU* UOKLF qO w b* db
e* bOI WdEM UI UOKLF c qO
UOKLF lOL qO tO QAM* uI d u (Journal WOuO d
.UuO

Uu b% w WOU*
d?? uW?O?u?O? d?

WOuO d w Udu Vu dA

qO tO QAM* uI qI d UO aU V db rOEM r V


W?O?U?* U?O?KLF lOL
. uD 5 tOA% u gUN v
.UuO

Uu b% w
U q V d s tFO u db rO d V

.uUI Ub w WOMe bLK dbU kH% UAM* vK V


WOuO d b Ue
U?N?U?L? W??O?? U?O? v?K? UAM* bU YO aU qK V WOU* UOKLF qO
. wU* Ue d bb%
de UD_ gG UA
WOU* UOKLF U U qOb tULF
r WH

wU qJA WOuO d cQ

WH r
sz

sb

UO

aU

U_

r?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 
U_ WH

wK U sLC t b$ oU
 qJA WFd bM

WOU* WOKLF b aU qO p aU


WOU WOKL q w bOI wd qO q s p UO
U_ d w U( r qO q s p U_ WH r
.sb* mK* qO q s b sb* WU
szb mK* qO q s b szb WU

:(Journalizing WOuO d w bOI


e* bOI WdEM UI WOuO d w WOU* WOKLF qO r

U
dA* bM w UN UM [ b U d WU tUL tK b b w

WbIM UL 5d s uJ UN b$ YO UNKOK% s b WOKLF c qO q s


UM [ WLOI U vD dA* VU UM [ WLOI WbIM YO U*
W?O?K?L?F? q 5 w mK*U i bM bS UAM* uI UMz U* U?M?b? WbIM uJ wUU
wK UL WOuO d w WOU*
r WH

tK b UAM
WOuO d

WH r
sz

sb

UO

aU

U_
WbIM s
[

U* v
[
bI U* b

WOKLF `{u bOIK d WU{ l WOuO d w UNKO - WOKLF oU qJA s b$


Xb w WOU*

WOU; uOI u
UL WOU; uOI s Uu UM
jI b U szb td sb* td s q w uJ c bOI u : jO bOI
u sb* dD b$ bI UM WLOI U dA tK b U w L

jI b U s uJ d q YO WbIM u szb dD U_


d 5U s UL szb sb* td uJ c bOI u : V d* bOI
dOU UO UM

UdN bI WOU nUB* b tK b U w L

WbIM U szb dD uJ 5 w UO* U UdNJ U sb* dD uJO

UA
UNKO
WOHO WOU* UOKLF s WuL vK WK j
U
w d?N? ? X?b? w?? WU; w bzd VJ0 WU) UOKLF wK U w
.dL wuUI VU; tJK1 c uNLK WOU; Ub) .bI U w qLF
.dA* w bI UM [ mK ULU dL U w
. bI XF UM WLOI U dA UAM* XU w
bI XF UM WLOI VJLK eN dA UAM* XU w
UL  s U( vK UM WLOI WOJ u dA UAM* XU w
bI XC UM WLOI szUe b_ WOU Ub UAM* Xb w
.UM dN Vd UNb qLF vK bL l UAM* XIH w
U( vK UM WLOI bL ueK WOU Ub .bI UAM* XU w
wBA tULF UM mK V dL U w
UL ; UNOK WI* ub s UM

mK UAM* XF w


dOdJ V UM UdN UO UM U WOU nUB* UAM* XF w
UM
uKD*
. WOUE uB UAM*U WU) uOI qO -

duOLJ UN b
qO q s WOU; Zd
duOL UN qLF h
UN'UF WOU* UOKLF

WULK bzd VJ


r WH

q(

WOuO d
WH r

sz

sb

UO

aU

U_

[
[

WbIM s
U?? * ?? v??

U* b

U_ s
WbIM v

bI U d

WOJ eN s
WbIM v

bI WOJ eN d

WOJ u s
UL  WMzb 3c v

sb vK u d

WbIM s
U?b? d? v

bI WOU Ub .bI

bL WMb* 3c s
Ub d/ v

U( vK Wb .bI

WOB Uu s
WbIM/ v

dA* VUB bI mK V

UL  WMzb 3c s
WbIM/ v

QAM* u s e b

su c s
U dB/
UdN UO dB/
V dB/
WbIM/ v
bI nUB l

q( UE
WOKLF b( wU qK vK UM
e* bOI WdEM UI WOuO d w qO -

WOU*
WOKL q bF d WU{ -
5OF w w Xb w WOKLF L wU d UN bu w UOKLF qO r r
WOU; dUb w q wUU wU d UN bu nu
WOuO d w szb VU' uL U sb* VU' uL b$

WOKuL WOU* UOKLF


W?O?K?b? quL UB vK uB( q s qu9 UB v U U& dA UA
dALK WOU) u b u UM qb oOI dA* UdL w WUB u*
w quL UB s
d?A?* VU q s dL* mK* u Capital) U*
WO{dH UIOD

dA* VUB dA* vK Ue q1 t_ WOBA UU( sL{ s dF


dA* UDS uI dA* VU _ UMz U( c uJ WOI WUB bu
U*
w uM vK U* qUI WOMO WbI u .bI dA* VU uI b
U* qUI WbI u .bI dA* VU uI WU( c w bIM U* -
U
dA* bM w UNb s UM [ mK ULU UN U w

vD dA* VU b$ 5 w UMb uJ wUU c bMB b$ WU( c w q(


bOI uJ U* s UMz uJ wUU
[
[

WbIM s

//

U* v
bI U* b

q?? U?* q?U?I WOMO u .bI dA* VU uI WU( c w w?MOF U* -


UdO U WUC

U
.bI XU YO U_ U& U w U UNdA fOQ UO XU w
U* qUI UM [ WLOI duOL [ WLOI [ WLOI
w?U??U? d?u?O?L WOU u_ c dA* b$ WIU WOKLF WFd bM q(
d?A?* V?U?B? U?M?b? d?A* uJ YO dA* VU tb c U* qUI UN UMb qFO
bOI uJ tOK U* WLOI
su c s
[

w{

duOL

U* v
U* qUI WOMO u .bI

q WOU* UR* q s dA* UNOK qB w mU* s U w Loans)dI


dI c dF dI c vK lb bzU qUI o aU w UbOF vK uM
dA* vK Ue

U
bzUH uM b* bI UM [ WLOI pM s d vK vLK UAM XKB w
bI dH WUN w lb WuM
WLOI fHM e UNOK Vd UN WMb uJ wUU bI UM [ c UAM* b$ q(
.bOI uJ tOK dI qUI
[ WbIM s
[

pM d v
d vK uB(

w dUM WFQ U* dQ
q s dA* VU UdL w WOMOF WbIM u_ s U w wU{ UL -
.dA* w tUL U

U
dA* w UNb q s dALK UM [ WLOI hOB b d w

U* s dA* VUB UMz UN UMb uJ wUU c dA* b$ q(


[
[

_ s

//

U* v
UMO U* U

s dA* VU UcQ w WbIM mU* w WbIM Uu


*
bu WO{d vK bO Q

vK UM Uu* c dF wUU wBA tb q s dA*

WUB

YO WOI WUB bu WO{dH UIOD p dA* VU


w mU*U UMb uJ WOBA Uu* vL UN U U `H
dA* VU UN

U
teM U b q s dA* WbI s bI UM V bL U w

w UMz WbIM uJ wUU dA* WbI s bI UM vD dA* b$ WU( c w q(


UU u Uu* s UN UMb uJO wUU Uc dA* VU b$ 5
dA*U fO dA* VUB U U p U dB

WOB Uu s

WbIM v
bI UM V

UA
WOB A Uu
LK WOU* UOKLF s WuL vK WK j

. WOKOGA UUAM WO WOJK* uI w WII* Ue s U w (Revenues) d

U
vK UM [ WLOI dU qOLFK WOd{ Ub .bI WOU UA VJ U w
U(
UbK WMU U VJLK b r t_ UM [ WLOI sb dU qOLF b$ WU( c w q(
WMz dF VJLK d q9 wN WOdC
[
[

dU WMb* 3c s


WOd{ Ub d v
U( vK Ub .bI

U
i UM [ WLOI bU qOLFK WOuU UA .bI U wU; VJ U w
bI UNLO
u UN UMb uJ wUU bI UM [ vK qB UU; VJ b$ WU( c w q(
U Ub q1 t_ WOuU UA d uJO szb dD U b t_ qOLF vK UM UNKO
UNzUDS VJ*
[
[

WbIM s

WOuU UA d v
bI UNC Ub .bI

U
bOF b YO UM [ WLOI bOF idLK WOKL dS u VOD U w
.w U b r bI UM [
WLOI UMb bOF uJ UC UN UMb uJ YO bI UM [ vK qB dA* UM b$ q(
dA* YO UOKLF d uJO szb dDK WMU U mK* nB b r t_ UM [
WOKLF d Wb idLK vD

su c s
[

WbIM

bOF WMb* 3c

UOKL d v
U( vK w U bI WOKL d

vK WK_ s dA* w WOKOGA UOKLFK W UIHM w Expenses ) UdB*


UdO WUOB UdNJ U Vd nUB*

U
bI UM [ WGU 5Hu* V b UAM* XU w
5Hu* qL s WFHM* c qUI* w UN WMz uJ wUU UM [ XD UAM* b$ q(
Vd dB s UNM dF*
[

Vd dB s

WbIM v
bI Vd b

U
.bI UM [ mU U dB b UAM* XU w
WFHM vK XKB qUI* w szb dD u bMB s [ XD UAM* UM b$q(
U dB s UIF b
[
[

U dB s

WbIM v
bI dB b

U
.bI UM WGU WuM WBd u b UU; VJ U w
q(

hOd dB s

WbIM v
bI hOd u b

WK_
.U(U uBI* `{
=

.szb sb* vMF `{


=

.szb sb*U dQ nO WOU* rzuI YO s UU( u d


.UNFO YO s UU( u d
.UNKOK% r nO WOU* WOKLF d
. bM* u d
e* bOI WdE UBU d
WOuO d b s WII* Ue* U
V d* bOI jO bOI 5 dH U
WOuO d w qO r nO
. UdB d WOJK o Ue u WO UU( WOu b
=
rN U

U*

wU

WMb 3

WMz 3

UO

Uu

UI d

WOL WOIOI WOB WHK< UNu v WO UU( r


=
U_

WbIM

s u*

bL ue

pM

U*

Uu

5U

wdF pM d

UL

UUd uJ w WU UOKLF d


UMz U* UMb WbIM
UMz UIF d UMb WbIM
UMz U_ W d UMb U_

UMz WbIM UMb Vd


UMz WbIM UMb Uu*
UMz pM UMb UO
UMz bL ue UMb WbIM
UMz pM UMb U
UMz pM UMb bU u*
V d l szb sb* UNOd v WOU UOKLF qK
U d bMB w bI UM [ b
bI UM [ WLOI d
bI UM [ WLOI rN UL d
U( vK UM WLOI rOK qOLFK WUOB Wb .bI
UM UbI WdN dU bL WUO qU 5OF
bI
UM

WLOI bL qOLFK WUOB Wb .bI


wBA tULF bI UM dA* VU V
U( vK bF* W d s UM [ WLOI b d
bI UM mU qUF V l
bI
UM

mU q; U b
WOuUI UA eL VJ w wU uU dN Xb w UOKLF wK U w
bI tUL dU* UM [ ULU U w
bI Ub UM [ WuM dU VJ UU U w
s b WOdF UdH* W d s UM [ WLOI U dA U w
U( vK w U bI UNLO
bI Ub rOd qOLF v UM [ WLOI WUA Ub .bI U w
.bI UNLO b UM [ WLOI wBA tULF UO dA U w
UM U( vK `U qOLF v WUA Ub .bI U w
bI WOdF UdH* W d U w U b w
bI WOMu 5U W d b UM WLOI VJ* vK 5UU U w

bI tOK o* mK* `U qOLF b w


bI vLK WHu* V UM lb U w
dB UM WLOI UO* dB UM WLOI UdNJ dB b w
bI UM WUO{
WOU WOKL qJ W bM d uKD*
WOu WIdD WOuO db WIU UOKLF qO
wbMN dU VJ0 WU) UOKLF wK U w
U d bMB w UM [ bS dU U w
VJLK dNA U b p bI UM mK l w
U( vK b* W dA s UM [ WLOI WObM bF dA U w
bI UM [ WLOI wdF pM s d vK qB w
U( vK UM WLOI dU qOLFK WObM Ub .bI U w
WU) tu s bI Ub UM [ WLOI VJLK UO dA U w
bI UM WLOI u dA U w
bI tOK o* mK* dU qOLF b w
bI UM[ WLOI dU qOLFK WObM Ub .bI VJ* U w
UNLO b r UM [ WLOI teM* rOd bS dU U w
bI UM [ WGU 5bMN* V b w
bI UM WGU dI bzu b w
dU dU w WIU UOKLF qO uKD*

bu

WFd* eO qOd


3

2
1

6 0
9

4
7

+ -

vK U uJ wGM buK p bF

tOL U_ d rN
.U_ d v WOuO d s qOd WOKL UFO
.U_ d w UU
( bO d WOKLF UOI
tOL WFd* eO dOC%

WFdL eO qOd


WbI
WOF{u Wu WKUJ u wDF e* bOI UE V
WOuO d w WOU* b_ qO

qJ W U U UD UHK u d{ b$ UM s WOU* b_U dQ w UU
( c
WOuO d w XK w WOU* b_ fJF WOuO dU w QAM* UNb
w UU
( s U

UNu u wMe q
K
 V
WOuO d w UNKO
r b_ c W U
d WOU* b_ U dA qO
bF WbIM bO dF u U* qO vKF
W F uOI b% v WOuO uOI w Y p_ u

U dG
p S WMOF WOM
`O{uwzUNM bO b tOK UM bO q w UMz U?Mb WbIM XU U b% UOU WbIMU
UU
( qO U_ d 5OU 5KDB* - p q - dF
M qOd dJ
6

4
7

:(Ledger U_ d

2
1

9
8

+ -

U_ d

w?? U?U?
?( W?uL
W??H U
qJ hB UU
WuL u nK q u
w?? Q??A? M? * U??N? b????
?
u? U?U?
?( c vK d w?? d?O?G?? q?O
 tU U W UD
WOU* b_ qO
s? f?O?zd? b?N? d? v?M?F0 WOuO uOI l s UBIM UeU
U?J? w? Q?A?M?* U?U?
? s? U
vK d w dOG vK uC jOK
u U_ d
U
( cN wzUNM bO d WdF WMOF WOM d b
U?e?O?d? u?J?O bU
 U dU U U d dUb s Uu bu o U* WU{U
UF U_ d vK
WOuLF WOeO* UU
b r YO - UC w ULU_ d w UU
( rEM U
UdB* d qb WLzU UU
r WOJK* uI uB) Ue u _

U_ d w UU
( VOd - UC

UdB*
V dB
nU dB
UdN UO dB

d
Ub d
UI U d

WOJK* uI
U*
WOBA Uu
*

Ue
WMz 3
l
WI
 V

u_
w{_

bF eN
uK
bMB

Chart of Accounts UU( qO


UU ( qO
d w UNO u u WOKL qON
 UU
K qO UA suJ r
U?N?U UU
( WLzU
bLF 5F q
K
V
UU
( cN U UD r YO U_
U_ d w
UO* UdNJ nUBL PAM* WFO r vK UNU UU
( b
U?d?NJ s >q?J? q?I??
? U
UD r b b U
w Zb b
r( dO WOUM W
R ULMO UU
( sc qB v U% r( dOG WU& QAML UO*
UO* UdNJ dB s qJ qI
 U
suJ v U% b WOUMB UNUOKL w WOzUdNJ W UD bLF
w? u?L?M? .b?I? s?J?1 s?J? P?A?M?* U
R* qJ `KB UOF UU
qO bu
.UU
( qO vK UL UC
UU
( qO vK U UC
WOuLF WOeO* UU
WOJK* uI

Ue

u _

U*

WMzb 3c

bMB

WOBA Uu
*

lb

WMb* 3c

iI

uK

U_

qb WLzU UU
UdB*

U dB

Vd dB

UO* UdNJ dB

Ub) d

Posting qOd

qOd

u?O?I? a?
qI WOKL v? W?O?u?O? d?? s? u?OI a
qI WOKL tQ qOd ndF sJ1
v??  W?? O? ?u?? O? ? d?? ?  s?? q?
?K?
?? V?
? u?OI c qd U_ d w W F UU
(
w W F UU
(
U_ d

bO qJ szb sb* VU' a


qOd r YO UN wU
WOU uD) s qOd WOKL r
mK* WOuO WH aU sb* U
( v q

c bOI U U_ d w sb* U
( r WOuO d s U_ WH uL w a

tKOd mK* WOuO WH aU szb U
( v q

tKOd - c bOI U szb U


( r WOuO d s U_ WH uL w a

d v WOuO d s t
tKOd - b bOI Q U UD u 5uD) s bN
r?? r? b?O?I? w?M?F? tU U_ d U
r l{ r r bO S wUU U_
bF tKOd
`O{u w U
( qJ qOd WOKL uD vK uC jK
UC w U*
uB r qOd WOKL q bF t_ d* bO d uLM r tOK oKD U_ d w b
*
U
( bO d Wu

WOuO d

U_ d

qOd

U_ d v WOuO uO qOd UC
wbM VJ UA bI UM [ mK s
uL bMN* dL w
bI WMb w
wUU qd r WOuO d w q
wU* b( c
WOuO d
r WH
sb

sz

WH r
U_

UO
WbIM / s

aU

U* v
[

bI dA* VU UL

U_ d

U
( r

WbIM

bO d
sz

sz

sb

WH r
WOuO

UO

aU

sb

U*

U
( r

bO d
sz
[

sz

sb

WH r
WOuO

sb

UO

aU

u/ s b U_ d w UU
K qJ uLM WeOK$ WGKU ( T) d b sJ1
j=K
U?CrOKF dA UUG ULF w WuN U?B d t_ d* bO d
(T)d qJ bU U_ v WOuO d s qOd vK uC
d?
_ VU' U?Mb uJ ( T) d? s? s1_ VU' S - U?C? w k UL
q

b? U?M? [  mK b$ wbMN VJ* UA bO w sb WbIM U


U0 UMz
oU
 bOI w sz t U* U
( W
MU U( pc WbIM U
s sb* VU' v
U* U
s szb VU' v q
UM [  mK b$ d
UU
K ( T) d u/ bU U_ d v qOd - UC
U ( r

U*

sz
[

U ( r
sb

WbIM

sz

sb
[

qU U
c? qOd qO
qOK% rO dL wuUI VU; VJ0 WIKF* UOKLF v uFU
wU uU dN XKB w WOU* b_

wU* b(
dA* w bI UM [ mK ULU dL U
s?zb? s?b?* q?OK%
sb WbIM u _
sz U* WOJK* uI

WOuO d w qO 
WH r

sb

sz

UO

aU

WbIM / s
U* / v

U_

[
bI dA* VU UL

qOd
U ( r

U (
U (
rr U*
U*

[
[

WbIM

wU* b(
bI UM WLOI U dA QAM* XU

s?zb? s?b?* q?OK%


sb U_ u _
sz XBI WbIM u _

WOuO d w qO 
WH r

sz

sb

aU

UO
U_

U_ s

WbIM v

bI U d

qOd

U ( r

U ( r

U_

WbIM

wU* b(
bI XF UM WLOI VJLK eN dA QAM* XU

s?zb? s?b?* q?OK%


sb WOJ eN u _
sz XBI WbIM u _

WOuO d w qO 

sz

sb

WH r
U

aU

UO
WOJ eN s
WbIM / v

bI WOJ eN d

qOd

U ( r

WOJ eN

U ( r

WbIM

wU* b(
UL  s U
( vK UM WLOI WOJ u dA QAM* XU

szb sb* qOK%


sb uK u _
sz WMz 3 Ue

WOuO d w qO 

sz

sb

WH r
U

aU

UO
uK s
UL WMzb 3c / v

UL  s U
( vK WOJ u d

qOd

U ( r

WMzb 3c

U ( r

uK

wU* b(
bI XC UM WLOI szUe b_ WOU Ub QAM* Xb

szb sb* qOK%


sb WbIM u _
sz Ub d d

WOuO d w qO 

sz

sb

WH r
U

aU

UO
WbIM s
Ub d v

bI Ub .bI

qOd
U ( r

U ( r

Ub d
/

WbIM

wU* b(
U
( vK UM WLOI bL ueK WOU Ub QAM* Xb

szb sb* qOK%


sb WMb 3 u _
sz Wb d d

WOuO d w qO 
sz

sb

WH r
U

aU

UO
bL WMb* 3c s

Ub d v

bL ueK U
( vK Ub .bI

qOd
U ( r

Ub d

U ( r

WMb* 3c

wU* b(
wBA tULFbI UM mK V
dL U

szb sb* qOK%


sb WOB Uu
 WOJK* uI
sz XBI WbIM u _

WOuO d w qO 
sz

sb

WH r
U

aU

UO

WOBA Uu
* s

WbIM v

WOB d_ bI V

qOd

U ( r

U ( r

WOBA Uu *

WbIM

wU* b(
UL ; UNOK WI
* ub s UM mK QAM* XF

szb sb* qOK%


sb XBI WMz 3 Ue
sz XBI WbIM u _

WOuO d w qO 

sz

sb

WH r
U

UO

aU

UL  WMzb 3c s
WbIM v

UNu s e UL  bb

qOd

U ( r

U ( r

WMzb 3c

WbIM

wU* b(
wU uU dN s bI WOU nUB* QAM* XF
UM dOdJ V UM UdN UO UM U

szb sb* qOK%


sb U dB UdB*
sb V dB
sb UdN UO dB
sz XBI WbIM

u _

WOuO d w qO 

sz

sb

WH r
U

aU

UO
suc s

U dB

UdN UO dB

V dB

WbIM v

bI VdUdNJ UO*U UdB l

WbIM v

U ( r

U ( r

U dB

U ( r

qOd

WbIM

UdN UO dB

U ( r

Vd dB

Balancing bOd
bOd

w? W? ?F? U?U?


( v WOuO d s uOI a
qOd bF
V?U?' 5? d?H? bb%

U?U?
?( c? s? q?J? b?O? d bb d{ UM b$ U_ d
qJ szb VU' sb*

bO dUtOK. qOd UOKLF ULNOK szb sb* VU' dQ dE

d? UU
s U

U?U?
? s? U
qJ szb VU' sb* VU' 5 dH U wMF
WOM d WUN w U_

.WMOF WOM d WUN w U_ d

WMOF
WOU uD) s bO d WOKL r

U
qJ sb* VU' mU lL
U
qJ szb VU' mU lL
ULNMO dH b 5uL: 5 U
WOU ZzUM b vK qB dH c vK UM

VU' w dNE UMb uJ "UM bO d dH S d sb* VU' uL U


U
( s sb*
w dNE UMz uJ "UM bO d dH S d szb VU' uL U
U
( s szb VU'
dH uJO bO d S szb VU' uL U
sb* VU' uL U U

oU
 qUA U* sWMzb 3c U
- WbIM U
- bO d uIMbO d WOKL `O{u
Ud oU
 bO d uD bU uIM bMB U
bO d -
uD)
sb* VU' uL

U ( r

WbIM

szb VU' uL

ULNMO oKD* dH


=
b?O? d? S? d_ u sb* VU' U0
w?? d??N?E? U?M? ? U??M? b? u?J?
[ bO d

U
( s sb* VU'
.WMzb 3c U
bO d r WIdD fHM -
uD)

UM sb* VU' uL


U ( r

WMzb 3c

UM szb VU' uL

ULNMO oKD* dH


b?O? d? S? d?_ u szb VU' U0

bO d

szb VU' w dNE UM sz


U
( s
q?U?A? U??* U?O?D?F? V?
U_ d w UNb UU
( lOL q1 - U?C
. / / w s
dL wuUI VU; VJ*

dL VU; VJ* U_ d w UU
( b UC
U ( r

r

WMb* 3c

bO d

WbIM

[ bO d
U ( r

U_

bO d

U ( r

bO d

U ( r

U ( r

bO d

WOJ eN

bO d

U ( r

WOBA Uu *

bO d
U ( r

U ( r uK

WMzb 3c

U dB

bO d

U*

[ bO d

U ( r

Ub d

[ bO d

U ( r

Vd dB

U ( r

UdNJ UO* dB

bO d

bO d

UA
qUA U* w UU
( iF d* bO d uLM bU bO d qOd WOKLF r
Ue tO q
U U c VU' w UU
K wFOD bO d dNE UU K wFOD bOd
_ UMb U bO uJ u _ UU
s lDU u bMB U
L UU
( cN
Ue UU
s u WMzb 3c U
ULMO iH UMz

UMb

uJ U
( c
iH UMb UMz uJ U
( c _ UMz U bO uJ
d?NE QAMO UMz U?M?b? U u wFOD UO bO d c p wMF sJ
iF w sJ sz uJ WMzb 3c U
( UO bO d L bO d WOKLF UOI bM ULz

t o
* mK* s d szb U
( c VUB b

UbM sb bO d U
( dNE b U(
UMb WMzb 3c bO dNEO czbM

UA
UN wFOD bO d b WOJK* uI Ue u _ UU
s WuL d

rial Balance WFd* eO


WOL U_ d w dN UL UNb UU
( dF WLzU u
u?L?? U?
? W?M?b?* b? _ u?L?? s? b?Q?? w? sLJ eO* c
WFd* eO
u?D?) U?'UF* U?U??D? w?D?F? U?2 U??_ d? w WMzb b _
UU
( dF WLzU u b? WO WIO uJ b bO d qOd bO s X9 w WOU;
w? dN UL UNb dOC% w v WIU
 uD) pK w bR U QD v dOA U

U_ d q?J?A WFd* eO dOC% S o U v WU{U t
H WFd* eO
WOU* rzuI dOC% qN

sJ1 oO rOK

b _ e* bOI WdE b s lDU "U WMzb WMb* b _ U


u
wU; bOIK szb sb* VU' tO U
V WdEM c o WOuO d w tKO
r wU
WU
 WMzb WMb* u b _ lOL uJ V dCU wUU
V?
? U_ d w UU
( b vK U?
M? WFd eO dOC% v dOA UC
oU
 UC w U*
q?
?K?
? V?
? u?J? U? U? W?Fd* eO w UU
( q
K
S U* w k u? UL
WOJK* uI sd uI u _ WOuLF WOeO* UU
b U_ d w UU
(
UdB* d qb WLzU UU
r

dL VU; VJ* b _U WFd* eO - UC


s dL
WOU QAM
b_U WFd* eO
w u UL
sz

sb

U ( r

UM [

WbIM

WMb* 3c

uK

U_

WOJ eN

UM

WMzb 3c

U*

UM [

WOBA Uu
*
Ub d

U dB

UdNJ UO* dB

Vd dB

UM [

uL:

WK_
tOL U U_ d U
U UU
( qO WFO U
.qOd WOKL uD `{
WFd* eO0 t U bO d U
.tOL `{ WFd* eO d

U
O dNA WUbK eF QAM* U_ d UU
WO UuKF* oKF
U ( r WbIM
U ( r WMb* 3c

U ( r WMzb 3c
[

U ( r

U ( r

uK

Ub) d

U ( r U*
[

U ( r Vd dB

uKD*
UU
( bO d
w WFd* eO duB

U dNA WUB UA u VJ0 WO WOU* b_ oKF


bI UM [ U d VJ* UA -
UM dN V qUI VJ* w nuL qLFK fu s1 l oH
w U [ UNM l UM [ WLOI UM  s VJLK U d
U
( vK
[ WLOI WU_  s wzu{ `U WFU uU WOJ eN d
U
( vK UM
bI UM WLOI u d
w U bI UNHB l UM qUI b ueK WUB b W b

U
( vK
UM bI UM ; l
U
( vK UM WLOI dU ueK WUB UA Wb b
bI U
s tOK U b ue l
bI UM qUI wK ueK WUB UA Wb b
bI dNA t s1 nuLK l
bI UM WdNA VJ* d l
uKD*
WOuO d w W uOI qO

U_ d v uOI qOd
w WFd* eO duB

bu

Wd' Uu

vK U uJ wGM buK p bF
Ubu UO Wd' UuU uBI* `O{u
UI U bIM U_ 5 odH
Wd' Uu U WOL UO
UbI W{uI* d WI* U
dB* UbI Wu
b* U
dB* s q W'UF
WI* d
WU u _ N U( XU jI WId b
WU u _ N WOU; W'UF*
bF WFd eO qL

Wd Uu
Wd' Uu ndF
WOU* dH WUN w
r w WOU; WOKLF d pc bBI
d pc tUe dA* u _ WIOb WOB rOI W
dF*
Wd' Uu

` s dA* UL_ WOIOI( WOM v q u q s U


dB*
d? pc bBI

W uOI qL wU* e d UO U


w
r w WOU; WOKLF
r?O?I? W
dF* WOU* dH WUN

UF UU Wd' Uu WOL

u? _ W?I?O?b? W?OB

b?u?I s WuL oOD u Wd' Uu qLF wU_ bN


p??c? t?U?e?? d?A?*

U?I??? U? v?L?? U? U?N?L? s? w?? W?O?U?_ W?O??U; U*


s?? U??
d?B?* d?

WOU* dH w
WOKLF qO V t vK hM c.Accrual Basis)

W??? O? ? M?  v?? q? u?? q?

q?O??? V? wUU tF
mK* i s dEM dB UNO
b% w
s? d?A?* U?L?_ WOIOI(

q?O??? V?? p?c? U?N?C?? s? d?EM dB oI UbM d


e? d? U?O? U?? `
W uOI qL wU*

. UNF
s dEM dB b% UbM U
dB*
t vK hM c Cash Basis bIM U_ s nK c
iI b bM jI
UNF
UNC bM WOU* WOKLF qO V
qO V UC jI
iI UbM d qO V wUU l
b
.jI
l
b UbM U
dB*
5 w
WU; w
b* uI* U_ u U U dF
.U U vK bIM U_ b dBI
W?O?{d?
l? q?U?F?? e?K W WOU dUI b v WU(
. Periodicity) dA* UO rOI WO{d
vL WOU
dL rOI s b
dL tKL b dO dA* dL YO
r?? v?? p? W?OU WM uJ U U??U? W? W?O?U d
v dA*
b? v?K? W?M? q? w?
t? w?U?* e d* dA* UL WO vK dF
W?K?UI b vK qLA c UI U oOD s p oI
d oI% b UIHMU d

V?? t? v?K? b* c hM Matching Principle U?I?H?M?U? d? W?KUI b


d dH pK d vK uB( qO w
XIH w U
dB* lOL WOU* dH qL]

f?H? w?
U?IH dBL UN dF V QAM* UNKL w nOUJ YO q
p s W&UM Ub) lK s dU d UN r w dH
V?? t? v?K? b??* c hM Revenue Recognition Principle ) d? o?I?% b
. bI tC bM fO WUC lO tb) .bI bM tII% bM d qO
.Wd' Uu uO bS WOU d
q WUN w
uU; uI sb* sc oOI
Wd' Uu bu

u?J? s?JLO
PAM* 5 UNb nK w WOU* dH WUN w
U Wd' Uu uJ
dCU fO WOU* WM U 5F c_ l WM uJ U UU dN W dN W dN

WOU* WM Wb nK YO w


wNM w
b w WO* WM UNH w uJ
WO* tM U s u w
UNKL QAM* b sJLO
QAM* qL WFO V

UdB* Wu
q?O?L?% - b? t? s? b? Q??K? W?OU* dH dA* U
dB WFd vK qLF pc uBI*
q d dH pK d vK uBK XIH w U
dB*U qb U
5u vK U
dB* W'UF rOI sJ1
UbI Wub* UdB*

r??? w??? m?U??* w?

(Prepaid Expenses ) UbI Wub* UdB*


n?U?B?* d?A?* l?
b? U?bM U?b?I? u?
b?* d?B?* U?? dNE

W??O? U?* d??H? U?M? U?N?F?


UF V Wu WOKL bMF
WUI dHU U UUNM e uJUbI
WU d
h b* UIOD p WOU( WOU* dH vK tKOL% b UbI u
b* dB*
.UIHMU d WKUI

U
WLOI bI
w
U?bI u
b* 5Q dB U bO dN aU
.UM WdNA 5Q nUB 5 5Q W d l d* 5Q bI WFd b UM [

// Wd' Wu bO // WOuO bO d uKD*


U?M? w?M?F c 5Q bI mK s d u
b* 5Q dB mK U* w
k q(
WOU* dH h UL bz

UGK
[
[

UbI u
b 5Q dB s

WbIM v
UbI 5Q nUB l

[
[

5Q dB s

UbI u
b 5Q dB v
UbI u
b* 5Q dB Wu

WI* UdB*

:(Accrued Expenses) WI* UdB*


h?? w?? U?
d?B*
r? U?N? W?O?U?( W?O?U* dH r bF l
b r UN WOU( WOU* dH h w U
dB* w
W?U?N? w?
d?N?E? r? bF l
b UNKOL% UdB V U
dB* bO sL{ WOU( dH WUN w
dNE
b??O? s??L? { W??O? U??( d???H?

.UIHMU d WKUI b* UIOD p WOU( dH w


UK

U
dB*

U
b?M UM [ m?K??0 U?M?b? bI dU
w
U U bO dN w

l
b r UM WGU _ uU dN s U nUB WLO 5 UU( WFd
 Wd' Wu bO qO uKD*

U dB / s

o U

/ v

d Wu

UbI W{uI* d
- w?? ? ? d?? w??
d??H? ? U?N?O?K? u?B?(

WOU* dH h w dU UMz qb U qF pc bBI


. dH UM w
XLK b d c XU UL dEM dB

W?b?) .bI q U?bI WOU*

5u v d W'UF rOI sJ1

dH WUN w
dN szUeK

:(Unearned Revenues UbI W{uI* d

u??? I?  d?? b?O? s?L?{ .b?I q U?b?I? W?O?U* dH UNOK uB( - w d w
w? WFd* eO w
U?bI w
U?b?I? u??I? d? b?O? s?L{ dH WUN w
dN szUeK Wb)

.WU d
h w WFd* eO

.WU d
h

U
bI UM [ mK XLK UN WFU wU* b PAM* b d
] // aU
.5M s UbI

. Wu bO WOuO bO q uKD*


uI* U nB S
v_ WM WUN w
5M h UbI

uI* U k q(
QAMLK d ` b UbI

WOuO bO
[
[

WbIM / s /

UbI uI U d / v

WI* d
UbI U i

w?? ? ? d?? w??


Wd' Wu bO
r sJ WOU* dH h
[
w?
U?N?K?O UNC r
[

UbI
U{uI U d / s

U d / v

r UNS
pc bF dU
b
UbI uI* d U Wu

W?O?U?* d?H WUN w


dNE
w?
d bO sL{

:(Accured Revenues WI* d

b? pc WFd* eO w


UNKO UNC r r sJ WOU* dH h w d w
UNU s d bO sL{ WOU* dH WUN w
dNE r UNS
pc bF dU
b
UNU s b pc WFd* eO w

U
U?b? .b?I? v?K? s?zU?e? b? l? X?d? Ub) bU* QAM XIH // a?U?
Ub q r iI r bU* QAM // w
5 .UdN

UM qUI t Xd
.WbI* Xd
 Wd' Wu bO qL uKD*
q? r iI r UNMJ d?N Xd Wb .bI XU bU* QAM k q(
. d oI% b* UIOD UNKO Vu sL
bF WOKLF pK
.Wd' Wu bO

WMb* 3c / s

Xd Ub d / v
o* d qO

N WU u _ Wu

h?? ? ? ?I? ? ? ? M? ? ? ? u?? ? ?


W?? L? ?O? ? w??
w?? ? b???  b?B?I? Q?A?M?* V?U? U?N?d??A? w?? u? _ W??U?? u? _U? bBI
W?U?N? w?
X?U? q _ wU* q `d oOI% UNFO U q s fO WOuO tUL w
UNb
dL uM s WM q

U_ eN_

W??O?? p? w?U?? pc wMe UI ULF WO UOb WU u _ WLO qI
W?O?K?L?F? w?
t?U?L?F?? NU vL U U od s WOU d
q WUN w
UNLO Wu s b
se d* WOU b?O?H???* WOU; dH vK q _ WHKJ lu hOB r YO
UIHMU d WKUI b0 UIOD q _ Ub s
N j b% w quF
XU q _ WHKJ
UJ* w
tF{ XU q _ vK uB( qO w
QAM* UNbJ w nUB* lOL sLC
W? U?N?O? U?
U?C tFOMB tzd od s u wKFH ULF eU `B v QAM*U t hB<
wU dL tOUF
WOU tb U v R b UIH
q  wU dLF
QAMLK Ub l
UM q _ c UNO
bI w XU q  WOU uM b bb% t bBI

d) WLO

`B UbM wU dL UN bM XU q _ s UMG bM tOK uB( lu* mK* u


.XU jI WId w WU u  N U( WFzUA dD d b ULF `U dO

UA
WU u _ vK uBK QAM* UbJ w nUB* vK WK d

XU jI WId


XU jI WId u _ N dB U w
b w dD b w
W?I?dD c dH

wU dLF s WOM d
q w
UH* Ub) U dH WU

bHM* Ub) U dLF c d


lOL' WU N nUB uJ tOK q 
dLF s WOM d
q w
WbF oOI% N j U WuN WIdD c eOL .wU
q  wU XU N j bb% r .WU u _ iF N lu w

wU dLF uM b vK d) WLO UF bF q _ WHKJ WLI


w uM vK N WKUI WHKJ XU q 
d) WLO - XU q _ WHKJ
=

uM N j

q  wU dLF

U
.UM [ mK0 UNUL w
UNb W dA PAM* b XU aU
UM mK0 wU UdL UN bF UNLO b UL uM fL Wx wU dLF b

uKD*

XU jI WId bU W cN N j U


d) WLO q WHKJ

= uM jI q(

q  wU dLF
UM [ =

[
[
=
=

t?K?O?L% r YO UM [ U?? W?O?U? WM q WUN w


N dB U
pc
qb U(
XU jI WId vK cP* s
.XU q _ b WOIOI( uB fJF

N j bb% w
WOu{u dO dF pc b qU Ud b

WOU; W'UF*
dB U r d* N vL UMz qF bb U `
od s p r
WOeO* w
WOK _ tHKJ ULz dNE XU q _ U
WIdD cN UI
jI WLOI UMb N
PAM* w
ULF d dF pc r d* N tM UdD WOuLF
U
u?MdAF wU UdL b b?I UM [ m?K0 UO d - aU
.UM d) WLO

uKD*

UOK uM N WLO U


W Wd' Wu WOuO uO U
U_ d
v uOI qOd
q(

UM =

uM N

[
[

UO s

WOuO uOI

WbIM v
bI UO d

UO N dB s

UO -r d* N v
UOK uM N U

d??
v WOuO d
s Wd' Uu uO WOuO uO qOd WOKL 5 UC
U_
U_ d
v uOI qOd UC

U( r

UO

U( r

bO d

UO N dB

Wu bO

bO d

UO -r d* N

U( r

Wu bO

bO d

WOuLF WOeO* w
WOU* dH WUN w
dNE r d* N UO k
wQ UL
WU u _
UM [

UO
r d* N -

UM [
UM [ Wd
b tLO w
U q _ WHKJ dNE WIdD c

UA
WU u  N U( b d Ud d pLKF l UFU

qU U
w
wbMN dU VJ* WFd* eO w
WO b _ dN

wbMN dU VJ


b _U WFd* eO
w
u UL
WMz b

WMb b

U( r

UM [

WbIM

WMb* 3c

UbI u
b U dB

uK

U_

WOJ* eN_

UM [

WMzb 3c

UbI uI Ub d

dU U
[

UM [

WOBA Uu*
Ub) d

Vd dB

UO* UdNJ dB

UM [

uL:

wQ U 5 hH bM

5KU 5U s w
U dB l

UM WOI* uK WLO XGK

U? d) WLO uM U?? b?I dLF XU jI WId V U_ pKN

UM
U?M d?) W?L?O? u?M? l?Q? w?U?? UdL b w WOJ* eN_ pKN
XU jI WId V
UM [ U WuM Vd uL

UF oI% b UbI uI* Ub) d nB

v?? p qUI mK r r szUe b_ UN1bI - UM

W?LOI Ub UM

tU
uKD*
W Wd' Wu uO d
U_ d
v uOI qOd
bF* WFd* eO b
q(
Wd' Wu uO -
UuM UM
[
[

U dB s

UbI u
b U dB v
UbI Wu
b* U dB U Wu

uK dB s
uK v
uK U Wu

d) WLO q _ WHKJ

= N

q  wU dLF
UM = = =

U_ N dB s

U_ -r d* N v

U_ N dB U

UM

eN_ N dB s

eN_ -r d* N v

eN_ N dB U

UM

Vd dB s
WI* Vd v
WI* Vd U

[ UbI uI Ub d s


[

Ub d v

WMb* 3c s

Ub) d v
WI d U

U_ d
v Wd' Uu uO qOd WOKL 5 UC
U_ d
v uOI qOd UC
U( r

U( r

Wu bO

UbI ub U dB

bO d
bO d

U dB

Wu bO

bO d

U( r

uK
Wu bO

U( r

bO d

uK dB

U( r

Wu bO

bO d

N dB

Wu bO

Wu bO

U( r

U r d* N

Wu bO

bO d

U( r

bO d

eN_ r d* N

Wu bO

bO d

bO d

U( r

Vd dB
[

U( r
Wu bO

bO d

U( r
bO d

bO d

U( r

bO d

Wu bO

Ub d
bO d

Wu bO

Wu bO

U( r

Wu bO

UbI uI Ub d

WI* Vd

bO d

bO d

WMb* 3c
[

bO d

Wu bO

bO d

/ / aU wbMN dU VJ* bF* WFd* eO 5 - UC


wbMN dU VJ* bF* WFd* eO dOC% - UC
wbMN dU VJ
UMbU bF* WFd* eO
w u UL
WMz b

WMb b

U( r

UM [

bMB

WMb* 3c

UbI u
b U dB

uK

U_

UM

r d* N
[

r d* N

WMzb 3c

WI V

UbI uI Ub d

dU U
[

UM [

WOJ* eN_

WOBA Uu*
Ub) d

Vd dB

UO* UdNJ dB

U dB

uK dB

N dB

UM [

uL:

WK_
Ubu U Wd' UuU uBI* U
Wd' Uu U WOL `{
UI U bIM U_ 5 dH U
UbI Wu
b* U
dB* WI* d UbI W{uI* d wK U2 q vMF U
WI* U
dB*
UM [ aU wD UO e d dU
s Wd* b _ iF wK ULO

d bO UM [ WU dB UM . UbI Wu
b U dB
UbI uI Ub
wK U 5 hH bM
5M s U dB l

UM dNA WUb dB -
p qUI mU W rK r UM [ WLOI WO Ub e d* b -
UF oI% UbI uI* d s UM -
t Wd' Wu uO qL uKD*

wD q_ e d* WFd* eO wK ULO


wD q_ e d
b _U WFd* eO
w u UL
WMz b

WMb b

U( r

UM [

bMB

WMb* 3c

UbI Wu
b 5Q nUB

uK

U_

bF* eN_

UM [

WMzb 3c

UbI uI WO Ub d

U*
[

UM [

WOBA Uu*
Ub) d

Vd dB

UdN UO dB

nU dB

UM [

wK U 5 UU( WFd b
UuM UM [ mK0 5Q W d l bI e d* d
UM [ w WuM Vd
UM WOI* uK WLO XGK
UM d) WLO uM bI dLF XU jI WIdD eN_ pKN
jI WIdD UM d) WLO uM wU dL bI c U_ pKN
XU
oI% b UbI uI* d nB
qUI vK qB r UM

WLOI szUe b_ Wb e d* b


uKD*
W Wu uO qL
UU( qOd
bF* WFd* eO qL

bu

UU( UH WOU* rzuI


vK U uJ wGM buK p bF

Ub QAM* WOU* rzuI dOC%


qb WLzU

U* WLzU
WOuLF WOeO* WLzU
UNOL UH uO rN

Ub UAM* UH uO qO
.UH bF U - WFd* eO dOC%

Financial Statements WOU* rzuI


w?? W?O?U?* d?H QAM* w
Xb w WUB b_ ZzU UNQ WOU* rzuI nu
w U WOU; WOKLFU
rNd U w
UNub YO WOU) WOKb d_ vK dF
oI% WLEM WOU UuKF vK qB wJ WOU rE d tUC sJ1 UUB

Ub
wU; UEMK Ud WOU* rzuI UL
UNM ud* b_
UdOC qU U vK UL r s WOU* rzuI pK WFOD qBH d wQ ULO

Income Statement qb WLzU


W?O?U* dH dA* tII U WOMU UNU
dB WOU* dH d dNE w WLzUI w
U w
U ` q w
U s

Owners Equity Statement WOJK* uI WLzU


UNUN v dH Wb cM QAMLK pU* U vK Xb w dOG dNE w WLzUI w

Balance Sheet WOuLF WOeO*


WMOF WE( w
w UL WOJK* uI UNUe QAM* u dNE YO wU* ed* WLzU UC vL
v? WLO I sJ1 u s WIU  bu w
UM{dF U b u v u_ rO I sJ1
UL 5O Oz 5uL
bI qJ w
u QAM* Uu% w uu* w Current Assets) Wb* u_

a?U? s? W?M? U? WOU* dH WbI v? U?N?K?u?% U?N??N UNFO lu w
WOuLF WOeO*
W?M? ? ? p?K?N?? ? b?I? v? u??? lu q bMB w
bIM d vMF0
Wb u vL WUI
u?? u??* w?? Fixed Assets) W?? ? ?U???  u??_
w?
U?N?b??? d?G dA* UNOK qB w WuLK*
UNFO dG fO szUeK Ub) .bI w
U

WU u_ vK WK

Wb* u_ vK WK

WbIM

U_

WMb* 3c

bF* eN_

WOJ* uK

5L  v UNLO I sJ1 UC tS
Ue W MU U
s? W?O?U?* WM  b  o w Ue w Wb* q?_ d?OB Ue

WI * Vd WMzb 3c q WOeO* aU


q WM s d WOM d
bF b  o w Ue w q_ WKu Ue

WOJM dI

(Cash Flows Statement) bIM o b WLzU


dFM .WOU* dH Xb w WbIM Uu
b* WbIM U{uI* dNE w WLzUI w
.WU uB
w
WLzUI c dOC% WOHO vK

U
UML UM dc . w
u UL wbMN dU VJ* bF* WFd* eO wQ ULO

.WIU  bu w
wbMN dU VJ* bF* WFd* eO dOC
wbMN dU VJ
UMbU bF* WFd* eO
w
u UL
sz

sb

U( r

UM [

bMB

WMb 3

UbI u
b U dB

uK

U_

UM

U_ rd* N
[

WOJ* eN_

WOJ* eN_ rd* N

WMzb 3c

WI  V

UbI uI Ub d

dU U
[

UM [

WOBA Uu *
Ub) d

Vd dB

UO* UdNJ dB

U dB

uK dB

N dB

UM [

uL:

W?L?zU? U* WLzU qb WLzUwbMN dU VJ*  WOU* rzuI dC uKD*


.WOuLF WOeO*
wbMN dU VJ
qb WLzU
w WONM* WM s

d
UM [

Ub) d
U
dB*
[

Vd dB

UO* UdNJ dB

U dB

uK dB

N dB

U
dB* uL

UM [

`d w
U

wbMN dU VJ


WOJK* uI WLzU
w WONM* WM s

UM [

dU U
UM

w
U{ UL UC
`d

WOBA Uu * dD

UM [

dU U

wbMN dU VJ


WOuLF WOeO*
w
w UL
u_
Wb* u_
UM [

WbIM

WMb* 3c

UbI u
b U dB

uK

UM [

Wb* u_ uL


WU u_

U_

rd* N dD

WOJ* eN_

rd* N dD

UM [

WU u_ uL

UM [

u_ uL
WOJK* uI Ue
Ue
Wb* Ue

UM [

UM[

WMzb 3c

WI  V

UbI uI Ub d


Wb* Ue uL
WOJK* uI

[
UM[

dU U
WOJK* uI Ue uL

UH uO

Closing Entries UH uO

d
w
UNKO r uO i?F? U?H? r?? W?O??U?; b? s? e?? W?O?U?* W?M? ? W?U?N w

W??M? ? W?U?N? w?
W?O?u?O? h?? UU ( c b _ d?H? U?b?O `B YO UU (
`?? ? ?B? ? Y??O? ? W??O? U??* W?I?? W?O?U?* d??H?U? U?N W UNO
XKH w WOMF* WOU* WM 
W??R?* U?U ( b d UU UM ULMO dHB s WOU WOU* WM  Wb l b wUU
dH U WI WOU* uM  WOU( WOU* WM  h UNb _ WuH vI

Temporary&Permanent Accounts WLzb UU( WR* UU(


v? W?
U?{U? U?
d?B?* d? q?b? W?L?zU? U?U w WR* UU ( UH r
Ue u_ WOuLF WOeO* UU w WLzb UU ( ULMO WOBA Uu *
WuH vI WOJK* uI

(Closing Process UH WOKL


UU UH qb U r tOK oKD XR jO U UA r UH WOKL U$
Uu * U qHI ULMO U* U w
qb U qHI r s t s qb WLzU
U* U w
dU WOBA
WOU UH uO s UH WOKL hO K sJ1

UMz qb U WMb UNKF d UU qHI


UMb qb U WMz UNKF U
dB* UU qHI
d? b? U?H? s? "U?M? b?Od u{ vK U* U w
qb U qHI
p? s? Z U
dB* UU s d d UU b XU S
U
dB*
`O fJF UMz
U* U UMb

tKF qb U qHI wUU ` w


U
U? ? w?
U? p? s? Z U
dB* UU s q d UU b XU S

UMb U* U UMz tKF qb U qHI wUU


u?J? YO U* U w
WOBA Uu * U UH w
qL dO_ bOI
UMb U* U UMz WOBA Uu * U
U
WM  WUN w
UH uO qO rO wbMN dU VJ* bF*
WFd* eO v udU
. WOU*

wbMN dU VJ


bF* WFd* eO
w
u UL
sz

sb

U( r

UM [

WbIM

WMb 3

UbI u
b U dB

uK

U_

UM

rd* N
[

WOJ* eN_

rd* N

WMzb 3c

WI  V

UbI uI Ub d

dU U
[

UM [

WOBA Uu *
Ub) d

Vd dB

UO* UdNJ dB

U dB

uK dB

N dB

UM [

uL:

UH uO qO uD


UMz qb U UMb tKF Ub) d U qHI w

[

Ub) d s

qb v

UMb qb U tMz UNKF U


dB* UU qHI w

qb s
suc v

Vd dB

UO* UdNJ dB

U dB

uK dB

N dB

uL _ UMz U* U UMb tKF qb U qHI w



U?M? wMF U2 UM [ U?
d?B?* UU uL UM \ d UU
UM \ bI0 ` w
U UMII
[
[

qb s
U* v

U* U U?M?z tKF WOBA Uu * U qHI w

UMb

[
[

U* s
WOBA Uu * v

pc U_ d
w
WF UU ( v UH uO qOd WOKL sO
UC
UH WOKL s t&UM b_

UH uO qOd bF U* U WR* UU ( b UC


Vd dB
[

U*

UH bO [ bOd

[ bOd
[

UH bO

UH bO

[ bOd

qb
[

UH bO [

UH bO

bOd [

UH bO

WOB A Uu*
[

UH bO [ bOd

U dB
[

UH bO [ bOd

Ub) d
[ bOd

UH bO

uK dB

UH bO

bOd

N dB
[

UH bO [ bOd

- p?c d?H? U?H? b?F? U?b?O ` WR* UU ( UC w


k UL
cUH bF UM [ bOd U* U dN ULMO U q qH 5u 5D r
WLzb UU ( s t_wFO l{

UA
WR UU dF - UC w
d w dO d UU d

Post - Closing Trial BalanceUH bF U WFd* eO


W?Fd eO dOC% r qb U WR* UU ( UH bF
b?_ U s bQK UH bF U - W?F?d* eO r tOK oKD
WOuLF WOeO* UU w UNUH r r w UU K WMzb WMb*
b?F? U? - W?F?d?* e?O eO* c w
U* U dNE WOJK* uI Ueu_
UH U?M [ UNKOd UH uO qO UOKL bF U bOd
q?O?? ? b?F dOC% r
oU  UC w
5 u UL
U?? ?H? ?  u?? O? ? b??  VJ* UH bF U WFd* eO vK uC wIK UC
UU tO
dNE YO
UH uO qOd qO bF wbMN dU
WOuLF WOeO*
wbMN dU VJ* UH bF U WFd* eO dOC% UC
wbMN dU VJ
UH bF U - WFd* eO
w
u UL
sz

sb

U ( r

UM [

WbIM

WMb* 3c

UbI u
b U dB

uK

U_

UM

U_ rd* N
[

WOJ* eN_ - rd* N

WMzb 3c

WI  V

UbI uI Ub d

U*

UM [

WOJ* eN_

UM [

uL:

WK_
q_ WKu Ue Wb* Ue 5 eO
WU u_ Wb* u_ d
.UNOL b UH WOKLF uBI* `{
WMzb UU ( U WLzb WR* UU ( U
p uJ v UNUH r UU (
tO
dNE w UU ( U UH bF WFd* eO U
UH bF WFd* eO bF* WFd* eO 5 dH `{
WUF WUOB Ub) d
U QAM* bF* WFd* eO wQ ULO

WUF WUOB Ub) d U
bF* WFd* eO
w u UL
sz

sb
UM [
[

[
[
[

UM
[
[
[
[

[
[
[

UM [

UM [

U( r
bMB
WMb* 3c
uK
UbI Wu
b U nUB
_
U_
rd* N
bF*
rd* N
WMzb 3c
WI  u
UbI uI Ub d
d
U U
WOBA Uu *
Ub d
u_ dB
U dB
uK dB
N dB
uL:

qb WLzU

uKD*

.UM WLOI WbI WO


U{ UL u U{dH U* WLzU
WOuLF WOeO* WLzU
oU  R  WUF WUOB Ub) d
U QAM* bF* WFd* eO v udU
uKD*
UH uO qO
UH WOKLF WF UU K b_ bb% U_ d
v UH uO qOd
WUF WUOB Ub) d
U QAM* UH bF WFd* eO duB
w
Xd Ub) bMN QAM* U_ d
s WO UU ( WuL UO -
UH uO qOd qO bF

U*

Vd dB
[ UH bO [ bOd

[ bOd [UH bO


[UH bO
[ bOd

uK dB
[UH bO [ bOd

Ub) d
[ bOd [ UH bO

U dB
[UH bO [ bOd
WOB A Uu*
UH bO [ [bOd
N dB
[ UH bO [ bOd

uKD*
uc* UuKF* vK UM
UH uO qO

U_ d
w
qb U duB

ld* WLzU
WOdF ld*
UL lu dAMK UH WOU WFD _ e' UNUIOD WU; U wUMF u{
UL lu dAMK qz v WFD WU; U w
qUA w OJ U  b
_ v_ WFD WU; U , WK) uL ,UBu bL ,gL rOF
WOdF WCNM UM ,dO WOU* WU; w
U , uL rFM* b
WOdF WCNM UM ,dO WOU* WU; ,sB UH b d/ wLK
W?FD ,_ e' ,W?O?K?L?F WOLKF u_ WU; U ,t?K??) u?L UB u bL gL rOF
lu dAM WUD WLdK WOMu b 5D K
fKU v_
dAMK qz _ ,UL ,UNd WOU; UOU , wU u dOA eL tK b 5 bU
w_ VJ ed _ ,UL WU; u d tK b 5 bU
5?D K
fKU WOU WFD wU e' ,W?OKLF WOLKF u_ WU; U , d gL rOF
lu dAM WUD WLdK WOMu b
UM WJ dO ,UM WU; u ,nO{ dO
v_ WFD ,WOU* WU; u u rOd dUM b b) vHDB sb U UO Ud bO
H WJ 5M WDu* WU; wUO( wU bO
WOFU' b WU; U w
u bL
WdB* UFU' WU; rK w
WbI , qOK bL bL
lu dAMK q_ ,WFd WFD WU; u r rOK Wd rOK( b
WuH* bI WFU WU; u , 5 bU
lu dAMK bU( ULWU; U d `U UMu
fL 5 WJ dUI ,U* u_ WOU* WU; dd( bL dd( s bL

b
WOM_ ld*
1- Horngren, C., Harrison, W. and Bamber, L. (2005), Accounting, 6th edition, New Jersey,
USA: Pearson Prentice Hall,
2- Weygandt J., Kieso D., and Kimmel P. (2002), Accounting Principles, 6th edition. U.S.A:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
3-Kieso E., Donaldand Jerry Weygandt and Jerry Warfield (2004), Intermediate Accounting.
USA: John Wiley and Sons Inc.

UA

qLF c U$ w rN
// aU du d Wu ZUM* WM'
uC du VM
d 5 5U

uC WU UN
uC qO UA

UOz hL( u rOF


fOzd VzU rFM* b tK b

WFULK WOMH WMK


uC bU) dOM
uC dD bL

uCd u U
uC bUJ w
uC bF u qOL

UIM 5U

uC

hL( u dL
uCU UHO

UJ qL W w uUA*
U bL
WU sd UH WF .quD dU b -

VOD) sb rK

ue
bL uL U U

Uu uIF wu Z
aOA u d rU t bL 5dH bL ULK UM U qU w
WKLF bL
WUJ bL rU 5U sU -

tK bL _ e' -

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi