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4.4
operational
load shedding, quick unburden earth fault (in compensated networks long time, generally short time) Ferranti effect on long unloaded lines sweep oscillations (cable + transformer, inductive pt)
lightning
- strokes directly to a phase conductor -> highest overvoltage - induced by strokes to ground in the vicinity of a line -> harmful clouds are bipolar positive charges on the earth side pre-discharges are growing stepwise to the earth (negative) a catching discharging channel comes to meet the leader when channels meet, return stroke with high current starts
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upward and downward lightning strokes amplitude ~ 30 kA; 1%- value front slope max. 50% value charge maximum 50% value
Travelling waves on a line - backward flashover - spark-over to earth - transformer input - reflection at the open end - meeting a short-circuiting end - meeting a wave impedance - damping by corona * protection against lightning - earth conductor - surge arrester conventional MO - spark gap
-> doubling of voltage amplitude -> voltage zero, current increasing -> waves without reflections
Switching overvoltages
switching on capacitors lines transformers
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Transients
50 Hz or near by earth circuit load rejection Ferranti effect f > 50 Hz switching off only one transformer phase with connected cable (parallel and series resonance) sweep oscillations by overloaded pt
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Rush currents
magnetic flux in closed iron circuit switching-on for u ~ 0 ; d / dt -> max ~ 2 -> im = 10...15 ir have to be considered when several transformers are switched on together in the same moment (MV line with transformer stations) stabilisation of the protection (2. harmonic wave)
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Surge arrester
Careful dimensioning; for installation considering the rules of travelling waves; external protection of critical internal insulation or prevention of electric arcs. * air gap arrester - no current in normal network operation - current dependent resistors - time delay of ignition - current marks on the copper plate of the earth contact * metal oxide arrester - very small current already in normal operation - non-linear resistor characteristic - no time delay of ignition -
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