MATH 3321

Final Exam Sample Questions

1. y
2
= Cx
3
3 is the general solution of a dierential equation. Find the equation.
Answer y

=
3y
2
+ 9
2xy
2. Find the general solution of x y

+ 3 y =
cos 2x
x
2
.
Answer y =
sin 2x
2x
3
+
C
x
3
.
3. Find the general solution of 2y

=
y
2
+ 3
4y + xy
.
Answer y
2
= C(4 + x) 3
4. Find the general solution of y

+ 6 y

+ 9 y = 0.
Answer y = C
1
e
3x
+ C
2
xe
3x
.
5. Determine a fundamental set of solutions of y

+ 4 y

+ 13 y = 0.
Answer {e
2x
cos 3x, e
2x
sin 3x}
6. The function y = 2 e
3x
sin 2x is a solution of a second order, linear, homogeneous dier-
ential equation with constant coecients. What is the equation?
Answer y

+ 6y

+ 13y = 0
7. The function y = 2 e
3x
+ 4 xe
3x
is a solution of a second order, linear, homogeneous
dierential equation with constant coecients. What is the equation?
Answer y

6y

+ 9y = 0
8. Given the initial-value problem y

7 y

+ 12 y = 0; y(0) = 3, y

(0) = 0.
(a) Find the general solution of the dierential equation.
(b) Find the solution that satises the initial conditions.
Answer (a) y = C
1
e
3x
+ C
2
e
4x
. (b) y = 12e
3x
9e
4x
.
9. Given the one-parameter family y
3
= Cx
2
+ 4.
(a) Find the dierential equation for the family.
(b) Find the dierential equation for the family of orthogonal trajectories.
1
(c) Find the family of orthogonal trajectories.
Answer (a) y

=
2y
3
8
3xy
2
. (b) y

=
3xy
2
2y
3
8
.
(c) 3x
2
y + 2y
3
+ Cy + 16 = 0.
10. A certain radioactive material is decaying at a rate proportional to the amount present. If a
sample of 100 grams of the material was present initially and after 2 hours the sample lost
20% of its mass, nd:
(a) An expression for the mass A(t) of the material remaining at any time t.
(b) The mass of the material after 4 hours.
(c) The half-life of the material.
Answer (a) A(t) = 100e
t
2
ln(4/5
= 100
_
4
5
_
t/2
(b) A(4) = 100
_
4
5
_
2
= 64 grams.
(c) t =
2 ln(1/2)
ln(4/5)
6.21 hours.
11. Scientists observed that a colony of penguins on a remote Antarctic island obeys the popu-
lation growth law. There were 2000 penguins in the initial population and there were 3000
penguins 3 years later.
(a) Give an expression for the number P(t) of penguins at any time t.
(b) How many penguins will there be after 8 years?
(c) How long will it take for the number of penguins to quadruple?
Answer (a) P(t) = 2000e
t
3
ln(4)
= 2000
_
3
2
_
t/3
(b) P(8) = 2000
_
3
2
_
8/3
aprox5897.
(c) t =
3 ln(4)
ln(3/2)
10.26 years.
12. Find a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous dierential equation
y

6 y

+ 8 y = 4 e
4x
+ 3e
3x
+ 2.
Answer y = 2xe
4x
3e
3x
+
1
4
.
13. Give the form of a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous dierential equation
y

8 y

+ 16 y = 2 e
4x
+ 3 cos 4x 2x.
Answer z = Ax
2
e
4x
+ B cos 4x + C sin 4x + Dx + E.
2
14. Given the dierential equation
y

4 y

+ 4 y =
e
2x
x
(a) Give the general solution of the reduced equation.
(b) Find a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
Answer (a) y = C
1
e
2x
+ C
2
xe
2x
. (b) z = xe
2x
+ x e
2x
ln x or z = x e
2x
ln x.
y

3
x
y

+
4
x
2
y = 2.
15. y
1
= x
2
and y
2
= x
2
ln x are solutions of the reduced equation of
y

3
x
y

+
4
x
2
y = 2
(a) Show that {y
1
, y
2
} form a fundamental set of solutions of the reduced equation.
(b) Find a particular solution of the given equation.
(c) Find the general solution of the given equation.
Answer (b) z = x
2
(ln x)
2
. (c) y = C
1
x
2
+ C
2
x
2
ln x + x
2
(ln x)
2
.
16. If F(s) =
3
s
2
+
4s + 3
s
2
+ 4
, nd L
1
[F(s)].
Answer f(x) = 3x + 4 cos 2x +
3
2
sin 2x.
17. Find the Laplace transform of the solution of the initial-value problem
y

6 y = 3; y(0) = 5, y

(0) = 0
Answer Y =
3
s(s
2
s 6)
+
5s 5
s
2
s 6
.
18. Find L[f(x)] if
f(x) =
_
x
2
+ 2x 0 x < 4
x x 4
Answer F(s) =
2
s
3
+
2
s
2
e
4s
2
s
3
9e
4s
1
s
2
20e
4s
1
s
.
19. Let F(s) =
5
s
2
2 e
3s
1
s
2
+ 3 e
3s
1
s
. Find L
1
[F(s)] = f(x).
Answer f(x) = 5x 2xu(x 3) + 9u(x 3) =
_
5x, 0 x < 3
3x + 9, x 3
.
3
20. Given the initial-value problem
y

4 y = 2 e
2x
, y(0) = 3.
(a) Find the Laplace transform of the solution.
(b) Find the solution by nding the inverse Laplace transform of your answer to (a).
Answer (a) Y =
2
(s + 2)(s 4)
+
3
s 4
. (b) y =
10
3
e
4x

1
3
e
2x
.
21. Given the system of equations
x +2y z = 1
2x +5y 4z = 3
2x 2y 2z = 0
(a) Write the augmented matrix for the system.
(b) Reduce the augmented matrix to row-echelon form.
(c) Give the solution set of the system.
Answer (a)
_
_
_
1 2 1 1
2 5 4 3
2 2 2 0
_
_
_. (b)
_
_
_
1 2 1 1
0 1 2 1
0 0 0 0
_
_
_.
(c) x
1
= 1 3a, x
2
= 1 + 2a, x
3
= a, a arbitrary.
22. Given the system of equations
x 2y = 1
x y +kz = 3
y 2z = k
The value(s) of k, if any, such that the system has innitely many solutions is (are):
Answer No values of k.
23. Find the values of , (if any) such that A =
_
_
_
0 3
0 1
2 1 5
_
_
_ is nonsingular.
Answer = 2, 3
24. The matrix A =
_
_
_
1 2 0
2 5 3
2 4 1
_
_
_ is nonsingular. Calculate A
1
.
Answer A
1
=
_
_
_
7 2 6
4 1 3
2 0 1
_
_
_.
4
25. Use Cramers rule to nd the value of x
2
:
2x
1
x
2
+ 3x
3
= 4
x
2
+ 2x
3
= 2
x
1
+ x
3
= 1
Answer x
2
= 2
26. Determine whether the vectors
v
1
= ( 1, 3, 2 ), v
2
= ( 0, 2, 2 ), v
3
= ( 1, 5, 0 ), v
4
= ( 0, 4, 4 )
are linearly dependent or linearly independent. If they are linearly dependent, nd the max-
imal number of independent vectors.
Answer Linearly dependent; the maximum number of independent vectors is 2.
27. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of
_
_
_
2 2 6
2 1 3
2 1 1
_
_
_. Hint: 6 is an eigenvalue.
Answer
1
= 6,
_
_
_
2
1
1
_
_
_;
2
= 2,
_
_
_
1
2
0
_
_
_;
3
= 2,
_
_
_
0
3
1
_
_
_
28. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of
_
_
_
2 1 1
3 3 4
3 1 2
_
_
_. Hint: 1 is an eigenvalue.
Answer
1
= 1,
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_;
2
=
3
= 2,
_
_
_
1
1
1
_
_
_
29. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of
_
3 2
5 1
_
.
Answer
1
= 2 + 3i,
_
2
1
_
+ i
_
0
3
_
;
2
= 2 3i,
_
2
1
_
i
_
0
3
_
30. Find the general solution of y
(4)
6 y

+ 17 y

28 y

+ 20 y = 0 is: (HINT: 2 is a root

of multiplicity 2 of the characteristic polynomial)
Answer y = C
1
e
2x
+ C
2
xe
2x
+ C
3
e
x
cos 2x + C
4
e
x
sin 2x.
31. A particular solution of y
(4)
+ 5 y

36 y = 2x + 3e
2x
2 sin 3x will have the form
Answer z = Ax + B + Cxe
2x
+ Dx cos 3x + Ex sin 3x.
5
32. Find the solution of the initial-value problem x

=
_
_
_
1 1 2
0 2 2
1 1 3
_
_
_x; x(0) =
_
_
_
2
0
1
_
_
_. HINT:
2 is a root of the characteristic polynomial.
Answer x(t) = 2e
2t
_
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
_ e
t
_
_
_
0
2
1
_
_
_.
33. Find a fundamental set of solutions of x

=
_
1 4
1 1
_
x.
Answer
_
e
t
_
cos 2t
_
2
0
_
sin 2t
_
0
1
__
, e
t
_
cos 2t
_
0
1
_
+ sin 2t
_
2
0
___
.
34. Find the general solution of x

=
_
_
_
1 1 1
2 1 1
0 1 1
_
_
_x. HINT: 2 is a root of the characteristic
polynomial.
Answer x(t) = C
1
e
t
_
_
_
3
4
2
_
_
_+ C
2
e
2t
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_ + C
3
_

_e
2t
_
_
_
1
0
1
_
_
_ + te
2t
_
_
_
0
1
1
_
_
_
_

_.
35. Find a fundamental set of solutions of x

=
_
_
_
5 4 2
4 5 2
2 2 2
_
_
_x. HINT: 10 is a root of the
characteristic polynomial.
Answer
_

_
e
t
_
_
_
0
1
2
_
_
_, e
t
_
_
_
1
0
2
_
_
_, e
10t
_
_
_
2
2
1
_
_
_
_

_
.
6