Question 1

Typical Diagram of Buck Converter

Buck Converter for Solar Car Why to change the p y g place of the switch in the circuit for the solar project? Can we change the place of any device else? How about the boost converter ?

Basic Switching Cells

A switching cell is a tri-port device which consists of a power switch and a diode

Connect to voltage source or capacitor Connect to current source or inductor

P-cell

N-cell

Basic it hi B i switching cells are b i k f b ildi th ll bricks for building the house of high frequency switching converters.

Buck Converters
Single-Switch Flow out Positive Input Conventional Buck Converter

Positive Output

Float

Negative Output Negative Input Flow in Easy-Drive-Switch Topology without isolation

Boost Converters
Single-Switch Negative Input Negative Output

Float

Conventional Boost Converter Positive Input Vin Easy-Drive-Switch Easy Drive Switch Topology without isolation

IL

Vout

Positive Output

ENEL371S2

Power Electronics 1
Lecture 5 Boost Converter
Continuous Conduction Department of ECE University of Canterbury 2012

Single Switch Configuration

BUCK Conversion

BOOST Conversion

Diode One-way Freewheeling channel y g for current

BUCK-BOOST Conversion

Inductor Energy Storage or Filtering Switch Power Switching Regulation Switch+Diode = 1 Pole 2 Throw Switch

The Same 3 Components but Different Combinations

CONCEPT

Steady State Analysis RULES

Read Chapter 7, Mohan etc. p ,

Steady-State Inductor
For an energy storage inductor in DC-DC converters, converters steady state means that energy rise is equal to energy fall in the inductor over one switching p g period.

1 2 EL = LiL 2 iL ( t + T ) = iL ( t ) EL = 0

RULES
Average voltage per switching period = 0

diL T T L = vL 1 dt vL (t ) dt = 0 vL (t ) dt = 0 L0 0 iL ( t + T ) = iL ( t )

Steady-State Capacitor
For an energy storage capacitor in DC-DC converters, converters steady state means that energy rise is equal to energy fall in the capacitor over one switching p g period.

1 2 EC = CvC 2 vC ( t + T ) = vC ( t ) EC = 0

RULES
Average current per switching period = 0

dv d C T T = iC C 1 dt iC (t ) dt = 0 iC (t ) dt = 0 0 C0 vC ( t + T ) = vC ( t )

Steady-State Conversion
For a steady-state ideal PWM DC-DC converter, steady state switching means that Average input power over one switching period is equal to average output power over one switching period

converter : Pin ( avg ) = Pout ( avg ) vd I d = vo I o

How to Analyze it
Steady-State Analysis of Inductor (over one switching period)
BOOST

1. Switch ON: Charging

2. Switch OFF: Discharging and/or IDLE

Apply Steady State RULES to analyze

energy recovery of the inductor gy y

Capacitor voltage ripple others Inductor current ripple Step-down ratio St d ti

Boost Regulator
Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM)

Read Chapter 7, Mohan etc. p ,

Boost Regulators

id

Four Tasks: 1. Step-up Ratio 2. Inductor Current Ripple p g pp 3. Capacitor Voltage Ripple 4. Switch Peak Current

Source current id is equal to inductor current iL.

PWM duty ratio : k =

ton ton = Ts ton + toff

1 Switching Frequency : f s = Ts

Circuit States in CCM

KVL
io
vd vL = vd vo charging L discharging L

vC = vo = io R = I o R

KCL
io iC = iL io id iL = iC + io charging L discharging L charging L g g discharging L

Step-up Voltage Ratio

In Steady State, for the inductor L
Ts

diL vL = L dt
Inductor voltage Switch ON

v
0

(t ) dt = 0

RULES

v
0

(t ) dt = 0

Switch kTs Ts ON

v
0

dt +

kTs

(v

Switch OFF

Switch OFF Inductor I d t current t

vo ) dt = 0

vd kTs + ( vd vo )(1 k ) Ts = 0 vo 1 = , k <1 vd 1 k

charging discharging

Step-up Voltage Ratio

vo vd
Id: average value of source current id Io: average value of load current io IL: average value of load current iL

Id Io
Output/input voltage ratio always >1 l 1

In practice, stepp p up ratio often choose 3~5, and the max value of k is set to be less than 95%.

k <1

It is hard to control boost converter for large g voltage step-up. Step-up ratio is nonlinear.

Inductor Current Ripple

In Steady State, for the inductor L iL ( t + Ts ) = iL ( t ) RULES
I L = iL + = iL = I L (max) I L (min) charge : I L (max) 1 = L
kTs

vL = L
Switch ON

diL dt

Inductor voltage

vd dt + I L (min)

Switch OFF

vd kv k d I L = kTs = L Lf s

Inductor current

1 vo = vd 1 k kvd k (1 k )vo I L = = Lf s Lf s

Inductor Current Ripple

Steady-State Ideal Boost Converter
Pin ( avg ) = Pout ( avg ) I d vo vd I d = vo I o = I o vd

id
Id: average value of source current id vo = 1 Id IL over one switching period Ts vd 1 k = = Io: average value of load current io, io=Io is treated as ripple-free IL: average value of load current iL, l fl d iL=id and IL=Id.

IL = Id Io IL = 1 k

Io

Io

1 1 k

Inductor Current Ripple

Relative value Resistive Load R : vo = io R Absolute value

kvd k (1 k )vo I L = = Lf s Lf s

k (1 k )vo I L = Lf s k (1 k ) R k (1 k ) 2 R = Io = IL Lf s Lf s I L k (1 k ) 2 R = IL Lf s

Obviously, to increase switching frequency and inductor value, th i d t current ripple can b reduced; li ht l d l the inductor t i l be d d light load will increase inductor current ripple.

Switch Peak Current

vL vd
0

iL (max)
t vd -vo Ts= fs

1 = I L + I L 2

kvd k (1 k )vo I L = = Lf s Lf s Io IL = 1 k

iL

iL(max) iL(min) toff

discharging

IL=Id t

kTs
charging

iL (max)

Io 1 kvd = + 2 Lf s 1 k

Switch Peak Current

Capacitor Voltage Ripple

Capacitor voltage

Switch ON

Switch OFF Diode current

io

Capacitor current

iD

Load current

switching frequency : f s = 1/ Ts

Capacitor Voltage Ripple

Capacitor voltage

Switch ON

Switch OFF

Diode current

QC and vc = C 1t vc = vC (t ) vc (0) = iC dt C0 Switch ON Period : dvC iC = C dt 1 kT vC (min) = ( I o )dt + vC (max) C 0 kI o vC = vC (max) vC (min) = f sC
S

Capacitor current

Load current

switching frequency : f s = 1/ Ts

Capacitor Voltage Ripple

Absolute value Relative value

kI o vC = f sC

vC = vo , vo = I o R kI o k vC vC = = f sC f sC R vC k = vC f s CR

Resistance R i Load R

1st order low pass filter

Obviously, to increase switching f Ob i l t i it hi frequency fs can reduce the capacitor voltage ripple; high duty ratio k and capacitor value C will reduce capacitor voltage ripple too.

Effect of Parasitic
The duty-ratio is generally y g y limited before the parasitic effects become significant What the parasitic elements in Boost regulators ?

id All the devices in the circuit are not idea. For example, the inductor/capacitor has its internal resistance.

Lecture 5 - Summary
Steady-State Boost Converter in CCM
Step-up ratio Inductor current ripple Switch peak current Capacitor voltage ripple

id

Lecture 5 - Summary
Boost Regulator
1) Input source current id is continuous (better EMI at Input side ); 2) Requires large L and C for filtering (1st order RC filter) at output side (you can check its capacitor voltage ripple); 3) Switch current can be quite high with small k; ) 4) Difficult to control with small k.

id

Lecture 5 - Summary
Buck Regulator

Input source current id is discontinuous; requires small L and C (2nd order LC filter) at output side (you can check its capacitor voltage ripple t verify it) i l to if it); Easy control in CCM ( step-down ratio is k ) Low switch current;

Homework #5
Download h D l d homework #5 questions f k ti for Lecture 5 from Learn/ENEL371/Term3/Lecture5 L /ENEL371/T 3/L t 5

Quiz 1
on s off

L
L d

D
D

iC

C R

Please draw the waveforms of vL, iL, iD iC and io the D, PWM Buck Converter over one switching period Ts

Contact Information:
Dr. Dr Keliang Zhou Office: Electrical A512 Email: keliang.zhou@canterbury.ac.nz Phone: 3642240 Ext.6240
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