THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS FOR A SIX STROKE ENGINE FOR HEAT RECOVERY

AHMAD AZRIL BIN AZMI

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical with Automotive Engineering

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

JUNE 2012

ii SUPERVISORS DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I have checked this project report and in my opinion this project report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering with Automotive.

Signature

: DR. MAISARA MOHYELDIN GASIM MOHAMED LECTURER

Name of Supervisor : Position Date : :

iii STUDENTS DECLARATION I declare that this report titled Thermodynamic Analysis for a Six Stroke Engine for Heat Recovery is my result of my own research except as stated in the references. This report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of another degree.

Signature Name Id. Number Date

: : : :

AHMAD AZRIL BIN AZMI MH08060

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IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST BENEFICENT, THE MOST MERCIFUL

A special dedication of This Grateful Feeling to My.. Beloved parents, En. Azmi Bin Awang and Pn. Siti Amnah Bt. Zainal Ariffin for giving me full of moral and financial support. It is very meaningful to me in order to finish up my degrees study. Not forgetting also to all my loving brothers, and also to my beloved one. Last but not least to all my colleagues and my lovely friends.

Thanks for all the support, wishes and love.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praise is to Allah (SWT) with His Guidance and Benevolence; I had successfully accomplished my final year project. I would like to thank to my supervisor of this course, Dr. Maisara Mohyeldin Gasim Mohamed for the valuable guidance and advice. He inspired me greatly to work in this project. I also would like to thank University Malaysia Pahang for letting me to carry out my research in all this 1 year. It gave me great opportunities, experience and knowledge, which is very useful for me to improve myself not only to be implied in engineering field, but also very useful for myself development. My grateful thanks also go to both all others group project members. A big contribution and hard worked from all of you during the 28 weeks is very great indeed. All projects during the program would be nothing without the enthusiasm and imagination from all of you. Besides, studying this final year project program makes me realize the value of working together as a team and as a new experience in a working environment, which challenges us every minute. Finally, an honourable mention goes to my family and friends for their understandings and supports. Without helps of the particular that mentioned above, I would face many difficulties while doing this project. May Allah with His Generosity pay your kindness, and for the all good deeds.

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ABSTRACT The concept adding two more strokes to the Otto cycle to increase fuel efficiency is studied and presented here. It can be thought of as a four-stroke Otto cycle followed by a two-stroke heat recovery steam cycle or also known as six-stroke engine. In this project, thermodynamics analysis was performed for a six stroke internal combustion engine to identify the amount of water needed to be injected for the second power stroke and to identify the cylinder pressure. It was divided into two modes. The first mode, the cylinder was analysed with the exhaust gas. The second mode, the calculation was done without the exhaust gas in the cylinder. Next, another kind of approaches is developed. Based on Jong et al (2009), a computer simulation by using MATLAB was developed based on the Otto cycle which basically 6-stroke is the adding of 2-stroke into 4-stroke engine. Then, performance results can be obtained and compared the results with Jong et al (2009). In the first mode, water is injected depending on the crank angle starting from CA until CA . From this crank angle, the maximum amount of water needed at CA is 8.8020 10-7 cm3 and the -9 3 minimum amount is 2.7056 10 cm at CA . In the second mode, the calculation was depending on the piston surface and without the exhaust gas in cylinders. This gives the amount of water injected is 29.2188 cm3. From these two modes, the best mode was chosen to calculate the amount of water needed. Next, by using MATLAB, a wide range of engine parameters was studied, such as cylinder pressure and temperatures, density of air, entropy, enthalpy and volume of air in each cycle. For example, for the combustion cycle, the cylinder pressure temperatures, density of air, , 107000 entropy, enthalpy and volume of air is 2660 K, 7170 kPa, 0.366 , 277.96 , and 0.0000588 . From the results, the P-V and T-S diagram were plotted and analysis. Thus, the value of pressure is determined.

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ABSTRAK Konsep menambah dua lagi lejang kepada kitaran Otto untuk meningkatkan kecekapan bahan api dikaji dan dibentangkan di sini. Ia boleh dianggap sebagai kitaran Otto empat lejang diikuti oleh dua strok haba kitaran pemulihan stim atau juga dikenali sebagai enjin enam lejang. Dalam projek ini, analisis termodinamik telah di laksanakan kepada enjin pembakaran dalaman enam lejang untuk mengenal pasti jumlah air yang perlu disuntik untuk lejang kuasa kedua dan untuk mengenal pasti tekanan silinder. Ia telah dibahagikan dalam dua mod. Mod pertama, silinder telah dianalisis dengan gas ekzos. Mod kedua, pengiraan telah dilakukan tanpa gas ekzos di dalam silinder. Seterusnya, pendekatan jenis lain telah dibangunkan. Berdasarkan Jong et al (2009), simulasi komputer dengan menggunakan MATLAB telah dibangunkan berdasarkan kitar Otto yang pada asasnya, 6-lejang adalah hasil tambah 2-lejang ke dalam enjin 4lejang. Kemudian, keputusan prestasi boleh diperolehi dan dibandingkan dengan keputusan Jong et al (2009). Dalam mod pertama, air disuntik bergantung kepada sudut engkol bermula dari CA sehingga CA . Dari sudut ini engkol, jumlah maksimum air yang diperlukan di CA adalah 8.8020 10-7 cm3 dan jumlah -9 3 minimum adalah 2.7056 10 cm di CA . Bagi mod kedua, pengiraan bergantung kepada permukaan omboh dan tanpa gas ekzos di dalam silinder. Ini memberi isipadu air suntikan . Dari ke dua mod ini, mod yang terbaik telah dipilih untuk mengira isipadu air yang diperlukan. Seterusnya, dengan menggunakan MATLAB, pelbagai parameter enjin telah dikaji, seperti tekanan silinder dan suhu, ketumpatan udara, entropi, entalpi dan kelantangan bagi udara dalam setiap kitaran. Sebagai contoh, untuk kitar pembakaran, suhu tekanan silinder, ketumpatan udara, entropi, entalpi dan , 107000 , kelantangan bagi udara ialah 2660 K, 7170 kPa, 0.366 277.96 , and 0.0000588 . Daripada keputusan, rajah P-V dan T-S telah diplotkan dan analisis. Oleh itu, nilai tekanan ditentukan.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUPERVISORS DECLARATION STUDENTS DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ii iii iv v vi vii viii xi xii xiii xvi

1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3

Background Problem Statement Objective Scopes

1 2 3 3

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 2.2 2.3

Introduction History of Internal Combustion Engines Engine Cycles 2.3.1 4-Stroke Engine 2.3.2 6-Stroke Engine 2.3.3 Crower Six Stroke Engine 4 5 5 8 10 11 13 14

2.4 2.5 2.6

Air-Standard Cycles Exhaust Gas Properties Thermodynamic Principles to Calculate The Amount of Water Needed for Injection

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2.6.1 First Mode: With the exhaust gas in the cylinder 2.6.2 Second Mode: Without the exhaust gas in the cylinder CHAPTER 3 THERMODYNAMIC MODEL

14 16

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Introduction Thermodynamic Properties Combustion Reactions Cycle analysis

19 19 20 21

CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 4.2

Introduction Calculating the Amount of Water 4.2.1 First mode: With exhaust gas 4.2.2 Second mode: Without exhaust gas

26 26 26 33

CHAPTER 5

SIMULATION RESULTS

5.1 5.2

Introduction Results and Discussion 5.2.1 First and Second Mode 5.2.2 Simulation with MATLAB

36 37 34 40

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 6.2

Conclusion Recommendations and Future Work

46 47

REFERENCES APPENDICES

48

7.1 7.2

Appendix A Appendix B

50 59

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LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page

2.1

Typical concentrations of the exhaust gas constituents of gasolinefuelled engines. Air-to-fuel ratio contributes significantly to these concentrations (Taylor 1993)

14

4.1 4.2

Gas properties, Gas Properties of Molar Mass and No. of Moles

29 30

4.3 5.1 5.2 5.3

Mass Fraction for Each Gas Engine and operational specification used in simulation Amount of water calculated for other CA Matlab Simulation Results

31 27 35 38

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Page

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 4.1 5.1 5.2

Otto cycle P-V diagram Intake Stroke Compression Stroke Power Stroke Exhaust Stroke Water Injection Stroke Second Exhaust Stroke Proposed ideal six stroke cycle Crowers 6-stroke engine Horizontal Plate Geometry of piston and connecting rod Mass of Water Injected vs Exhaust Valve Closing for first mode Mass of Water Injected vs Exhaust Valve Closing for second mode

5 6 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 17 19 36 37

5.3 5.4

P-V Diagram T-S Diagram

39 40

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LIST OF SYMBOLS Surface Area, Carbon Monoxide , Carbon Dioxide Volume Specific Heat, Pressure Specific Heat Pressure Specific Heat for Air/Fuel mixure Ethanol Energy Of Mass In Energy Of Mass Out Total Energy Exponent Grashof Number Gravitational Acceleration, Hydrogen HC Hydrocarbon Latent Heat Of Vaporization,

Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient, Specific Enthalpy Of Air, Specific Enthalpy Of Fuel, Huminity Ratio Thermal Conductivity,

Characteristic Length Of The Geometry, m Mass, Molar Mass, Mass Of Fuel, Mass Of Water, Mass Of Air, Mass Of Fuel, or

Total Molar Mass of mixture, Total Molar Mass,

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Number Of Mole Of Water, Number Of Mole Of Fuel, Number Of Mole Of Air, Number Of Mole Of Carbon Dioxide, Number Of Mole Of Hydrogen, Number Of Mole Of Nitrogen, Number Of Mole Of Oxigen, Nusselt Number Mole Number, Prandtl Number Pressure At Ith Condition, Pressure At Maximum Condition, Heat Transfer In, Heat Transfer Out, Total Heat Transfer, Rate Of Heat Transfer, Heating Value, Rayleigh Number Radius, m Compression Ratio Specific Entropy Of Air, Specific Entropy Of Fuel, Exhaust Temperature, Water Temperature, Temperature Of The Surface, Temperature Sufficiently Far From The Surface, Temperature At Maximum Condition, Temperature At Ith Condition, Film Temperature, K Temperature Difference, Total Potential Work Volume,

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Kinematics Velocity Of The Fluid, Swept Volume, Top Dead Centre Volume, Bottom Dead Centre Volume, Volume Of Air, Work Done For Cycle 1-2, Work Done For Cycle 3-4, Total Work Done, Total Work Done Rate, Work Done In, Work Done Out, Mass Fraction at ith

Number Of Moles Of Air At Stoichiometric Condition, Dimensionless Number Of Carbon Atoms In The Fuel Coefficients Of Volume Expansion, 1/K ( =1/T for ideal gas) Number Of Hydrogen Atoms In The Fuel Equivalence Ratio Angle / Degree Pi Dynamic Viscocity, Density,

Density Of Air, Density Of Fuel, Efficiency,

Thermal Efficiency,

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BDC CA Eq. CI ICE LHS PV RHS SI TDC TS WOT Bottom Dead Center (piston location) Crank Angle Equation Compression Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Left Hand Side Pressure versus Volume Right Hand Side Spark Ignition Top Dead Center (piston location) Temperature versus Entropy Wide Open Throttle