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onfukdawGY&onf/ tcsKdUtcsuftvufrsm;onf xHk;xrf;pOfvmESifh ywfouf a&;om;xm;&m 4if;wkdY
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bmom,Ofaus;rIESifh "avhpdkufrsm;ukdomvQif *kPf,lbG,f&mtaMumif;tjzpf bkef;usufoa& NzdK;a0
atmif a&;om;xm;onfukdawGU&onf/ vQKdY0Sufxdef csefpdwful;OmPf &mZ0iftjzpftysufrsm;jzifh zGJU
pnf;xm;aom &ckdiforkdif;okawoDwkdU\ orkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;aMumifh tm&fumef(&ckdif) orkdif;tppftrSef
ukd odSd&eftvGefUtvGef cJ,Of;vSayonf/
&ckdifhpdwful;,Ofqefaom &mZ0ifrsm;onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)bk&ifrsm; acwftqufquf\ &ckdif
rif;jzpfyGm;yHkrsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfyHkrsm;ukd c&pfray:rD 'BC 2666' tcsdef umvrsm;uwnf;uyif &ckdifrif;?
&ckdif&mZ0ifrsm; dScJhoa,mif csJUum;NyD; r[kwfonfrsm;ukdt[kwfvkyfum tpcsDa&;om;xm;onfukd
awGY&onf/ ou&mZfukd axmufI&vQif ,ck&ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;\ tqkdt& olwkdYonf tm&D,efvlrsKd;
EG,fpkrS qif;oufvmav[ef axmufjy&nfTef;aeaomfjim;vnf;? 'BC 2666' umvwpf0kduf tm&D
,efvlrsKd;rsm;onf tmStv,fykdif;a'orsm;rS tdEd,EkdifiHodkUyif 0ifa&mufvmcJhjcif;rdSonfukd orkdif;
okawoDrsm;\ taxmuftxm;rsm;t& oddS&ygonf/
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rsm;rS qif;oufvmonf[k ,ckacwf&ckdifokawoDrsm;u tckdiftrmajymqkdaeonfukd awGUdS&ygonf/
tm&D,efvlrsKd;rsm; aexkdif&ma'orsm;okdU tjcm;tiftm;aumif;aoma'orsm;rS vlrsKd;pkEG,frsm; csif;eif;
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aumif;? 4if;rSwpfqifh yef*syfEdkifiHokdYvnf;aumif; 0ifa&muftajccsaexkdifcJhMuonf/ tm&D,efvlrsKd;
rsm;onf aTYajymif;aexkdif&ma'oukd csif;eif;0ifa&mufodrf;ykduf vmjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ? tajccsaexkdif&ef
0ifa&mufvmcJhjcif;omjzpfonf/ xkdokdU tNrJxm0&tajccsaexkdif vkyfukdifpm;aomufEkdif&eftwGuf

aTYav&ma'ookdY ZeD;om;r,m;rsm;ESifh uRJEGm;wd&pmefrsm;ukdyg twlwuG ac:aqmifaTYajymif;vmcJh

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jcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ? yef*syfa'oESifh taSUwnfhwnfhSd *efY*gESifh *srlemjrpf0Srf;Mum; ajrMoZmaumif;rGefonfh
ae&ma'orsm;okdY aTUajymif;aexkdifcJhavonf/ tm&D,efvlrsKd;wkdUonf xkda'owGif tzufzuf zGHUNzdK;
wkd;wufvm&m e*kdSdESifhNyD;jzpfaom ,Ofaus;rIzHGUjzdK;wdk;wufonfh rl&if;a'ocHvlrsKd;rsm;\ wkdufckdufrIukd
cHcJh&onf/ tm&D,efvlrsKd;rsm;onf BudK;pm;tm;xkwf zHGYNzdK;wdk;wufonfh vlrsKd;jzpfonfESifhtnD rl&if;
a'ocHvlrsKd;rsm;ukd atmifjrifpGmwefjyef wkdufckdufEkdifcJhonf/ tm&D,efvlrsKd;rsm;onf xdkqefUusif&efrl
onfh a'ocHvlrsKd;rsm;tay: twkdif;twmwpfckxd rkef;wD;aomfvnf; vlrsKd;jyKef;wD;oGm;onftxd
raqmifGufcJhay/ ou&mZftm;jzifh tm&D,efvlrsKd;rsm;\ csif;eif;0ifa&mufvmrIonf twdtus ajymjy
&efcJ,Of;aomfvnf; orkdif;okawoDrsm;url c&pfray:rD 'BC 2000' ESifh 'BC 1500' Mum;jzpfrnf[k
cefUrSef; Muonf/
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jzpfNyD;? b*Fvm;EdkifiH\taSUawmifbufESifh qufpyfvQufSdonf/ b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf\urf;dk;wef;
rkdifaygif;(350) SdNyD;? &ckdifdk;rawmifwef;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiHESifh wm;qD;ykdif;jzwfxm;onf/ tm&fuef(&ckdif)
a'oudk csif;awmifwef;rsm;u uefUvefYumjzwfxm;NyD;? jrpfacsmif;tif;tkdif aygrsm;aom a'ojzpfonf/
xifSm;aom jrpfBuD;av;jrpfrSm ewfjrpf? r,ljrpf? ukvm;wefjrpfESifh av;jrdKYjrpfwdkYjzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH
\taemufzuf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'oonf orkdif;acwftqufqufu [dELrsm;? Ak'bmom0ifrsm;ESifh
rGwfpvifrsm;? aemufqkH;wGif Ak'bmom0ifwkdY\ vufatmufwGif tcsKyftjcmtmPmykdifaom EkdifiHa'o
wpfcktjzpf tkyfcsKyfcJhMuonf/
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[kac:onf/ okdUaomf ]tDAifAwl;w} url 4if;ukd ]tmvf&Jaumif(ef)} [ktrnf ac:wGifcJhonf/ xkdtcsdef
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vnf;aumif;? ]dkSef;} [kvnf;aumif;? ]kcf[ef;rf;} [kvnf;aumif; trsKd;rsKd;ac:wGifcJhavonf/ xkdpOf
utdEd,EkdifiHwGif yifv,fqdyfurf;NrdKYrsm;pGmdSaeNyD;? yifv,ful;oabFmom;ESifhoabFmrsm;onf tdEd,
EkdifiHrS urmhtaSYzsm;ESifh taSYawmiftmSa'orsm;okdY ul;oef;vmcJh&m? tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'oESifh jrefrm
EkdifiHokdYxd c&D;aygufcJhonf/ tdEd,EkdifiHSd ]omr&mvdwd} qdyfurf;rSm yifv,ful;oabFmrsm;onf
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rav;uRef;qG,fESifh tjcm;urmYtaSYzsm;a'orsm;okdYtxdyg ul;oef;oGm;vmcJhonf/ tdEdvlrsKd;rsm;onf
yifv,ful;oabFmjzifh c&D;aygufcJhonfhtjyif ukef;vrf;c&D;jzifhvnf; tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'oESifh jrefrm
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ukdvkdeDe,fcsJUtkyfcsKyfrIpepfonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdY wpfp wpfpcsif;eif;0ifa&mufvmcJhonf/
tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'oonf tdEd,ESifh tvGefeD;uyfpGm wnfSdaeaomaMumifh ukef;ESifha&wkdYjzifh
qufoG,f&ef tvGefvG,fulonf/ tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'oonf tyltat;rQwNyD; orykdif;usaom &moD
OwkdSa'ojzpfaomaMumifh vlaexkdif&ef tvGefoifhawmfonf/ wpfESpfywfvHk;rkd;a&csdefrSm tvGefrQwNyD;?
v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;vkyfukdifpm;aomufEkdif&eftwGuf ajrMoZmaumif;rGefaoma'ojzpfNyD;? jrpfacsmif;

tif;tkdifrsm;vnf; tvGefaygrsm;onf/ vlOD;a&yrmPESifh tcsKd;usatmif &dumxkwfvkyfEkdifaoma'o

jzpfonf/ tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'oonf vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;vG,fulaumif;rGefrI? &moDOwkrQwrI? v,f
,mpkdufysKd;xGef,ufvkyfukdifpm;aomufEkdif&ef ajrqDMoZmaumif;rGefaoma'ojzpfrI? ukeful;oef;Ekdif&ef
tcsuftcsmusrIESifh trsKd;rsKd;aom xkwfvkyfukefypnf;rsm;wkdYaMumifh xkdpOfu ,Ofaus;rIESifh enf;ynm
ykdif;qdkif&mrSm wkd;wufxGef;um;aeaom taemufzsm;a'orsm;rS [dEL? ygSef(,cktD&ef)ESifh tm&Afukef
onfrsm;tjyif? omoemyyk*dKvfrsm;? ukdvkdeDe,fcsJYrsm;? ppf0g'Drsm;onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'ookdY
xkd;azmuf0ifa&mufEkdifa&;twGuf taMumif;&if;rsm;jzpfcJhonf/ xkdUaMumifh AD-1 &mpkrwdkifcifESifh
4if;umvtwGif; tdEd,vlrsKd;wkdUonf tm&fuef(&cdkif)urf;ajrmifa'oESifh ukef;wGif;ydkif;twGif;yg
tajccsaexkdifrIrsm; dScJhonfrSmtvGefodomxifSm;vSayonf/
aS;a[mif;tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'owGif aexkdifolrsm;onf ]eD*&Dwkpf}vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfNyD;? ]&uSm;pf}
(bDvl;) okdYr[kwf vlom;pm; okdUr[kwf awmwGif;aevlkdif;pkdif;rsm;tjzpf xifSm;onf/ aemufykdif;wGif
rl obm0ab;tE&m,ftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh tcsif;csif;ykefuefwkdufcdkufrIrsm;aMumifh csif;? rdk? crGD;? acsmif;om?
qef'kdUpf? vif;(cf)ESifh tmEkdUpftygt0if awmwGif;ae awmdkif;vlom;rsm;vnf; tm&fuef(&ckdif)jynf
ajrmufzufa'orSwpfqifh tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'otwGif;okdU tajccsaexkdifvmcJhonfukd orkdif;taxmuf
txm;rsm;t&oddS&onf/ xkdvlrsKd;rsm;onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'owGif; ae&mtESHUtjym;wGif jyefYusJpGm
aexkdifcJhMuonf/ 4if;wkdUonf opfyifawmawmifponfht&m0wKrsm;ukd ukd;uG,folrsm;jzpfNyD;? pmr
wwf dkif;pkdif;olrsm;jzpfum tkyfcsKyfrIynmESifh pmay,Ofaus;rIxGef;um;olrsm;r[kwfay/ tdEd,vlrsKd;
rsm;url pmay? ,Ofaus;rI? "avhxHk;pH? tkyfcsKyfrIenf;ynmrsm;ukd 4if;wkdYESifhtwlwuG o,faqmifvm
cJhNyD;? [dELbmom? jA[frefbmomESifh Ak'bmomt,ltqrsm;ukd xGef;um;atmifyvkyfcJholrsm; jzpf
Muonf/ jA[freft,ltqrsm;ukd [dELe,fcsJYukdvkdeDwkdYu tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'ookdY ,laqmifvmNyD;?
4if;t,l0g'ay:tajccHonfh tkyfcsKyfrIynmESifh xHk;xrf;pOfvmrsm;ukd yHkaz:oGwfoGif;tkyfcsKyfapcJhonf/
tcsdefumv MumjrifhvmonfESifhtrQ xHk;xrf;pOfvmrsm;onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'o wpfckvHk;
twGuf ,Ofaus;rIwpfcktjzpfwGifus,fvmcJhonf/ [dELukdvkdeDe,fcsJYrsm;onf [dELukdvkdeDbk&ifhEkdifiH
xlaxmifNyD;? a'ocHvlrsKd;rsm;ukd tkyfcsKyfapcJhonf/ vlOD;a&yrmPtm;jzifh a'ocHrsm;onf tvGef
enf;yg;NyD; ukdvkdeDtkyfcsKyfolvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfaom [dELvlrsKd; rsm;jym;onf/ [dELe,fcsJUwkdYonf **Fgjrpf
0Srf;wpfavQmufrS 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;jzpfNyD;? tm&fuef(&ckdif) a'ocHjynfolrsm;tay: 4if;wkdU\ xHk;
xrf;pOfvmrsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIrsm; vTrf;rkd;atmif tpOfwpkdufBudK;pm;cJholrsm;jzpfonf/ ,aeYxufwkdif
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acwftqufquf\ xHk;xrf;pOfvmrsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIrsm;ukd xdef;odrf;apmifhaSmufvsufdSaeonfrSm
tvGefpdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;vSayonf/
&ckdif&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;\tqkdt& tm&fuef(&cdkif)a'o\ yxrqHk;[dELbk&ifonf ]bDem&DpD}
bk&if\om;jzpfNyD; tdEd,EdkifiHwGif EkdifiHa&;IyfaxG;rIaMumifh tm&fuef(&ckdif)jynfodkY jynfESif'PfcH&um
&rm0wDukd NrdKYawmftjzpfwnfaqmuf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'o\bk&ifjzpfvmcJhonf/ 'kwd,rif;qufukd
xlaxmifolrSm ]jA[m}vlrsKd;wpfOD;jzpfonf/ olonf yxrrif;qufrsKd;EG,fxJu trsKd;orD;wpfOD;ESifh
tdrfaxmifusNyD; xkdtdrfaxmifpkrS qif;oufvmaom trsKd;orD;onf tdrfaSYrif;om; ]umydvAwfpk}
\om;]rm&,k}ESifh tdrfaxmifusavonf/ ]umydvAwfpk}onf tdEd,EkdifiHrS jynfESif'PfcH&NyD;? tm&fuef

(&ckdif)a'ookdYa&mufdSvmum ]"n0wD}NrdKYukd wnfaxmifNyD; tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'oukd tkyfcsKyfcJhavonf/

EkdifiHa&;rwnfrjidrfrIaMumifh ]rm&,k}rif;quf\ aemufqHk;bk&ifronf olUorD;ESpfOD;ESifhtwl awmckdcJh
&onf/ ]tbd&mZm}\om;]uH&mZmBuD;} jzpfaomtxufArmjynf waumif;olBuD;onf ol\xD;eef;ukd
olYnD ]uH&mZmi,f} okdYvTJtyfum tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'ookdUa&mufSdvmonf/ xkdYaemuf BC- 82519 wGif
olonf ]rm&,k} rif;qufaemufqHk;bk&if\orD;awmfESifh tdrfaxmifusNyD; pwkwajrmufrif;qufukd
ausmufyef;awmif; (yvuf0teD;) xlaxmifcJhavonf/ 4if;aemuf 'kwd,ajrmuf "n0wDNrdKYwGif rif;
qufcHNyD; ]uH&mZmBuD;}\ rif;quftquf28-yg;? &mpkESpfaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm ]"n0wD} rif;qufu
tkyfcsKyfcJhavonf/ &ckdif&mZ0ifrsm;\tqkdt& ]uH&mZmBuD;}rif;qufukd qufcHolrSm ]ql&d,}rif;quf
jzpfonf/ ]ql&d,}rif;quf\ yxrbk&ifjzpfaom ]csefj'mql&d,} (AD146-199)onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)
orkdif; tvGefxifSm;onf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf xdkrif;qufonf tm&fuef(&ckdif)orkdif; ay:ayguf
vma&;\t"dutaMumif;t&m jzpfaomaMumifhyifjzpfonf/ ]csefj'mql&d,}rif;onf wwd,"n0wDukd
xlaxmifNyD; ]ql&d,}rif;quf 28-yg;u "n0wDukd tkyfcsKyfum AD 788 wGif ]"n0wD}\ tcsKyf
tjcmtmPmukd ]aAGomvD}rif;qufokdU vTJtyfcJh&avonf/ orkdif;taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ]csefj'm
ql&d,}rif;onf ]r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;} ukdoGef;avmif;NyD;? ]r[mrkedbk&m;ausmif;awmf} ukdwnfaqmuf
cJhaMumif;od&onf/ r[mrkedbk&m;tm; tm&fuef(&ckdif)jynfukd umuG,fapmifhaSmuf&mtjzpf owfrSwf
cJhMuonf/ 4if;ukd]pD&d*kw} awmifukef;ay:rSm wnfaqmufxm;NyD;? "n0wD\ajrmufzuf wnfdSonf/
]pD&d*kw}qkdaompum;onf ]qef;pfu&pf} ]oHomu&pf} emrnfwpfckyifjzpfonf/ a'oonf
]aAGomvD}ESifh ]ajrmufOD;} wkdYxufaS;usonf/ ]pD&d*kw}awmifukef;onf tvGeftxG#ftjrwfxm;&m
jzpfNyD;? tdEd,vlrsKd;rsm; aTUajymif;vmpOfuyif xifSm;pGm wnfdScJhaoma'ojzpfonf/ 4if;wGif [dEL
ewfuGef;ajrmufjrm;pGmwnfdSNyD;?21 4if;ewfuGef;rsm;\ yHko@meftaetxm;rsm;onf AD 957 &mpk
rwkdifrDuyif wnfdScJhaomewfuGef;rsm;jzpfaMumif; ay:vGifxifSm;onf/ ]]ae&mtxl;az:jyvkd
onfrSm ,ck&ckdifa'oonf wpfcsdefu tdEd,vlrsKd;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaoma'ojzpfpOfu xkda'owGifaexkdif
olrsm;onf ,ckb*Fvm;wGif aexdkifaomvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh vHk;0 cyfqifqifwlnDaejcif;jzpfonf/22 4if;wkdY
onf ]b*FgvD[dEL} rsm;omjzpfonf/
b*FgvD[dELrsm;onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'ookdY vG,fvifhwul 0ifa&mufEkdifcJhonf/ ,ck&ckdif
a'oonf yx0Dtaetxm;t& tdEd,? *efY*gukef;jyifjrifhESifh wqufwnf; wnfdSaom taetxm;
dSvnf;aumif;? tdEd,EkdifiHrS&cdkifa'ookdY jzwfoef;vm&mwGif ajredrfhykdif;a'o? awmifwef;wpfcsKdYESifh
jrpfacsmif;uav;rsm;om wnfdSaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; b*Fvm;[dELrsm;onf &ckdifa'ookdY vG,fvifh
wul 0ifa&muftajccs aexkdifEkdif&ef xifSm;aomtaMumif;&if;rsm;jzpfavonf/23 r[mrkedbk&m; ywf
0ef;usifwGif ]pD&d*kw}awmifukef; rsufESmjyifukd 0ef;&Hxm;aom tkwfeH&HoHk;ck? ]csefj'mql&d,} a&avSmif
uef? ewfkyfvHk;<uyHktcsKdY? ewfuGef;rsm;ESifh tjcm;yef;csDyef;yktcsKd;tyJhrsm;uvJG xl;xl;axGaxG ,Of
aus;rIvuf&mrsm; rusef&pfcJhacs/

tykdif ;(2)
aAGomvDrif;quf
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rsm;pGmuwnf;u [dELrif;qufwkdY\ pkd;pH&ma'owpfckjzpfcJhonf/ AD 788 wGif ]csefj'mrif;quf}
topfukd ]aAGomvD} NrdKY pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf/}} (arm&pfaumvdcf)
AD 788 wGif]ql&d,uDwk} (AD 746-788) \om; ]r[mxkdif*D[E&m} (AD 788-810) onf

"n0wDudk pGefUcGgcJhavonf/ ]r[mxdkif*D[E&m}rif;onf 4if;\taz rif;pkd;pHcJhaom "n0wDNrdKU y#d

yujzpfyGm;cJhNyD;? 4if;a'oukd pGefYcGg ]aAGomvD}NrdKUukdwnfaxmifcJhonf/ 4if;aAGomvDNrdKYonf xkdpOfu
tdEd,rif;wdkY\ ]bD[m&f}jynfe,fdS NrdKYMuD;rsm;aemufwGif ay:aygufcJhaom taSUbufa'o\ NrdKUMuD;
wpfNrdKUjzpfonf/ xkdpOfu rsm;jym;vSaom tdEd,rif;rsm;pkd;pH&m NrdKUawmfrsm;\ emrnfrsm;tm;vHk;vkdvkd
rSm[dELemrnfrsm;jzifh rSnfhac:aomemrnfrsm;jzpfonf/ ]&rm0wD} NrdKUa[mif;ysuf\ywfywfvnfrSm
vnf; NrdKYawmftopfwpfckwnfaqmufcJhonf/ ]aAGomvD}rif;qufonf ]csefj'm}rif;quftjzpf emrnf
ausmfMum;onf/ xkdrif;quf\ rif;quftm;vHk;vkdvkdonf]r[m,me}Ak'bmomukd axmufcHtm;ay;
olrsm;jzpfonf/ AD 6 &mpkuwnf;u ]aAGomvD}rif;qufwkdYonf [dELbmomukd ukd;uG,fvifhupm;
Ak'bmom ]r[m,me} t,l0g'ukd a'o omoemzHGUNzdK;atmif tpOfojzifh tm;ay;axmufcHcsD;
jrSifholrsm;jzpfonf/ ]csefj'm}rif;qufrsm;onf ajrmufzufppfwaumif;NrdKYtxd tcsKyftcsmtmPmykdif
a'otjzpf pkd;pHcJhonf/ ]aAGomvD} rif;qufrsm;\tmPmonf taSUb*Fvm;e,fjzpfaom ]Aduf&mrfyl&f}
a'otxd
qufpyfwnfdScJhNyD;?
4if;a'ownfdScJhaom
]csefj'm}rif;qufwkdU\
MoZmtm
PmBuD;xGm;vmrIonf b*Fvm;e,frS tm&fuef(&cdkif)a'ookdY [dELukdvkdeDe,fcsJYrsm; a&mufdSvmjcif;\
taMumif;&if;wpf&yfjzpfayonf/
]aAGomvD}NrdKYonf pD;yGg;ukeful;&m NrdKYawmftjzpf xifSm;onf/ EkdifiHwum ul;vl;qufqHa&mif;
0,fazmufum;rIrsm;aMumifh a'ocHvlrsm; <u,f0csrf;omvmcJhonf/ EdkifiHwumrS0ifxGuf a&mif;0,f
azmufum;olrsm;onf txl;ojzifh tm&AfESifh ygSefukefonfrsm; jzpfonf/ ]aAGomvD} NrdKYtm; ywfywf
vnf tkwfeH&Hjzifh 0ef;&HydwfqkdY wnfaqmufxm;NyD;? NrdKY0if;xJwGif ukef;jrifhrsm;? awmifukef;rsm;
wnfdS&m 4if;wkdYonf &efolU&efukd umuG,f&efvnf;aumif;? &efolukd wkdufckduf&mwGifvnf;aumif;
&nfG,fcsuftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ukef;jrifhawmifukef;rsm;wGif AD 8 &mpkrwkdif
rDu tdEd,ajrmufykdif;wGifdScJhaom ]em*&D} tu&mjzifh uAsnf;pmwef;xkd;cJhaom yef;yktwwfynm
ESifhqdkifaom pmwef;rsm;? ausmufpmrsm;? yef;uEkwfrsm;? NrdKYjyqdkif&mpmwef;rsm;? pmayrsm;ukd ,aeYwkdif
xifSm;pGm awGYjrifEkdifonf/ aS;a[mif;tEkynmvuf&m t<uif;tusefrsm;onf aS;a[mif;[dEL
vuf&mrsm;omjzpfNyD;? kyfxk? kyfyHkrsm;onf [dELewfuGef;rsm; jzpfonf/ ]aAGomvD} NrdKUjyae&mrsm;wGif

[dELwkdY\ ukd;uG,f&m EGm;okd;rsm;kyfyHkrsm; xGif;xm;onfukd awGYdS&onf/ NrdKYawmfwpf0kdufdS usKH;ysuf?

usKH;a[mif;rsm;ESifh NrdKYywfvnftkwfwHwkdif;a[mif;rsm;ukd ,aeYxufwkdif xifSm;pGmawGYEkdifonf/ yef;csD
yef;ykkyfxkrsm;? wkdufysufwkdufa[mif;rsm;ukd NrdKYywfvnf awmawmifrsm;wGif xifSm;pGmawGYEkdifNyD;?
vuPmrsm;onf ]*kyw}wkdY\ aS;a[mif; ]aAGom vD}rif;quf wefckd;tmPm BuD;xGm;rIukd jyojcif;
jzpfonf/ AD 7 &mpkwGif ouwbmomjzifh uAsnf;pmwef;a&;xkd;cJhonfh aMu;ESifhxkvkyfxm;aom
acgif;avmif;BuD;ukd awGYdSjcif;tm;jzifh ]aAGomvD}acwf at'D 8 &mpktxd ]*kyw} tu&mrsm; pmay
t&m vTrf;rkd;xm;onfukd awGY&onf/
NrdKYjyteD;wpf0kduf at'D 8 &mpkwGifwnfSdcJhaom Ak'bk&m;BuD;\ kyfxk[k,lq&aom BuD;rm;
onfh ausmufwHk;BuD;wpfckukdvnf; awGUdS&onf/ ]*kyw} tu&mjzifh a&;xkd;xm;onfh 4if;ausmufwHk;
BuD;ay:dS ausmufpmukd SmazGawGYdS&jcif;tm;jzifh [dELrif;qufrsm; Ak'omoem jyefUyGm;wkd;wufvm
a&;ukd BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfyHkESifh [dELrsm; tm&fuef(&cdkif)a'ookdY tajccsaexkdifvmcJhonfukd xifSm;pGm
awGYdSEdkifonf/
tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'oSd aiG'*Fg;rsm;? [dELewfkyfxkewfuGef;rsm;ESifh [dELrif;rsm;vufxuf
a&;xkd;xm;cJhaom ausmufpmrsm;ukd awGYdSjcif;tm;jzifh ]csefj'm}rif;quf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'owGif wnfdS
cJhonfukd xifSm;pGmawGYEkdifonf/ [dELbk&ifrsm;jzpfaom ]"rcsefj'm}? ]y&dwdcsefj'm}? ]"rADG a*sYcsefj'm}?
]eDwdcsefj'm}ESifh ADG&csefj'mrif;rsm;vufxuf yvkyfcJhaomaiG'*Fg;rsm;ukd &ckdifjynf tEHSYtjym;wGif awGYSd
Ekdifonf/ txufaz:jyyg [dELrif;wkdY\ emrnfrsm;onf b*FgvD[dELemrnfrsm;om jzpfonf/ EGm;okd;?
toGm;cRefoHk;ckygaom vSHwHESifh bk&m;pmxkd;yef;tkd;rsm;wGif awGYSd&aom pmaytm;vHk;onf ]em*&D}
uAsnf;tu&mpmrsm;omjzpfonf/ aiG'*Fg;rsm;wGifawGYdS&aom taxmuftxm;rsm;onf ]jA[m} ,Of
aus;rIukd az:jyaeNyD;? ]r[m,me}rif;quf\ t&dyfvuPmESifh wpfom;wnf;jzpfaMumif; awGY&onf/
AD 8 &mpktwGif; ]em*&D} vufa&;rljzifha&;om;cJhaom ]oHomu&pf} uAsnf;pmwef;rsm;pGmukd
]aAGomvD} NrdKYysufonfh ae&ma'orsm;wGif ,aeYwdkif awGYdSEkdifonf/ NrdKYa[mif;NrdKYysuf\ Spfaomif;
bk&m;apwD t0if0wGifvnf; oHomu&pfbmomESifh a&;xkd;xm;aom uAsnf;pmwef;ukdawGYEkdifonf/
4if;uAsnf;pmwef;ukd bk&ifrif;bif (1531-53) uawGYdScJhNyD;? Spfaomif;bk&m;wnfaqmufpOfu wnf
xm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;onf tvGeforkdif;0ifaom tcsufwpfcsufjzpfonf/ 4if;ausmufpmukd
]teEcsefj'm} rif;u a&;xkd;cJhojzifh ]teEcsefj'mausmufpm}[kac:onf/ ]teEcsefj'mrif;}onf ]tmeef
'kd'g,}trnfjzifh rsm;jym;vSaom ]AdG[m&mpf}ESifh [dELbk&m;ausmif;uefrsm;ukd wnfaqmufcJhonf/
olonf ol\vufatmufi,fom; ckdif;aprsm;twGuf ajrae&mrsm;ukd csay;cJhonfhtjyif ]jA[ef}rsm;
twGuf wl&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;jzifh aw;*DwynmSifrsm;ukdyg pDrHaqmifGufay;cJhonf/ xkdrif;onf
BC 528 rS AD 720 txd tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'oukd tkyfcsKyfcJhaom ]"r&mZEkcs?Amrfp} [kac:qkdonfh
rif;quf toD;oD;wkdY\ emrnfpm&if; wpfckukdvnf; xkwfa0cJhonf/ AD 2 &mpkrwdkifrD tkyfcsKyfcJhaom
bk&ifrif;rsm;wdkY\ twKywdrsm;ESifh &mZ0if pm&if;emrnfrsm;wkdYonf '@m&Dqefaomfjim;vnf; AD 2
&mpkaemufykdif; tkyfcsKyfvmcJhaom bk&ifrif;rsm;wkdY\ emrnfpm&if;rsm;ESifh twKywdwkdYonfum;
xifSm;aom orkdif;0iftaxmuftxm;rsm;yif jzpfavonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf tm&fuef(&ckdif)
a'o awGYdS&aom ouwuAsnf;ausmufpmrsm;\ taxmuftxm;t& xkda'oonf ouwbmom
okdYr[kwf ]r[m,me} Ak'bmomESifh ouw,Ofaus;rI vTrf;rkd;cJhaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ 4if;xufykdrkd

usKd;aMumif; qDavsmfaom aemuftcsufwpfcsufrSm tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'oukd [dELrif;rsm; tkyfcsKyfcJhpOfu

oGef;vkyfcJhaom aiG'*Fg;rsm;wGif [dELbk&ifrif;wkdY\ emrnfwpfcsKdYjzpfaom ]"rcsefj'}? ]y&Dwdcsefj'}?
]eDwdcsefj'}? ]"rADGa*sUcsefj'} wdkY\emrnfrsm;ukd awGUdS&aomaMumifhyifjzpfonf/
rif;qufrsm;\ bk&ifemrnfrsm;onf ]aAGomvD}acwf ]csefj'mrif;} wkdY\emrnfrsm;ESifh
tvGefw&m uJGjym;onf/ ]"r&m*sElcsAmrfp} rif;qufukd tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'o [dELrif;quf\ orkdif;
taxmuftxm;tjzpf owfrSwf,lqMuonf/ ]teEcsefj'rif;}ukd ]wr&y|e}bk&if tjzpfowfrSwf ,l
qonf/ ]wr&y|e} tm;]teEcsefj'}rif;quf\ NrdKYemrnfwpfck tjzpf,lqNyD; &mZ0ifusrf; rsm;url
]aAGomvD} NrdKYomjzpfonf[k az:jyxm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh taMumif;jcif;&mrsm;ukd oHk;oyfjcif;tm;jzifh
bk&ifrif;quf2qufdScJhonf[k jzpfEkdifzG,fdSonf/
ouwpmayESifh ,Ofaus;rIrsm;onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'o\ bmoma&;? EkdifiHa&;? vlrIa&;&m
tjzmjzmwGif eufdIif;pGm ae&m,lxm;rIrsm;ukd awGYdS&jcif;tm;jzifh tdEd,rif;qufrsm;ESifh ouwu
Asnf;pmwef;rsm;onf tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'oukd wkdufdkufvTrf;rkd; cs,fvS,fxm;cJhonfukd awGYEdkifonf/
xkdYtjyif w&m;kH;a&;&m udp0dpESifh vlrIa&;&mtzJGYtpnf;rsm;? pmaytEkynmvuf&m ,Ofaus;rIrsm;wGif
tdEd,[dEL,Ofaus;rIrsm; vTrf;rkd;cJhonfukd awGYdS&onf/ yrmtm;jzifhajym&vQif tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'o
NrdKYemrnfrsm;jzpfaom ar,kukd ]rmvm,k}[k vnf;aumif;? ukvm;wefjrpfukd ]*csye'D}[kvnf;aumif;?
&mefukd]&Eme'D}[kvnf;aumif;? av;NrdKYjrpf ukd]od*Fe'D} okdYr[kwf ]tmef*se'D}[kvnf;aumif; ac:wGif
cJhonf/ t&yfa'oemrnfrsm;jzpfaom ]"nAwD} ]aAGomvD} ]rm*AwD} ]'Gg&AwD} ]&rAwD} ]pD&d*kw}
]pDv*D&d} ESifh ]&m*sybmw} wkdYonf aS;a[mif;tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'otm; [dELemrnfrsm;jzifh ac:wGif
cJhaom tdEd,[dELemrnfrsm;om jzpfonf/ ,ckacwfwGif aS;a[mif;emrnfrsm;tm; &ckdifrI okdYr[kwf
jrefrmrIyNyD; toHaetoHxm; ajymif;um ac:wGifaeMuaomfvnf; aS;a[mif;tarGtESpfukd xdef;odrf;
apvkdaomtm;jzifh ,ckacwforkdif;ynmSifrsm; acwfynmwwfrsm; txl;owdxm;um *kPf,lxdef;odrf;
apmifhaSmuf&rnfh bkd;bGm;bDbifwkdY\ aS;a[mif;tarGtESpfyif jzpfavonf/
[dELewfuGef;rsm;ukd Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'o [dEL,Ofaus;rIrsm; MoZm tSdef
t0g BuD;rm;cJhonfukdawGU&onf/ ]aAGomvD} NrdKYysuftptersm;ukd Munfhjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;? [dEL
bmom0ifrsm; ta&twGuft&vnf;aumif;? tiftm;t&vnf;aumif;? MoZmtSdeft0gtm;jzifhvnf;
aumif; tiftm;omcJhonf ukdawGY&onf/ tjcm;]AdcsEkd;}ESif h]pDA}wkdYESifhywfouf xifSm;aomtaxmuf
txm;rsm;rSm ]pr} (ckcHG)? ]*g'} (Zm"dAdKvfoD;)? ]yr} (Mumyef;)? [dELbk&m;pmxkd;yef;tkd;rsm;? EGm;okd;ESifh
]x&pwdv}ac:toGm;cRefoHk;ckygaomvHSwH ponfhtrSwftom;rsm;? xkdpOfu tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'o\
aiG'*Fg;rsm;wGif awGYdSEkdifonf/ tm&fuef(&ckdif)a'owGif txufygtrSwfwHqdyfrsm;ukd awGYdSjcif;tm;
jzifh ]jA[mef}omoemESifh Ak'bmomomoemwkdYonf wpfcsdefuzufNydKif xGef;um;cJhonfukd awGY&onf/
AD 788 rS AD 957 txdtkyfcsKyfcJhaom ]csefj'} rif;qufrsm;tm;vHk;onf ]jA[mef}t,l0g'ukd
ukd;uG,folrsm;jzpfNyD;? aiG'*Fg;ay:wGif xkxm;aom trSwftom;ESifh pmom;onf ]toGm;cRefoHk;ckygaom
vHSwHwHqdyfESifh ]em*&D} ta&;tom;jzpfonf/
b*Fvm;e,f\ ygvrif; (AD 750-1199)onf ]r[m,me}Ak'omoem xGef;um;&eftwGuf
EkdifiH&yfjcm;okdY omoemytzJGUrsm; apvTwfcJhonf/ xkdomoemyrsm;\ tultnDjzifh tm&fuef(&ckdif)
a'owGif [dEL,Ofaus;rIESifh pmayrsm; xGef;um;apcJhonf/ b*Fvm;e,fukd tkyfcsKyfaom ygvrif;rsm;

ESifh ]aAGomvD}ukd tkyfcsKyfaom ]csefj'm}rif;rsm;onf acwfNydKifrif;rsm; jzpffMuNyD;? ]csefj'mrif;}\]aAGomvD}

a'oonf b*Fvm;e,fESifh xdpyfaeaom [dELtkyfcsKyfrI vufatmufwGif dSonfha'o jzpfonf/19
b*Fvm;e,frS]ygv} omoemyrsm;onf ]csefj'm}rif;rsm; tkyfcsKyfaom ]aAGomvD}a'owGif bmomukd;
uG,frI topfwpfckukd ukd;uG,fap&ef pnf;kH;EdkifcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh tm&fuef(&cdkif)a'owGif e*kdu
yifdSaeNyD;jzpfaom Ak'kyfxkqifhyGm;awmftjyif ]jA[m}kyfxkawmfrsm;? ]AdcsEkd;} ESifh ]pDA} kyfxkawmfrsm;ukd
yg ]r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;}wGif pifNydKifwnfaqmufcJhNyD;? pifNydKifukd;uG,frIrsm;ukd cGifhyapcJhonf/ ]csefj'm
rif;}rsm;onf bk&m;ausmif;uefESifh kyfxkqifhyGm;awmfrsm; xkvkyf&mwGif tvGefuRrf;usifonf/
]aAGomvD} NrdKYysufae&mrsm;wGif xkdkyfxkawmfrsm;ukd ,cktcsdefxd xifSm;pGm awGUEkdifonf/17 okdYjzpf
]aAGomvD} acwf ukd;uG,fcJhaom bmomomoem t,l0g'rsm;wkdYonf xkdpOfu b*Fvm;e,fwGif b*F
vm;e,fom;rsm; ukd;uG,fcJhaom bmomomoem t,l0g'rsm;ESifhxyfxlxyfrQ jzpfonf[k ,lq&yg
onf/ ]aAGomvD}onf b*Fvm;e,f\ taSUzuf[dELrsm; pkd;rkd;&ma'ojzpfcJhNyD;? tm&fuef (&ckdif)a'o\
bk&ifrsm;ESifh xkda'ocHrsm;wkdYonf b*FgvD[dELrsm;omjzpfcJhNyD;? [dELESifh Ak'bmom t,l0g'rsm;ukd
ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/ ][dem,me}Ak't,l0g'u ]r[m,me}Ak'bmomudk vTrf;rdk;aysmufuG,fapjcif;onf
e*dkSdESifhNyD; [dEL0g'udk avQmhusysufjym;apcJhNyD;? Ak't,l0g'udk vufcH&eftaMumif;jzpfvmcJhonf/
onfyif aS;a[mif;&cdkifjynf r[m,e0g' udk;uG,fcJhaom ]aAGomvD} eef;qufudk tkyfcsKyfcJhaom
]csefj'} rif;qufyifjzpfonf/
r[m,meAk'bmomt,l0g' udk;uG,frIonf [dELbmomt,l0g'ESifh wlnDoa,mif&Sdonf/
[dEL0g' odkUr[kwf jA[t,l0g'udk ]aAGomvD} rif;qufusqHk;NyD;aemuf Armjynf\yk*HzufrS a&muf&Sd
vmaom jydKifzuf [dem,met,l0g'u 0g;rsdKcJhonf/
a&S;a[mif; tm&fuef(&cdkif)a'o\ bmomt,l0g'udk;uG,frIrsm;udk avhvmqef;ppfcsuft&
r[m,meAk't,l0g'onf ][dem,me} t,l0g'udk tcsdefMumjrifhpGm vTrf;rdk;aysmufuG,fapcJhonf/
wenf;ajym&vQif ppfrSefonfhAk't,l0g'rSdcJhyg/ odkUaomf taxmuftxm; rjynfhpHkrcdkifvHkaom &mZ0if
usrf;rsm;t& Ak't,l0g' wnf&SdcJhonf[kqdkaomfjim;vnf; cdkifvHkaom taxmuftxm;rsm; r&SdcJhacs/22
tm&fuef(&cdkif)a'owGif awGUSd&aom bmoma&;qdkif&m taqmufttHkrsm;ESifh "gwfawmfarGawmf? kyft
avmif;rsm;? tdk;pkrsm;ysufpD;,dk,Gif;rIrS t<uif;tusefrsm;udk ppfaq;awGUSdcsuft& a'ocHvlrsm;onf
[dEL0g'(jA[eft,l)ESifh Ak't,l0g' wdkUudka&maESmpGm usifhoHk;cJhonfudkawGU&onf/ [dELvlrsdK;wdkUonf
jrifhrm;aom,Ofaus;rIudk pdk;ydkifxm;NyD; tawG;tac:ydkif;ESifh pmaytEkynm? tkyfcsKyfa&;&mwdkUwGif
tvGefwdk;wufcJholrsm;jzpfonf/ odkU&mwGif[dELwdkU\ aeUpOfb0wGif wnfSdcJhaom Zmwfedrfh? Zmwfjrifh
[kac:onfh cGJjcm;qufqHrIonf [dEL0g' odkUr[kwf jA[eft,l0g' wnf&Sd&m ae&mwdkif;wGif awGUjrif
&onf/ [dELjzpfrnfqdkvQif Zmwfedrfh? Zmwfjrifhwpfckckudk vufudkifxm;&rnfjzpfNyD;? ywfouf&m t,l
0g'udk vdkufemusifhoHk;&rnfjzpfonf/23
jA[eft,l0g'udk Ak'bmomt,l0g'u wjznf;jznf; atmifEdkifvmcJhaomfvnf; &mpkESpf ajrmuf
jrm;pGmuyif usifhoHk;vmcJhaom jA[eft,l0g'onf aysmufuG,froGm;cJhay/ odkU&mwGif AD11 &mpk
aemufydkif;rSm jA[eft,l0g'onf [dem,meAk'bmomt,l0g'odkY wjznf;jznf; pdrfh0ifatmifEdkifvm
cJhonf/ rGef*dkvD;,ef;vlrsdK;rsm; &cdkifa'owGif pdk;rdk;vmaomtcg if;a'owGif&SdcJhaom Ak'bmomt
,l0g'onf tdEd,awmifydkif;a'o&Sd Ak'bmomausmif;awmfwdkU\ t,l0g'usifhoHk;rIpepfjzpfcJhonf/

]pkAEblrd}(oxHk)r Sbkef;awmfMuD;rsm;jzpfaom ]oD&pke}ESifh ]oD&Ow&}wdkUonf AD 10 &mpkwGif ]pDvGef}

oD&dvuFmEdkifiHrS o,faqmifvmaom Ak'0g't,lppfppfudk pwifxlaxmifcJhonf/ xdkbkef;awmfBuD;
ESpfyg;udkbk&If ]tSLu}(taomurif;) (BC 273-232 )u ynmoifMum;apcJhonf/ Sift&[Honf
Ak'omoem aygif;pnf;a&;tjzpf yk*Ha'oudk Ak'omoemjyefUyGm;apNyD;? if;\tultnDjzifh aemifwGif
yk*Hrif; tmaemf&xm (AD 1044-77) onf r[m,me (t&nf;BuD;t,l0g') rS [dem,meAk'bmom
t,l0g'odkU oefUpifapum? oefUpifxm;onfh omoemudk AD 11 ESifh 12 &mpkrsm;wGif &cdkifjynfodkY
omoem jyefUyGm;apcJhonf/
[dem,meAk't,l0g'tm; &cdkifjynfodkYomoem rjyefUyGm;EdkifcJhrnfqdkvQif r[m,meAk'bmom
0g'onf [dEL0g'DESifh jA[eft,l0g'udk aysmufuG,fapcJhrnfjzpfNyD;? r[m,meAk't,l0g'onfomvQif
&cdkifa'owGif udk;uG,faecJhrnfjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm &cdkifjynf\ bmomomoemudk avhvmMunfh
vQif AD axmif&mpktwGif; [dELomoem odkYr[kwf jA[meft,l0g'wdkYonf wjznf;jznf;csif; usqHk;
aysmufuG,foGm;NyD; Ak'bmomt,l0g' topfwpfrsdK; pnfum;odkufNrdKufvmonfudk awGU&onf/

tpvmrfomoema&muf
omoema&mufS dvmjcif ;
]]ordkif;tqdkt& tapmydkif;rGwfpvifrsm;onf tm&fumef(&cdkif)a'oodkU a&vrf;c&D;jzifh OD;pGm
a&mufSdvmNyD;? awmifMum;ukef;vrf;aMumif;rsm;rSvnf; wpfqihfa&mufSdvmcJhonf/ xdkolwdkUonf
tma&AstEG,frsm;ESifh tdEd,tEG,fwdkYjzpfonf/ olwdkYonf ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,fazmufum;&efvnf;
aumif;? omoemjyK&efvnf;aumif;? ppfonfppfom;rsm;ESifh 'kuonfrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; yHkpHtrsdK;
rsdK;jzifha&mufSdcJhonf/ xdkpOfu tm&fumef(&cdkif)a'owGif tkyfcsKyfcJhaom [dELrif;rsm;onf rGwfpvif
rsm;\ bk&ifrif;rsm;tay: dk;om;ajzmifhrwfrI? opmSdrI? &J&ifhajymifajrmufrIwdkUESifh olwdkU\ aeUpOfb0
jyKrlaqmif&GufrIwdkYaMumifh bk&ifhe,fy,fwGif BudKqdkvufcHcJhNyD;? olwdkUtay:vnf;aumif;rGefpGm jyKrlquf
qHcJhonf/}} (OD;bom)
tvmtoQifjrwfbk&m;ocifxHrS wrefawmfrdk[mrwf tay:ydkUcsawmfrlcJhaom uk&ftmefusrf;
awmfjrwfESifh tpvmrfomoemawmf\ zGHUNzdK;pnfyifwdk;wufvmrIaMumifh tpvmrfomoemawmfonf
wrefawmf rdk[mrwfaoqHk;NyD;aemufwGif 4if;\&Jabmf&JbufwdkU\ BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrIaMumifh ESpfaygif;
(100) twGif; tpvmrfomoemonf urmUtaSUzsm;ESifh taemufzufa'orsm;odkUysHUESHUcJhonf/
tpvmrfordkif;\ tpueOD;wGifyif tm&fumef(&cdkif)a'orSm tma&Asppfonfppfom;rsm;?
oabFmom;rsm;? ukefonfrsm;ESifh tpvmrfomoemjyKtzGJUwdkY\ BudK;yrf;rIaMumifhomoemhtvif;a&mif
xGef;um;cJhonf/ olwdkUonfyifv,fjyifrsm;udk jzwfausmfvnf;aumif;? awmifMum;ukef;vrf;c&D;rsm;
udkjzwfvnf;aumif; 0ifa&mufcJhonf/ AD 7 &mpkwGif yifv,fa&aMumif;vrf; oGm;vm&mwGif tvGef
xl;cRefajymifajrmufcJhaom tm&AfESifhyg&Sefyifv,ful;oabFmESifh c&D;oGm;vmMuaomc&D;onfrsm;aMumifh
tpvmrfomoemonf urmUEdkifiHtESHYtjym;tygt0if tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'o? ArmESifhtaSY awmiftmS
a'orsm;okdYyg vQifjrefpGm ysHUESHYcJhonf/ tm&AfESifhygSefvlrsKd;wkdYonf wpfcsdefu tvGefxifSm;ausmfaZm
cJhaom yifv,feDt&yfa'orSwpfqifh wkyfEkdifiHwkdYokdY ul;oef;oGm;vm&m a&aMumif;c&D;ukd xdef;xm;

EkdifcJhonf/ tdEd,taemufzufa'owGif tm&Af? ygSefukefonfrsm; O'[kdoGm;vm0ifa&muf EkdifcJhaom

aMumifhvnf; tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'oESifh ppfwaumif;urf;ajcwpfavQmufwGifAD 8 &mpk tm&AfrGwfp
vifwkdY\ tajccsaexkdifrIrsm; tckdiftrmdScJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'oukd OD;pGm a&mufdSvm
aom rGwfpvifwkdYonf tm&fumef(&ckdif)urf;ajcwavQmuf NrdKYjyae&mrsm;wGif aps;uGufrsm;SmazGawGUdS
cJhonf/ xkdpOfu tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'owGif tkyfcsKyfcJhaom [dELrif;rsm;\ tm&Afukefonfrsm;tay:
pdwfSnfoD;cHrIESifh oabmxm;aysmhajymif;rI? apwemxufoefrIwkdYaMumifh tm&AfukefonfwkdY\ tpvmrf
omoemyvkyfief;rsm;ukd cGifhycJhNyD;? taumiftxnf azmfEdkifatmifvnf; taxmuftul ay;cJhonf/
][Z&mhoftmvD}ocif (pwkwajrmuf) aoqHk;NyD;aemuf ol\om; ]tDrmrf[lqdef} ESifh ][Z
&mhofr[fbD,m}\om; ],mZdwf}wkdYESpfOD;Mum; tmPmvkyJGjzpfcJhonf/ AD 680 wGif ]um&fAmvfvm}
ppfwvif;wGif jzpfcJhaom y#dyu ]tDrmrf[lqdef}\ tpfudkBuD;jzpfaom ]tDrmrf[mqef} ukd tqdyfoifh
vkyfBuHowfjzwfum? 4if;y#dyu ],mZdwf} tEkdif&dSavonf/ owif;ukd ][Z&mhoftvD} aemuf
tdrfaxmif\ om;jzpfaom ]rl[mrwf[medzf} Mum;avonf/ xkdUaemuf ][medzf}onf ],mZdwf} tay:
ppfaMunmum ppfwkdufckdufaomfvnf;? IH;edrfhcJh& ol\aemufvkduftaygif;ygrsm;ESifh urmhtaSUzuf
a'ookdY xGufajy;wdrf;aSmifcJhavonf/3A
][medzf} ESifh 4if;\ppfonfppfom;? omoemy tzJGYonf tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'o taemufzufokdY
a&mufdSvmum armif;awmNrdKY\ taemufzufrkdiftenf;i,fwGifwnfdSaom ]tm&AfSm;yg&m} [kac:
wGifonfh aus;GmwGif ckdvIHcJhonf/ ]tm&AfSm;yg&m}\ t"dyg,frSm a'ooHk;pum;t& ]tm&Afbk&if\
aus;Gm} jzpfonf/
xkdpOftcgu tm&fumef(&ckdif) taemufajrmufzuf awmawmifa'owGif awmwGif;ae vldkif;
pkdif;rsm; aexkdifcJhNyD;? tm&fumefa'ocH [dELvlrsKd;rsm;tay: rMumcPqkdovkdyif vk,ufysufpD;jcif;ru
ysufpD;jcif;ESifh vl&maygif; axmifaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmwkdYtm; owfjzwfcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf ][medzf}onf
a'ocHwkdU\ tm;ay;axmufcHrIukd&,lum vldkif;pkdif;wkdY\ bk&ifrjzpfaom ][,myl&D} tay: ppfyJG
qifEGJcJhNyD;? vlkdif;pkdif;rsm;tay: atmifyJGqifEkdifcJhonf/ xkdYaemufwGif tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'oonf Nidrf;
csrf;om,mvmcJhNyD;? vlaerI tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;vmcJhavonf/ ][medzf} onf ][,myl&dD}bk&ifrESifh
olr\taygif;ygwkdYukd tpvmrfomoemxJokdY pnf;Hk;odrf;oGif; olrESifhvuf xyfxdrf;jrm;cJhavonf/
tpvmrfomoemyvkyfief;vnf; tSdefwkd;`rSifhvmNyD;? ,cktcsdeftxd xifSm;aeqJjzpfaom ][medzmh}
ESifh ][,myl&D} ]wefudpf} (|gecsKyf) (armif;awme,fwGifdSonf/) wGif omoemxGef;um; jyefYyGm;&ef
BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhonf/ ][medzf}ESifh vkdufygvmcJhaom taygif;tygrsm;onf a'ocH[dELrsm;ESifh awm
wGif;ae vldkif;pkdif;rsm;udk tpvmrfh"avhxHk;pHt& xdrf;jrm;cJhNyD;? ]dk[if*sm} rGwfpvifvlrsKd;pkwpfpktjzpf
jzpfay:vmcJhonf/ 4if;wkdYonf tm&fumef(&ckdif) ajrmufykdif;a'owGif aexkdifolrsm;jzpfNyD;? tpvmrf
omoemawmfukd tpOfa&mif0gxGef;apcJhum? 4if;|mecsKyfESpfckonf ,cktcsdeftxd tm&fumef (&ckdif)
rGwfpvifrsm;\ ESvHk;om;wGif pJGNrJvQufdSayonf/
]tmrd&f[mrfZm;}onf bl;oD;awmife,fSd ukvm;yef;ZHawmifMum;a'o wpf0kdufukd rif;rlaeaom
bk&if ]a*:avmif*sD} ukd tpvmrfomoemxJokdY pnf;Hk;odrf;oGif;onf/ orkdif;taxmuftxm;t&
]tmrd&f[mrfZm;}onf tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'oudk ppfatmifEkdifcJhonf[k tqkddSaomfvnf; a'odS rGwfp
vifwkdYonf tcsdefMumjrifhpGm 4if;atmifyJG\tESpfom&udk rcHpm;cJh&acs/ tcsif;csif; pm;usufvkrItay:

tajccH pnf;vHk;nDnTwfrI NydKuGJume*dkuyif vlOD;a&rsm;jym;aom b*Fvm;e,frS[dEL a&TUajymif;vm

olwdkYomvQif tm;omcJhNyD;? tm&fumef (&cdkif)a'oudkjyefvnfpdk;rdk;cs,fvS,fEdkif&ef tcGifhomcJhonf/
tm&yfvlrsdK;wdkYonf yifudk,fpdkuft& ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,frIudk cHkrifolrsm;jzpfNyD;? pD;yGm;a&;
vrf;aMumif;udk tpOfpl;prf;&SmazGoljzpf&um;? ukefonfrsm;ESifhomoemjyKolrsm;onf a'owpfckrS
tjcm;a'owpfckodkU c&D;tESHUaygufolrsm;jzpfonf/ AD 7 &mpkESifh 16 &mpkMum;? tm&fumef(&cdkif)ESifh
ArmjynftESHU jynfwGif;jzpfukefypnf;rsm;onf tm&yfukefonfwdkYtwGuf t"dua&mif;0,fukefrsm;jzpf
onf/ aiGaMu;tjympepf ray:aygufao;ojzifh ukefypnf;tcsif;csif; zvS,fjcif;pepf&SdcJh&m tm&yf
vlrsdK;wdkUonf if;wdkYa'orS xGufukefypnf;ESifh tm&fumef(&cdkif) ESifhArmjynfa'orS ukefypnf;rsm;udk
zvS,fEdkif&ef tm&fumef(&ckdif)urf;ajrmifa'owpfckvHk;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHwdkUonf if;wdkUtwGuf aps;uGuf
tBudKufjzpfcJhonf/ ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;t& tm&yfukefonfwdkUonf tm&fuef(&cdkif)a'o wpf
ckvkH;ESifh ArmjynfwdkUyg ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qdkif&m r[mrdwfudk zGJUpnf;xlaxmifEdkifcJhNyD;? a'o
wpfckvHk;vnf; pD;yGm;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufcJhaMumif; od&Sd&onf/7
tm&yfwdkYonf yifv,fjyifc&D;oGm;vmrI tvGefuRrf;usifolrsm; jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm urmU
ta&SUjcrf;ESifh taemufzsm;a'otxdyg ae&mtESHUtjym;odkY yifv,fjyifc&D; aygufa&mufcJholrsm;jzpf
onf/ tm&yfwdkUonf AD 7 &mpkESifh 16 &mpk twGif;tdEd,? tm&fumef(&cdkif) ESifhArmjynfwdkUodkU a&muf
cJhonfomru? yifv,feDa'oESifh wkwfEdkifiHMum; yifv,fc&D;jzifh pD;yGm;ul;oef; a&mif;0,frIt00udk
vnf; xdef;csKyfEdkifcJhonfhtjyif MoZmwefcdk;vnf; BuD;rm;cJhonf/ odkU&mwGif xdkpOfu jrefrmEdkifiHonf
tm&yfwdkU\tjrif tm&fumef(&cdkif)a'oESifh atmufjrefrmEdkifiHwdkUonfomvQif jrefrmEdkifiHtjzpf od&Sd
cJhMuonf/
tm&yfyx0Dynm&Sifrsm; omoemjyKolrsm;ESifhordkif;t"dywdwdkYjzpfaom ]tDAifuk&f'g;ofZfbm;}
(AD 844-848)? qlvdkifref(AD 851) ESifh]tDAifzmuD} (AD 902) wdkYonf tm&fuef(&cdkif)a'oESifh
atmufjrefrmjynfwdkUtm; ]&[frm;} tjzpfac:wGifcJhonf/ AD 9 &mpkESifh 10 &mpktwGif; b*Fvm;yif
v,fatmfurf;dk;wef;wpf0dkuf ukeful;oef;cJhaom tma&Asyifv,fc&D;onfwdkUonf tm&fumef(&cdkif)?
atmufjrefrmjynfwdkUtm; ]]dk[frD}}? ]]&mh[frm}} ponfjzifh emrnftrsdK;rsdK;jzifhvnf;aumif; ac:wGifcJh
aMumif;od&onf/ taxmuftxm;rsm;t& if;emrnfwdkUonff tm&fumef(&cdkif)a'oSd ]&r&D} qdkaom
ae&mudkvnf;aumif;? yJcl;a'oSd ]&mrn} a'oudkvnf;aumif;? &nfnTef;ajymqdkonf[kod&onf/11
AD 9 &mpktwGif;tm&yfESifh yg&SefwdkUonf jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGufukefjzpfaom0g? 0g*Grf;? tarT;trQif
&Snfaom wdAufEGm;wpfrsdK;\tNrD;rsm;? uwDyg? opf 0wKypnf;rsm; &Sm;apmif;vufyif? ajymif;zl;?
BuUHcsdK? ausmufoHywjrm;? aT? aiGESifh tjcm;wefzdk;dSaom owKypnf;rsm;? ausmufwHk;rsm;ukd a&mif;0,f
azmufum;cJhonf/ AD 9 &mpkwGif tm&AfwkdYonf tpvmrfomoemukd tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'ookdY o,f
aqmifvm tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'oESifh ppfwaumif;urf;ajca'owpf0kduf tckdiftrm omoemjyefYyGm;cJh
Muonf/ okdY&mwGif tm&AfwkdYonf omoemjyefYyGm;&mwGif yifv,furf;dk;wef;a'oomru 4if;wkdY\
oabFmrsm;onf ewfjrpf? r,ljrpf? ukvm;wefjrpfESifh av;NrdKYjrpfwkdYokdYyg 0ifa&mufoGm;vmcJhojzifh? oGm;
av&mwGif tpvmrfomoemukd jyefYyGm;atmif vkyfaqmifcJholrsm;jzpfcJhonf/ xkdpOfu tm&fumef(&ckdif)
ajrmufykdif;a'oonf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; pnfyifwkd;wufzHGYNzdK;vmojzifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; qdyf
urf;NrdKYrsm;pGm ay:aygufcJhonf/ azmfjy&vQif ]]u&drfcgvD}}? ]]rledzfcgvD}}? ]]rlqm uRef;}}? ]]qm'g yg&m}}?

]]*sm[mZf*ghxf}}? ]]bmq&m}} wkdYonf xifSm;aom ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; NrdKUBuD;rsm;jzpfonf/ ]aAGomvD}

NrdKYonf tvGefyifxifSm;aom ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; NrdKYBuD;wpfNrdKYjzpfNyD;? ESpfpOfaxmifaomif;aygif;
ajrmufrsm;pGmaomoabFmrsm; 0ifxGufavhdScJhonf/14
ygSefvlrsKd;wkdYonf yifv,ful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;e,fy,fwGif tm&AfwkdYxuf OD;qHk;a&mufcJh
olrsm; jzpfonf/ AD 7 ESifh AD 16 &mpktwGif; yifv,fa&aMumif;ul;oef;a&mif;0,frIonf ygSefESifh
tm&AfvlrsKd;wkdYtwGuf r[mtcGifhta&; wpfckyifjzpfcJhonf/ AD 7, 8, 9 &mpkwkdYonf urmhtaSUzsm;
ukefoG,fa&;tm; ygSefwkdY\ MoZmvTrf;rkd;rIatmufwGif xm;EkdifcJhonf/ okdY&mwGif aemufykdif;&mpkrsm;
wGifrlum; tm&Afyifv,fjyif ul;oef;a&mif;0,frIonf tm;NydKifBuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/ tm&AfwkdYwpfvSnfh
MoZmtmPm BuD;rm;cJhMuonf/ ygSefvlrsKd;wkdYvufxuf urmhtaSUzsm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,frIumv
wGif tdEd,urf;dk;wef;a'o tm&fumef(&ckdif)ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHjrpf0uRef;ay:a'orsm; xkdrSwpfqifh urmh
taSUzsm;EkdifiHwkdYokdYyg c&D;vSnfhvnfMuolrsm;jzpfcJhonf/ ygSefvlrsKd;wkdYonf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fc&D;
vSnfhvnfaepOf tcsdeftawmtwGif;yif 4if;wdkYpD;yGg;cs,fvS,f&m ukdvkdeDa'orsm;wGif tajccsaexkdif
cJhMuonf/15 tajccsaexkdifpOftwGif; 4if;wkdYonf omoemjyefYyGm;olrsm; jzpfcJhonfhtjyif a'ocHtrsKd;
orD;rsm;ESifh tdrfaxmify? a&mufav&m ae&ma'otoD;oD; tpvmrfhzGJUpnf;yHkpepf tkyfcsKyfrItoGif
jzifh aexkdifcJhavonf/
tm&fumef(&ckdif)urf;ajca'owpfavQmufwGif ukefoG,fa&;pcef;aygif; 198 ckay:aygufcJh
onf/17 tm&AfESifh ygSefvlrsKd; tajccsaexkdifrIonf tm&fumef(&ckdif)dS ]Ekdkdvmyg&m}? ]tm&AfSm;
yg&m}?18 ][meDzm}ESifh][,mzl&Dwefudpf}19 ?]u&drfcgvD;}? ]rledzfcgvD;}?20 ]ukvm;wef}ESifh ]ukvm;yef;ZH}21
]taemufyg&m}?22 ]*lem&fyg&m}?23 ]bmq&m}? ]qmef'g;rm;}24ESifh ]tyf'kvf yg&m}25 wkdYtoD;oD; vsifjrefpGm
ay:aygufcJhonf/
yifv,feDa'owpf0kdufrS urmhtaSUzsm;a'ookdU yifv,fjyifukdjzwf ul;oef;a&mif;0,f&m
vrf;aMumif;onf tajccsaexkdifrIrsm;ukd wjznf;jznf;wkd;yGm;vmapNyD;? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh 4if;aexkdif
rIrsm;onfvnf; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ta&;BuD;aom tcef;u@rS yg0ifcJhav
onf/ EkdifiHjcm;rS rGwfpvifukefonfrsm;onf tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'orS rGwfpvifrsm;tay: tjyeftvSef
tusKd;pD;yGm; jzpfxGef;apNyD; rGwfpvifnDaemifrsm; cspfMunf&if;ESD;rIukdvnf; tiftm;jzpfapcJhonf/
xkdYaMumifh EkdifiHjcm;rS rGwfpvifukefonfrsm;onf tm&fumef(&cdkif)a'odS bk&ifrsm;ESifh wpfpHkwpf&m
xdyfwkduf &ifqkdif&efrvkdtyfyJ? ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,fazmufum;aeEdkifcJhonf/
&mpkESpfwpfck ausmfvGefNyD;aomtcg tm&fumef(&cdkif)a'ookdY ]r[mcsefj'rif;} (AD 788-810)
vufxuf ukefonfoabFmrsm;ysuf xifSm;ausmffMum;aom yifv,fqdyfurf;NrdKYjzpfaom ]&rf;jADuRef;}
ac: ]&rf;NAJuRef;}okdY rGwfpviftkyfpkwpfpk tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'ookdYa&mufdScJhonf/ xkdrGwfpvifrsm;onf
r[mar'if25a rGwfpvifoabFmom;rsm;tjzpf xifSm;NyD;? tm&Af okdYr[kwf ]rdk;&fpf} vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfonf/
aemifwGif xkdvlrsKd;rsm;tm; oifhawmfaom tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'owGif ykdYcHcJh&NyD;? ywf0ef;usifaus;Gm
rsm;wGif tajccsaexkdifapcJhonf/27 ]&rf;NAD} [laoma0g[m&onf ]tm&Aduf} rl&if;t"dyg,f ]&m[efNAD}
[laompum;&yfjzpfonfh ]]Nidrf;csrf;om,moem;Muifemwwfaome,fajr}} rSqif;oufvmonf/28
rif;tpdk;&onfvnf; if;wdkUtay: t&m&mwGiftm;ay;axmufcHMunfndKav;pm;cJhonf/ if;wdkUonf
pD;yGm;ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,f&mwGif tvGefuRrf;usifonf/ if;wdkUonf wpfae&mrSwpfae&modkU avSi,f

ao;ao;av;rsm;jzifh vG,fulpGm oGm;vmEdkifcJhonf/ oabFmysuf tm&yfvlrsdK;wdkUonf tm&fuef(&cdkif)

jynfudk ajrMoZm tvGefaumif;rGef v,f,mpdkufysdK;xGef,uf&ef txl;aumif;rGefaMumif;od&SdcJhonf/
xdkUaMumifh tm&yfvlrsdK;wdkUonf rdrd|maeodkYjyefroGm;cJhyJ? tm&fuef(&cdkif)a'owGif twnfwustdk;
tdrfxlaxmifum? ueOD; vkyfvufpjzpfaom yifv,fjyiful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pGefUvTwf
v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;jzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKum aexdkifcJhonf/
rGwfpviftajccsaexdkifolrsm;onf tpvmrfomoemodkU 0ifa&mufvmaom a'ocHtrsdK;orD;
rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm xdrf;jrm;vufxyfcJhonf/ e*dkuyif vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;apvdkaom a'ocHbk&ifrsm;onf
tajccsaexdkifolrsm;\ xdrf;jrm;vufxyfrIrsm;udk tm;ay;tm;ajrmufjyKcJhonf/ tcsdefMumjrifhpGmuyif
usifhoHk;vmcJhaom tm&fuef(&cdkif) "avhxHk;pHt&vnf; tcsdefMumMum aexdkifvdkonfh EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;
udk trsdK;orD;tdrfaxmifzufrsm;csD;jrifhavh&Sd&m oabFmysuftm&yfrGwfpvifrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;ul;oef;a&mif;
0,fazmufum;olrsm;? vGwfvyfpGm xdrf;jrm;vufxufjcif;ycJhonf/ odkU&mwGif bk&ifrif;onf EdkifiH
jcm;om; |maejyefvdkaomtcgwGifrl a'ocHtrsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh xdrf;jrm;vufxyf &SdcJhaom om;orD;
ZeD;r,m;rsm;tm; ac:aqmifoGm;jcif; cGifhrycJhay/30 xdkUaMumifh tm&yfvlrsdK;wdkUonf if;wdkYudk;uG,faom
tpvmrfomoemyvkyfief;rsm;twGuf omoeduqdkif&m taqmufttHkrsm; wnfaqmufjcif;rsm;ycJh
onf/ if;wdkUrSwpfqifh arG;zGm;vmaom om;orD;ajr;jrpfwdkUonfvnf; a'ocHvlaerIb0ESifh wom;
wnf;jzpfum trdajrudkpGefUcGmoGm;&ef rnfonfhtcgrQ rawG;cJhay/
tpvmrfomoem\ wpfqlwnf;aombk&m; tvm([f)toQifjrwfudk udk;uG,fonfh tawG;
tac:ay:rSm pGJNrJpGm wnfrSDaeonfhtwGufaMumifh tm&fuef(&cdkif)a'owGif tpvmrfomoemyolwdkU\
pGrf;yum; wefcdk;BuD;rm;cJhonf/ tm&fuef(&cdkif)a'owGif [dELZmwfedrfh Zmwfjrifh ]]umpf}}pepf Sdae&m
if;onf vlaerIb0udk twm;tqD;taESmuft,SufjzpfapaMumif; odSdvmojzifh tpvmrfomoemodkU
rsm;pGmaoma'ocHrsm; wjznf;jznf;zufajymif;vmcJhonf/ tpvmrfomoemu omwlnDrQSda&;ESifh om
oem0iftcsif;csif; cspfMunf&if;ESD;rIwdkU[laom tjcif;t&mESpfcktay: aeUpOfb0 wnfrSDaeaomaMumifh
uRefESifhocif? omwlnDrQSda&;ESifh tmPmpuftwGufyg wef;wl&nfwl tcGifhta&;SdaMumif; odSdvmap
&ef rD;armif;xdk;vmcJhonf/ pGrf;&nfSdoavmuf atmifjrifrI&SdEdkif&ef tpvmrfu tcGifhta&;ay;xm;
onf/ taMumif;rsm;aMumifh xdkpOfu a'ocHvlaerIb0twGif; [dELrif;rsm;vufxuf pGJjrJpGmwnf
SdcJhaom ZmwfedrfhZmwfjrifh ]umpf}pepf yaysmufoGm;atmif aoa&;Sifa&;wrQ touf0ifvmcJhonf/
tm&AfESifh ygSeftajccsaexkdifolrsm;onf b*FgvD[dELrsm;ESifh tdEd,[dELrsm;ukd tpvmrfomo
emyrSwpfqifh omoemxJokdY 0ifa&mufapcJhonf/ xkdYaemufwGif tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'orSm e*dkdSESifhNyD;
aocHvlrsKd;jzpfaom b*FgvD[dEL? tdEd,[dELwkdYrS zufajymif;vmaom tpvmrfukd;uG,folrsm;ESifh yif
v,f&yfjcm;rS tajccsaexkdifvmaom ygSefESifh tm&AfvlrsKd;rsm;wkdY aygif;pnf;um twdkif;twm wpfck
txd tcsdefumvMumjrifhvmonfESifhtrQ kd[if*smvlrsKd; tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;tjzpf ay:aygufvm
cJhonf/ rGwfpvifrsm;onf bmomomoemudk pJGNrJpGm ukd;uG,folrsm;jzpf rdrdwkdY\ trnfemrESifh
vlaerI ,Ofaus;rI"avhxHk;pHESifh ukd;uG,f&mESifhywfoufaom taMumif;t&mtrsm;tjym;wGif tpvmrfh
0daoorsm;ukd tNrJvufcHusifhoHk;xdef;odrf;apmifhaSmufvmcJhonf/ aemufykdif;wGif tpvmrfukd udk;uG,f
ol vlrsKd;rsm;onf tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'o tESHUjzpfaom v,f,mvkyfukdif pm;aomuf&ef ajrMoZm
aumif;rGefonfha'ojzpfaom av;NrdKYukef;jrifh? ukvm;wefukef;jrifh? r,lukef;jrifh? ukvm;yef;ZHukef;jrifh

ESifh ewfjrpfwpfavQmuf a'otjyif ]athuftmhzf} ac: ]tmusmhzf}? ]&rfNrD} ac: ]&rf;NAJ}? ]ausmufjzL}?
]ausmufeDarmf} ESifh ]oHwGJ} a'orsm;wGif ysHYESHUpGmaexkdifcJhonf/ ]athuftmhzf} ac: ]tmusmhzf}? qkdonfrSm
ygSefpum;jzpfNyD;? ]athuf}qkdonfrSm ]wpf}jzpfNyD;? ]tmhzf}rSm ]uRef;} jzpfonf/ aygif;vdkufvQif ]uRef;
wpfck} [kt"dyg,f&onf/
]]kd[if*sm}} qkdaom pum;&yfonf orkdif;t axmuftxm;t& ]&[fr}qkdaom tm&Afpum;&yfrS
wkdufkduf qif;oufvmaom pum;&yfjzpfonf/33 ]&[fr} [laompum;onfum; ]Muifemjcif;}[k t"d
yg,f&onf/ tjcm;taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ]&[fr}[laom pum;&yfukd xyfqifhbmomjyefqkdxm;onf
rSmum; aS;aS; ]tm&fumef(&ckdif) emrnfukd ]dkcsef;} [k ac:wGifcJhaMumif;od&onf/ tcsdefumvMum
jrifhvmonfESifhtrQ ]dkcsef;} ukd ]kd[mef;}[kvnf;aumif;? aemifwGif ]dk[if*sm} [kac:wGifvmcJhonf/
]kd[if*sm}qkdaompum;onf tHkzG ay:aygufvmjcif;r[kwfyJ? orkdif;pOftqufqufu tm&fumef(&ckdif)
a'o\ orkdif;uay;aom tarGcHtarGquf emrnfwpfckomjzpfonf/ tjcm;orkdif;usrf;rsm;wGif ]kd0ef;}
]kdtef;*f} [kvnf;aumif;? ]kdbif*g}[kvnf;aumif;? tm&fumef(&cdkif)a'otm; acwfa[mif; rGwfpvif
pmqkdawmfrsm;? uAsmq&mrsm;ESifh orkdif;okawoDwkdYu trsKd;rsKd;ac:a0:oHk;pJGcJhaMumif; ordkif;taxmuf
txm;rsm;pGmwGifawGYdS&ygonf/ ]kd[if*sm}vlrsKd;wkdYonf ]tif'D*sdemhpfa&hpf}ac: tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'o\
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkwpfpk jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm olwkdY\ ukd,fykdif0daoovuPmrsm;jzpfaom ,Ofaus;
rI? emrnfESifh bmompum;? pmay? xHk;xrf;pOfvmrsm;? Oya'a&;&m toHk;tEIef;rsm;ESifh ]aemfrefu
vufcsm}ac: ukd,fykdifoHk;a0g[m&ay;yHk enf;pepfwkdYtm;vHk;ukd rdrdwkdY\ 0daoovuPmrsm;jzifh pkd;ykdif
xm;aom vlrsKd;pkwpfckjzpfonf/ dk[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;
enf;wl ukd,fykdifbmomomoem ,Ofaus;rI pmaya&;&m "avhxHk;pHrsm;ukd xdef;odrf;apmifhaSmufvm
cJhaom vlrsKd;pkwpfpkjzpfonf/ kd[if*smvlrsKd;wkdYonf tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'owGif txufwGif az:jyxm;
ouJhokdU ygSefvlrsKd;rsm;? tma&AsvlrsKd;rsm;tjyif b*Fvm;e,frS aTUajymif;vmaom [dELrsm;ESifh tdEd,
e,frS [dELrsm;tjyif a'ocH[dELrsm;? [dELtrsKd;orD;rsm;tm; EkdifiHjcm;trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh xdrf;jrm;ap
jcif;rS arG;zGm;vmaom pkaygif;jzpfay:vmonfh vlrsKd;pkwpfpkjzpfonf/ xkdvlrsKd;wdkYonf tpOfxm0&
tpvmrfomoemukd ukd;uG,fvmcJhonf/

tykdif ; (3)

rG ef *kd vD ;,ef;vlrsKd ;rsm;ES if h &ck d iftEG ,f

]]AD 957 wGif ]rGef*dkvD;,ef;} tkyfpkwpfpkonf aAGomvDNrdKY wnfxm;cJhaom
]csefj'mrif;quf}ukd 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufNyD;? rGef*dkvD;,ef;rif;qufrsm;tm; eef;wifcJhaMumif; ppfrSefaom
&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;t& od&onf/}}1 (M. aumvpf)
Budrfajrmuf ]aAGomvD} rif;qufjzpfaom ]csKdvwkdifcsefj'm} (AD 951-57) pkd;rdk;aepOfumv
twGif;ol\tajrmftjrifenf;yg; tusifhpm&dwysufjym;aom taygif;yga>ct&Hrsm;aMumifh rif;tkyfcsKyf
rIpepf Hhzsif;cJhavonf/ NrdKtkyfpk (rGef*dkvD;,ef;) &ckdifjynf\ acgif;aqmif ]trsmol} (AD 957- 64)
onf ]aAGomvD} NrdKYudk csif;eif;0ifa&mufcJhNyD;? eef;awmfukd odrf;ykdufum ]csKdvwdkifcsefj'} \ bk&ifr
]csEma'0D} ukd vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cJhonf/2 udpESifhywfouf yk*Hrif;quf\ ]ysL}bk&if ]anmifOD;apm
&[ef;} (AD 931-64)onf tvGefa'gojzpf BuD;rm;pGmaom ppftiftm;jzifh tm&fumef(&ckdif) jynfokdY
csif;eif;0ifa&mufcJhonf/ ]trsmol} \wlawmfarmifjzpfaom ]&JjzL}onf xkdppftiftm;ukd NzdKcGif;EkdifcJhum
yk*Hrif;ukd tm&fumef(&ckdif)jynfrS armif;xkwfEkdifcJhonf/ atmifjrifjcif; txdrf;trSwftaejzifh ]trsmol}
onf txdrf;trSwfwHqdyfawmfBuD; wpfckukd yvkyfcJhonf/ 4if;txdrf;trSwfonf ]aAGomvD} NrdKYteD;
aus;Gmwpf0kdufwGif wnfSdcJhonf/ ]trsmol}aoqHk;NyD;aemuf wlawmfarmif ]&JjzL} (AD 964-76)onf
bk&ifjzpfvmcJhonf/ AD 976 wGif Srf;bk&ifwpfyg;onf tm&fumef(&ckdif)jynfukd ppfatmifEdkifcJhNyD;? 18
ESpfwkdifwdkif odrf;ykduftkyfcsKyfEkdifcJhonf/ wkdif;jynfukdNzdKcGJysufpD;um AD 994 wGif qkwfcGmcJhavonf/9
xkdtcsdefwGif NrdKbk&if ]&JjzL}onf ]aAGomvD}NrdKUukd pGefYcGg dk;acsmif;jrpfukef;jrifha'ookdY ol\taygif;
ygrsm;ESifhwuG jidrf;csrf;pGm aexkdifcJhavonf/ kd;acsmif;ukef;jrifha'oonf taemufzuf rkdif 30 avmuf
uGma0;NyD; oydwfawmif (AD 976-994) ukd NrdKYawmftjzpfwnfaqmufum ywf0ef;usif{&d,m e,f
ajra'oukd 18 ESpfwkdifwkdif tay:,Htm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/
yk*Hrif; ppfIH;NyD;aemuf AD 994 wGif ouf (qmhuf) wkdY\ tBuD;tuJ ]iydefiwHk;}onf eef;wuf
vmcJhNyD;? ]aAGomvD}NrdKYukd av;NrdKYjrpfteD; qmrfy0kd(wf)NrdKUukd (AD 994-1018) wnfaqmufcJhonf/
]iydefiwHk;}onf tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'oukd 25 ESpfwkdifwkdif tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ aemifwGif ]csKdvwkdifcsefj'}
\om; ]uDwodef;} onf ]iydefiwHk;}ukd ppfatmifEkdifNyD;? eef;awmfukd ]yO} jrdKYokdYaTUajymif;cJhonf/5
enf;tm;jzifh ]aAGomvD} rif;qufonf aysmufuG,foGm;cJhNyD;? ]rGef*kdvD;,ef;}rif;qufukd xlaxmif
cJhavonf/
rGef*dkvD;,ef;rsm;onf taSUawmifb*Fvm;a'oSd ]ADum&rfyl&f}\ ]csefj'm}rif;qufukd tqHk;
owfapcJhonf/ [dELrsm; ESpftenff;i,f tkyfcsKyfcGifh&&ef tcGifhomcJhaomfvnf;? aemifwGif Armjynf
twGif;ykdif;a'orS pnf;Hk;odrf;oGif;jcif;cH&aom jynfolrsm;ESifh rGef*kdvD;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm; tpkvkduftyH
9

vkduf 0ifa&mufvmcJhaomaMumifh xkdvlrsKd;rsm;tiftm;aumif;cJhonf/ rGef*kdvD;,ef;wkdYonf ,cifuxuf

vltiftm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrI,E&m;tiftm;BuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh ]aAGomvD}rif;quf\ [dELrif;
rsm;tkyfcsKyfrIpepf wjznf;jznf;,kd,Gif;vmcJhavonf/ acwftqufqufu bkd;bGm;bDbifwkdY\ rif;
qufukd qHk;HI;vufvTwfcJh&avonf/
rGef*kdvD;,ef;tEG,frsm;onf a'ocH[dELtEG,frsm;ESifh pdwfxif&m vGwfvyfpGm xdrf;jrm;vuf
xyfcJhNyD; rGef*dkvD;,ef;ESifh [dELvlrsKd;qufaoG;a&maeaom &ckdifvlrsKd;pktEG,fwpfcktjzpf arG;zGm;ay:
aygufvmcJhavonf/ okdUjzpf kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;onf yrmtm;jzifhajym&vQif trsKd;
tpm;wlnDaom THUajrwpfrsKd;wnf;jzifh yvkyfxm;aom ajrtkd;rsm;ESifh twlwlyifjzpfonf/ tb,f
aMumifhqkdaomf &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;onf [dELESifh rGef*dkvD;,ef;vlrsKd;wkdY aygif;pyf aoG;aESmarG;zGm;vmaom
aMumifhyifjzpfonf/ &ckdifordkif;qkdonfrSmvnf; xkdpOfuyifpwifvmcJhNyD;? AD 1784 txd tckdiftrm
wnfwHhcJhavonf/ AD 1784 wGif bkd;awmfbk&m;(AD 1782-1819) onf &ckdifjynfudk aygif;pnf;rI
&,lcJhonf/7 rGef*kdvD;,ef;wkdYonf rGef*dkvD;,ef;rif;quf xlaxmifcJhonfhtcsdefrSp tm&fumef(&ckdif)
ukd tdEd,ESifh b*Fvm;a'orS cJGxGufjzwfawmufap tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ rGef*kdvD;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;onf pmay
,Ofaus;rI rzHGUNzdK;ao;aom vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfaomaMumifh tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'oukd odrf;ykduftkyfcsKyfaom
umvtwGif; tm&fumef(&ckdif)a'oukd tarSmifxk zHk;vTrf;apcJhonf/ okdU&mwGif wpfjznf;jznf;csif; pm
ayynm ,Ofaus;rIxGef;um;vmNyD;? tv,facwfNrdKUjy,Ofaus;rIpepfukd awGUdScJh&onf/ rGef*dkvD;,ef;
vlrsKd;wkdYonf taSUarQmfaom vlrsKd;jzpf NrdKYawmfukd ]aAGomvD}NrdKYrS taSUawmifbuf 15 rkdifa0;aom
av;NrdKYjrpfbuf okdYaTYajymif;wnfaqmufum jrefrmjynfra'otESHUtjym;ESifh r[mrdwfzJGYum ul;vl;
qufqHrIdScJhavonf/ rGef*kdvD;,ef;wkdYonf a'owpfckwnf;rSmyif ukd,fhxD; ukd,fheef; ukd,fhMuiSmef;jzifh
xD;eef;quf 5quf tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/
ed*Hk;csKyftaejzifh kd[if*smvlrsKd;ESifh &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;pyfMum; wnfdSaeaom vlrsKd;qufpyfrIukd wif
jy&vQif kd[if*smwkdYonf rGwfpvif? [dELESifh rGef*kdvD;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;rS qif;oufvmolrsm;jzpf &ckdif
vlrsKd;wkdYonf [dELESifh rGef*dkvD;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;rS qif;oufvmcJhonf/ Ak'bmomt,l0g'onf tm&f
umef(&ckdif)a'owGif aS;ya0oPDuyif jzpfxGef;cJh tpvmrfomoemonfAD 7 &mpkwGif ay:xGef;
vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYonf AD 10 &mpkwGif jzpfay:wnfdScJh kd[if*smwkdYonf &mpku
wnf;uyif pwif jzpfay:wnfdScJhavonf/

jrwfckdif (Gufopf)

usrf;ukd;pm&if;
1. R.C Majumdar, Hindu Colonies in the Far East, P. 202,189, 9,11, 12,13, 202, 203, 204, 205
2. W.S Desai, A Pageant of Burmese History PP.2 &3
3. Phayre, History of Burma, P.43, 45, 269-270, 293-295
4. H.G Raulinson, A Concisc History of the Indian People, P.15
5. Anil Chandra Banerji, The Eastern Frontier of British India P. 1784, 1826, 231
6. Arthur Phayre, Coins of Arakan, of Pegu and of Burma, P.2, 3, 4,13
7. U San Tha Aung, The Buddhist Arts of Ancient Arakan, P.2,
8. U Aung Tha Oo, A Short History of Arakan, P.2
9. G.E Harvy, History of Burma, P.10, 137
10. M.K Rahman, Burma Muslims, RUMSA, Annual No. 1952-53
11. Chittagong District Gazetteer, P. 23
12. Keyamat Nama, Chittagong Gazetteer, P. 60,61
13. Syed Shah Alawal, Padavati, P.21,22
14. T.R Chaudhury, Bengal under Akbar and Jahangir, P. 147-150
15. U San Shwe Bu, A Brief note on the old capitals of Arakan, P. 3, 135
16. The 50th Anniversary Publication No.2 of BRSJ, P.486-488
17. D.G.E Hall, Burma, P.57
18. Maurice Collis, Indo Hidden Burma, P.124, 134, 137
19. U San Tha Aung, Anadachandra, P. 25, 179
20. Nai Pan Hla, History of Arakan and Sanskrit Inscription, the Guard ian Magazine, Vol;21 No.8, August, 1974,
P.16
21. M.A Qasim, Muslim Rule in India, P.12
22. Edmilnd Davision Soper, The Religions of Mankind, P.103-104
23. Moshe Yagar, Between Integration and secession, P.4
24. U Ba Tha, Muslims in Arakan, Islamic Review, April, 1966, P.25
25. Donal N.Wilber, Pakistan, its people, its society its culture, P.12,13
26. M.A Ghaffar, Memorandum presented to the Regional Autonomy Enquiry Commission dated 24th May, 1949
27. M. Sidig Khan, Muslim Intercourse with Burma, Islamic culture, Vol;X, No. 3 July, 1936, P.16
28. Pamela Gutman, Ancient Arakan, P. 44-45
29. Shumawa Magazine, Vol; 25, No.289, June, 1971, P. 126-131
30. R.B. Smart, Burma Gazetteer, Akyab District, Vol; (A), P. 19, 20, 86
31. H.R. Spearman, British Burma Gazetteer, Vol; II, P. 7