Activity 1 Use the tables below to construct a summary of the factors influencing the management of each one of our

disaster case studies.

Typhoon Ondoy Factor Recent significant extreme events Adjustment (pre Ondoy) - Pagasa was developed to be able to predict future typhoons and also level of impact - Created new reservoirs due to previous flooding and slightly new developed drainage basins. - Thelma/during 1991 Response (post Ondoy) - Better infrastructure was created to withstand typhoons - Cleaned and declogged drainage systems and also fixed them

Japan Earthquake Adjustment (pre Earthquake) - Kamchatka earthquake, kobe earthquake - emergency response is quicker - built structures that are heavier and are able to withstand earthquakes - victims are more informed about the consequences. Response (post Earthquake) Homes are developed to stand earthquake Rapid responses to earthquake through community based rescue groups Technology used to inform SDF more autonomous, decentralized control. AID Used a large amount of money to develop buildings and infrastructure. Printed money to pay workers. Quickly responded to other hazards such as tsunami and the nuclear radiation.

Governance of the community and nation

- Weak/corrupt government, unable to make drastic adjustments, very slow progression/development - policies are out dated, no inspired or innovative policies, government is stagnant - lack of governmental preparation -preparedness/training of govt. agencies i.e. police/military

- Still underdeveloped government - AID - helped people who were affected by the typhoon - government improved education systems; students were made aware about typhoons and how to deal with them

strong government. strong systems military/education culture: organised properly handle situations

- Doesnt want to spend money on preparation - POVERTY -> more people vulnerable to the typhoon Resource base of the community and nation Nation - Rich in resources - Lack of equality - Disparities in land and wealth WITHIN the country -Philippines took away natural resources that reduces the effects of the Typhoon i.e deforestation

- Government are not self sufficient having to depend on aid - No change - took resources with more consideration so that another disaster would not destroy resources Computers used to detect earthquakes P waves first, then S waves. High human resource Always developing better technology and infrastructure earthquake proof infrastructure resources contaminated from radiation Reconstructed infrastructure. Very high Facing economic uncertainty.

Level of economic development of the community and nation

- Low Economic development - Less money to spend on preparation and development of infrastructures to withstand typhoons - wasnt able to make much difference to development - Lack the ability to adjust from past experiences -Income inequality -poor have no proper infrastructure -Gini index 56%

- Economy is still low and bad -> x progress / development

Highly developed, had used technology Education is of a high quality Technology is a growing industry Facing economic uncertainty now High economic development is reflected in proper building standards and preparation and response. Infrastructure can withstand earthquake Majority of the population

educated

Sahel Drought Factor Recent significant extreme events Adjustment (pre drought) South America: El Nino 1997, 3-5 years Response (post drought) - Storing water - Not allowing cattle grazing everywhere - Reforestation - Buffer stocks - Investment farm Continuing droughts because of ITCZ - Get outside help (ex. UN, aids) - helps the situation in the short term, but not the long term for the preparedness of the region for the hazard. - Money was used to develop warnings and monitors for droughts. - Aid/help is not distributed properly/equally. -Coups to replace

Gulf Mexico Oil Spill Adjustment (pre spill) Exonn valdez (alaska) : 1989, oil tanker bound for long long beach, CA, hit prince wiliam sounds life bligh reef and spilled 250,000 to 760,000 barrels of crude oil. Response (post spill)

Governance of the community and nation

- Weak government - Many conflicts between people - Governments took the Sahel drought lightly and did not react soon to the hazard. - Large area affected and many governments and ethnic groups involved. Fights between these groups of people, therefore nothing happened in

- Large political incentive to please the people e.g. George Bush, hurricane katrina. - Did not have strong regulations for oil company, and instead the oil companies regulate themselves.

- Temporary banning of off-shore drilling - Made sure all the rigs had the proper requirements and blow out prevention. - More response organizations for oil spills - Aid

response to the drought. -Many affected communities spread across different countries. -Lack of collaboration in dealing with problem between nations Resource base of the community and nation - Transportation: Walking or camels. - Deserted plants - Dont have physical resources/ or skill level of people. over grazing - over farming - incorrect irrigation

government in some countries

- Stock/store food for the next year - Developed crops, monitored -Deforestation - Famine (e.g. Ethiopia)

- A lot of resources - Excellent quality of resources/response groups for army, military, navy

- Versatech - a company that deals with oil spill responses and recovery products - Markleen - the leading supplier of oil spill response equipment and services, responded to the Gulf of Mexico Oil spill by supplying for cleaning up and reconstruction. able to afford to pay for the services + time to clean up the spill.

Level of economic development of the community and nation

- People not educated - Ignore/lack of education concerning drought patterns affect preparation. Lack of resource to last through drought. - Most people on the primary sector (farming) so if a drought occurs, they cant do their job, therefore cant make any money to support themselves.

- Even worse since the agricultural industry took a large hit - Decrease in workers productivity due to famine

- Developed economic system

Activity 2 The following question is a complete paper 2 question. Do your best to answer it within the time frame (40mins)