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I

CorfIfIcnfo of ComIInnco
Tho IofIfIonors corfIfy fhnf fhIs
I horoby corfIfy fhnf fhIs brIof comIIos wIfh nII roquIromonfs of
C.A.!. 28 nnd C.A.!. 32, IncIudIng nII formnffIng roquIromonfs sof forfh
In fhoso ruIos. SocIfIcnIIy, fho undorsIgnod corfIfIos fhnf
Tho brIof comIIos wIfh C.A.!. 28g ns If confnIns 9356 words,
oxcIusIvo of fhIs corfIfIcnfo, fho TnbIo of Confonf, TnbIo of AufhorIfIos,
nnd corfIfIcnfo of mnIIIng. Tho word counf wns obfnInod usIng MIcrosoff
Word 200?. Tho brIof comIIos wIfh C.A.!. 28k ns If confnIns undor n
sonrnfo hondIng l n concIso sfnfomonf of fho nIIcnbIo sfnndnrd of
noIInfo rovIow wIfh cIfnfIon fo nufhorIfy nnd 2 n cIfnfIon fo fho
rocIso IocnfIon In fho rocord, nof fo nn onfIro documonf, whoro fho
Issuo wns rnIsod nnd ruIod on.
nfod fhIs 20
fh
dny of ocombor 20l0





_____________________________
InfrIck T. O`!ourko, #26l95

II

TnbIo of Confonfs

Sfnfomonf of fho Issuos ............................................................................. 2
Sfnfomonf of fho Incfs
I. Tho ConsfIfufIonnI CronfIon of fho !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo ........... 3

II. Tho ConsfIfufIonnI Indoondonco of fho Ionrd of !ogonfs ............ 3
III. Tho ConornI AssombIy IxrossIy !ocognIzos fho !ogonfs`
AufhorIfy fo Inncf !nws nnd !oguInfIons osIgnod fo
Iromofo Cnmus Snfofy nnd WoIfnro ..................................... 6

IV. Tho !ogonfs Adofod n VnIId Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy ................... ?

V. Tho ConornI AssombIy Inncfod fho ConconIod Cnrry Acf
WIfhouf ImIngIng !on fho !ogonfs` AufhorIfy fo
Inncf Cnmus Snfofy Monsuros ............................................ 9

VI. Tho Affornoy ConornI OInod fhnf fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy
Is !ognI ................................................................................... l4

Sfnfomonf of fho Cnso
I. !IfIgnfIon In fho II Inso Counfy IsfrIcf Courf ........................... l?

II. Tho Courf of AonIs !ovorsod fho TrInI Courf`s ocIsIon .......... l8

Summnry of fho Argumonf ..................................................................... 20



III

Argumonf
I. Sfnndnrd of !ovIow ....................................................................... 23

II. Tho ConconIod Cnrry Acf Id of Abrognfo fho !ogonfs`
ConsfIfufIonnI nnd Sfnfufory AufhorIfy fo Inncf Cnmus
Snfofy Monsuros

A. Tho ConconIod Cnrry Acf`s IroomfIon IrovIsIon AIIos
OnIy fo !ocnI Covornmonfs ............................................ 24

I. Tho ConconIod Cnrry Acf Is of SocIfIcnIIy osIgnod
fo uIIIfy fho !ogonfs` AufhorIfy fo Inncf Cnmus
Snfofy Monsuros ............................................................... 26

C. In fho Absonco of !ogIsInfIvo Infonf IxrossIy AImod
nf fho !ogonfs, fho Courf of AonIs
ImormIssIbIy !ookod IIsowhoro fo uIIIfy fho
Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy ................................................... 3l

III. Tho Courf of AonIs ImroorIy Cronfod n ow Sfnndnrd for
!ovIowIng !osfrIcfIons !on fho !Ighf fo Ionr Arms

A. ofInIng !nfIonnI InsIs !ovIow ........................................... 39

I. CoIorndo Courfs ConsIsfonfIy IvnIunfo ChnIIongos fo
IIronrms !oguInfIons !ndor n Sfnndnrd IquIvnIonf
fo !nfIonnI InsIs !ovIow .................................................................. 40

C. Ofhor Cnsos !ovonI o Ifforonco Iofwoon !nfIonnI
InsIs nnd !onsonnbIo IxorcIso ......................................... 43





Iv

. Tho Courf of AonIs` Ofhor AufhorIfIos nro Confrnry fo
CoIorndo !nw ......................................................................... 44

I. CoIorndo !nw oos of Tronf fho ConsfIfufIonnIIfy of
IIronrms !osfrIcfIons ns n MIxod IncfunI nnd !ognI
QuosfIon fhnf !oquIros n InInnco of fho Inforosfs
nf Sfnko ................................................................................. 46

I. Tho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy Ionrs n !nfIonnI nnd
!onsonnbIo !oInfIonshI fo n !ogIfImnfo CovornmonfnI
Inforosf ................................................................................... 50

ConcIusIon ................................................................................................ 55

v

TnbIo of AufhorIfIos
CoIorndo ConsfIfufIon
CoIo. Consf. ArfIcIo II, l3 ........................................................ l6, 38
CoIo. Consf. ArfIcIo VIII, l ............................................................. 3
CoIo. Consf. ArfIcIo VIII, 5 .................................................... 3, 5, 28
CoIo. Consf ArfIcIo IX, l2 ................................................................ 4
CoIorndo Sfnfufos
C.!.S. l8l220llno ................................................................ l0
C.!.S. l8l220lln ................................................................... l0
C.!.S. l8l220llo .................................................................... l0
C.!.S. l8l220llb ............................................................. 25, 32
C.!.S. l8l220l2nb ................................................................ ll
C.!.S. l8l220l2b ................................................................... 32
C.!.S. l8l220l3 ............................................................ ll, l3, 32
C.!.S. l8l2203 ............................................................................ l2
C.!.S. l8l2204 ............................................................................ l2
C.!.S. l8l2205 ............................................................................ l2
C.!.S. l8l2206 ............................................................................ l2
vI

C.!.S. l8l220? ............................................................................ l2
C.!.S. l8l22l4 ............................................................................ l2
C.!.S. l8l22l4ln ....................................................... l3, 24, 33
C.!.S. l8l22l424 ..................................................................... l3
C.!.S. l8l22l45 ....................................................................... l3
C.!.S. 235l06l ...................................................................... ?, 35
C.!.S. 2320ll2 ............................................................................. 6
C.!.S. 246402ld .................................................................... 30
C.!.S. 2432l02 ............................................................................ 25
C.!.S. 24?2202l.5 .................................................................... 30
!nIfod Sfnfos Suromo Courf Cnsos
MconnId v. CIfy of ChIcngo, III., l30 S.Cf. 3020 !.S. 20l0 ...... 38
Swoozy v. ow HnmshIro, 354 !.S. 234 l95? ............................. ?
WIdmnr v. VInconf, 454 !.S. 263 l98l .......................................... ?
CoIorndo Suromo Courf Cnsos
! AssocInfod Sfudonfs of fho !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo
v. !ogonfs of fho !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo,
543 I.2d 59 CoIo. l9?5 ............................................... 5, 6. 2l, 2630

I!W, Inc. v. uffIcy Sons, Inc., 99 I.3d 66 CoIo. 2004 ............... 23

vII

IushnoII v. Sn, 5?l I.2d ll00 CoIo. l9?? ................................ 49

ChrIsfIo v. Coors TrnnsorfnfIon Comnny,
933 I.2d l330 CoIo. l99? ......................................... 3940. 60

CIfy nnd Counfy of onvor v. Qwosf Cor., l8 I.3d ?48
CoIo. 200l ............................................................................ 43

CIfy of IIoronco v. Ioor, l45 I.3d 654 CoIo. 2006 ................... 3l

CIfy of !nkowood v. IIIIow, 50l I.2d ?44 CoIo. l9?2 .................. 48

CoIby v. IrogrossIvo CnsunIfy Insurnnco Comnny,
928 I.2d l298 CoIo. l996 .................................................... 32

CoIorndo CIvII !Ighfs Comm`n ox roI. !nmos v.
!ogonfs of fho !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo,
?59 I.2d ?26 CoIo. l988 ................................................. 353?

CoIorndo onrfmonf of TrnnsorfnfIon v. Irown !ofnII
Crou, l82 I.3d 68? CoIo. l999 .......................................... 23

Confo v. Moyor, 882 I.2d 962 CoIo.l994 ...................................... 24

Inrmors Insurnnco Ixchnngo v. IIII Ioom, Inc.,
96l I.2d 465 CoIo.l998 ....................................................... 24

HIggs v. Wosforn !nndscnIng & SrInkIor Sysfom, Inc.,
804 I.2d l6l, l65 CoIo. l99l............................................... 39

In ro Mncky`s Isfnfo, l02 I. l0?5 CoIo. l909 ............................... 4

!obnfo v. Sfnfo, 2l8 I.3d 358 CoIo. 2009 .................................... 23

!ovo v. IoII, 465 I.2d ll8 CoIo. l9?0 .......................................... 46

vIII

MIddIofon v. Hnrfmnn, 45 I.3d ?2l CoIo. 2002 ........................... l
MorrIssoy v. Sfnfo, 95l I.2d 9ll, 9l? CoIo. l998 ....................... 35
Inco MomborshI Wnrohouso v. AxoIson,
938 I.2d 504 CoIo. l99? ........................................... 3940, 49

IooIo v. IIuo , 544 I.2d 38? CoIo. l9?5 ............................... 4?, 5l

IooIo v. Iord, 568 I.2d 26 CoIo. l9?? ........................................ 5l

IooIo v. CnrcIn, 595 I.2d 228 CoIo. l9?9 ................................... 4?

IooIo v. Cross, 830 I.2d 933 CoIo. l992 .................................... 49

IooIo v. MyrIck, 638 I.2d 34 CoIo. l98l .................................... 43

IooIo v. nknmurn, 62 I.2d 246 CoIo. l936 .............................. 48

IooIo v. Ihnrr, 696 I.2d 235 CoIo.l984 .................................... 49

IooIo v. !ogonfs of fho !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo,
49 I. 286 CoIo. l89? ......................................................... 5. 35

IooIo v. TrujIIIo, 49? I.2d l CoIo. l9?2 ..................................... 52

IooIo v. ZInn, 843 I.2d l35l CoIo. l993 .............................. 22, 46

!oborfson v. CIfy nnd Counfy of onvor,
8?4 I.2d 325 CoIo. l994 .......................... 2l, 404l, 4849, 53

SchoIz v. MofrooIIfnn InfhoIogIsfs, I.C., 85l I.2d 90l
CoIo. l993 ............................................................................ 39

SmIfh v. Chnrnos, 649 I.2d l089 CoIo. l982 ............................... 39

Ix

!boroI v. !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo, 686 I.2d ?85
CoIo. l984 ....................................................................... 26, 29

Yumn Counfy Id. of IqunIIznfIon v. Cnbof IofroIoum Cor.,
856 I.2d 844 CoIo. l993 ...................................................... 33

CoIorndo Courf of AonIs Cnsos
IooIo v. AfoncIo, 8?8 I.2d l4? CoIo. A. l994 ......................... 42

IooIo v. IfIugboII, 834 I.2d 843 CoIo. A. l992 ...................... 52

Sfudonfs for ConconIod Cnrry on Cnmus, !!C v.
!ogonfs of !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo, 09CAl230,
20l0 W! l492308 CoIo. Cf. A. Ar. l5, 20l0
corf. grnnfod, l0SC344, 20l0 W! 4l59242
CoIo. Ocf. l8, 20l0 ....................................................... nssIm

Subrynn v. !ogonfs of fho !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo,
698 I.2d l383 CoIo. A. l984 .......................................... 4, 6

TrInon v. CIfy nnd Counfy of onvor,
53 I.3d ?54 CoIo. A. 2002 ......................... l8, 2l 22, 4l42

Yongor v. QuInn, ?6? I.2d ?66 CoIo. A. l988 .......................... 3l

Ofhor AufhorIfIos
Adnm WInkIor, Tho !onsonnbIo !Ighf fo Ionr Arms,
l? STA. ! & IO!`Y !IV. 59?, 602 2006 .............................. 45

Affornoy ConornI IormnI OInIon 0303 !ogonfs
Inforcomonf of C! Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy ........................ l4
IInck`s !nw IcfIonnry 6
fh
Id. l990 .............................................. 4
x


IIoIIor v. ChIof, 92? A.2d l2l6 .H. 200? ................................... 44
Sfnfo v. CoIo, 665 .W.2d 328 WIs. 2003 ..................................... 44
WIs. Consf. Arf. I, 25 ..................................................................... 44
AondIcos
TrInI Courf`s Ordor ........................................................................... A

Courf of AonIs` OInIon ............................................................... I

Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy .................................................................. C

C.!.S. l82l20l ............................................................................

C.!.S. l82l2l4 ............................................................................ I

C.!.S. 235l06 ................................................................................ I

l

Tho !nIvorsIfy
!
rosocffuIIy submIfs Ifs OonIng IrIof confondIng
fhnf fho Courf of AonIs orrod In doformInIng fhnf l fho ConconIod
Cnrry Acf nbrognfod fho !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo Ionrd of !ogonfs`
nbIIIfy fo ndof cnmus snfofy monsuros, IncIudIng n rohIbIfIon of
fIronrms on cnmus nnd 2 rosfrIcfIons uon fho rIghf fo bonr nrms nro
monsurod ngnInsf n hoIghfonod ronsonnbIo oxorcIso sfnndnrd,
InvoIvIng n mIxod fncfunI nnd IognI quosfIon, rnfhor fhnn fho
doforonfInI rnfIonnI bnsIs sfnndnrd fhIs Courf consIsfonfIy omIoys In
Ifs consfIfufIonnI jurIsrudonco.


l
!osondonf nnmod nof onIy fho !ogonfs of fho !nIvorsIfy of
CoIorndo ns n dofondnnf, buf nIso mnny offIcInI cnncIfy dofondnnfs,
IncIudIng fho IndIvIdunI !ogonfs. A judgmonf ngnInsf n ubIIc sorvnnf
In hIs offIcInI cnncIfy Imosos IInbIIIfy uon fho govornmonfnI onfIfy
fho offIcInI rorosonfs. ConsoquonfIy, nn offIcInI cnncIfy suIf Is fronfod
ns n suIf ngnInsf fho onfIfy. MIddIofon v. Hnrfmnn, 45 I.3d ?2l, ?2?
CoIo. 2002. Ior onso of roforonco, fhIs brIof rofors fo fho coIIocfIvo
dofondnnfs ns fho !nIvorsIfy.
2

Sfnfomonf of fho Issuos
Whon fhIs Courf grnnfod corfIornrI on Ocfobor l8, 20l0, If
summnrIzod fho Issuos ns
Whofhor fho ConornI AssombIy Infondod fho ConconIod Cnrry Acf
fo dIvosf fho Ionrd of !ogonfs of Ifs consfIfufIonnI nnd sfnfufory
nufhorIfy fo onncf snfofy nnd woIfnro monsuros for fho !nIvorsIfy of
CoIorndo`s cnmusos.
Whofhor n consfIfufIonnI chnIIongo fo n sfnfufo or ordInnnco
roguInfIng fho rIghf fo bonr nrms Is govornod by fho doforonfInI
rnfIonnI bnsIs sfnndnrd of rovIow or n moro sfrIngonf ronsonnbIo
oxorcIso sfnndnrd of rovIow.


3

Sfnfomonf of fho Incfs
Iocnuso fhIs nonI rnIsos fundnmonfnI Issuos nbouf fho !ogonfs`
nufhorIfy fo govorn fho !nIvorsIfy, wo wIII rovIdo nn ovorvIow of fho
!ogonfs` consfIfufIonnI nnd sfnfufory owors. Iofh CoIorndo`s
ConsfIfufIon nnd fho ConornI AssombIy`s onncfmonfs rocognIzo fho
!ogonfs` roor roIo In onncfIng monsuros fo rofocf fho snfofy nnd
woIfnro of fho !nIvorsIfy`s cnmusos.
I. Tho ConsfIfufIonnI CronfIon of fho !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo
CoIorndo`s ConsfIfufIon osfnbIIshos fho !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo.
CoIo. Consf. Arf. VIII, l, nssod In l8?6, rovIdod fhnf oducnfIonnI,
roformnfory, nnd onnI InsfIfufIons . . . nnd such ofhor InsfIfufIons ns
fho ubIIc good mny roquIro, shnII bo osfnbIIshod nnd suorfod by fho
sfnfo. . . . WIfhIn fhIs brond grnnf of nufhorIfy, fho CoIorndo
ConsfIfufIon furfhor socIfIos, lfho foIIowIng oducnfIonnI InsfIfufIons
nro docInrod fo bo sfnfo InsfIfufIons of hIghor oducnfIon Tho unIvorsIfy
nf IouIdor, CoIorndo SrIngs, nnd onvor. CoIo. Consf. ArfIcIo VIII,
5.
4

II. Tho ConsfIfufIonnI Indoondonco of fho Ionrd of !ogonfs

Ior fho !nIvorsIfy`s govornnnco, Thoro shnII bo nIno rogonfs of
fho unIvorsIfy of CoIorndo . . . SnId rogonfs shnII consfIfufo n body
corornfo fo bo known by fho nnmo nnd sfyIo of 'Tho !ogonfs of fho
!nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo.` CoIo. Consf ArfIcIo IX, l2. Sonrnfo from
bofh fho oxocufIvo nnd IogIsInfIvo brnnchos, fho !ogonfs, ns n
consfIfufIonnI body, occuy n unIquo osIfIon In our govornmonfnI
sfrucfuro. Subrynn v. !ogonfs of fho !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo, 698 I.2d
l383, l384 CoIo. A. l984. o ofhor govornIng bonrd of n CoIorndo
InsfIfufIon of hIghor oducnfIon Is consfIfufIonnIIy cronfod. or do fho
cIfIzons dIrocfIy oIocf fho mombors of ofhor govornIng bonrds.
Tho ConsfIfufIon IdonfIfIos fho Ionrd of !ogonfs ns n body
corornfo, whIch doscrIbos n ubIIc or rIvnfo corornfIon. IInck`s
!nw IcfIonnry 6
fh
Id. l990. AcfIng consIsfonfIy wIfh fhIs dofInIfIon,
fhIs Courf found fhnf fho Ionrd of !ogonfs Is n ubIIc corornfIon In
whIch fho !ogonfs hnvo no rIvnfo Inforosf whnfovor. In ro Mncky`s
Isfnfo, l02 I. l0?5, l08l CoIo. l909. In ono of fho fIrsf cnsos
doscrIbIng fho !ogonfs, fhIs Courf nofod fhnf mnny, If nof mosf of fho
5

fhIngs whIch lfho !ogonfs mny do In nnd nbouf fho suorvIsIon of fho
!nIvorsIfy mny bo dono by rIvnfo IndIvIdunIs wIfh rosocf fo rIvnfo
schooIs or coIIogos conducfod by fhom. IooIo v. !ogonfs of fho
!nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo, 49 I 286, 28?88 CoIo. l89?.
of onIy do fho !ogonfs occuy n unIquo osIfIon In CoIorndo`s
govornmonfnI sfrucfuro, buf fho consfIfufIon vosfs fhom wIfh fho
gonornI suorvIsIon of fhoIr rosocfIvo InsfIfufIons nnd oxcIusIvo confroI
nnd dIrocfIon of nII funds nnd nrorInfIons fo fhoIr rosocfIvo
InsfIfufIons, unIoss ofhorwIso rovIdod by Inw. CoIo. Consf. ArfIcIo
VIII, 5. Ioforo l9?2, fho hrnso unIoss ofhorwIso rovIdod by Inw
wns nof nrf of fhIs consfIfufIonnI rovIsIon, nnd fho !ogonfs oxorcIsod
nImosf Ionnry owor ovor fho !nIvorsIfy. SInco fho nddIfIon of fho
hrnso unIoss ofhorwIso rovIdod by Inw, fho ConornI AssombIy mny
nbrognfo fho !ogonfs` ofhorwIso oxcIusIvo nufhorIfy fhrough
nrorInfoIy fnrgofod IogIsInfIon. AssocInfod Sfudonfs of fho
!nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo v. !ogonfs of fho !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo, 543
I.2d 59, 6l CoIo. l9?5.''
6

ofwIfhsfnndIng fhIs IImIfnfIon, fhIs Courf confInuos fo rocognIzo
fhnf CoIorndo`s ConsfIfufIon grnnfs brond dIscrofIon fo fho !ogonfs ns
n govornIng bonrd. AssocInfod Sfudonfs, 543 I.2d nf 6l. ConornI
IogIsInfIon doos nof nffocf fho !ogonfs, ns fho Infonf fo nbrognfo fho
!ogonfs` nufhorIfy cnn bo found onIy whon n IogIsInfIvo onncfmonf
socIfIcnIIy so rovIdos. AssocInfod Sfudonfs, 543 I.2d nf 6l.
III. Tho ConornI AssombIy IxrossIy !ocognIzos fho !ogonfs`
AufhorIfy fo Inncf !nws nnd !oguInfIons osIgnod fo
Iromofo Cnmus Snfofy And WoIfnro

Tho !ogonfs` nufhorIfy fo govorn fho !nIvorsIfy doos nof rosIdo
soIoIy In CoIorndo`s ConsfIfufIon, buf mny nIso bo found wIfhIn
CoIorndo`s sfnfufos, whIch vosf fho !ogonfs wIfh confroI ovor fho
!nIvorsIfy`s fIscnI, sfrucfurnI, nnd ncndomIc funcfIons. Tho CoIorndo
!ovIsod Sfnfufos doscrIbo dozons of owors fhnf fho ConornI AssombIy
vosfs In fho !ogonfs, IncIudIng fho nufhorIfy fo onncf Inws for fho
govornmonf of fho unIvorsIfy. C.!.S. 2320ll2. Whon fho !ogonfs
oxorcIso IogIsInfIvo owors, fhoIr ncfs hnvo fho forco nnd offocf of
sfnfufos.""Subrynn, 698 I.2d nf l384.

?

Ono of fho mnny socIfIc owors fhnf fho ConornI AssombIy vosfs
In fho !ogonfs Is fho nbIIIfy fo romuIgnfo ruIos nnd roguInfIons for fho
snfofy nnd woIfnro of sfudonfs, omIoyoos nnd roorfy. C.!.S. 235
l06l. Tho ConornI AssombIy`s oxross rocognIfIon of fho !ogonfs`
nufhorIfy fo onncf cnmus snfofy monsuros sfoms, nf Ionsf In nrf, from
fho unIquo nnfuro of hIghor oducnfIon. If Is fho busInoss of n
unIvorsIfy fo rovIdo fhnf nfmoshoro fhnf Is mosf conducIvo fo
socuInfIon, oxorImonfnfIon nnd cronfIon. Swoozy v. ow HnmshIro,
354 !.S. 234, 263 l95?. If Is cIonr fhnf fho 'nfmoshoro` of n
unIvorsIfy oxfonds fo crIfIcnI nsocfls of cnmus IIfo, whIch
nocossnrIIy IncIudos fho snfofy of sfudonfs nnd fncuIfy. WIdmnr v.
VInconf, 454 !.S. 263, 2?9, n.2 l98l Sfovons, J. concurrIng.
IV. Tho !ogonfs Adofod n VnIId Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy

Tho !ogonfs fIrsf onncfod n wonons oIIcy In l9?0. ThIs nonI
nddrossos fho curronf oIIcy, !ogonf IoIIcy l4I, onncfod In l994.
Ioforo onncfIng fho curronf Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy, fho !ogonfs found

8

IossossIon of fIronrms, oxIosIvos nnd ofhor dnngorous or
IIIognI wonons on or wIfhIn nny !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo
cnmus . . . Is InconsIsfonf wIfh fho ncndomIc mIssIon of fho
!nIvorsIfy nnd, In fncf, sorIousIy undormInos If.

Tho rosonco of fhoso wonons fhronfons fho frnnquIIIfy of
fho oducnfIonnI onvIronmonf nnd confrIbufos In nn offonsIvo
mnnnor fo nn unnccofnbIo cIImnfo of vIoIonco.
2


On fho bnsIs of fhoso fIndIngs, fho !ogonfs rosoIvod fhnf fho ossossIon
of fIronrms, oxIosIvos, or ofhor dnngorous or IIIognI wonons on or
wIfhIn nny !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo cnmus . . . Is rohIbIfod. Iocnuso
fIronrms rorosonf such n dIsrufIvo forco In nn oducnfIonnI
onvIronmonf, nny orson who Is found fo hnvo InfonfIonnIIy or
rockIossIy usod or ossossod such wonons In n wny fhnf wouId
InfImIdnfo, hnrnss, Injuro or ofhorwIso Inforforo wIfh fho IonrnIng nnd
workIng onvIronmonf of fho !nIvorsIfy shnII bo bnnnod from fho
!nIvorsIfy cnmus . . . .
3



2
!ocord on AonI nf 44. Sfudonfs for ConconIod Cnrry rovIdod
fho rocord In n sIngIo .df fIIo. Tho rocord cIfnfIons rofor fo fho .df fIIo.
Tho hyorIInks In body of fho oIocfronIc brIof wIII fnko fho rondor fo fho
socIfIc ngo of fho cIfod documonf.

3
!ocord on AonI nf 44.
9

V. Tho ConornI AssombIy Inncfod fho ConconIod Cnrry Acf
WIfhouf ImIngIng !on Tho !ogonfs` AufhorIfy fo Inncf
Cnmus Snfofy Monsuros

In 2003, fho ConornI AssombIy nssod Sonnfo IIII 0324,
ofhorwIso known ns fho ConconIod Cnrry Acf, whIch cronfos n rocoss
for IssuIng conconIod cnrry ormIfs vnIId In cIfIos, counfIos, nnd ofhor
IocnI govornmonf jurIsdIcfIons. ThIs nonI rnIsos fho quosfIon whofhor
fho ConconIod Cnrry Acf nbrognfos fho !ogonfs` nufhorIfy fo onforco Ifs
Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy.
Tho Courf mny consIdor fho ConornI AssombIy`s IogIsInfIvo
fIndIngs whon If onncfod fho ConconIod Cnrry Acf. Among Ifs fIndIngs,
fho ConornI AssombIy sfnfod
Thoro Is n wIdosrond InconsIsfoncy nmong jurIsdIcfIons
wIfhIn fho sfnfo wIfh rognrd fo fho Issunnco of ormIfs fo
cnrry conconIod hnndguns nnd IdonfIfIcnfIon of nrons of fho
sfnfo whoro If Is InwfuI fo cnrry conconIod hnndguns

ThIs InconsIsfoncy nmong jurIsdIcfIons cronfos ubIIc
uncorfnInfy rognrdIng fho nrons of fho sfnfo whoro If Is
InwfuI fo cnrry conconIod hnndguns

InconsIsfoncy rosuIfs In fho nrbIfrnry nnd cnrIcIous donInI
of ormIfs fo cnrry conconIod hnndguns bnsod on fho
jurIsdIcfIon of rosIdonco, rnfhor fhnn fho qunIIfIcnfIons for
obfnInIng n ormIf

l0

Tho crIforIn nnd rocoduros for fho InwfuI cnrryIng of
conconIod hnndguns hIsforIcnIIy hns boon roguInfod by sfnfo
sfnfufo nnd shouId bo consIsfonf fhroughouf fho sfnfo fo
onsuro fho consIsfonf ImIomonfnfIon of sfnfo Inw nnd

If Is nocossnry fhnf fho sfnfo occuy fho fIoId of roguInfIon
of fho bonrIng of conconIod hnndguns sInco fho Issunnco of n
conconIod hnndgun ormIf Is bnsod on n orson's
consfIfufIonnI rIghf of soIfrofocfIon nnd fhoro Is n
rovnIIIng sfnfo Inforosf In onsurIng fhnf no cIfIzon Is
nrbIfrnrIIy donIod n conconIod hnndgun ormIf nnd In
onsurIng fhnf fho Inws confroIIIng fho uso of fho ormIf nro
consIsfonf fhroughouf fho sfnfo.

C.!.S. l8l220llno. Tnkon ns n whoIo, fho IogIsInfIvo docInrnfIon
domonsfrnfos fho ConornI AssombIy wns rImnrIIy concornod nbouf nn
InconsIsfonf nfchwork of roguInfIons fhnf cronfod wIdosrond
InconsIsfoncy In fho mnnnor In whIch cIfIzons couId obfnIn n conconIod
cnrry ormIf nnd cnrry n conconIod wonon bofwoon cIfIos nnd counfIos
ncross CoIorndo. Tho ConconIod Cnrry Acf wns dosIgnod fo rovonf fho
nrbIfrnry nnd cnrIcIous donInI of ormIfs bnsod on fho jurIsdIcfIon of
rosIdonco nnd fo ndvnnco n rovnIIIng sfnfo Inforosf In onsurIng fhnf
no cIfIzon Is nrbIfrnrIIy donIod n conconIod hnndgun ormIf. C.!.S.
l8l220lln C.!.S. l8l220llo.

ll

To rovonf fho InconsIsfoncy nmong jurIsdIcfIons from boIng fho
doformInnfIvo fncfor of whofhor n cIfIzon couId obfnIn n conconIod cnrry
ormIf or cnrry n wonon In n nrfIcuInr cIfy or counfy, fho ConornI
AssombIy docInrod fhnf fho ormIffIng nnd cnrryIng of conconIod
hnndguns Is n mnffor of sfnfowIdo concorn nnd sfnfod fhnf If Is
nocossnry fo rovIdo sfnfowIdo unIform sfnndnrds for IssuIng ormIfs fo
cnrry conconIod hnndguns for soIfdofonso. C.!.S. l8l220l2nb. If
Insfrucfod onch shorIff, fo ImIomonf nnd ndmInIsfor fho rovIsIon of
fho ConconIod Cnrry Acf. C.!.S. l8l220l3. Tho ConornI AssombIy
dId nof doIognfo fo fho shorIffs fho nufhorIfy fo roguInfo or rosfrIcf fho
Issunnco of ormIfs boyond fho rosfrIcfIons confnInod In fho Acf.
C.!.S. l8l220l3. SocIfIcnIIy, fho ConornI AssombIy sfnfod fhnf
nn ncfIon or ruIo fhnf oncumbors fho ormIf rocoss by IncIng burdons
on nn nIIcnnf boyond fhoso sworn sfnfomonfs nnd socIfIod
documonfs dofnIIod lIn fho Acf or fhnf cronfos rosfrIcfIons boyond fhoso
socIfIod lIn fho Acf Is In confIIcf wIfh fho Infonf of lfho Acf nnd Is
rohIbIfod. C.!.S. l8l220l3.
l2

Irom fho romIso fhnf onch shorIff wouId ImIomonf nnd
ndmInIsfor fho Acf, If fhon osfnbIIshos fho crIforIn for obfnInIng n
ormIf C.!.S. l8l2203 Ifs confonfs C.!.S. l8l2204 fho
nIIcnfIon rocoss C.!.S. l8l2205 fho cIrcumsfnncos undor whIch
n shorIff mny dony n ormIf C.!.S. l8l2206 nnd fho rocoss for
judIcInI rovIow C.!.S. l8l220?. of ono of fhoso rovIsIons
ImIIcnfos fho !nIvorsIfy In nny wny, ns fho !ogonfs do nof ndmInIsfor
fho Acf or Issuo conconIod cnrry ormIfs.
Tho onIy rovIsIon of fho Acf fhnf nrgunbIy fouchos uon fho
!ogonfs nnd fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy Is C.!.S. l8l22l4.
ConsIsfonf wIfh fho ConornI AssombIy`s Infonf of nboIIshIng nrbIfrnry
nnd cnrIcIous donInI of ormIfs fo cnrry conconIod hnndguns bnsod on
fho jurIsdIcfIon of rosIdonco, fhIs socfIon confnIns n roomfIon cInuso
fhnf fnrgofs fho InconsIsfonf mnnnor In whIch IocnI govornmonfs hnd
rovIousIy Issuod conconIod cnrry ormIfs nnd rocognIzod fho IogIfImncy
of nnofhor IocnI govornmonf`s ormIfs. Tho cInuso nIIows n ormIf
hoIdor fo cnrry n wonon In nny of fho IocnI jurIsdIcfIons fhroughouf
CoIorndo
l3

A ormIf fo cnrry n conconIod hnndgun nufhorIzos
fho ormIffoo fo cnrry n conconIod hnndgun In nII
nrons of fho sfnfo, oxcof ns socIfIcnIIy IImIfod In
fhIs socfIon. A IocnI govornmonf doos nof hnvo
nufhorIfy fo ndof or onforco nn ordInnnco or
rosoIufIon fhnf wouId confIIcf wIfh nny rovIsIon
of lfho Acf.

C.!.S. l8l22l4ln omhnsIs nddod. ofwIfhsfnndIng fhIs brond
rosumfIon fhnf ormIf hoIdors wouId bo nbIo fo cnrry fhoIr wonons
In onch cIfy nnd counfy, fho Acf rocognIzos fhnf fhoro nro somo Incos
wIfhIn fho jurIsdIcfIon of IocnI govornmonfs whoro conconIod wonons
nro InnrorInfo, such ns IocnfIons whoro fIronrms nro rohIbIfod by
fodornI Inw, oIomonfnry nnd hIgh schooIs, nnd buIIdIngs wIfh fIxod
socurIfy chockoInfs. C.!.S. l8l22l424. Tho Acf doos nof nIy In
fhoso Incos, nor doos If ImIngo uon n rIvnfo roorfy ownor or
omIoyor`s nbIIIfy fo rohIbIf conconIod wonons. C.!.S. l8l22l45.
Tho Acf Is sIIonf ns fo whofhor If nIIos on fho !nIvorsIfy`s cnmusos.
Tho !ogonfs nro nof nmong fho shorIffs of onch counfy fhnf fho ConornI
AssombIy chnrgod wIfh ImIomonfIng nnd ndmInIsforIng fho Acf`s
roquIromonfs. C.!.S. l8l220l3

l4

VI. Tho Affornoy ConornI OInod fhnf fho Wonons ConfroI
IoIIcy Is !ognI
ShorfIy nffor fho ConornI AssombIy nssod S.I. 0324, fho
Affornoy ConornI nddrossod Ifs nIIcnbIIIfy fo !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo
cnmusos. Affornoy ConornI IormnI OInIon 0303 !ogonfs
Inforcomonf of C! Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy. Tho oInIon sfnfos
4

QuosfIon oos S.I. 0324 rovonf fho !ogonfs
from onforcIng n wonons confroI oIIcy fhnf
rohIbIfs mosf fIronrms on !nIvorsIfy roorfy

ConcIusIon o. CoIorndo`s consfIfufIon nnd
sfnfufos nufhorIzo fho !ogonfs fo govorn fho
!nIvorsIfy`s InfornnI nffnIrs. Tho !ogonfs
formnIIy ndofod n socIfIc oIIcy bnnnIng mosf
wonons on cnmus, IncIudIng conconIod
wonons, nonrIy fon yonrs ngo. Any sfnfufo
onncfod by fho ConornI AssombIy fo nnrrow fhIs
nufhorIfy musf oxrossIy IImIf fho owor of fho
!ogonfs. S.I. 0324 Is nof such nn oxross
sfnfufory commnnd.

Tho Affornoy ConornI concIudod, Tho !ogonfs` oIIcy mny bo InwfuIIy
onforcod. Tho !nIvorsIfy fhoronffor roIIod uon fho Affornoy ConornI`s
oInIon.


4
!ocord on AonI nf 46.
l5

Sfnfomonf of fho Cnso
I. !IfIgnfIon In fho II Inso Counfy IsfrIcf Courf

Sfudonfs for ConconIod Cnrry fIIod n InwsuIf nIIogIng fhnf fho
Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy vIoInfod l fho ConconIod Cnrry Acf nnd 2
CoIo. Consf, ArfIcIo II, l3. Tho !nIvorsIfy movod fo dIsmIss. IsfrIcf
Courf Judgo C. nvId MIIIor grnnfod fho mofIon. Whon ruIIng, Judgo
MIIIor nofod fhnf ho hnd boon vIgIInnf In vIowIng nII of fho nIIognfIons
of fho comInInf In fho IIghf mosf fnvornbIo fo fho InInfIff.
5

Judgo MIIIor dofnIIod fho !ogonfs` consfIfufIonnI nnd sfnfufory
owors, ns woII ns fho !ogonfs` fIndIngs whon onncfIng fho Wonons
ConfroI IoIIcy. WhIIo Judgo MIIIor nofod fhnf ronsonnbIo mInds couId
corfnInIy dIffor wIfh fhoso concIusIons of fho !ogonfs, If wns nof n
oIIcy dobnfo In whIch n Courf shouId ongngo ns fho wIsdom or
dosIrnbIIIfy of IogIsInfIvo ncfs Is fho unIquo rovInco of fho IogIsInfIvo
body.
6


5
!ocord on AonI nf l60.

6
!ocord on AonI nf l6l.
l6

Judgo MIIIor doformInod fhnf fho nrfIos` IognI nrgumonf
nocossnrIIy furnod uon fho scoo of C.!.S. l8l22l4ln nnd Ifs
roomfIon cInuso. !oIyIng uon cnsos sfnfIng fhnf fho !ogonfs nro n
sfnfowIdo nufhorIfy wIfh lfhoIr own IogIsInfIvo owors nnd fhnf
gonornI IogIsInfIon mny suInnf fho !ogonfs nufhorIfy onIy whon n
IogIsInfIvo dIrocfIvo oxrossIy so rovIdos, Judgo MIIIor doformInod
fhnf fho !ogonfs nro nof n IocnI govornmonf subjocf fo fho Acf`s
roomfIon cInuso.
?



TurnIng fo fho consfIfufIonnI nrgumonf, Judgo MIIIor cIfod CoIo.
Consf. ArfIcIo II, l3, whIch ronds
Tho rIghf of no orson fo koo nnd bonr nrms In
dofonso of hIs homo, orson nnd roorfy. . .
shnII bo cnIIod Info quosfIon buf nofhIng horoIn
shnII bo consfruod fo jusfIfy fho rncfIco of
cnrryIng conconIod wonons.
8


Judgo MIIIor obsorvod fhnf fho InIn Inngungo of fhIs consfIfufIonnI
rovIsIon oxcIudos fho vory rIghf fo cnrry n conconIod wonon.
9


?
!ocord on AonI nf l6l.

8
!ocord on AonI nf l62 omhnsIs In Judgo MIIIor`s Ordor.

9
!ocord on AonI nf l62.
l?

Ivon If fho consfIfufIonnI Inngungo hnd nof boon dIsosIfIvo,
howovor, Judgo MIIIor found fhnf fho CoIorndo Suromo Courf hns
mndo offorfs fo nvoId fIndIngs fhnf fho nbovo consfIfufIonnI rovIsIon
cronfos n fundnmonfnI rIghf fo bonr nrms.
l0
!ndor fho snmo sfnndnrd
of rovIow ns fho muIfIfudo of cnsos In whIch fho CoIorndo courfs hnvo
uhoId numorous sfnfufos fhnf rosfrIcf fho ossossIon of fIronrms . . .
fho !ogonfs` Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy doos onsIIy nss fho rnfIonnI bnsIs
fosf.
ll
Judgo MIIIor obsorvod fhnf If fnkos no sfrofch of fho
ImngInnfIon fo boIIovo fhnf sfudonfs on n coIIogo cnmus couId uso
fIronrms In nn unsnfo mnnnor or In n wny fhnf couId fhronfon ofhor
sfudonfs.
l2





l0
!ocord on AonI nf l63.

ll
!ocord on AonI nf l63.

l2
!ocord on AonI nf l63.
l8

II. Tho Courf of AonIs !ovorsod fho TrInI Courf`s ocIsIon
Sfudonfs for ConconIod Cnrry nonIod. Affor fho cnso wns
brIofod nnd nrguod, fho Courf of AonIs rovorsod fho frInI courf`s
docIsIon. Sfudonfs for ConconIod Cnrry on Cnmus, !!C v. !ogonfs of
!nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo, 09CAl230, 20l0 W! l492308 CoIo. Cf. A.
Ar. l5, 20l0 corf. grnnfod, l0SC344, 20l0 W! 4l59242 CoIo. Ocf. l8,
20l0.
AIfhough rocognIzIng fhnf fho Ionrd of !ogonfs wns nof n IocnI
govornmonf, fho Courf of AonIs roIIod uon gonornI Inngungo In fho
ConconIod Cnrry Acf, such ns fho IogIsInfIvo docInrnfIon, fo doformIno
fho roomfIon cInuso ronchod fho !ogonfs. ConconIod Cnrry, 20l0 W!
l492308 nf *2. In doIng so, fho Courf of AonIs sfrIod fho !ogonfs
of fhoIr nufhorIfy fo orform fho coro funcfIon of doformInIng fho
monsuros fo romofo fho oducnfIonnI onvIronmonf nnd socuro fho snfofy
of sfudonfs, omIoyoos, nnd cnmus vIsIfors.
On fho consfIfufIonnI chnIIongo, fho Courf of AonIs bognn by
dIscussIng fho rIor docIsIon In TrInon v. CIfy nnd Counfy of onvor, 53
I.3d ?54 CoIo. A. 2002, whIch nIIod fho doforonfInI rnfIonnI
l9

bnsIs fosf fo n sfnfufo roguInfIng fho rIghf fo bonr nrms. Tho
ConconIod Cnrry oInIon movod nwny from fhIs osfnbIIshod rocodonf,
sfnfIng, lfo fho oxfonf TrInon IndIcnfos fhnf fho !oborfson courf
ImIIodIy ndofod rnfIonnI bnsIs rovIow, wo dIsngroo. ConconIod
Cnrry, 20l0 W! l492308 nf *8. Insfond, undor n nowIy mInfod
sfnndnrd of rovIow, roguInfIons of fho rIghf fo bonr nrms nro now
subjocf fo n ronsonnbIo oxorcIso fosf fhnf rosonfs n mIxod fncfunI
nnd IognI quosfIon fo bo rosoIvod nf fho frInI courf IovoI fhrough n
bnInnco of fho Inforosfs nf sfnko ConconIod Cnrry, 20l0 W! l492308
nf *l0. Tho Courf of AonIs romnndod fho cnso fo fho frInI courf for
furfhor rocoodIngs consIsfonf wIfh Ifs oInIon.
20

Summnry of fho Argumonf
Tho frInI courf corrocfIy dIsmIssod Sfudonfs for ConconIod Cnrry`s
cInIms bocnuso fho ConconIod Cnrry Acf doos nof roomf fho !ogonfs`
nufhorIfy fo roguInfo fIronrms on cnmus nnd n rnfIonnI bnsIs suorfs
fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy. Tho Courf of AonIs shouId nof hnvo
rovorsod fho frInI courf`s ruIIng.
Two dIsosIfIvo IognI quosfIons govorn fhIs nonI l whofhor n
roomfIon cInuso dIrocfod fo IocnI govornmonfs cnn dIsInco fho
!ogonfs` consfIfufIonnI nnd sfnfufory nufhorIfy fo onncf cnmus snfofy
monsuros nnd 2 whofhor fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy wns rnfIonnIIy
bnsod uon fho !ogonfs` fIndIng fhnf fIronrms on cnmus nro
InconsIsfonf wIfh fho ncndomIc mIssIon of fho !nIvorsIfy nnd, In fncf,
sorIousIy undormIno If.
On fho fIrsf Issuo, fhoro wouId bo no dobnfo nbouf whofhor fho
ConconIod Cnrry Acf roomfs fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy If fho Acf
oxIIcIfIy nIIod fo fho Ionrd of !ogonfs, fho !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo, or
sfnfo InsfIfufIons of hIghor oducnfIon. In fho nbsonco of nny such
Inngungo, howovor, fho Ionrd of !ogonfs roIIos uon fhIs Courf`s
2l

frndIfIonnI undorsfnndIng fhnf fho !ogonfs` consfIfufIonnI nnd
sfnfufory nufhorIfy dorIvos from socInI rovIsIons, conforrIng uon
fho !ogonfs socIfIc nnd nrfIcuInr owors. . . . ConornI IogIsInfIon doos
nof roonI confIIcfIng socInI sfnfufory or consfIfufIonnI rovIsIons
unIoss fho Infonf fo do so Is cIonr nnd unmIsfnknbIo. AssocInfod
Sfudonfs, 543 I.2d nf 6l. Tho Courf of AonIs mIsfnkonIy subsfIfufod
Ifs oInIon fhnf fho ConconIod Cnrry Acf nIIos on fho !nIvorsIfy`s
cnmusos ns n roxy for fho cIonr nnd unmIsfnknbIo IogIsInfIvo Infonf
fo nbrognfo fho !ogonfs` nufhorIfy fhnf fhIs Courf domnnds.
On fho socond Issuo, fhIs Courf`s mosf roconf docIsIon consfruIng
ArfIcIo II, l3 oxrossIy docIInod fo ruIo fhnf fho rIghf fo bonr nrms Is n
fundnmonfnI rIghf, concIudIng Insfond fhnf such nn nrgumonf Is
confrnry fo fho onfIro body of rocodonf of fhIs courf. !oborfson v.
CIfy nnd Counfy of onvor, 8?4 I.2d 325, 330 CoIo. l994. IoIIowIng
!oborfson, fho Courf of AonIs corrocfIy hoId In 2002 fhnf by roquIrIng
fhnf rosfrIcfIons on fho rIghf bo onIy ronsonnbIo, rnfhor fhnn
nocossnry, fho lSuromo Courf ossonfInIIy nIIod fho rnfIonnI bnsIs
fosf In ovnIunfIng fho consfIfufIonnIIfy of n cIfy ordInnnco fhnf
22

ImIIcnfod fho rIghf fo bonr nrms. TrInon, 53 I.3d nf ?5?. ConconIod
Cnrry bronks from fhIs IIno of rocodonf nnd ImroorIy cronfos n
sfnndnrd of rovIow fhnf InvoIvos n mIxod fncfunI nnd IognI quosfIon
nnd roquIros frInI courfs fo conducf n bnInnco of fho Inforosfs nf sfnko.
ConconIod Cnrry, 20l0 W! l492308 nf *ll.
Tho Courf of AonIs` oInIon dIsrognrds fhIs Courf`s hoIdIng fhnf
whofhor n rnfIonnI bnsIs suorfs nn ordInnnco such fhnf If Is n
ronsonnbIo oxorcIso of fho oIIco owor Is n quosfIon of Inw. IooIo v.
ZInn, 843 I.2d l35l, l354 CoIo. l993. ConsIdorod ns n whoIo, nnd In
IIghf of fho unIquo nnfuro of fho hIghor oducnfIon onvIronmonf, fho
Wonons ConfroI oIIcy nssos consfIfufIonnI musfor. Tho !ogonfs`
fIndIng fhnf n fIronrm on cnmus fhronfons fho frnnquIIIfy of fho
oducnfIonnI onvIronmonf nnd confrIbufos In nn offonsIvo mnnnor fo nn
unnccofnbIo cIImnfo of vIoIonco Is n ronsonnbIo nnd rnfIonnI bnsIs for
If fo onncf nnd onforco fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy.

23

Argumonf
I. Sfnndnrd of !ovIow
A mofIon fo dIsmIss ursunnf fo C.!.C.I. l2b5 fosfs fho
suffIcIoncy of fho comInInf. !obnfo v. Sfnfo, 2l8 I.3d 358, 36? CoIo.
2009. CoIorndo noIInfo courfs rovIow n frInI courf`s grnnf of n mofIon
fo dIsmIss do novo. I!W, Inc. v. uffIcy Sons, Inc., 99 I.3d 66, ?l
CoIo. 2004. A rovIowIng courf musf nccof nII nvormonfs of mnforInI
fncf ns fruo nnd vIow fho nIIognfIons In fho IIghf mosf fnvornbIo fo fho
InInfIff. !obnfo, 2l8 I.3d nf 36?. Whoro fho nIIognfIons cnnnof
suorf n cInIm, n courf shouId dIsmIss fho comInInf ns n mnffor of
Inw. I!W, 99 I.3d nf ?l. Whoro fho Courf of AonIs mIsconsfruos fho
Inw nIIcnbIo fo n mofIon fo dIsmIss, fhIs Courf wIII rovorso fho Courf
of AonIs wIfh InsfrucfIons fo dIsmIss fho IognIIy dofIcIonf cInIms.
CoIorndo onrfmonf of TrnnsorfnfIon v. Irown !ofnII Crou, l82
I.3d 68?, 692 CoIo. l999.


24

II. Tho ConconIod Cnrry Acf Id of Abrognfo fho !ogonfs`
ConsfIfufIonnI nnd Sfnfufory AufhorIfy fo Inncf Cnmus
Snfofy Monsuros

A. Tho ConconIod Cnrry Acf`s IroomfIon IrovIsIon
AIIos OnIy fo !ocnI Covornmonfs

Judgo MIIIor nrorInfoIy IdonfIfIod fho orfInonf InquIry ns
whofhor fho ConconIod Cnrry Acf`s roomfIon rovIsIon nbrognfos fho
!ogonfs` nufhorIfy fo onncf fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy. ofhIng oIso In
fho Acf rovonfs nny govornmonfnI onfIfy from ndofIng Ifs own
roguInfIons IImIfIng fho nrons whoro n ormIf hoIdor mny cnrry n
conconIod wonon.
Whon consIdorIng fho scoo of fho roomfIon cInuso, or nny ofhor
sfnfufory rovIsIon, fhIs Courf`s obIIgnfIon Is fo gIvo fuII offocf fo fho
IogIsInfIvo Infonf. Confo v. Moyor, 882 I.2d 962, 965 CoIo.l994. In
mnny cnsos, fho IogIsInfIvo Infonf Is ImmodInfoIy convoyod by fho
commonIy undorsfood nnd nccofod monnIng of fho sfnfufory Inngungo,
Inrmors Insurnnco Ixchnngo v. IIII Ioom, Inc., 96l I.2d 465, 469
CoIo.l998, such ns fho Inngungo sfnfIng fhnf n IocnI govornmonf doos
nof hnvo nufhorIfy fo ndof or onforco nn ordInnnco or rosoIufIon fhnf
wouId confIIcf wIfh nny rovIsIon of lfho Acf. C.!.S. l8l22l4ln.
25

Tho Courf of AonIs nccofod fho !nIvorsIfy`s nssorfIon fhnf fho
!ogonfs nro nof n form of IocnI govornmonf. ConconIod Cnrry, 20l0 W!
l492308 nf *4. Tho ConornI AssombIy hns novor cInssIfIod fho
govornIng bonrd of n sfnfo InsfIfufIon of hIghor oducnfIon ns n IocnI
govornmonf. To fho confrnry, whon If cronfod n IvIsIon of !ocnI
Covornmonf fo ndmInIsfor sfnfo roInfIons wIfh IocnI govornmonfs, fho
IogIsInfuro dofInod n IocnI govornmonf ns nII munIcInI corornfIons,
qunsImunIcInIIfIos, counfIos, nnd IocnI Imrovomonf nnd sorvIco
dIsfrIcfs of fhIs sfnfo. C.!.S. 2432l02.
ThIs consfrucfIon of fho form IocnI govornmonf Is onfIroIy
consIsfonf wIfh fho uroso of fho Acf, whIch wns onncfod fo rovonf
cIfIos nnd counfIos from donyIng or rofusIng fo rocognIzo n vnIId
conconIod cnrry ormIf bocnuso of InconsIsfoncy nmong jurIsdIcfIons.
C.!.S. l8l220llb. Tho drIvIng concof undorIyIng fho onfIro Acf
Is fho ConornI AssombIy`s concIusIon fhnf ono counfy shouId nof dony n
conconIod cnrry ormIf fhnf nnofhor counfy wouId bo grnnf or rofuso fo
rocognIzo nnofhor counfy`s InwfuI ormIfs. oIfhor fhnf uroso, nor
fho Inngungo of fho sfnfufo, ronchos fho !ogonfs.
26

I. Tho ConconIod Cnrry Acf Is of SocIfIcnIIy osIgnod
fo uIIIfy fho !ogonfs` AufhorIfy fo Inncf Cnmus
Snfofy Monsuros

Iocnuso fho !ogonfs nro nof doscrIbod In fho ConconIod Cnrry Acf
nnd nro nof n IocnI govornmonf, fho noxf quosfIon Is whofhor fho Acf
couId nonofhoIoss nuIIIfy fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy. Tho nnswor fo
fhIs quosfIon IIos In fhIs Courf`s docIsIons, mosf nofnbIy AssocInfod
Sfudonfs of fho !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo v. !ogonfs of fho !nIvorsIfy of
CoIorndo, 543 I.2d 59, 6l CoIo. l9?5 nnd !boroI v. !nIvorsIfy of
CoIorndo, 686 I.2d ?85 CoIo. l984. Inch oxInIns fho IImIfod
cIrcumsfnncos whoro fhIs Courf wIII fInd fhnf fho ConornI AssombIy
Infondod fo dIvosf fho !ogonfs of fhoIr consfIfufIonnI nnd sfnfufory
owors.
AssocInfod Sfudonfs consIdorod whofhor fho !ogonfs woro subjocf
fo fho Oon MoofIngs !nw, In whIch fho ConornI AssombIy docInrod
fhnf If Is fho oIIcy of fhIs sfnfo fhnf fho formnfIon of ubIIc oIIcy Is
ubIIc busInoss nnd mny nof bo conducfod In socrof. AssocInfod
Sfudonfs, 543 I.2d nf 60. To ndvnnco fhnf IogIsInfIvo Infonf, fho
ConornI AssombIy drnffod fho Oon MoofIngs !nw fo nIy fo
2?

moofIngs of fwo or moro mombors of nny bonrd, . . . or ofhor oIIcy
mnkIng or ruIomnkIng body of nny sfnfo ngoncy or nufhorIfy.
AssocInfod Sfudonfs, 543 I.2d nf 60 omhnsIs nddod. Yof,
nofwIfhsfnndIng nn oxfromoIy brond docInrnfIon of IogIsInfIvo Infonf
nnd fho fncf fhnf fho !nIvorsIfy Is n sfnfo InsfIfufIon, fhIs Courf dId nof
nIy fho Oon MoofIngs !nw fo fho !ogonfs.
ThIs Courf bognn wIfh nn ovorvIow of fho !ogonfs` consfIfufIonnI
nnd sfnfufory nufhorIfy fo govorn fho !nIvorsIfy`s nffnIrs, IncIudIng fho
nbIIIfy fo onncf Ifs own oon moofIngs roquIromonfs. In Inngungo fhnf
foroshndows Ifs consIdornfIon of fhIs cnso, fhIs Courf sfnfod n govornIng
rIncIIo
lTho rovIsIons In fho CoIorndo ConsfIfufIon
nddrossIng fho !ogonfs nnd fho sfnfufory
nufhorIfy for fho !ogonfs fo onncf Inws
govornIng fho !nIvorsIfy nro socInI rovIsIons,
conforrIng uon fho !ogonfs socIfIc nnd
nrfIcuInr owors. As fho frInI courf corrocfIy
concIudod, fho SunshIno Acf Is n gonornI Inw.
ConornI IogIsInfIon doos nof roonI confIIcfIng
socInI sfnfufory or consfIfufIonnI rovIsIons
unIoss fho Infonf fo do so Is cIonr nnd
unmIsfnknbIo.

AssocInfod Sfudonfs, 543 I.2d nf 6l.
28

Iocnuso nIyIng fho Oon MoofIngs !nw fo fho !nIvorsIfy wouId
nof onIy InvnIIdnfo n Inw whIch fho !ogonfs nro duIy nufhorIzod fo
onncf buf nIso InfrIngo uon fho !ogonfs` nufhorIfy fo govorn, fhIs
Courf wouId nof nIIow n sfnfufo of gonornI nIIcnfIon fo ImIIodIy
roonI fho !ogonfs` nufhorIfy. AssocInfod Sfudonfs, 543 I.2d nf 62.
Tho ConconIod Cnrry Acf hns fho snmo ofonfInI fo InvnIIdnfo fho
!ogonfs` consfIfufIonnI nufhorIfy fo govorn fho !nIvorsIfy nnd Ifs
sfnfufory nufhorIfy fo romuIgnfo ruIos nnd roguInfIons for fho snfofy
nnd woIfnro of sfudonfs, omIoyoos nnd roorfy. C.!.S. 235l06l.
AssocInfod Sfudonfs nIso consIdorod fho scoo of ArfIcIo VIII, 5`s
hrnso unIoss ofhorwIso rovIdod by Inw. lThIs hrnso oornfos so
fhnf nny qunIIfIcnfIon of fho consfIfufIonnI grnnf Is fo bo consfruod ns
dIvosfIng fho suorvIsIon nnd confroI grnnfod onIy whon n IogIsInfIvo
onncfmonf oxrossIy so rovIdos. AssocInfod Sfudonfs, 543 I.2d nf 6l
62. Ivon n sfnfufo dIrocfod fo mosf govornmonfnI ngoncIos doos nof
IImIf or InfrIngo on fho consfIfufIonnI nnd sfnfufory rovIsIons
govornIng fho Ionrd of !ogonfs. AssocInfod Sfudonfs, 543 I.2d nf 6l
62.
29

AImosf n docndo Infor, !boroI nddrossod fho CoIorndo Oon
!ocords Acf, whIch wns nssod fo furfhor fho ubIIc oIIcy of CoIorndo
fhnf nII ubIIc rocords shnII bo oon for InsocfIon by nny orson nf
ronsonnbIo fImos. !boroI, 686 I.2d nf ?89. osIfo nn oxnnsIvo
IogIsInfIvo docInrnfIon, fhIs Courf hoId fhnf fho !ogonfs woro nof
subjocf fo CO!A, ovon fhough If confnInod n sfnfufory dofInIfIon of
ubIIc rocords fhnf IncIudod nII wrIfIngs mndo, mnInfnInod, or kof
by fho sfnfo or nny ngoncy, InsfIfufIon, or oIIfIcnI subdIvIsIon fhoroof.
!boroI, 686 I.2d nf ?89 omhnsIs nddod. If oxInInod fhnf fho
sfnfufory schomo of fho Oon !ocords Acf rovonIs fhnf, ns wIfh fho
Oon MoofIngs !nw consfruod In AssocInfod Sfudonfs, If Is n brond,
gonornI Inw nnd ronsonod
lInvnIIdnfIon of lfho !nIvorsIfy`s rocoduros lfor
InsocfIng documonfs by n IogIsInfIvo onncfmonf
such ns fho Oon !ocords Acf wouId IImIf fho
rogonfs` owors fo suorvIso fho oornfIon of fho
unIvorsIfy. Tho Oon !ocords Acf confnIns no
cIonr oxrossIon of IogIsInfIvo Infonf fo Imoso
such n IImIfnfIon on fho rogonfs nnd wo wIII nof
Infor such Infonf whoro If Is nof unmIsfnknbIy
oxrossod.

!boroI, 686 I.2d nf ?89.
30

Affor AssocInfod Sfudonfs nnd !boroI, fho ConornI AssombIy
nmondod bofh fho Oon MoofIngs !nw nnd CO!A fo IncIudo fho
!ogonfs. Soo C.!.S. 246402ld dofInIng n Sfnfo ubIIc body ns
IncIudIng fho fho rogonfs of fho unIvorsIfy of CoIorndo C.!.S. 24
?2202l.5 sfnfIng fhnf nn InsfIfufIon IncIudos fho unIvorsIfy of
CoIorndo nnd fho rogonfs fhoroof. Thoso nmondmonfs domonsfrnfo
fho fyo of cIonr nnd unmIsfnknbIo Infonf fhnf fho ConornI AssombIy
musf rovIdo fo nbrognfo fho !ogonfs` Inhoronf consfIfufIonnI nnd
socIfIc sfnfufory owors.
In fho nbsonco of n rocIso roforonco, fhIs Courf wIII nof rondIIy
rosumo fhnf fho ConornI AssombIy monnf fo nuIIIfy fho !ogonfs`
nufhorIfy. In summnry, wo hoId fho socInIIy grnnfod nufhorIfy of fho
!ogonfs fo govorn fho unIvorsIfy nnd onncf Inws ursunnf fo fhnf ond
cnn onIy bo nuIIIfIod by n IogIsInfIvo onncfmonf or consfIfufIonnI
nmondmonf oxrossIy nImod nf doIng so. AssocInfod Sfudonfs, 543
I.2d nf 62. If fho ConornI AssombIy oxrossIy docIdos fo IncIudo fho
!ogonfs wIfhIn fho ConconIod Cnrry Acf, If mny corfnInIy do so, buf If
hns nof yof.
3l

C. In fho Absonco of !ogIsInfIvo Infonf IxrossIy AImod
nf fho !ogonfs, fho Courf of AonIs ImormIssIbIy
!ookod IIsowhoro fo uIIIfy fho Wonons ConfroI
IoIIcy

Tho ConconIod Cnrry Acf doos nof socIfIcnIIy IImIf fho !ogonfs`
nufhorIfy fo onncf cnmus snfofy monsuros, nnd roonI by ImIIcnfIon Is
dIsfnvorod. CIfy of IIoronco v. Ioor, l45 I.3d 654, 65? CoIo. 2006.
osIfo fhIs rosumfIon nnd fho sfrong guIdnnco from AssocInfod
Sfudonfs nnd !boroI, fho Courf of AonIs roIIod uon Imroor
nrgumonfs fo InvnIIdnfo fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy.
IIrsf, fho Courf of AonIs cIfod fho Acf`s IogIsInfIvo docInrnfIon
ns ovIdonco of fho IogIsInfuro`s Infonf fo cronfo unIform sfnfowIdo
sfnndnrds for fho cnrryIng of conconIod wonons. ConconIod Cnrry,
20l0 W! l492308 nf *3 cIfIng soIocfod socfIons of C.!.S. l8l2
20ll. Whon rovIowIng n sfnfufo fo doformIno IogIsInfIvo Infonf, fho
sfnfufo musf bo rond nnd consfruod In confoxf, nnd fho monnIng of nny
ono socfIon musf bo gnfhorod from n consIdornfIon of fho onfIro
IogIsInfIvo schomo. Yongor v. QuInn, ?6? I.2d ?66, ?68 CoIo. A.
l988.
32

WhIIo fho Acf confnIns Inngungo nddrossIng fho cnrryIng of
conconIod wonons ns n sfnfowIdo concorn, fhoso rovIsIons musf bo
rond In IIghf of fho foxfunI confoxf nnd fho robIom nddrossod by fho
IogIsInfIon. CoIby v. IrogrossIvo CnsunIfy Insurnnco Comnny, 928
I.2d l298, l302 CoIo. l996. Tho ConornI AssombIy nssod fho
ConconIod Cnrry Acf fo romody n robIom whoro IocnI govornmonfs
usod InconsIsfonf sfnndnrds In grnnfIng nnd rocognIzIng onch ofhor`s
ormIfs. Tho Acf fhoroforo rovIdos sfnfowIdo unIform sfnndnrds for
IssuIng ormIfs fo cnrry conconIod hnndguns for soIfdofonso. C.!.S.
l8l220l2b. To nddross fho socIfIc robIom, fho ConornI
AssombIy Insfrucfod onch shorIff fo ImIomonf nnd ndmInIsfor fho Acf
nnd dId nof doIognfo fo fho shorIffs fho nufhorIfy fo roguInfo or rosfrIcf
fho Issunnco of ormIfs. C.!.S. l8l220l3. Tho Courf of AonIs
wonf foo fnr In usIng n IogIsInfIvo docInrnfIon fo InvnIIdnfo n unIvorsIfy
oIIcy unroInfod fo fho robIom of InconsIsfoncy nmong jurIsdIcfIons
C.!.S. l8l220llb. If n brond IogIsInfIvo docInrnfIon couId bo usod
ns n subsfIfufo for socIfIc Infonf fo ronch fho !ogonfs, fhIs Courf wouId
hnvo docIdod bofh AssocInfod Sfudonfs nnd !boroI dIfforonfIy.
33

Socond, fho Courf of AonIs cIfod fho fIrsf sonfonco of fho
roomfIon cInuso sfnfIng fhnf ln ormIf fo cnrry n conconIod hnndgun
nufhorIzos fho ormIffoo fo cnrry n conconIod hnndgun In nII nrons of
fho sfnfo ns concIusIvo ovIdonco fhnf fho ConornI AssombIy monnf fo
nIIow conconIod fIronrms on coIIogo cnmusos. ConconIod Cnrry, 20l0
W! l492308 nf *3 cIfIng C.!.S. l8l22l4ln. ThIs Inngungo,
howovor, musf bo rond In nrI mnforIn wIfh fho romnIndor of fho
roomfIon cInuso In ordor fo gIvo consIsfonf, hnrmonIous nnd sonsIbIo
offocf fo onch of fho Acf`s nrfs. Yumn Counfy Id. of IqunIIznfIon v.
Cnbof IofroIoum Cor., 856 I.2d 844, 849 CoIo. l993.
Tho sfnfomonf fhnf n ormIf nufhorIzos n ormIffoo fo cnrry n
conconIod hnndgun In nII nrons of fho sfnfo ImmodInfoIy rocodos fho
rohIbIfIon fhnf n IocnI govornmonf doos nof hnvo nufhorIfy fo ndof or
onforco nn ordInnnco or rosoIufIon fhnf wouId confIIcf wIfh nny
rovIsIon of lfho Acf. C.!.S. l8l22l4ln. Thoso fwo sonfoncos
IogIcnIIy combIno fo rovonf cIfIos nnd counfIos from rofusIng fo
rocognIzo nnofhor IocnI govornmonf`s InwfuI ormIf.
34

ThIrd, bnsod uon Ifs mIsconsfrucfIon of fho Inngungo nII nrons of
fho sfnfo, fho Courf of AonIs found fhnf fho Acf`s nffIrmnfIvo
rohIbIfIon of fIronrms In somo Incos undor fho jurIsdIcfIon of IocnI
govornmonfs, such ns oIomonfnry schooIs, hIgh schooIs, nnd buIIdIngs
wIfh fIxod socurIfy chockoInfs woIghod ngnInsf fho !ogonfs` nbIIIfy fo
onforco fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy. ConconIod Cnrry, 20l0 W!
l492308 nf *4 cIfIng C.!.S. l8l22l424). Tho Courf of AonIs
fnIIod fo rocognIzo fhnf, ns n consfIfufIonnIIy cronfod body corornfo,
Indoondonf from fho oxocufIvo nnd IogIsInfIvo brnnchos, fho !ogonfs
nro nof subjocf fo fho jurIsdIcfIon of IocnI govornmonfs, nnd fho ConornI
AssombIy dId nof nood fo IncIudo !nIvorsIfy cnmusos In fho IIsf of
Incos whoro IocnI govornmonfs couId nof roguInfo conconIod wonons.
As wrIffon, fho ConconIod Cnrry Acf doos nof dIrocf fho !ogonfs fo
oIfhor nIIow or rohIbIf conconIod fIronrms on cnmus. Jusf ns n rIvnfo
roorfy ownor or omIoyor musf docIdo for IfsoIf whofhor fo nIIow
conconIod fIronrms, fho ConconIod Cnrry Acf rosocfs fho fncf fhnf
mnny, If nof mosf of fho fhIngs whIch lfho !ogonfs mny do In nnd
nbouf fho suorvIsIon of fho !nIvorsIfy mny bo dono by rIvnfo
35

IndIvIdunIs wIfh rosocf fo rIvnfo schooIs or coIIogos conducfod by
fhom. !ogonfs, 49 I.2d nf 28?88. If romnIns fho !ogonfs` rorognfIvo
fo romuIgnfo ruIos nnd roguInfIons for fho snfofy nnd woIfnro of
sfudonfs, omIoyoos nnd roorfy. C.!.S. 235l06l.
Ior now, fho !ogonfs hnvo concIudod fhnf conconIod fIronrms nro
dofrncf from fho oducnfIonnI onvIronmonf nnd nro InnrorInfo on
cnmus, buf fhoy rofnIn fho nbIIIfy fo modIfy fho Wonons ConfroI
IoIIcy ns fho cIrcumsfnncos wnrrnnf. !osondIng fo fho unIquo noods
of fho !nIvorsIfy Is rocIsoIy fho funcfIon fhnf nn oIocfod Ionrd of
!ogonfs orforms, nnd nf fho noxf oIocfIon, cIfIzons sonk fhoIr
nrovnI or dIsnrovnI of n IogIsInfor`s rocords wIfh fhoIr vofos.
MorrIssoy v. Sfnfo, 95l I.2d 9ll, 9l? CoIo. l998. In IIghf of fhIs
sysfom of domocrnfIc nccounfnbIIIfy, fhoro wns no ronson for fho Courf
of AonIs fo romovo fhIs docIsIon from fho !ogonfs.
Iourfh, fho Courf of AonIs mIsrond fhIs Courf`s docIsIon In
CoIorndo CIvII !Ighfs Comm`n ox roI. !nmos v. !ogonfs of fho
!nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo, ?59 I.2d ?26 CoIo. l988 ns suorfIng Ifs
oInIon. !nmos mnrks fho onIy occnsIon whoro fhIs Courf hoId fhnf n
36

sfnfufo fhnf fnIIs fo monfIon oIfhor fho Ionrd of !ogonfs or fho
!nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo Is bIndIng uon fho !nIvorsIfy, nnd If Is cIonrIy
dIsfInguIshnbIo from fho fncfs curronfIy boforo fhIs Courf.
Tho sfnfufo nf Issuo wns fho CoIorndo CIvII !Ighfs Acf, whIch
dofInod nn omIoyor ns IncIudIng fho Sfnfo of CoIorndo . . . nnd ovory
ofhor orson omIoyIng orsons wIfhIn fho sfnfo. !nmos, ?59 I.2d nf
?29 omhnsIs nddod. Tho CIvII !Ighfs Acf nIso dofInod n orson ns
monnIng ono or moro IndIvIdunIs, nrfnorshIs, nssocInfIons,
corornfIons, IognI rorosonfnfIvos, frusfoo, rocoIvors, or fho Sfnfo of
CoIorndo, nnd nII oIIfIcnI subdIvIsIons nnd ngoncIos fhoroof. !nmos,
?59 I.2d nf ?29. Consfruod fogofhor, fhoso rovIsIons domonsfrnfod
fho ConornI AssombIy`s dosIro fo cronfo nn nbsoIufo sfnndnrd for ovory
omIoyor, ubIIc or rIvnfo, In fho Sfnfo of CoIorndo.
Incod wIfh fhoso IogIsInfIvo dIrocfIvos, fhIs Courf concIudod fhnf
fho CIvII !Ighfs Acf dId nof ImIngo uon fho !ogonfs` InwfuI
rorognfIvos bocnuso fho !nws of fho !ogonfs nIrondy roquIrod fhnf nII
noInfmonfs mndo by fho !ogonfs shnII bo subjocf fo fho consfIfufIon
nnd sfnfufos of fho Sfnfo of CoIorndo, IncIudIng fho roquIromonf fhnf
3?

fhoso noInfmonfs bo mndo on n nondIscrImInnfory bnsIs. !nmos, ?59
I.2d nf ?29. And fhIs Courf nIso nofod fhnf Ifs concIusIon wns
consIsfonf wIfh fho fncf fhnf fho !ogonfs oornfo ns body corornfo
wIfh rIghfs nnd rosonsIbIIIfIos nnnIogous fo fhoso of n rIvnfo
corornfIon, IncIudIng fho rosonsIbIIIfy fo rofrnIn from dIscrImInnfory
rncfIcos. !nmos, ?59 I.2d nf ?3l. !nIIko fho Inws In AssocInfod
Sfudonfs nnd !boroI, fho CIvII !Ighfs Acf Is moro fhnn n codo for fho
funcfIonIng of govornmonfnI orgnnIznfIons. !nmos, ?59 I.2d nf ?29.
Tho Ionrd of !ogonfs ncknowIodgos fhnf fho ConornI AssombIy
hnd n vnIId Inforosf In orndIcnfIng dIscrImInnfIon In ovory workInco.
o omIoyor ndvnncos n IogIfImnfo gonI fhrough dIscrImInnfIon. In
confrnsf, fho !ogonfs oxorcIsod n socIfIc oducnfIonnI funcfIon whon
fhoy doformInod fhnf ossossIon of fIronrms . . . Is InconsIsfonf wIfh
fho ncndomIc mIssIon of fho !nIvorsIfy nnd, In fncf, sorIousIy
undormInos If. WhIIo fho !ogonfs rosocf fho ConornI AssombIy`s
nbIIIfy fo nIIow conconIod cnrry on unIvorsIfy cnmusos wIfh
nrorInfo IogIsInfIon, fho Courf of AonIs sfrofchod !nmos boyond
Ifs hoIdIng fo roomf fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy.
38

III. Tho Courf of AonIs ImroorIy Cronfod n ow Sfnndnrd
for !ovIowIng !osfrIcfIons !on fho !Ighf fo Ionr Arms
CoIo. Consf. Arf. II, l3 rovIdos
Tho rIghf of no orson fo koo nnd bonr nrms In
dofonso of hIs homo, orson nnd roorfy, or In
nId of fho cIvII owor whon fhorofo IognIIy
summonod, shnII bo cnIIod In quosfIon buf
nofhIng horoIn confnInod shnII bo consfruod fo
jusfIfy fho rncfIco of cnrryIng conconIod
wonons.

AIfhough Sfudonfs for ConconIod Cnrry orIgInnIIy confondod fhnf fho
Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy, In Ifs onfIrofy, vIoInfod ArfIcIo II, l3,
l3
If
subsoquonfIy nnrrowod Ifs consfIfufIonnI chnIIongo fo fho oxfonf fhnf
fho oIIcy rosfrIcfs Ifs mombors from ossossIng n fIronrm In n mofor
vohIcIo whon frnvoIIng on or fhrough n unIvorsIfy cnmus. ConconIod
Cnrry, 20l0 W! l492308 nf *?.

l3
!osondonfs dId nof chnIIongo fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy undor
fho Socond Amondmonf fo fho !nIfod Sfnfos ConsfIfufIon. AIfhough
fho !nIfod Sfnfos Suromo Courf roconfIy hoId fhnf fho Socond
Amondmonf nIIos fo fho sfnfos, If wns cIonr fhnf Ifs docIsIon dId nof
cnsf doubf on such IongsfnndIng roguInfory monsuros ns 'rohIbIfIons on
fho ossossIon of fIronrms by foIons nnd fho monfnIIy III,` lor 'Inws
forbIddIng fho cnrryIng of fIronrms In sonsIfIvo Incos such ns schooIs
nnd govornmonf buIIdIngs. . . ` MconnId v. CIfy of ChIcngo, III., l30
S.Cf. 3020, 304? !.S. 20l0 omhnsIs nddod.
39

A. ofInIng !nfIonnI InsIs !ovIow
!nfIonnI bnsIs rovIow nIIos whoro nn onncfmonf doos nof cronfo
n susocf cInssIfIcnfIon or ImIIcnfo n fundnmonfnI rIghf. !ndor fho
rnfIonnI bnsIs sfnndnrd, whIch Is fho Ionsf rIgorous IovoI of
consfIfufIonnI InquIry, n sfnfufo or ordInnnco Is rosumod
consfIfufIonnI. ChrIsfIo v. Coors TrnnsorfnfIon Comnny, 933 I.2d
l330, l333 CoIo. l99?. ThIs rosumfIon rofIocfs fhnf courfs do nof
IIghfIy docInro n govornmonfnI ncfIon unconsfIfufIonnI. HIggs v.
Wosforn !nndscnIng & SrInkIor Sysfom, Inc., 804 I.2d l6l, l65
CoIo. l99l. Tho nrfy mnkIng such n chnIIongo musf rovo Ifs
unconsfIfufIonnIIfy boyond n ronsonnbIo doubf. SchoIz v. MofrooIIfnn
InfhoIogIsfs, I.C., 85l I.2d 90l, 906 CoIo. l993.
!ndor rnfIonnI bnsIs rovIow, n courf InquIros whofhor nn
onncfmonf Is n rnfIonnI ono nnd Is ronsonnbIy roInfod fo n IogIfImnfo
govornmonfnI Inforosf. SmIfh v. Chnrnos, 649 I.2d l089, l090 CoIo.
l982. ThIs Courf wIII docInro n roguInfIon unconsfIfufIonnI onIy If
fhoro oxIsfs no ronsonnbIy concoIvnbIo sof of fncfs fo osfnbIIsh n rnfIonnI
bnsIs bofwoon fho sfnfufo nnd n IogIfImnfo govornmonfnI uroso.
40

Inco MomborshI Wnrohouso v. AxoIson, 938 I.2d 504, 50? CoIo.
l99?. If If Is concoIvnbIo fhnf n sof of fncfs oxIsfs fhnf wouId suorf
fho roguInfIon, n courf musf nssumo fhoso fncfs oxIsf. ChrIsfIo, 933
I.2d nf l33.
I. CoIorndo Courfs ConsIsfonfIy IvnIunfo ChnIIongos fo
IIronrms !oguInfIons !ndor n Sfnndnrd IquIvnIonf fo
!nfIonnI InsIs !ovIow

!oborfson consIdorod nn ArfIcIo II, l3 chnIIongo fo n munIcInI
ordInnnco bnnnIng nssnuIf wonons, uhoIdIng nImosf fho onfIro
ordInnnco, whIIo sfrIkIng n sIngIo rovIsIon for vnguonoss. of onIy dId
fho Courf oxrossIy docIIno fo rocognIzo n fundnmonfnI rIghf fo bonr
nrms, If oxInInod fhnf, wo hnvo consIsfonfIy concIudod fhnf fho sfnfo
mny roguInfo fho oxorcIso of lfho rIghf fo bonr nrms undor Ifs Inhoronf
oIIco owor so Iong ns fho oxorcIso of fhnf owor Is ronsonnbIo.
!oborfson, 8?4 I.2d nf 328. IrosumnbIy, If wns fhIs Inngungo fhnf Iod
fho Courf of AonIs fo concIudo fhnf fhIs Courf nIIod n ronsonnbIo
oxorcIso sfnndnrd of rovIow.

4l

CIosor InsocfIon rovonIs fhnf !oborfson Iowod no now
consfIfufIonnI ground. Tho oInIon oxInInod fhnf fho rIghf fo bonr
nrms mny bo roguInfod by fho sfnfo undor Ifs oIIco owor In n
ronsonnbIo mnnnor nnd fhnf nn ncf Is wIfhIn fho sfnfo's oIIco owor If
If Is ronsonnbIy roInfod fo n IogIfImnfo govornmonfnI Inforosf such ns
fho ubIIc honIfh, snfofy, or woIfnro. !oborfson, 8?4 I.2d nf 33l. Tho
InquIry wns whofhor fho chnIIongod ordInnnco Is ronsonnbIy roInfod fo n
IogIfImnfo govornmonfnI Inforosf, fho snmo quosfIon fhnf courfs nsk
whon conducfIng rnfIonnI bnsIs rovIow. !oborfson, 8?4 I.2d nf 32933l.
In fncf, In n docIsIon uhoIdIng onvor`s ordInnnco rosfrIcfIng
fIronrms ossossIon, fho Courf of AonIs subsoquonfIy hoId fhnf,
bocnuso !oborfson roquIrod fhnf rosfrIcfIons on fho rIghf bo onIy
ronsonnbIo, rnfhor fhnn nocossnry, fho courf ossonfInIIy nIIod fho
rnfIonnI bnsIs fosf In ovnIunfIng fho consfIfufIonnIIfy of n cIfy ordInnnco
fhnf ImIIcnfod fho rIghf fo bonr nrms. TrInon, 53 I.3d nf ?5?. In
confrnsf fo fho ConconIod Cnrry oInIon, TrInon grnss fhnf fhIs Courf
offon usos fho concofs of ronsonnbIo oxorcIso nnd rnfIonnI bnsIs
InforchnngonbIy.
42

Ior oxnmIo, whIIo TrInon nIIod rnfIonnI bnsIs rovIow, fho
oInIon concIudod fhnf In our vIow, fho ordInnnco Is n ronsonnbIo
oxorcIso of fho oIIco owor. TrInon, 53 I.3d nf ?58. AIfhough
ConconIod Cnrry suggosfs fhnf fho TrInon nnoI dId nof nrocInfo fho
dIfforonco bofwoon rnfIonnI bnsIs nnd ronsonnbIo oxorcIso rovIow, fho
ncfunI TrInon oInIon Is fnIfhfuI fo !oborfson`s mofhodoIogy nnd
ronsonIng. ThIs Courf dId nof grnnf corfIornrI bocnusoTrInon roorIy
found n rnfIonnI roInfIonshI bofwoon fho chnIIongod ordInnnco nnd n
IogIfImnfo govornmonfnI Inforosf In socurIng ubIIc snfofy.
Tho soundnoss of TrInon`s nnnIysIs Is boIsforod by fho ronsonIng of
nnofhor nnoI rovIowIng nn ArfIcIo II, l3 chnIIongo. IooIo v. AfoncIo,
8?8 I.2d l4? CoIo. A. l994. AfoncIo nofod fhnf n fIronrms
roguInfIon musf bo n ronsonnbIo oxorcIso of fho oIIco owor, buf
roIfornfod fhnf nn ordInnnco fhnf Is Infondod fo rovonf crImo sorvos n
IogIfImnfo govornmonfnI Inforosf suffIcIonfIy sfrong fo jusfIfy Ifs
onncfmonf. AfoncIo, 8?8 I.2d nf l49 quofIng !oborfson, 8?4 I.2d nf
332.

43

C. Ofhor Cnsos !ovonI o Ifforonco Iofwoon !nfIonnI
InsIs nnd !onsonnbIo IxorcIso

Ioyond fhoso cnsos nddrossIng fho rIghf fo bonr nrms, fhIs Courf`s
rocodonf In ofhor nrons unIformIy rovonIs no dIfforonco bofwoon
rnfIonnI bnsIs nnd ronsonnbIo oxorcIso rovIow. Thoro Is no
dIfforonco boyond somnnfIcs. Iofh fyos of rovIow quosfIon whofhor fho
onncfmonf Is rnfIonnIIy roInfod fo n IogIfImnfo govornmonfnI Inforosf.
Ior oxnmIo, In n cnso InvoIvIng ufIIIfy rIghfs of wny, fhIs Courf
oxInInod fhnf n jurIsdIcfIon`s ronsonnbIo oxorcIso of oIIco owors Is
judgod by whofhor fhoro oxIsfs n rnfIonnI bnsIs for IogIsInfIng fo
rofocf fho honIfh, snfofy, or woIfnro of fho cIfIzons. CIfy nnd Counfy
of onvor v. Qwosf Cor., l8 I.3d ?48, ?55 CoIo. 200l. SImIInrIy, fhIs
Courf uhoId n chnIIongod crImInnI sfnfufo, oxInInIng fhnf If wns n
IogIfImnfo oxorcIso of fho oIIco owor nccordIng fo fho foIIowIng fosf
Whon fundnmonfnI rIghfs or susocf cInssIfIcnfIons nro nof InvoIvod, n
sfnfufo wIfhsfnnds consfIfufIonnI chnIIongo If If mny bo domonsfrnfod
fhnf If oxrossos n rnfIonnI roInfIonshI fo n IogIfImnfo govornmonfnI
Inforosf. IooIo v. MyrIck, 638 I.2d 34, 3? CoIo. l98l.

44

. Tho Courf of AonIs` Ofhor AufhorIfIos Aro Confrnry
fo CoIorndo !nw

In IIghf of CoIorndo`s rocodonf, fho Courf of AonIs hnd fo furn
fo ofhor jurIsdIcfIons In suorf of Ifs nrgumonf fhnf fho ronsonnbIo
oxorcIso nnd rnfIonnI bnsIs fosfs nro dIsfIncf, cIfIng IIoIIor v. ChIof, 92?
A.2d l2l6, l223 .H. 200? nnd Sfnfo v. CoIo, 665 .W.2d 328 WIs.
2003. oIfhor oInIon nIIos In CoIorndo bocnuso onch courf
Inforrofod Ifs own sfnfo`s consfIfufIon fo fInd n fundnmonfnI rIghf fo
bonr nrms or nssumod fhnf such n fundnmonfnI rIghf oxIsfs, whIch Is n
roosIfIon confrnry fo fho onfIro body of rocodonf of fhIs courf.
!oborfson, 8?4 I.2d nf 330 CoIo. l994. Moroovor, In confrnsf fo fho
nnrrow rIghf of soIfdofonso undor CoIorndo`s ConsfIfufIon, WIsconsIn
rocognIzos n rIghf fo bonr nrms for hunfIng nnd rocronfIonnI urosos.
WIs. Consf. Arf. I, 25. Yof, ovon In n sfnfo whoro fho rIghf fo bonr
nrms Is fundnmonfnI, comoIIIng ubIIc snfofy Inforosfs jusfIfIod n
doforonfInI sfnndnrd of rovIow dIsfIncf from fho sfrIngonf rovIow
nIIod fo ordInnncos fhnf rosfrIcf ofhor fundnmonfnI consfIfufIonnI
rIghfs. CoIo, 665 .W.2d nf 3363?.
45

Tho Courf of AonIs nIso roIIod uon n Inw rovIow nrfIcIo onfIfIod
Tho !onsonnbIo !Ighf fo Ionr Arms, buf fho nrfIcIo ncfunIIy cufs
ngnInsf Ifs ronsonIng. !nfhor fhnn cronfIng n subsfnnfInIIy hoIghfonod
sfnndnrd of rovIow, ns fho Courf of AonIs nssumod, Irofossor WInkIor
oxInInod
Tho ronsonnbIo roguInfIon sfnndnrd, IIko
rnfIonnIIfy rovIow usod oIsowhoro In
consfIfufIonnI jurIsrudonco, Is shorfhnnd for n
consIdornbIo dogroo of judIcInI doforonco rnfhor
fhnn n sof of subsfnnfIvo rIncIIos ono couId
IdonfIfy ox nnfo. . . . To fho oxfonf ronsonnbIonoss
hns subsfnnfIvo IImIfs, courfs wIII InvnIIdnfo n
gun Inw onIy If If Is nrbIfrnry or so rosfrIcfIvo fhnf
If 'ovIscornfos,` rondors 'nugnfory,` or rosuIfs In
fho offocfIvo 'dosfrucfIon` of fho rIghf fo bonr
nrms.

Adnm WInkIor, Tho !onsonnbIo !Ighf fo Ionr Arms, l? STA. ! & IO!`Y
!IV. 59?, 602 2006. Tho !ogonfs` Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy doos nof
ovIscornfo or dosfroy fho rIghf fo bonr nrms, buf Insfond IImIfs If In n
mnnnor consIsfonf wIfh fho !ogonfs` oIIco owor nnd CoIorndo
rocodonf.


46

I. CoIorndo !nw oos of Tronf fho ConsfIfufIonnIIfy of
IIronrms !osfrIcfIons ns n MIxod IncfunI nnd !ognI
QuosfIon fhnf !oquIros n InInnco of fho Inforosfs nf
Sfnko

Tho Courf of AonIs nffomfod fo dIsfInguIsh bofwoon rnfIonnI
bnsIs nnd ronsonnbIo oxorcIso rovIow by oInIng whofhor chnIIongod
IogIsInfIon bonrs n rnfIonnI roInfIonshI fo n IogIfImnfo govornmonfnI
Inforosf Is n IognI quosfIon, whIIo whofhor chnIIongod IogIsInfIon Is n
ronsonnbIo oxorcIso of fho sfnfo's oIIco owor Is n mIxod fncfunI nnd
IognI quosfIon. ConconIod Cnrry, 20l0 W! l492308 nf *ll. As
doscrIbod nbovo, fho Courf of AonIs IncorrocfIy doformInod fhnf
ronsonnbIo oxorcIso rovIow Is mnforInIIy dIfforonf from rnfIonnI bnsIs
rovIow bocnuso CoIorndo Inw doos nof suorf fhIs dIsfIncfIon.
CoIorndo Inw doos nof suorf fho nssorfIon fhnf whofhor n
roguInfIon Is n ronsonnbIo oxorcIso of fho oIIco owor Is n mIxod fncfunI
nnd IognI quosfIon. Whofhor n rnfIonnI bnsIs suorfs nn ordInnnco
such fhnf If bonrs n ronsonnbIo roInfIonshI fo n IogIfImnfo
govornmonfnI Inforosf Is n quosfIon of Inw. ZInn, 843 I.2d nf l354
CoIo. l993. Whofhor or nof fho roInfIonshI Is ronsonnbIo Is n judIcInI
quosfIon. !ovo v. IoII, 465 I.2d ll8, l2l CoIo. l9?0.
4?

CoIorndo courfs hnvo novor sfnfod fhnf ovnIunfIng fho
ronsonnbIonoss of n gun roguInfIon or nny ofhor oxorcIso of fho oIIco
owor roquIros n fncfunI rocord or InvoIvos n bnInncIng of fho Inforosfs
nf sfnko. To fho confrnry, CoIorndo courfs froquonfIy nddross whofhor n
sfnfufo Is n ronsonnbIo oxorcIso of fho oIIco owor nf fho mofIon fo
dIsmIss sfngo, wIfh no suggosfIon fhnf fho sfnfo musf rosonf ovIdonco
fo suorf fho ronsonnbIonoss of fho oIIco owor doformInnfIon
undorIyIng fho sfnfufory onncfmonf.
Ior oxnmIo, wIfhouf fho nood for nny rocord of fho fncfunI
cIrcumsfnncos undor whIch If wns nssod, fhIs Courf doformInod fhnf n
Inw rosfrIcfIng foIons from ossossIng wonons nssod consfIfufIonnI
musfor undor ArfIcIo II, l3. IooIo v. IIuo , 544 I.2d 38?, 39l CoIo.
l9?5. SImIInrIy, fhIs Courf rojocfod n fncInI consfIfufIonnI chnIIongo fo
n Inw crImInnIIzIng wonons ossossIon by InfoxIcnfod orsons bocnuso
If wns n roor oxorcIso of fho oIIco owor fhnf wns ronsonnbIy
roInfod fo fho ubIIc honIfh, woIfnro, nnd snfofy. IooIo v. CnrcIn, 595
I.2d 228, 230 CoIo. l9?9.
48

On fho rnro occnsIons whoro fhIs Courf hns doformInod fhnf nn
ordInnnco vIoInfod ArfIcIo II, l3, If dId so wIfhouf roquIrIng nn
ovIdonfInry rocord on fho consfIfufIonnI quosfIon or orformIng n
bnInnco of fho Inforosfs nf sfnko. In l936, fhIs Courf ovorfurnod n
convIcfIon undor n sfnfufo fhnf onfIroIy dIsnIIowod nIIons from
ossossIng fIronrms on fho ground fhnf ArfIcIo II, l3 nIIows no
nIIonngobnsod dIsfIncfIons. IooIo v. nknmurn, 62 I.2d 246, 24?
CoIo. l936. In l9?2, fhIs Courf hoId fhnf nn ordInnnco fhnf oufInwod
ossossIon of dondIy wonons nnywhoro In !nkowood wns ovorbrond
bocnuso If oufInwod IogIfImnfo ncfIvIfIos, such ns fho busInossos of
gunsmIfhIng nnd nwnbrokIng, nnd wouId rohIbIf ooIo from
frnnsorfIng wonons fo fhoso busInossos. CIfy of !nkowood v. IIIIow,
50l I.2d ?44, ?45 CoIo. l9?2. Tho Inws nf Issuo nnd scoo of fhoIr
rohIbIfIons woro onough for fhIs Courf fo nssoss fhoIr ronsonnbIonoss.
Ivon In !oborfson, fhIs Courf bognn Ifs rovIow by nffIrmIng fhnf
fho CIfy of onvor`s IogIsInfIvo docInrnfIon of uroso wns suffIcIonf fo
show ronsonnbIonoss Thoro cnn bo no doubf fhnf nn ordInnnco,
Infondod fo rovonf crImo, sorvos n IogIfImnfo govornmonfnI Inforosf
49

suffIcIonfIy sfrong fo jusfIfy Ifs onncfmonf. !oborfson, 8?4 I.2d nf 332.
WhIIo fho nrfIos cronfod n fncfunI rocord In fho frInI courf, nowhoro
doos !oborfson sfnfo fhnf n fncfunI rocord Is nocossnry for n courf fo
doformIno whofhor nn ordInnnco sorvos n IogIfImnfo govornmonfnI
Inforosf.
In fncf, In fho fhroo cnsos !oborfson cIfod for fho roosIfIon fhnf
ronsonnbIo oxorcIso of fho oIIco owor Is monsurod by Ifs roInfIonshI
fo n IogIfImnfo govornmonfnI Inforosf, fho frInI courfs nssossod fho
consfIfufIonnIIfy of fho Inws on mofIons fo dIsmIss. IooIo v. Cross,
830 I.2d 933 CoIo.l992 IooIo v. Ihnrr, 696 I.2d 235 CoIo.l984
IushnoII v. Sn, 5?l I.2d ll00 CoIo. l9??. Tho Courf of AonIs
cIfod no cnso whoro fhIs Courf romnndod n cnso fo fho frInI courf fo
dovoIo n fncfunI rocord ns fo whofhor fho ordInnnco wns n ronsonnbIo
oxorcIso of fho oIIco owor. or wouId such n romnnd bo nrorInfo
bocnuso n sfnfufo Is consfIfufIonnI unIoss fhoro Is no ronsonnbIy
concoIvnbIo sof of fncfs fo osfnbIIsh n rnfIonnI bnsIs bofwoon fho sfnfufo
nnd n IogIfImnfo govornmonfnI uroso. Inco MomborshI Wnrohouso,
938 I.2d nf 50? omhnsIs nddod.
50

Tho ImIIcnfIons of hoIdIng fhnf ronsonnbIo oxorcIso of fho oIIco
owor rovIow InvnrInbIy InvoIvos n mIxod quosfIon of Inw nnd fncf
fhnf roquIros n bnInnco of fho Inforosfs nf sfnko nro unfonnbIo. !ndor
fhIs nnnIysIs, nccusod crImInnIs couId roufInoIy domnnd fhnf fho sfnfo
rovIdo n fncfunI jusfIfIcnfIon suorfIng fho onncfmonf of fho crImInnI
sfnfufos undor whIch fhoy nro chnrgod, whofhor InvoIvIng fIronrms
ossossIon or ofhorwIso. Thnf hns novor boon fho govornmonf`s burdon.
Insfond of roquIrIng such n fncfunI domonsfrnfIon, fhIs Courf hns boon
cIonr fhnf whoro If Is concoIvnbIo fhnf n sof of fncfs oxIsfs fhnf wouId
suorf n roguInfIon, n courf musf nssumo fhoso fncfs oxIsf. ChrIsfIo,
933 I.2d nf l33.
I. Tho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy Ionrs n !nfIonnI nnd
!onsonnbIo !oInfIonshI fo n !ogIfImnfo CovornmonfnI
Inforosf

Whofhor fho roor sfnndnrd of rovIow Is doscrIbod ns rnfIonnI
bnsIs or ronsonnbIo oxorcIso, fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy Is
consfIfufIonnI.

5l

As n fhroshoId mnffor, Judgo MIIIor corrocfIy nofod fhnf fho
Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy mny nof ImIIcnfo ArfIcIo II, l3, ns fhnf
consfIfufIonnI rovIsIon cIonrIy sfnfos fhnf nofhIng horoIn confnInod
shnII bo consfruod fo jusfIfy fho rncfIco of cnrryIng conconIod
wonons. Yof, ovon If Sfudonfs for ConconIod Cnrry`s consfIfufIonnI
chnIIongo ImIIcnfos fho rIghf fo bonr nrms, ArfIcIo II, l3 cronfos onIy
n IImIfod rIghf. If rofocfs onIy fho rIghf fo bonr nrms In dofonso of
homo, orson, nnd roorfy, nnd corfnInIy doos nof confor n froo
sfnndIng rIghf fo bonr nrms In nII cIrcumsfnncos. Iocnuso fho rIghf fo
bonr nrms Is IImIfod, If Is vIndIcnfod In mosf cnsos If n cIfIzon mny rnIso
soIfdofonso In rosonso fo n crImInnI rosocufIon. IooIo v. Iord, 568
I.2d 26, 28 CoIo. l9?? IIuo, 544 I.2d nf 39l.
CIvIng doforonco fo fho govornmonf`s ovnIunfIon of ofonfInI
hnrms, fhIs Courf nnd fho Courf of AonIs hnvo froquonfIy uhoId
sfnfufos nnd ordInnncos fhnf IImIf fho rIghf fo bonr nrms. Soo CnrcIn,
595 I.2d nf 228 fIndIng sfnfufo crImInnIIzIng fIronrm ossossIon by
InfoxIcnfod orsons noIfhor unconsfIfufIonnIIy vnguo nor ovorbrond
IIuo, 544 I.2d nf 385 uhoIdIng ngnInsf SocfIon l3 chnIIongo sfnfufo
52

dIsnIIowIng wonons ossossIon by oxfoIons IooIo v. TrujIIIo, 49?
I.2d l, l CoIo. l9?2 uhoIdIng crImInnI convIcfIon of nn oxfoIon
rosocufod for wonons ossossIon AfoncIo, 8?8 I.2d nf l4950
hoIdIng fhnf sonfonco onhnncomonf Imosod on n mnrIjunnn frnffIckor
for usIng n gun In connocfIon wIfh nn offonso dId nof vIoInfo
consfIfufIonnI rIghf IooIo v. IfIugboII, 834 I.2d 843, 84849 CoIo.
A. l992hoIdIng fhnf nn Inforosfod orson couId ofIfIon n courf fo
dony n commIffod monfnI nfIonf fho rIghf fo bonr nrms.
Ioforo onncfIng fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy, fho !ogonfs found
fhnf ossossIon of fIronrms, oxIosIvos nnd ofhor dnngorous or IIIognI
wonons on or wIfhIn nny !nIvorsIfy of CoIorndo cnmus . . . Is
InconsIsfonf wIfh fho ncndomIc mIssIon of fho !nIvorsIfy nnd, In fncf,
sorIousIy undormInos If.
l4
Tho rosonco of fhoso wonons fhronfons
fho frnnquIIIfy of fho oducnfIonnI onvIronmonf nnd confrIbufos In nn
offonsIvo mnnnor fo nn unnccofnbIo cIImnfo of vIoIonco.
l5
CIvon fho
!ogonfs Inhoronf obIIgnfIon nnd socIfIc sfnfufory nufhorIfy fo rosorvo

14
!ocord on AonI nf 44.

15
!ocord on AonI nf 44.
53

nn oducnfIonnI onvIronmonf mosf conducIvo fo sfudy nnd IonrnIng, fho
!ogonfs nrfIcuInfod n rnfIonnI roInfIonshI fo n IogIfImnfo govornmonfnI
Inforosf suffIcIonf fo suorf fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy. !oborfson,
8?4 I.2d nf 328
Tho !ogonfs fnco consIdornfIons of cnmus snfofy fhnf nro quIfo
dIfforonf from fhoso InvoIvod In munIcInI govornnnco. Sfudonfs,
fncuIfy, nnd omIoyoos nII shnro n smnII cnmus nron dodIcnfod fo fho
oducnfIonnI onforrIso. o courf roquIros nny ovIdonfInry roffor fo
rocognIzo fhnf cnmus nnd cInssroom shoofIngs nro nn unforfunnfoIy
froquonf occurronco In modorn AmorIcnn socIofy.
Tho !ogonfs` obIIgnfIon fo rosorvo cnmus snfofy Is unIquo nnd
sIgnIfIcnnf. WhIIo ronsonnbIo mInds mIghf dIsngroo nbouf whofhor fho
Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy Is fho bosf soIufIon, If wns wIfhIn fho !ogonfs`
InwfuI scoo of nufhorIfy fo onncf. Judgo MIIIor corrocfIy concIudod
fhnf If fnkos no sfrofch of fho ImngInnfIon fo boIIovo fhnf sfudonfs on n
coIIogo cnmus couId uso fIronrms In nn unsnfo mnnnor or In n wny fhnf
couId fhronfon ofhor sfudonfs.
l6


16
!ocord on AonI nf l63.
54

Ivon If n bnInnco of fho Inforosfs nf sfnko Is consfIfufIonnIIy
roquIrod, fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy onsIIy nssos consfIfufIonnI
scrufIny. If doos nof rocIudo sfudonfs, omIoyoos, fncuIfy or ofhor
cIfIzons from ownIng fIronrms, buf rosfrIcfs onIy fhoIr nbIIIfy fo brIng
fhom fo fho !nIvorsIfy`s cnmusos. Tho oIIcy doos nof drnw nrbIfrnry
dIsfIncfIons bofwoon cIfIzons of dIfforonf rncos or gondors. If doos nof
rocIudo nnyono from ursuIng or nfronIzIng IogIfImnfo busInossos.
And, mosf ImorfnnfIy, fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy cronfos no crImInnI
snncfIons. If rovIdos n codo of conducf for fhoso who work nnd sfudy
on fho !nIvorsIfy`s cnmusos, nnd fho oIIcy unIshos onIy fhoso who
hnvo InfonfIonnIIy or rockIossIy usod or ossossod such wonons In n
wny fhnf wouId InfImIdnfo, hnrnss, Injuro or ofhorwIso Inforforo wIfh
fho IonrnIng nnd workIng onvIronmonf of fho !nIvorsIfy.
l?




17
!ocord on AonI nf 44.
55

ConcIusIon
SImIy sfnfod, ns n ronsonnbIo nnd IogIfImnfo oxorcIso of fho
!ogonfs` Inhoronf consfIfufIonnI nufhorIfy fo govorn fho !nIvorsIfy nnd
oxIIcIf sfnfufory nufhorIfy undor C.!.S. 235l06l fo romuIgnfo
ruIos nnd roguInfIons for fho snfofy nnd woIfnro of sfudonfs, omIoyoos
nnd roorfy, fho Wonons ConfroI IoIIcy wIfhsfnnds fho !osondonfs`
sfnfufory nnd consfIfufIonnI chnIIongos. Tho !nIvorsIfy rosocffuIIy
roquosfs fhnf fhIs Courf rovorso fho Courf of AonIs` docIsIon nnd
romnnd fho cnso wIfh InsfrucfIons fo roInsfnfo fho frInI courf`s ordor of
dIsmIssnI.
!osocffuIIy submIffod on fhIs 20
fh
dny of ocombor 20l0





_____________________________
InfrIck T. O`!ourko, #26l95
Mnrgnrof WIIonsky, #38822

56

CI!TIIICATI OI SI!VICI

I horoby corfIfy fhnf on fhIs 20
fh
dny of ocombor, 20l0, n fruo nnd
comIofo coy of fho forogoIng OIIIC I!III wns sonf vIn !.S.
mnII, fIrsf cInss, osfngo ronId, nddrossod fo fho foIIowIng

Jnmos M. MnnIoy
MounfnIn Sfnfos !ognI IoundnfIon
2596 S. !owIs Wny
onvor, CO 8022?

Idwnrd T. !nmoy
Isnncson !osonbnum IC
l00l l?
fh
Sfroof, SuIfo l800
onvor, CO 80202




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