1. FLOOR SPACE INDEX (F.S.I) / FLOOR AREA RATIO (F.A.

R): It is the ratio of a building's total floor area to the size/ area of the parcel of land upon which it is built. The terms can also refer to limits imposed on such a ratio. Thus, an FSI of 2.0 would indicate that the total floor area of a building is two times the gross area of the plot on which it is constructed. As a formula: Floor area ratio = (Total covered area on all floors of all buildings on a certain plot)/ (Area of the plot). Floor area ratios are used as a measure of the intensity of the site being developed. The floor area ratio can be used in zoning to limit the amount of construction in a certain area. For example, if the relevant zoning ordinance permits construction on a parcel, and if construction must adhere to a 0.10 FAR, then the total area of all floors in all buildings constructed on the parcel must be no more than one-tenth the area of the parcel itself. Example: The commercial area at Nehru place and the surrounding residential area of Kalkaji and GK I can help us to understand how F.S.I is used as a measure of intensity of the site being developed and how F.S.I can be used in zoning to limit the amount of construction.

Fig 1: Commercial area- Nehru place and the surrounding residential Kalkaji and GK I area.

2. GARDEN CITY The Garden city movement is an approach to urban planning that was founded in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard. It arose as the reaction to the crowding and pollution of cities happening as a result of Industrial Revolution which also made water supply and drainage inadequate and rents and prices high in cities. Howard believed that these towns should be limited in size and density, and surrounded with a belt of undeveloped land. A Garden City would have well designed houses with gardens set in tree lined avenues, clean and healthy work places and a pleasant and healthy environment in which to live work and follow leisure pursuits. The Theory Howard analyzed in his book the reasons for people to move to the city or to the country side. He found out that both have advantages and function as magnets. Therefore, his solution was to develop a city structure which contains the advantages of a city and those of the countryside. He expressed this in his image of The three magnets

'There are in reality not only, as is so constantly assumed, two alternatives - town life and country life - but a third alternative, in which all the advantages of the most energetic and active town life, with all the
Ebenezer Howard's 3 magnets diagram which addressed the question 'Where will the people go?', the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country

beauty and delight of the country, may be secured in perfect combination. Human society and the beauty of nature are meant to be enjoyed together.' Ebenezer Howard, 1898

City Structure His idealized garden city would house 32,000 people on a site of 6,000 acres (24,000,000 m2) = 24 sq km, planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks and six radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the centre. The Garden City would consist of different zones, street types and green belts. The core in the centre is about 4 km and contains a central park, surrounded by a commercial, cultural and administrative zone. Here, the idea of the shopping mall came up, as Howard wanted to develop a Crystal palace" where goods such as hand craft produced by the inhabitants could be sold protected from weather. During the weekends the core was supposed to be the cultural and recreational centre. Six magnificent boulevards connect the center with the circumference, dividing the city into six parts. A wide (Grand Avenue) and some smaller (First to Fifth Avenue) ring roads are arranged circular around the centre, and together with the radial roads, they form the wards - living area. Every family has a house of a minimum size of 6m x 30m with a shared or owned garden. Social infrastructure (i.e. schools) is located along the Grand Avenue .The outer ring is supposed for small scale industries and manufactories to keep the inhabitants away from emission and a green belt and a circle railway mark the border to the countryside. City Expansion To avoid problems which occur in expanding cities, the concept limits the city maximum population up to 32,000 people, the garden city would be self-sufficient when it reached full population. Further growing of the Garden City is not possible. Therefore a new city has to be founded in a reasonable distance of about 7 km to the others to protect the
3

countryside. Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city of 50,000 people, linked by road and rail. Examples: Howard organized the Garden City Association in 1899. Two garden cities were founded on Howard's ideas: Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City, both in Hertfordshire, England. In 1903, First Garden City Ltd commenced the building of an experimental town on 3,818 acres of land at Letchworth, to prove that Howard's ideas were practical. The Garden City became a reality and so a unique town was created where the profit from the management & development of the land was to be returned to the benefit of the town. Their 1903 layout plan was based on the principles of land use with defined areas for commercial and industrial development, varied residential districts and an agricultural belt. The plan set out the environmental standards for the 20th Century. Welwyn Garden City was founded by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the 1920s following his previous experiment in Letchworth Garden City. The Garden Cities and Town Planning Association had defined a garden city as "A town designed for healthy living and industry of a size that makes possible a full measure of social life but not larger, surrounded by a rural belt; the whole of the land being in public ownership, or held in trust for the community". There is a resurgence of interest in the ethos of the garden city and the type of neighbourhood and community advocated by Howard, prompted by the

problems of metropolitan and regional development and the importance of sustainability in government policy at Welwyn. Example in India: Lutyens Delhi Lutyens laid out the central administrative area of the city. At the heart of the city was the impressive Rashtrapati Bhawan, formerly known as Viceroy's House, located on the top of Raisina Hill. The Rajpath, also known as King's Way, connects India Gate to Rashtrapati Bhawan, while Jan path, which crosses it at a right angle, connects South end road (renamed as Rajesh Pilot marg) with Connaught Place. The Secretariat Building, which house various ministries of the Government of India including Prime Minister of India office (PMO), are beside the Rashtrapati Bhawan. The Parliament House, is located on the Sansad Marg, running parallel with the Rajpath. There are many churches and cathedrals. Lutyens Bungalow Zone: Lutyens Bungalow Zone (LBZ) is the term used for the area spread over 2,800-hectare area with bungalows (houses) for government officials and their administrative offices, during the British Raj. The zone stretches up to Lodhi Road in the south.

3. GENTRIFICATION Gentrification and urban gentrification refer to the changes that result when wealthier people ("gentry") acquire or rent property in low income and working class communities. Urban gentrification is associated with migration within a population. In a community undergoing gentrification, the average income increases and average family size decreases. This generally results in the displacement of the poorer, pre-gentrification residents, who are unable to pay increased rents or house prices and property taxes. Often old industrial buildings are converted to residences and shops. In addition, new businesses, catering to a more affluent base of consumers, move in, further increasing the appeal to more affluent migrants and decreasing the accessibility to the poor. Urban gentrification occasionally changes the culturally heterogeneous character of a community or neighbourhood to a more economically homogeneous community that some describe as having a suburban character. This process is sometimes made feasible by governmentpromoted private real estate investment repairing the local infrastructure. This is done through deferred taxes, mortgages for poor and for first-time house-buyers and financial incentives for the owners of decayed rental housing. Once in place, these economic development actions tend to reduce local property crime, increase property values and prices, and increase tax revenues.
Gentrification in the US: The the There are several approaches that attempt to explain the roots and the reasons behindNorth Loop "Warehouse list of of condominia for spread of gentrification. Bruce London and J. John Palen (1984) compiled a District" five Gentrified: An industrial building as art studio, Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City.

neighborhood, Minneapolis, Minn., is the artists and entrepreneurs

explanations: (1) demographic-ecological, (2) sociocultural, (3) political-economical, (4) community networks, and (5) social movements.

4. HERITAGE Heritage itself is conceptualized as the meaning attached in the present to the past and is regarded as a knowledge defined within social, political and cultural context. It is capable of being interpreted differently within anyone culture at anyone time, as well as between cultures and trough time. Heritage does not engage directly with the study of the past. Instead it is concerned with the ways in which very selective material artifacts, mythologies, memories and traditions become resources for present. The context, interpretations and representations of the resource are selected according to the demands of the present. It follows, therefore, that, if heritage is the contemporary use of the past and if it's meaning are defined in present, then we create the heritage that we require and manage if for a range of purpose defined by the needs and demands of our present societies. It is best learnt from the living oral traditions, buildings, and other artifacts still useful in the contemporary context. Example: India Habitat Centre and Parliament Library have drawn inspiration from the Mughal architecture in Delhi and adapted it in todays context.

India Habitat Centre, New Delhi

Mughal Architecture

Parliament Library, New Delhi

5. SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBOURHOOD A sustainable neighbourhood is a mixed used area with a feeling of community. It is a place where people want to live and work, now and in the future. Sustainable neighbourhoods meet the diverse needs of existing and future residents, are sensitive to their environment, and contribute to a high quality of life. They are safe and inclusive, well planned, built and run, and offer equality of opportunity and good services to all. Sustainable neighbourhood planning seeks to achieve long-term socially, environmentally and economically healthy communities by: Governance Transport and Mobility Environment Economy Services Equity Diversity Mixed used Identity Citizens and residents participation, cooperation and involvement

The main aim of sustainable neighbourhood is

Creating socially cohesive and diverse communities through a mix of housing types

and employment opportunities

Promoting alternative transportation and energy Promoting efficient use of resources

Locating residential areas close to recreational and commercial services with pedestrian and cycling connections

Example: The village has an area of 982.31 ha (1991). It is considered a model of environmental conservation. The village has carried out programs like tree planting, terracing to reduce soil erosion and digging canals to retain rainwater. For energy, the village uses solar power, biogas (some generated from the community toilet) and a windmill. The project is heralded as a sustainable model of a village republic. The village's biggest accomplishment is in its use of non-conventional energy. For example, all the village street lights each have separate solar panels. The village is headed by a Sarpanch who is the chief of the Gram Panchayat (village panchayat). The village of Ralegan Siddhi was transformed from a highly degraded village ecosystem in a semi-arid region of extreme poverty to one of the richest in the country. The Ralegan Siddhi example, now 25 years old, by demonstrating that it is possible to rebuild natural capital in partnership with the local economy, is a model for the rest of the country.