COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

The Reference model

Introduction
The Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI Model) is an abstract description for layered communications and computer network protocol design. It divides network architecture into seven layers which, from top to bottom, are the Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical Layers. It is therefore often referred to as the OSI Seven Layer Model.

History
In 1978, the International Standars Organization (ISO) began to develop its OSI framework architecture. OSI has two major components: an abstract model of networking, called the Basic Reference Model or seven-layer model, and a set of specific protocols The concept of a 7 layer model was provided by the work of Charles Bachman, then of Honeywell. Various aspects of OSI design evolved from experiences with the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) and the fledgling Internet. When computers were first linked together into networks, moving information between different types of computers was a very difficult task. In the early 1980s, the International Standards Organization (ISO) recognized the need for a standard network model. This would help vendors to create interpretable network devices. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, released in 1984, addressed this need. The OSI model describes how information makes its way from application programs through a network medium to another application program in another computer. It divides this one big problem into seven smaller problems. Each of these seven problems is reasonably self-contained and therefore more easily solved without excessive reliance on external information. Each problem is addressed by one of the seven layers of the OSI model. The seven layers of the OSI model are:-

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

application presentation session transport network data-link physical The acronym used to remember these layers is: All People Seem To Need Data Processing. The lower two OSI model layers are implemented with hardware and software. The upper five are generally implemented only in software.

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model

International standard organization (ISO) established a committee in 1977 to develop architecture for computer communication. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is the result of this effort. In 1984, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model was approved as an international standard for communications architecture. Term open denotes the ability to connect any two systems which conform to the reference model and associated standards. The OSI model is now considered the primary Architectural model for inter-computer communications.

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

The OSI model describes how information or data makes its way from application programmes (such as spreadsheets) through a network medium (such as wire) to another application programme located on another network. The OSI reference model divides the problem of moving information between computers over a network medium into SEVEN smaller and more manageable problems . This separation into smaller more manageable functions is known as layering.

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

The process of breaking up the functions or tasks of networking into layers reduces complexity. Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the protocol specification. Each layer communicates with the same layers software or hardware on other computers. The lower 4 layers (transport, network, data link and physical Layers 4, 3, 2, and 1) are concerned with the flow of data from end to end through the network. The upper four layers of the OSI model (application, presentation and sessionLayers 7, 6 and 5) are orientated more toward services to the applications. Data is encapsulated with the necessary protocol information as it moves down the layers before network transit. Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA (AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA) 5

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

Physical Layer
Provides physical interface for transmission of information. Defines rules by which bits are passed from one system to another on a physical communication medium. Covers all - mechanical, electrical, functional and procedural - aspects for physical communication. Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, physical connectors, and other similar attributes are defined by physical layer specifications.

Data Link Layer

Data link layer attempts to provide reliable communication over the physical layer interface. Breaks the outgoing data into frames and reassemble the received frames. Create and detect frame boundaries. Handle errors by implementing an acknowledgement and retransmission scheme. Implement flow control. Supports points-to-point as well as broadcast communication. Supports simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex communication.

Network Layer
Implements routing of frames (packets) through the network. Defines the most optimum path the packet should take from the source to the destination Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can be identified. Handles congestion in the network. Facilitates interconnection between heterogeneous networks (Internetworking). The network layer also defines how to fragment a packet into smaller packets to accommodate different media.

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

Transport Layer
Purpose of this layer is to provide a reliable mechanism for the exchange of data between two processes in different computers. Ensures that the data units are delivered error free. Ensures that data units are delivered in sequence. Ensures that there is no loss or duplication of data units. Provides connectionless or connection oriented service. Provides for the connection management. Multiplex multiple connections over a single channel.

Session Layer
Session layer provides mechanism for controlling the dialogue between the two end systems. It defines how to start, control and end conversations (called sessions) between applications. This layer requests for a logical connection to be established on an end-users request. Any necessary log-on or password validation is also handled by this layer. Session layer is also responsible for terminating the connection. This layer provides services like dialogue discipline which can be full duplex or half duplex. Session layer can also provide check-pointing mechanism such that if a failure of some sort occurs between checkpoints, all data can be retransmitted from the last checkpoint.

Presentation Layer
Presentation layer defines the format in which the data is to be exchanged between the two communicating entities. Also handles data compression and data encryption (cryptography).

Application Layer
Application layer interacts with application programs and is the highest level of OSI model. Application layer contains management functions to support distributed applications.

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

Examples of application layer are applications such as file transfer, electronic mail, remote login etc.

OSI in Action
A message begins at the top application layer and moves down the OSI layers to the bottom physical layer. As the message descends, each successive OSI model layer adds a header to it. A header is layer-specific information that basically explains what functions the layer carried out. Conversely, at the receiving end, headers are striped from the message as it travels up the corresponding layers.

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

TCP/IP Model

OSI & TCP/IP Models

TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Model
Application Layer
Application programs using the network Transport Layer (TCP/UDP) Management of end-to-end message transmission, error detection and error correction Network Layer (IP) Handling of datagrams : routing and congestion Data Link Layer
Management of cost effective and reliable data delivery, access to physical networks

Physical Layer Physical Media

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

The TCP/IP model

TCP/IP is based on a four-layer reference model. All protocols that belong to the TCP/IP protocol suite are located in the top three layers of this model. As shown in the following illustration, each layer of the TCP/IP model corresponds to one or more layers of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model proposed by the International Standards Organization (ISO).

The types of services performed and protocols used at each layer within the TCP/IP model are described in more detail in the following table.

Layer
Application

Description
Defines TCP/IP application protocols and how host programs interface with transport layer services to use the network.

Protocols
HTTP, Telnet, FTP, TFTP, SNMP, DNS, SMTP, X Windows, other application protocols TCP, UDP, RTP

Transport

Provides communication session management between host computers. Defines the level of service and status of the connection used when transporting data.

Internet

Packages data into IP datagrams, which contain source and destination address information that is used to forward the datagrams between hosts and

IP, ICMP, ARP, RARP

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

10

COMPUTER NETWORKING

Diploma Computer Engineering semester-5

across networks. Performs routing of IP datagrams.

Network interface

Specifies details of how data is physically sent through the network, including how bits are electrically signaled by hardware devices that interface directly with a network medium, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, or twisted-pair copper wire.

Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, X.25, Frame Relay, RS-232, v.35

For more information about ARP, IP, ICMP, IGMP, UDP, and TCP, see Understanding TCP/IP.

TCP/IP Model vs OSI Model

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TCP/IP Reference Model Defined after the advent of Internet OSI Reference Model Defined before advent of internet

Service interface and protocols were not clearly Service interface and protocols are distinguished before clearly distinguished TCP/IP supports Internet working Loosely layered Protocol Dependent standard More Credible TCP reliably delivers packets, IP does not reliably deliver packets Internet working not supported Strict layering Protocol independent standard Less Credible All packets are reliably delivered

The entire communication industry stands on the backbone of TCP/IP and OSI reference model. It is very vital to learn the above differences, if anyone wants to be an expert in the field of communication.

Prepared By - HOD, VIMAL ADODARIYA

(AARSH MAHAVIDYALAYA)

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