c 3.

00 × 10 8 m s
33.1: a) v = = = 2.04 × 10 8 m s .
n 1.47
−7
λ (6.50 × 10 m)
b) λ = 0 = = 4.42 × 10 −7 m.
n 1.47

c 3.00 × 108 m s
33.2: a) λ vacuum = = = 5.17 × 10 −7 m.
f 5.80 × 10 Hz
14

c 3.00 × 108 m s
b) λ glass = = = 3.40 × 10 −7 m.
fn (5.80 × 10 Hz)(1.52)
14

c 3.00 × 108 m/s

33.3: a) n = = = 1.54.
v 1.94 × 108 m/s
−7 −7
b) λ 0 = nλ = (1.54) (3.55 × 10 m) = 5.47 × 10 m.

λ water nwater (4.38 × 10 −7 m)(1.333)

33.4: λ water nwater = λ Benzene nBenzene ⇒ λ CS 2 = =
nBenzene 1.501

33.5 : a) Incident and reflected angles are always equal ⇒ θ r′ = θ a′ = 47.5°.

π π  na  π  1.00 
b) θ b′ = 2 − θ b = 2 − arcsin  n sin θ a  = 2 − arcsin  1.66 sin 42.5°  = 66.0°.
 b 

d 2.50 m
33.6: v= = = 2.17 × 108 m s
t 11.5 × 10 −9 s
c 3.00 × 10 8 m/s
n= = = 1.38
v 2.17 × 10 8 m/s

33.7: na sin θ a = nb sin θ b

 sin θ a  sin 62.7° 
nb = na   = 1.00  = 1.194
 sin θ b   sin 48.1° 
n = c v so v = c n = (3.00 × 108 m/s ) / 1.194 = 2.51 × 108 m s
33.8 (a)

Apply Snell’s law at both interfaces.

33.9: a) Let the light initially be in the material with refractive index na and let the third
and final slab have refractive index nb Let the middle slab have refractive index n1

1st interface : na sin θ a = n1 sin θ1

2nd interface : n1 sin θ1 = nb sin θ b

Combining the two equations gives na sin θ a = nb sin θ b .

b) For N slabs, where the first slab has refractive index na and the final slab has
refractive index nb , na sin θ a = n1 sin θ1 , n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2 ,  , n N −2 sin θ N −2 = nb sin θ b .
This gives na sin θ a = nb sin θ b . The final direction of travel depends on the angle of
incidence in the first slab and the indicies of the first and last slabs.

 nair   1.00 
33.10: a) θ water = arcsin  n sin θ air  = arcsin 
 1.33
sin 35.0°  = 25.5°.

 water 
b) This calculation has no dependence on the glass because we can omit that step in the
chain : nair sin θair = nglass sin θglass = nwater sin θ water .

33.11: As shown below, the angle between the beams and the prism is A/2 and the angle
between the beams and the vertical is A, so the total angle between the two beams is 2A.
33.12: Rotating a mirror by an angleθ while keeping the incoming beam constant leads
to an increase in the incident angle φ by θ. Therefore the angle between incoming
and outgoing beams becomes 2θ + 2φ where an additional deflection of 2θ arose from the
mirror rotation.

 na   1.70 
33.13: θ b = arcsin  n sin θ a  = arcsin 
 1.58
sin 62.0°  = 71.8°.

 b 

 na   1.33 
33.14: θ b = arcsin  n sin θ a  = arcsin  1.52 sin 45.0°  = 38.2. But this is the angle
 b 
from the normal to the surface, so the angle from the vertical is an additional 15° because of
the tilt of the surface. Therefore the angle is 53.2°.

33.15: a) Going from the liquid into air:

nb 1.00
= sin θ crit ⇒ na = = 1.48.
na sin 42.5°
n   1.48 
So : θ b = arcsin  a sin θ a  = arcsin  sin 35.0°  = 58.1°.
 nb   1.00 
b) Going from air into the liquid:
n   1.00 
θ b = arcsin  a sin θ a  = arcsin  sin 35.0°  = 22.8°.
 nb   1.48 

33.16:

If θ > critical angle, no light escapes,

so for the largest circle, θ = θc
nw sin θc = nair sin 90° = (1.00) (1.00) = 1.00
1
θc = sin −1 (1 / nw ) = sin −1 = 48.6°
1.333
tan θ c = R / 10.0 m → R = (10.0 m) tan 48.6° = 11.3 m
A = πR 2 = π (13.3 m) 2 = 401 m 2
33.17: For glass → water, θ crit = 48.7°
nb 1.333
na sin θ crit = nb sin 90°, so n a = = = 1.77
sin θ crit sin48.7 °

33.18: (a)

Total internal reflection occurs at AC : n sin θ = (1.00) sin 90° = 1.00

(1.52) sin θ = 1.00
θ = 41.1°
α + θ = 90° → α = 90° − 41.1° = 48.9°
If α is larger, θ is smaller and thus less than the critical angle, so this answer is the
largest that α can be.

(b) Same approach as in (a), except AC is now a glass-water boundary.

n sin θ = nw sin 90° = 1.333
1.52 sin θ = 1.333
θ = 61.3°
α = 90° − 61.3° = 28.7°

33.19: a) The slower the speed of the wave, the larger the index of refraction—so air has a larger index
of refraction than water.
n   vair   344 m s 
b) θ crit = arcsin  b  = arcsin   = arcsin   = 15.1°.
 na   vwater   1320 m s 
c) Air. For total internal reflection, the wave must go from higher to lower index of refraction—in this
case, from air to water.

n   1.00 
33.20 : θ crit = arcsin  b  = arcsin   = 24.4°.
 na   2.42 

nb
33.21 : a) tan θ p = = tan 54.5° = 1.40 ⇒ nb = 1.40.
na
n   1.00 
b) θ b = arcsin  a sin θ a  = arcsin  sin 54.5°  = 35.6°.
 nb   1.40 
33.22 : From the picture on the next page, θ r = 37.0°, and so :
sin θ a sin 53°
nb = n a = 1.33 = 1.77.
sin θ b sin 37°

nb nb 1.00
33.23 : a) tan θ p = ⇒ na = = = 1.65.
na tan θ p tan31.2°
n   1.65 
b) θ b = arcsin  a sin θ a  = arcsin  sin 31.2°  = 58.7°.
 nb   1.00 
n   1.66 
33.24 : a ) In air θ p = arctan  b  = arctan   = 58.9°.
 na   1.00 
n   1.66 
b) In water θ p = arctan  b  = arctan   = 51.3°.
 na   1.33 
1
33.25 : a) Through the first filter : I1 = I 0 .
2
1
The second filter : I 2 = I 0 cos 2 (41.0°) = 0.285I 0 .
2
b) The light is linearly polarized.
33.26 : a) I = I max cos 2φ ⇒ I = I max cos 2 (22.5°) = 0.854 I max ⋅
b) I = I max cos 2φ ⇒ I = I max cos 2 (45.0°) = 0.500 I max ⋅
c) I = I max cos 2φ ⇒ I = I max cos 2 (67.5°) = 0.146 I max ⋅

33.27 : After the first filter the intensity is 12 I 0 = 10.0 W m 2 and the light is polarized
along the axis of the first filter. The intensity after the second filter is I = I 0 cos 2φ , where
I 0 = 10.0 W m 2 and ω = 62.0° − 25.0° = 37.0°. Thus, I = 6.38 W m 2 .
33.28: Let the intensity of the light that exits the first polarizer be I1, then, according to repeated
application of Malus’ law, the intensity of light that exits the third polarizer is

75.0 W cm 2 = I 1 cos 2 (23.0°) cos 2 (62.0° − 23.0°).

75.0 W cm 2
So we see that I1 = , which is also the intensity incident
cos 2 (23.0°) cos 2 (62.0° − 23.0°)
on the third polarizer after the second polarizer is removed. Thus, the intensity that exits the third polarizer
after the second polarizer is removed is
75.0 W cm 2 cos 2 (62.0°)
= 32.3 W cm 2 .
cos (23.0°) cos (62.0° − 23.0°)
2 2

1 1
33.29 : a) I1 = I 0 , I 2 = I 0 cos 2 (45.0°) = 0.250 I 0 , I 3 = I 2 cos 2 (45.0°) = 0.125 I 0 .
2 2
1 1
b) I1 = I 0 , I 2 = I 0 cos 2 (90.0°) = 0.
2 2

33.30: a) All the electric field is in the plane perpendicular to the propagation direction,
and maximum intensity through the filters is at 90° to the filter orientation for the case of
minimum intensity. Therefore rotating the second filter by 90° when the situation
originally showed the maximum intensity means one ends with a dark cell.
b) If filter P1 is rotated by 90°, then the electric field oscillates in the direction pointing
toward the P2 filter, and hence no intensity passes through the second filter: see a dark
cell.
c) Even if P2 is rotated back to its original position, the new plane of oscillation of the
electric field, determined by the first filter, allows zero intensity to pass through the
second filter.

33.31: Consider three mirrors, M1 in the (x,y)-plane, M2 in the (y,z)-plane, and M3 in the
(x,z)-plane. A light ray bouncing from M1 changes the sign of the z-component of the
velocity, bouncing from M2 changes the x-component, and from M3 changes the y-
component. Thus the velocity, and hence also the path, of the light beam flips by 180°
n  v   1480 
33.32 : a) θ b = arcsin  a sin θ a  = arcsin  b sin θ a  = arcsin  sin 9.73°  = 46.6°.
 nb   va   344 
v   344 
b) θ crit = arcsin  a  = arcsin   = 13.4°.
 vb   1480 

33.33: a) n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2 and n2 sin θ 2 = n3 sin θ 3 , so n1 sin θ1 = n3 sin θ 3

sin θ 3 = (n1 sin θ1 ) / n3 b) n3 sin θ 3 = n2 sin θ 2 and n2 sin θ 2 = n1 sin θ1 , so n1 sin θ1 =
n3 sin θ 3 and the light makes the same angle with respect to the noral in the material with
n1 as it did in part (a).
c) For reflection, θ r = θ a . These angles are still equal if θ r becomes the incident
angle; reflected rays are also reversible.
33.34: It takes the light an additional 4.2 ns to travel 0.840 m after the glass slab is
inserted into the beam. Thus,
0.840 m 0.840 m 0.840 m
− = (n − 1) = 4.2 ns.
cn c c
We can now solve for the index of refraction:
(4.2 × 10 −9 s) (3.00 × 10 8 m s)
n= + 1 = 2.50.
0.840 m
The wavelength inside of the glass is
490 nm
λ′ = = 196 nm ≈ 200 nm.
2.50

n   1.00 
33.35: θ b = 90° − arcsin  a  = 90° − arcsin   = 43.6°.
 nb   1.38 
 n sin θ b  1.38 sin( 43.6°) 
But na sin θ a = nb sin θ b ⇒ θ a = arcsin  b  = arcsin   = 72.1°.
 na   1.00 

θ 
33.36: na sin θ a = nb sin θ b = nb sin  a 
 2 
θ  θ  θ  θ 
⇒ (1.00) sin θ a = sin 2  a  = 2 sin  a  cos  a  = (1.80) sin  a 
 2  2  2  2
θ   1.80 
⇒ 2 cos  a  = (1.80) ⇒ θ a = 2 arccos   = 51.7°.
 2  2 

33.37: The velocity vector “maps out” the path of the light beam, so the geometry as
shown below leads to:

 va
 v 
va = vr and θ a = θ r ⇒ arccos  y
 = arccos  ry  ⇒ va = −vr , with the minus
 v 
 va
y y
  r 
 va   vr 
sign chosen by inspection. Similarly, ⇒ arcsin  x  = arcsin  x  ⇒ v ax = v rx .
 va   vr 
 d air d glass (0.0180 m − 0.00250 m) 0.00250 m
33.38: # λ = (# λ) air + ( # λ ) glass = + n= −7
+ ×
λ λ 5.40 × 10 m 5.40 × 10 −7 m
(1.40) = 3.52 × 10 4.

 (0.00534 m) / 2  n   1.0  1
33.39: θ crit = arctan   = 40.7° = arcsin  b  = arcsin   ⇒ n = = 1.53.
 0.00310 m   na   n  sin( 40.7°)
Note: The radius is reduced by a factor of two since the beam must be incident at θ crit , then reflect
on the glass-air interface to create the ring.

 1.5 m 
33.40: θ a = arctan   = 51°
 1.2 m 
n   1.00 
⇒ θ b = arcsin  a sin θ a  = arcsin  sin 51°  = 36°.
 nb   1.33 
So the distance along the bottom of the pool from directly below where the light
enters to where it hits the bottom is:
x = (4.0 m) tan θ b = (4.0 m) tan 36° = 2.9 m.
⇒ xtotal = 1.5 m + x = 1.5 m + 2.9 m = 4.4 m.

 8.0 cm   4.0 cm 
33.41 θ a = arctan  = 27° and θ b = arctan  = 14°.
 16.0 cm   16.0 cm 
 n sin θ a   1.00 sin 27° 
So, na sin θ a = nb sin θ b ⇒ nb =  a  =   = 1.8.
 sin θ b   sin 14° 

33.42: The beam of light will emerge at the same angle as it entered the fluid as seen by
following what happens via Snell’s Law at each of the interfaces. That is, the emergent
beam is at 42.5° from the normal.

 n sin 90° 
 = arcsin 
1.000 
33.43: a) θ i = arcsin  a  = 48.61°.
 nw   1.333 
The ice does not come into the calculation since nair sin 90° = nice sin θ c = n w sin θ i .
b) Same as part (a).

 n sin θ b   1.33 sin 90° 

33.44: na sin θ a = nb sin θ b ⇒ n a =  b  =   = 1.9.
 sin θ a   sin 45° 
  n sin θ a 
33.45: n a sin θ a = nb sin θ b ⇒ θ b = arcsin  a 
 nb 
 1.66 sin (25.0°) 
= arcsin   = 44.6°.
 1.00 
So the angle below the horizontal is θ b − 25.0° = 44.6° − 25.0° = 19.6°, and thus
the angle between the two emerging beams is 39.2°.

 n sin θ b   1.62 sin 60° 

33.46: na sin θ a = nb sin θ b ⇒ na =  b  =   = 1.40.
 sin θ a   sin 90° 

 n sin θ b   1.52 sin 57.2° 

33.47: na sin θ a = nb sin θ b ⇒ na =  b  =   = 1.28.
 sin θ a   sin 90 ° 

33.48: a) For light in air incident on a parallel-faced plate, Snell’s Law yields:
n sin θ a = n′ sin θ b′ = n′ sin θ b = n sin θ a′ ⇒ sin θ a = sin θ a′ ⇒ θ a = θ a′ .
b) Adding more plates just adds extra steps in the middle of the above equation that
always cancel out. The requirement of parallel faces ensures that the angle θ n′ = θ n′ and
the chain of equations can continue.
c) The lateral displacement of the beam can be calculated using geometry:
t t sin(θ a − θ b′ )
d = L sin(θ a − θ b′ ) and L = ⇒d = .
cosθ b′ cosθ b′
 n sin θ a   sin 66.0° 
d) θ b′ = arcsin   = arcsin   = 30.5°
 n′   1.80 
(2.40 cm) sin( 66.0° − 30.5°)
⇒d = = 1.62 cm.
cos 30.5°

33.49: a) For sunlight entering the earth’s atmosphere from the sun BELOW the
horizon, we can calculate the angle δ as follows:
na sin θ a = nb sin θ b ⇒ (1.00) sin θ a = n sin θ b , where nb = n is the atmosphere’s
index of refraction. But the geometry of the situation tells us:
R nR  nR   R 
sin θ b = ⇒ sin θ a = ⇒ δ = θ a − θ b = arcsin   − arcsin   .
R+h R+h  R + h   R + h 
 (1.0003)(6.4 × 10 6 m)   6.4 × 10 6 m 
b) δ = arcsin  
 − arcsin 
  ⇒
 6.4 × 10 m + 2.0 × 10 m)   64. × 10 m + 2.0 × 10 m 
6 4 6 4

δ = 0.22°. This is about the same as the angular radius of the sun, 0.25°.
33.50: A quarter-wave plate shifts the phase of the light by θ = 90° . Circularly polarized
light is out of phase by 90° , so the use of a quarter-wave plate will bring it back into
phase, resulting in linearly polarized light.

1 1 1
33.51: a) I = I 0 cos 2 θ cos 2 (90° − θ ) = I 0 (cosθ sin θ ) 2 = I 0 sin 2 2θ .
2 2 8
b) For maximum transmission, we need 2θ = 90°, so θ = 45°.

33.52: a) The distance traveled by the light ray is the sum of the two diagonal segments:
( ) 12
(
d = x 2 + y12 + (l − x ) 2 + y 22 . ) 12

Then the time taken to travel that distance is just:

d ( x 2 + y12 )1 2 + ( (l − x) 2 + y 22 )
12

t= =
c c
b) Taking the derivative with respect to x of the time and setting it to zero yields:
dt 1 d
=
dx c dt
[
( x 2 + y12 )1 2 + ( (l − x) 2 + y 22 )]12

⇒
dt 1
dx c
[
= x( x 2 + y12 ) −1 2 − (l − x) ( (l − x) 2 + y 22 ) ]
−1 2
=0

x (l − x)
⇒ = ⇒ sin θ 1 = sin θ 2 ⇒ θ 1 = θ 2 .
x + y1
2 2
(l − x) 2 + y 22

33.53: a) The time taken to travel from point A to point B is just:

d1 d 2 h2 + x2 h 2 + (l − x ) 2
t= + = 1 + 2 .
v1 v 2 v1 v2
Taking the derivative with respect to x of the time and setting it to zero yields:
d  h1 + x h 2 + (l − x) 2 
2 2
dt x (l − x)
=0=  + 2 = − .
dx dt  v1 v2  v h 2
+ x 2
v h 2
+ (l − x ) 2
  1 1 2 2

c c n1 x n 2 (l − x )
But v1 = and v2 = ⇒ = ⇒ n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2 .
n1 n2 h12 + x 2 h22 + (l − x) 2
33.54: a) n decreases with increasing λ , so n is smaller for red than for blue. So beam a
is the red one.
b) The separation of the emerging beams is given by some elementary geometry.
x
x = x r − x v = d tan θ r − d tan θ v ⇒ d = , where x is the vertical beam
tan θ r − tan θ v
1.00 mm
separation as they emerge from the glass x = = 2.92 mm. From the ray
sin 20°
geometry, we also have
 sin 70°   sin 70° 
θ r = arcsin   = 35.7° and θ v = arcsin   = 34.5°, so :
 1.61   1.66 
x 2.92 mm
d= = = 9 cm.
tan θ r − tan θ v tan 35.7° − tan 34.5°

A
33.55: a) n a sin θ a = nb sin θ b ⇒ sin θ a = nb sin .
2
A A  A + 2α A
But θ a = + α ⇒ sin  + α  = sin = n sin .
2 2  2 2
A+δ A
At each face of the prism the deviation is α , so 2α = δ ⇒ sin = n sin .
2 2
 A
b) From part (a), δ = 2 arcsin  n sin  − A
 2
 60.0° 
⇒ δ = 2 arcsin  (1.52) sin  − 60.0° = 38.9.
 2 
c) If two colors have different indices of refraction for the glass, then the deflection
angles for them will differ:
 60.0° 
δ red = 2 arcsin  (1.61) sin  − 60.0° = 47.2°
 2 
 60.0° 
δ violet = 2 arcsin  (1.66) sin  − 60.0° = 52.2° ⇒ ∆δ = 52.2° − 47.2° = 5.0°.
 2 
33.56:

Direction of ray A: θ by law of reflection.

Direction of ray B:
At upper surface: n1 sin θ = n2 sin α
The lower surface reflects at α . Ray B returns to upper surface at angle of
incidence α : n 2 sin α = n1 sin φ
Thus
n1 sin θ = n1 sin φ
φ =θ
Therefore rays A and B are parallel.

33.57: Both l-leucine and d-glutamic acid exhibit linear relationships between
concentration and rotation angle. The dependence for l-leucine is:
Rotation angle ( °) = (−0.11°100 ml g )C (g/100 ml), and for d - glutamic acid is :
Rotation angle ( °) = (0.124°100 ml g)C (g/100 ml).

33.58: a) A birefringent material has different speeds (or equivalently, wavelengths) in

two different directions, so:
λ λ D D 1 nD n D 1 λ0
λ1 = 0 and λ 2 = 0 ⇒ = + ⇒ 1 = 2 + ⇒D= .
n1 n2 λ1 λ 2 4 λ0 λ0 4 4(n1 − n2 )
λ0 5.89 × 10 −7 m
b) D = = = 6.14 × 10 −7 m.
4(n1 − n2 ) 4(1.875 − 1.635)
33.59: a) The maximum intensity from the table is at θ = 35°, so the polarized
component of the wave is in that direction (or else we would not have maximum intensity
at that angle).
1
b) At θ = 40° : I = 24.8 W m = I 0 + I p cos 2 (40° − 35°)
2

2
2
⇒ 24.8 W m = 0.500 I 0 + 0.996 I p (1).
1
At θ = 120° : I = 5.2 W m =
2
I 0 + I p cos 2 (120° − 35°)
2
2
⇒ 5.2 W m = 0.500 I 0 + 7.60 × 10 −3 I p (2).
Solving equations (1) and (2) we find:
2 2
⇒ 19.6 W m = 0.989 I p ⇒ I p = 19.8 W m .
Then if one subs this back into equation (1), we find:
2
5.049 = 0.500 I 0 ⇒ I 0 = 10.1 W m .

33.60: a) To let the most light possible through N polarizers, with a total rotation of 90°,
we need as little shift from one polarizer to the next. That is, the angle between
π
successive polarizers should be constant and equal to . Then:
2N
 π  4  π  2N  π 
I1 = I 0 cos 2  , I 2 = I 0 cos   ,  ⇒ I = I N = I 0 cos  .
 2N   2N   2N 
n
 θ2  n
b) If n >> 1, cos θ = 1 −
n
+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  = 1 − θ 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
 2  2
2
 π  (2 N )  π  π2
⇒ cos 2N
  ≈ 1−   = 1− ≈ 1, for large N.
 2N  2  2N  4N
33.61: a) Multiplying Eq. (1) by sin β and Eq. (2) by sin α yields:
x
(1): sin β = sin ωt cos α sin β − cos ωt sin α sin β
a
y
(2): sin α = sin ωt cos β sin α − cos ωt sin β sin α
a
x sin β − y sin α
Subtracting yields: = sin ωt (cosα sin β − cos β sin α ).
a
b) Multiplying Eq. (1) by cos β and Eq. (2) by cos α yields:
x
(1) : cos β = sin ωt cosα cos β − cos ωt sin α cos β
a
y
(2) : cosα = sin ωt cos β cosα − cos ωt sin β cosα
a
x cos β − y cosα
Subtracting yields: = − cos ωt (sin α cos β − sin β cosα ).
a
(c) Squaring and adding the results of parts (a) and (b) yields:
( x sin β − y sin α ) 2 + ( x cos β − y cosα ) 2 = a 2 (sin α cos β − sin β cosα ) 2
(d) Expanding the left-hand side, we have:
x 2 (sin 2 β + cos 2 β ) + y 2 (sin 2 α + cos 2 α ) − 2 xy (sin α sin β + cosα cos β )
= x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy (sin α sin β + cosα cos β ) = x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy cos(α − β ).
The right-hand side can be rewritten:
a 2 (sin α cos β − sin β cosα ) 2 = a 2 sin 2 (α − β ).
Therefore: x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy cos(α − β ) = a 2 sin 2 (α − β ).
Or: x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy cos δ = a 2 sin 2 δ , where δ = α − β .
(e) δ = 0 : x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy = ( x − y ) 2 = 0 ⇒ x = y, which is a straight diagonal line.
π 2 a2
δ = : x + y − 2 xy = , which is an ellipse .
2

4 2
π
δ = : x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , which is a circle.
2
This pattern repeats for the remaining phase differences.
33.62: a) By the symmetry of the triangles, θ bA = θ aB , and θ aC = θ rB = θ aB = θ bA .
Therefore, sin θ bC = n sin θ aC = n sin θ bA = sin θ aA = θ bC = θ aA .
b) The total angular deflection of the ray is:
∆ = θ aA − θ bA + π − 2θ aB + θ bC − θ aC = 2θ aA − 4θ bA + π .
1 
c) From Snell’s Law, sin θ aA = n sin θ bA ⇒ θ bA = arcsin  sin θ aA 
n 
1 
⇒ ∆ = 2θ aA − 4θ bA + π = 2θ aA − 4 arcsin  sin θ aA  + π .
n 
d∆ d  1  4  cos θ1 
d) = 0 = 2 − 4 A  arcsin  sin θ aA   ⇒ 0 = 2 − ⋅ 
dθ aA
dθ a  n  1 − sin θ1 n  n 
2 2

 sin 2 θ 1   16 cos 2 θ 1 
⇒ 41 − 2
 =  2
 ⇒ 4 cos 2 θ 1 = n 2 − 1 + cos 2 θ 1
 n   n 
1
⇒ 3 cos 2 θ 1 = n 2 − 1 ⇒ cos 2 θ 1 = (n 2 − 1).
3
 1 2   1 
e) For violet: θ 1 = arccos  (n − 1)  = arccos  (1.342 2 − 1)  = 58.89°
 3   3 
⇒ ∆ violet = 139.2° ⇒ θ violet = 40.8°.
 1 2   1 
For red: θ 1 = arccos  (n − 1)  = arccos  (1.330 2 − 1)  = 59.58°
 3   3 
⇒ ∆ red = 137.5° ⇒ θ red = 42.5°.
Therefore the color that appears higher is red.
33.63: a) For the secondary rainbow, we will follow similar steps to Pr. (34-51). The
total angular deflection of the ray is:
∆ = θ aA − θ bA + π − 2θ bA + π − 2θ bA + θ aA − θ bA = 2θ aA − 6θ bA + 2π , where we have used
the fact from the previous problem that all the internal angles are equal and the two
external equals are equal. Also using the Snell’s Law relationship, we have:
1 
θ bA = arcsin  sin θ aA  .
n 
1 
⇒ ∆ = 2θ aA − 6θ bA + 2π = 2θ aA − 6 arcsin  sin θ aA  + 2π .
n 
d∆ d  1  6  cosθ 2 
b) = 0 = 2 − 6 A  arcsin  sin θ aA   ⇒ 0 = 2 − . 
dθ aA
dθ a  n  1 − sin 2 θ 2 n 2  n 

1
⇒ n 2 (1 − sin 2 θ 2 n 2 ) = (n 2 − 1 + cos 2 θ 2 ) = 9 cos 2 θ 2 ⇒ cos 2 θ 2 = (n 2 − 1).
8
 1 2   1 
c) For violet: θ 2 = arccos  (n − 1)  = arccos  (1.342 2 − 1)  = 71.55°
 8   8 
⇒ ∆ violet = 233.2° ⇒ θ violet = 53.2°.
 1   1 
For red: θ 2 = arccos  (n 2 − 1)  = arccos  (1.330 2 − 1)  = 71.94°.
 8   8 
⇒ ∆ red = 230.1° ⇒ θ red = 50.1°.
Therefore the color that appears higher is violet.