Glycemic List

REVISED INTERNATIONAL TABLE OF GLYCEMIC INDEX AND GLYCEMIC LOAD, 2002: Advanced GI and GL Data
Table of Contents (abridged)

BAKERY PRODUCTS..............................................2 Cakes ...................................................................2 Muffins..................................................................2 BEVERAGES............................................................2 Juices ...................................................................3 Sports Drinks........................................................3 Drinks Made from Drinking Mix Powders .............3 BREADS ...................................................................3 Barley Breads.......................................................3 Fruit Breads..........................................................4 Gluten-free Breads...............................................4 Oat Breads ...........................................................4 Rice Breads..........................................................4 Rye Breads ..........................................................4 Wheat Breads ......................................................5 Unleavened Breads..............................................7 BREAKFAST CEREALS..........................................7 All-Bran ................................................................7 Cornflakes ............................................................7 Grapenuts ............................................................7 Muesli...................................................................8 Oat Bran...............................................................8 Porridge................................................................8 Puffed Wheat .......................................................8 Rice Bubbles (Puffed Rice) ..................................9 Shredded Wheat ..................................................9 Special K ..............................................................9 Wheat Biscuits......................................................9 BREAKFAST CEREAL BARS .................................9 CEREAL GRAINS ..................................................10 Barley .................................................................10 Corn/Maize.........................................................10 Couscous ...........................................................10 Millet ...................................................................10 Rice, White .........................................................10 Rice, Brown........................................................11 Wheat.................................................................12 COOKIES................................................................13 CRACKERS............................................................14 DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES ..........14 Custards.............................................................14 Ice Creams.........................................................14 Milks, Full-fat ......................................................14 Mousses, Reduced-fat .......................................15 Yoghurts.............................................................15 Soy-Based Dairy Product Alternatives ...............15 FRUITS AND FRUIT PRODUCTS .........................16 Apples, raw ........................................................16 Apricots ..............................................................16 Bananas, raw .....................................................16 Cranberry Juices ................................................16 Mangos, raw.......................................................17 Oranges, raw......................................................17 Papayas .............................................................17 Peaches .............................................................17 Pineapples .........................................................18 Plums .................................................................18 INFANT FORMULA AND WEANING FOODS.......18 LEGUMES AND NUTS...........................................18 Baked Beans ......................................................18 Chickpeas ..........................................................19 Kidney Beans .....................................................19 Lentils.................................................................19 Soya Beans ........................................................20 MEAL REPLACEMENT PRODUCTS ....................20 LEAN Products...............................................20 Worldwide Sport Nutrition ..................................20 MIXED MEALS AND CONVENIENCE FOODS .....20 Pizzas.................................................................20 Sushi ..................................................................21 White Bread with Toppings ................................21 NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT PRODUCTS ................21 PASTAS and NOODLES .......................................21 Fettucine, Egg ....................................................21 Instant Noodles ..................................................21 Linguine..............................................................21 Mung Bean Noodles...........................................22 Macaroni ............................................................22 Rice Noodles/Pasta............................................22 Spaghetti ............................................................22 SNACK FOODS AND CONFECTIONERY ............23 Chocolate, Milk, Plain.........................................23 Corn Chips .........................................................23 Fruit Bars............................................................23 Jelly Beans .........................................................23 Nuts....................................................................23 Popcorn..............................................................24 Snack Bars .........................................................24 SPORTS BARS ......................................................24 SOUPS....................................................................24 SUGARS AND SUGAR ALCOHOLS.....................24 Fructose .............................................................24 Glucose ..............................................................24 Honeys ...............................................................25 Lactose...............................................................25 Sucrose ..............................................................25 Sugar Alcohols ...................................................26 VEGETABLES........................................................26 Green Peas ........................................................26 Sweet Corn ........................................................26 VEGETABLES, ROOT ...........................................26 Carrots ...............................................................26 Potatoes .............................................................26 Taro....................................................................28 Yams ..................................................................28 INDIGENOUS OR TRADITIONAL FOODS............28 AFRICAN ...........................................................28 ARABIC AND TURKISH ....................................28 ASIAN ................................................................28 ASIAN INDIAN ...................................................29 Chapatti.........................................................29 Semolinas .....................................................30 AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL..............................31 PACIFIC ISLANDERS........................................31 ISRAELI .............................................................31 PIMA INDIAN .....................................................31 SOUTH AMERICAN...........................................31 Notes ......................................................................32
Food
BAKERY PRODUCTS Cakes Angel food cake (Loblaw's, Toronto, Canada) Banana cake, made with sugar Banana cake, made without sugar Chocolate cake made from packet mix with chocolate frosting (Betty Crocker, General Mills Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) Cupcake, strawberry-iced (Squiggles, Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Vic, Australia) Lamingtons (sponge dipped in chocolate and coconut), (Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Australia) Pound cake (Sara Lee Canada, Bramalea, Canada) Sponge cake, plain Vanilla cake made from packet mix with vanilla frosting (Betty Crocker, USA) Croissant (Food City, Toronto, Canada) Crumpet (Dempster's Corporate Foods Ltd., Etobicoke, Canada) Doughnut, cake type (Loblaw's, Canada) Flan cake (Weston's Bakery, Toronto, Canada) Muffins Apple, made with sugar4 Apple, made without sugar4 Apple, oat, sultana, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co., Acacia Ridge, Qld, Australia) Apricot, coconut and honey, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co., Australia) Banana, oat and honey, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co., Australia) Bran (Culinar Inc., Grandma Martin's Muffins, Aurora, Canada) Blueberry (Culinar Inc., Canada) Carrot (Culinar Inc., Canada) Chocolate butterscotch, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co., Australia) Corn muffin, low-amylose5 Corn muffin, high-amylose5 Oatmeal, muffin, made from mix (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada, Peterborough, Canada) Pancakes, prepared from shake mix (Green's General Foods, Glendenning, NSW, Australia) Pancakes, buckwheat, gluten-free, made from packet mix (Orgran Natural Foods, Carrum Downs, Vic, Australia) Pastry Pikelets, Golden brand (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) Scones, plain, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co., Australia) Waffles, Aunt Jemima (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada) BEVERAGES Coca Cola Coca Cola, soft drink (Coca Cola Amatil, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Coca Cola, soft drink/soda (Coca Cola Bottling Company, Atlanta, GA, USA)
GI Serv. Carb. / GL / glucose2 g1 serv. 100 g
GL / serv.3
67 478 5510 383 7312 8717 54 466 424 67 69 76 65 446 4810 544 604 6511 60 59 62 535 102 49 69 675 10211 596 8514 928 76
50 80 80 111 38 50 53 63 111 57 50 47 70 60 60 50 50 50 57 57 57 50 57 50 80 77 57 40 25 35
29 38 29 52 26 29 28 36 58 26 19 23 48 29 19 26 26 26 24 29 32 28 29 35 58 22 26 21 8 13
39 22 20 18 50 50 29 26 22 31 26 37 45 21 15 28 31 34 26 30 35 30 52 48 49 29 27 45 33 28
19 18 16 20 19 25 15 17 24 17 13 17 31 13 9 14 16 17 15 17 20 15 30 24 39 22 15 18 7 10
mean of two types

Cordial, orange, reconstituted (Berri Ltd., Berri, SA, Australia) Fanta, orange soft drink (Coca Cola Amatil, Australia) Lucozade, original (sparkling glucose drink), (Glaxo Wellcome Ltd., Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK) Smoothie, raspberry (Con Agra Inc., Omaha, NE, USA) Smoothie drink, soy, banana (So Natural Foods, Tarren Point, NSW, Australia)6 Smoothie drink, soy, chocolate hazelnut (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 Solo, lemon squash, soft drink (Cadbury Schweppes, Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 Up & Go, cocoa malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast)6 (Sanitarium Health Foods, Berkeley Vale, NSW, Australia) Up & Go, original malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast)6 (Sanitarium Health Foods, Australia) Xpress, chocolate (soy bean, cereal and legume extract drink with fructose)6 (So Natural Foods, Australia)
537 63 585 668 686 9510 339 303 343 585 435 465 392
250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
26 26 20 34 42 41 22 25 29 26 24 34
6 6 5 9 16 5 3 3 7 5 4 5
14 16 13 23 40 14 7 8 17 11 11 13
2/32
Food
Juices Apple Juices Apple juice, pure, unsweetened, reconstituted (Berri Ltd., Berri, SA, Australia) Apple juice, unsweetened Apple juice, unsweetened (Allens, Toronto, Canada)
GL / serv.3
mean of three studies

Apple juice, pure, clear, unsweetened (Wild About Fruit, Wandin, Vic, Australia) Apple juice, pure, cloudy, unsweetened (Wild About Fruit, Australia) Apple and cherry juice, pure, unsweetened (Wild About Fruit, Australia) Carrot juice, freshly made (Sydney, Australia)6 Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray, Melbourne, Vic, Australia) Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray Inc., Lakeville-Middleboro, MA, USA) Cranberry juice drink, Ocean Spray (Gerber Ltd., Bridgewater, Somerset, UK) Grapefruit juice, unsweetened (Sunpac, Toronto, Canada) Orange Juices Orange Juice (Canada) Orange juice, unsweetened, reconstituted (Quelch, Berri Ltd., Carlton, Australia)
395 40 41 401 442 373 433 433 523 683 564 48 466 536 504 46 384 466 7813 7015 746 439 414 513 363 453 553 525 542 352 363 361 263 535 414 648 353 72 9515 728 627 6310 74
250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
29 30 28 33 23 31 36 29 22
5 5 4 6 4 6 10 6 4
12 13 10 14 10 16 24 16 11
mean of two studies

Pineapple juice, unsweetened (Dole Packaged Foods, Toronto, Canada) Tomato juice, canned, no added sugar (Berri Ltd., Berri, SA, Australia)6 Yakult, fermented milk drink with Lactobacilus casei (Yakult, Dandenong, Australia) Sports Drinks Gatorade (Spring Valley Beverages Pty Ltd., Cheltenham, Vic, Australia) Isostar (Novartis Consumer Health, Nyon, Switzerland) Sports Plus (Berri Ltd., Berri, SA, Australia) Sustagen Sport (Mead Johnson, Rydalmere, NSW, Australia) Drinks Made from Drinking Mix Powders Build-Up nutrient-fortified drink, vanilla with fiber (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Complete Hot Chocolate mix made with hot water (Nestl, Australia) Hi-Pro energy drink mix, vanilla, containing soy protein and whey powder (Harrod foods, Sefton, NSW, Australia) mixed in reduced-fat (1.5%) cow's milk Malted milk powder in full-fat cow's milk (Nestl, Australia) Milo (chocolate nutrient-fortified drink powder) Milo (Nestl, Australia) dissolved in water Milo (Nestl, Auckland, New Zealand) dissolved in water
250 250 250 65 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 70 30 70 70 60 30
26 34 9 12 15 18 17 49 33 23 19 26 16 16 25 26 17 7 11 8 12 35 15 37 41 32 21
5 6 1 8 5 5 5 8 5 5 3 5 3 3 4 4 2 1 2 2 2 36 49 38 37 34 53
13 16 4 6 12 13 13 21 14 11 7 12 9 9 9 9 4 4 5 5 4 25 15 27 26 20 16
mean of two studies

Milo (Nestl, Australia) dissolved in full-fat cow's milk Milo (Nestl, New Zealand) dissolved in full-fat cow's milk
mean of two studies

Nutrimeal, meal replacement drink, Dutch Chocolate (Usana, Salt Lake City, USA) Quik (sweet drink powder) Quik, chocolate (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia), dissolved in water Quik, chocolate (Nestl, Australia), dissolved in 1.5% fat milk Quik, strawberry (Nestl, Australia), dissolved in water Quik, strawberry (Nestl, Australia), dissolved in 1.5% fat milk BREADS Bagel, white, frozen (Lender's Bakery, Montreal, Canada) Baguette, white, plain (France) French baguette with chocolate spread (France) French baguette with butter and strawberry jam (France) Pain au lait (Pasquier, France) Bread stuffing, Paxo (Campbell Soup Co Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Barley Breads Coarse Barley Kernel Breads, 75-80% Kernels 75% kernels 80% scalded intact kernels (20% white wheat flour) 80% intact kernels (20% white wheat flour)
27 34 40 344
30 30 30
20 20 20
18 22 26
5 7 8
3/32
Food
Barley Kernel Breads, 50% Kernels 50% kernels (Canada) 50% kibbled barley (Australia)

43 48 462 576 67 67 50 43 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 11 13 20 15 11 29 33 31 21 28 44 25 16
GL / serv.3
9 10 9 6 9 13 7 5
mean of two studies

Sunflower and barley bread (Riga bakeries, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Barley Flour Breads 100% barley flour (rye bread composition), (Canada) Wholemeal barley flour (80%) bread (20% white wheat flour), (Sweden) Wholemeal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (50% regular barley flour, 50% high-fibre barley flour), (Sweden) Wholemeal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (20% regular barley flour, 80% high-fibre barley flour), (Sweden) Wholemeal Barley Flour (80%) and White Wheat Flour (20%) Breads - fermented or with added organic acids or salts (Sweden) Wholemeal barley flour bread (used as reference for the 5 breads below)5 Wholemeal barley flour bread with sourdough (lactic acid)5 Wholemeal barley flour bread with lactic acid5 Wholemeal barley flour bread with calcium lactate5 Wholemeal barley flour bread with sodium propionate5 Wholemeal barley flour bread with higher dose sodium propionate5 Buckwheat Breads Buckwheat bread, 50% dehusked buckwheat groats and 50% white wheat flour (Sweden) Fruit Breads Brgen Fruit loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) Fruit and Spice Loaf, thick sliced (Buttercup bakeries, Moorebank, NSW, Australia) Continental fruit loaf, wheat bread with dried fruit (Australia) Happiness (cinnamon, raisin, pecan bread), (Natural Ovens, Mannitowoc, WI, USA) Muesli bread, made from packet mix in bread making machine (Con Agra Inc., USA) Hamburger bun (Loblaw's, Toronto, Canada) Kaiser rolls (Loblaw's, Canada) Melba toast, Old London (Best Foods Canada Inc., Etobicoke, Canada) Gluten-free Breads Gluten-free multigrain bread (Country Life Bakeries, Dandenong, Vic, Australia) Gluten-free white bread, unsliced (gluten-free wheat starch), (UK) Gluten-free white bread, sliced (gluten-free wheat starch), (UK)
70 53 66 59 65 57 47
30 30 30 30 30 30 30
20 20 19 20 20 19 21
46 35 41 39 43 36 32
14 10 12 12 13 11 10
445 546 476 635 546 61 73 70 7913 71 80 765 69 76 734 65 44 50 473 729 619
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
13 15 15 14 12 15 16 23 13 15 15 15 13 13 13 19 18 18 18 12 12
19 28 24 30 22 31 38 54 33 35 40 38 29 32 31 42 27 31 29 28 24
6 8 7 9 7 9 12 16 10 11 12 11 9 10 9 12 8 9 9 8 7
mean of two studies

Gluten-free fiber-enriched, unsliced (gluten-free wheat starch, soya bran), (UK) Gluten-free fiber-enriched, sliced (gluten-free wheat starch, soya bran), (UK)
mean of two studies

Oat Breads Coarse oat kernel bread, 80% intact oat kernels and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden) Oat Bran Breads 50% oat bran (Australia) 45% oat bran and 50% wheat flour (Sweden)
mean of two studies

Rice Breads Rice bread, low-amylose Calrose rice (Pav's Allergy Bakery, Ingleburn, Australia) Rice bread, high-amylose Doongara rice (Pav's Allergy Bakery, Australia) Rye Breads Rye kernel (pumpernickel), bread Coarse rye kernel bread, 80% intact kernels and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden) Rye kernel bread (Pumpernickel), (Canada) Wholegrain pumpernickel (Holtzheuser Brothers Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Rye kernel bread, Pumpernickel (80% kernels), (Canada) Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, Toronto, Canada) Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, Canada)
mean of six studies

4/32
41 41 46 55 55 62 504
30 30 30 30 30 30 30
12 12 11 12 12 12 12
17 17 17 23 23 26 21
5 5 5 7 7 8 6
Food
Rye Breads, Wholemeal Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) Wholemeal rye bread (Canada)

41 62 63 66 586 7614 5512 746 6510 67 68 55 595 8615 57 48 535 56 52 58 48 533 74 63 67 5410 695 70 70 71 717 71 700 73 719 724 773 732 87 18 50 3416 48 29 41 65 5312 45 48
GL / serv.3
mean of four studies

Rye Breads, Specialty Blackbread, Riga (Berzin's Specialty Bakery, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Brgen Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Brgen Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia)
30 30
14 13
28 32
8 10
mean of two studies

Klosterbrot wholemeal rye bread (Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd., Canada) Light rye (Silverstein's Bakery, Toronto, Canada) Linseed rye (Rudolph's Specialty Bakery Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Roggenbrot, Vogel's (Stevns & Co, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Schinkenbrot, Riga (Berzin's Specialty Bakery, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Sourdough rye (Canada) Sourdough rye (Australia)
30 30 30 30 30 30
10 13 14 13 14 14
22 29 33 23 27 39
7 9 10 7 8 12
mean of two studies

Volkornbrot, wholemeal rye bread (Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd., Canada) Wheat Breads Coarse wheat kernel bread, 80% intact kernels and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden) Cracked Wheat Kernel - Bulgur Breads 50% cracked wheat kernel (Canada) 75% cracked wheat kernels (Canada)
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
12 13 20 20 20 20 23 19 22 12 14 14 14 14 13 14 14 15
21 24 34 38 32 35 56 40 50 22 33 33 33 34 30 34 32 37
6 7 10 12 10 11 17 12 15 7 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 11
mean of two studies

Spelt Wheat Breads White spelt wheat bread9 (Slovenia) Wholemeal spelt wheat bread9 (Slovenia) Scalded spelt wheat kernel bread9 (Slovenia) Spelt multigrain bread (Pav's bakery, Australia) White Wheat Flour Breads White flour (Canada) White flour (USA) White flour, Sunblest (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) White flour (Dempster's Corporate Foods Ltd., Canada) White flour (South Africa) White flour (Canada)
mean of six studies

White wheat flour bread, hard, toasted (Italian) Wonder, enriched white bread (Interstate Brands Companies, Kansas City, USA) Wonder, enriched white bread (Interstate Brands Companies, USA) Wonder, enriched white bread (Interstate Brands Companies, USA)

White Turkish bread (Turkey) White Breads with Enzyme Inhibitors White bread + acarbose (200mg), (Mexico) White bread + acarbose (200mg), (Mexico)
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
14 17 17 17 17 12 12 17 17 17 15 15
34 49 10 28 19 20 12 23 36 29 22 24
10 15 3 8 6 6 4 7 11 9 7 7 5/32
mean in two groups of subjects

White bread roll + 3 mg trestatin (pancreatic alpha-amylase inhibitor), (Switzerland)5 White bread roll + 6 mg trestatin (Switzerland)5 White Breads with Soluble Fiber White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago psyllium), (Mexico) White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago psyllium), (Mexico)

White bread eaten with vinegar as vinaigrette (Sweden) White bread eaten with powdered dried seaweed (Nori alga), (Spain)
Food
White bread containing Eurylon high-amylose maize starch (France)12 White Fiber-enriched Breads White, high-fiber (Dempster's Corporate Foods Ltd., Canada) White, high-fiber (Weston's Bakery, Toronto, Canada)

42 67 69 681 7710 808 52 64 65 67 67 69 71 726 73 759 779 7816 87 71 2 49 30 19 27
GL / serv.3
8
mean of two studies

White Resistant Starch-enriched Breads Fibre White (Nature's Fresh, Auckland, New Zealand) Wonderwhite (Buttercup Bakeries, Australia) Wholemeal Wheat Flour Breads (Whole Wheat) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (USA)5 Wholemeal flour (South Africa) Wholemeal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Wholemeal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Wholemeal flour (Kenya)
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
13 15 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 14 13 12 12 13 13 16
28 37 38 20 25 25 26 26 27 28 28 34 31 30 30 36 32 26
9 11 11 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 9 9 9 11 9 8
mean of thirteen studies

Wholemeal Turkish bread Specialty Wheat Breads Brgen Mixed Grain Breads (Australia) Brgen Mixed Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) Brgen Mixed Grain Brgen Mixed Grain

Brgen Oat Bran & Honey Loaf with Barley (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Brgen Soy-Lin, kibbled soy (8%) and linseed (8%) loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) English Muffin bread (Natural Ovens, USA) Healthy Choice Hearty 7 Grain (Con Agra Inc., USA) Healthy Choice Hearty 100% Whole Grain (Con Agra Inc., USA) Helga's Classic Seed Loaf (Quality Bakers, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Helga's traditional wholemeal bread (Quality Bakers, Australia) Hunger Filler, whole grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) Molenberg (Goodman Fielder, Auckland, New Zealand) Molenberg (Goodman Fielder, New Zealand)
mean of two studies

9-Grain Multi-Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Multigrain Loaf, spelt wheat flour (Australia) Multigrain (50% kibbled wheat grain), (Australia) Nutty Natural, whole grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) Performax (Country Life Bakeries, Dandenong, Vic, Australia) Ploughman's Wholegrain, original recipe (Quality Bakers, Australia) Ploughman's Wholemeal, smooth milled (Quality Bakers, Australia) Semolina Bread (Kenya) Sourdough wheat (Australia) Soy & Linseed bread (made from packet mix in bread maker), (Con Agra Inc., USA) Stay Trim, whole grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) Sunflower & Barley bread, Riga brand (Berzin's Specialty Bakery, Australia) Vogel's Honey & Oats (Stevns & Co., Sydney, NSW, Australia) Vogel's Roggenbrot (Stevns & Co., Australia) Whole-wheat snack bread (Ryvita Co Ltd., Poole, Dorset, UK) 100% Whole Grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) 6/32
344 4512 696 4910 313 364 777 556 626 689 7014 598 7510 848 805 435 5410 43 597 383 47 6410 64 54 506 7010 576 555 595 74 5111
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
11 10 9 14 14 14 14 13 13
18 10 11 36 26 29 31 31 25
6 3 3 11 8 9 9 9 7
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
14 14 15 14 12 13 14 13 14 10 15 13 14 14 22 13
37 20 27 20 24 16 22 28 25 17 34 24 25 27 54 23
11 6 8 6 7 5 7 9 8 5 10 7 7 8 16 7
Food
White wheat flour flatbread (Sweden) Unleavened Breads Lebanese bread, white (Seda Bakery, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Middle Eastern flatbread Pita bread, white (Canada) Wheat flour flatbread (India) Amaranth : wheat (25:75), composite flour flatbread (India) Amaranth : wheat (50:50), composite flour flatbread (India) BREAKFAST CEREALS AND RELATED PRODUCTS All-Bran (High-Fiber, Extruded Wheat Bran Cereals) All-Bran (Kellogg's, Pagewood, NSW, Australia)13 All-Bran (Kellogg's, Battle Creek, MI, USA) All-Bran (Kellogg's Inc., Etobicoke, Canada) All-Bran (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)

79 759 9729 57 669 6610 7620 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 16 16 16 17 16 15 15 43 39 51 32 35 33 38
GL / serv.3
13 12 15 10 10 10 11

All-Bran Fruit 'n Oats (Kellogg's, Australia) All-Bran Soy 'n Fibre (Kellogg's, Australia) Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum), popped, eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener (India) Barley Porridges Wholemeal barley flour porridge (100% regular barley), (flour:water = 1:3), boiled 2.5 min (Sweden) Wholemeal high-fibre barley flour porridge (50% regular barley flour: 50% high-fibre barley flour), (Sweden) Barley porridge made from steamed thin (0.5 mm) dehulled barley flakes (Sweden) Barley porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) dehulled barley flakes (Sweden) Bran Buds (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)15 Bran Buds with psyllium (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)15 Bran Chex (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Toronto, Canada)15 Bran Flakes (Kellogg's, Australia) Cheerios (General Mills Inc., Etobicoke, Canada)15 Chocapic (Nestl, France) Coco Pops (Kellogg's, Australia) Corn Bran (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada, Peterborough, Canada)15 Corn Chex (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 Cornflakes Cornflakes (Kellogg's, Auckland, New Zealand) Cornflakes (Kellogg's, Australia) Cornflakes (Kellogg's Inc., Canada) Cornflakes (Kellogg's Inc., Canada) Cornflakes (Kellogg's, USA)5
30 38 50 515 425 39 333 9719
30 30 30 30 30 30 30
15 23 23 23 17 14 19
15 29 29 29 23 15 61
4 9 9 9 7 4 18
68 55 62 65 58 47 58 74 74 849 773 75 83 7216 77 806 86 92 813 74 724 804 66 74 87 807 699 55 6120 11310 71 718 67 756
50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 250 250 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
34 15 28 28 12 12 19 18 20 25 26 20 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 23 24 26 26 30 25 24 26 26 20 22 25 23 19 22
46 17 35 37 23 19 37 44 50 71 67 51 70 61 65 69 74 80 69 56 57 70 7 9 73 64 60 48 41 82 59 54 43 54
23 8 17 18 7 6 11 13 15 21 20 15 21 18 20 21 22 24 21 17 17 21 17 22 22 19 18 15 12 25 18 16 13 16 7/32
mean of five studies

Cornflakes, high-fiber (Presidents Choice, Sunfresh Ltd., Toronto, Canada)15 Cornflakes, Crunchy Nut (Kellogg's, Australia) Corn Pops (Kellogg's, Australia) Cream of Wheat (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 Cream of Wheat, Instant (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 Crispix (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)15 Energy Mix (Quaker, France) Froot Loops (Kellogg's, Australia) Frosties, sugar-coated cornflakes (Kellogg's, Australia) Fruitful Lite (Hubbards, Auckland, New Zealand) Fruity-Bix, berry (Sanitarium, Auckland, New Zealand) Golden Grahams (General Mills Inc., Canada)15 Golden Wheats (Kellogg's, Australia) Grapenuts Grapenuts (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc., Toronto, Canada)15 Grapenuts (Kraft Foods Inc., Port Chester, NY, USA)
Food
mean of two studies
Grapenuts Flakes (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc., Canada)15 Guardian (Kellogg's, Australia) Healthwise for bowel health (Uncle Toby's, Wahgunyah, Vic, Australia) Healthwise for heart health (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Honey Rice Bubbles (Kellogg's, Australia) Honey Smacks (Kellogg's, Australia) Hot cereal, apple & cinnamon (Con Agra Inc., USA) Hot cereal, unflavoured (Con Agra Inc., USA) Just Right (Kellogg's, Australia) Just Right Just Grains (Kellogg's, Australia) Komplete (Kellogg's, Australia) Life (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)15 Mini Wheats, whole wheat (Kellogg's, Australia) Mini Wheats, blackcurrant (Kellogg's, Australia) Muesli Muesli, NS1 (Canada) Alpen Muesli (Wheetabix, France) Muesli, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Cheltenham, Vic, Australia) with 1.5% fat milk Muesli, Lite (Sanitarium, New Zealand) Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, New Zealand) Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, Australia)

714 80 379 669 485 774 7110 376 255 6015 6211 485 66 588 7210 669 5510 396 5412 579 406 499 60 568 43+4 6612 7711 50 59 555 42 498 518 589 584 62 69 75 584 74 55 69 50 80 53 65 66 661 702 71 67 8011 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 10 10 10 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 50 (dry) 250 250 250 250 250 21 22 12 18 19 27 23 22 19 22 23 21 25 21 21 24 19 19 18 19 19 20 18 16 17 15 17 5 5 5 21 23 21 21 21 23 23 23 22 32 27 27 27 27 27 49 58 15 40 30 68 54 27 16 43 48 33 55 40 51 53 35 25 32 36 25 32 36 31 24 33 44 25 29 28 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 5 47 6 7 5 9 6
GL / serv.3
15 17 5 12 9 20 16 8 5 13 14 10 16 12 15 16 10 7 10 11 8 10 11 9 7 10 13 2 3 3 9 11 11 12 12 14 16 17 13 24 15 19 14 22 14
mean of two studies

Muesli, No Name (Sunfresh Ltd., Toronto, Canada)15 Muesli, Swiss Formula (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Muesli, toasted (Purina, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Nutrigrain (Kellogg's, Australia) Oat 'n Honey Bake (Kellogg's, Australia) Oat Bran Oat bran, raw (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)15 Oat bran, raw
mean of two studies

Porridge Made from Rolled Oats Porridge (Uncle Toby's, Australia)13 Porridge (Canada)16 Traditional porridge oats (Lowan Whole Foods, Box Hill, Vic, Australia) Porridge (Hubbards, New Zealand) Porridge (Australia) Porridge (Canada) Porridge (Canada) Porridge (USA)6
mean of eight studies

Wholemeal oat flour porridge (flour:water = 1:3), boiled 2.5 min (Sweden) Oat porridge made from thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from roasted thin (0.5 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from roasted thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from roasted and steamed thin (0.5 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Instant Porridges Quick Oats (Quaker Oats Co., Canada) One Minute Oats (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)15
mean of two studies

Pop Tarts, Double Chocolate (Kellogg's, Australia) Pro Stars (General Mills Inc., Canada)15 Puffed Wheat Puffed Wheat (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)15 Puffed Wheat (Sanitarium, Australia) 8/32
250 50 30 30 30
26 36 24 20 21
7 50 56 45 56
17 25 17 13 17
Food
mean of two studies
Raisin Bran (Kellogg's, USA) Red River Cereal (Maple Leaf Mills, Toronto, Canada) Rice Bran, extruded (Rice Growers Co-Operative Ltd., Leeton, NSW, Australia) Rice Bubbles (Puffed Rice) Rice Bubbles (Kellogg's, Australia)13 Rice Bubbles (Kellogg's, Australia) Rice Bubbles (Kellogg's, Australia)

747 615 49 193 81 853 95 874 89 82 6710 83 758 544 695 8412 605 493 7313 68 82 6518 76 414 7211 61 686 69 694 74 7510 704 702 684 614 573 723 703 574 656 726 789 564 514 724 775 6311 5710 30 30 30 30 21 19 22 14 52 39 36 9
GL / serv.3
16 12 11 3

Rice Chex (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 Rice Krispies (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)15 Shredded Wheat Shredded Wheat (Canada) Shredded Wheat (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 45 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
26 26 26 20 20 20 21 21 24 20 25 19 22 22 23 22 13 25 20 20 17 17 22 22 20 19 20 17 16 21 20 20 21 26 23 19 19 24 25 24 25
75 78 71 45 55 50 38 48 66 39 27 46 49 60 50 56 17 61 40 45 38 38 53 54 47 43 45 34 31 50 46 38 44 62 60 35 32 57 64 50 47
22 23 21 13 17 15 11 14 20 12 12 14 15 17 15 17 5 18 12 13 12 12 16 16 14 13 14 10 9 15 14 11 13 19 18 10 9 17 19 15 14
mean of two studies

Special K - formulation of this cereal varies in different countries Special K (Kellogg's, Australia) Special K (Kellogg's, USA) Special K (Kellogg's, France) Soy Tasty (flaked grains, soy nuts, dried fruit), (Sanitarium, Australia) Soytana, Vogel's, soy and linseed bran crunch with sultanas (20.1 g fiber per 100 g), (Specialty Cereals, Mt Kuring-gai, NSW, Australia) Sultana Bran (Kellogg's, Australia) Sustain (Kellogg's, Australia)13 Team (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 Thank Goodness (Hubbards, New Zealand) Total (General Mills Inc., Canada)15 Ultra-bran, Vogel's, soy and linseed extruded wheat bran cereal (30.2 g fiber per 100 g), (Specialty Cereals, Australia) Wheat-bites (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Wheat Biscuits (Plain Flaked Wheat) Vita-Brits (Uncle Toby's, Australia)13 Vita-Brits (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Weet-Bix (Sanitarium, Australia) Weet-Bix (Sanitarium, Australia) Weetabix (Weetabix of Canada Ltd., Thornhill, Canada)15 Weetabix (Weetabix of Canada Ltd.) Whole wheat Goldies (Kellogg's, Australia)
mean of seven studies

Wheat Biscuits (Flaked Wheat) with Additional Ingredients Good Start, muesli wheat biscuits (Sanitarium, Australia) Hi-Bran Weet-Bix, wheat biscuits with extra wheat bran (Sanitarium, Australia) Hi-Bran Weet-Bix with soy and linseed (Sanitarium, Australia) Honey Goldies (Kellogg's Australia) Lite-Bix, plain, no added sugar (Sanitarium, Australia) Oat bran Weet-Bix (Sanitarium, Australia) Sultana Goldies (Kellogg's Australia) BREAKFAST CEREAL BARS Crunchy Nut Cornflakes bar (Kellogg's, Australia) Fibre Plus bar (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Fruity-Bix bar, fruit and nut, wheat biscuit cereal with dried fruit and nuts with yoghurt coating (Sanitarium, Australia) Fruity-Bix bar, wild berry, wheat biscuit cereal with fruit and covered with yoghurt coating (Sanitarium, Australia) K-Time Just Right bar (Kellogg's, Australia) K-Time Strawberry Crunch bar (Kellogg's, Australia) Rice Bubble Treat bar (Kellogg's, Australia) Sustain bar (Kellogg's, Australia)
9/32
Food
CEREAL GRAINS Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum), popped, eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener (India) Barley Pearl Barley Barley, pearled (Canada) Barley (Canada) Barley, pot, boiled in salted water 20 min (Gouda's foods, Concord, Canada) Barley (Canada) Barley, pearled (Canada)

9719 30 22 71
GL / serv.3
21

Barley (Hordeum vulgare), (India) Barley (Hordeum vulgare), (India)
mean of two groups of subjects

Barley, cracked (Malthouth, Tunisia) Barley, rolled (Australia) Buckwheat Buckwheat (Canada) Buckwheat (Canada) Buckwheat (Canada)
22 22 252 27 29 251 37 48 436 50 665 49 5110 63 544 45 59 109 68 69 691 3712 48 5911 60 60 625 534 46 47 68 61 69 654 7110 107 697 6915 45 48 51 52 56 69 729
150
42
11
150 150 50 (dry)
42 42 38
17 14 51
26 21 25

Buckwheat groats, hydrothermally treated, dehusked, boiled 12 min (Sweden) Corn/Maize Maize (Zea mays), flour made into chapatti (India) Maize meal porridge/gruel (Kenya) Cornmeal Cornmeal, boiled in salted water 2 min (McNair Products Co. Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Cornmeal + margarine (McNair Products Co. Ltd., Canada)
150 150
30 30
11 9
16 13
mean of two studies

Sweet Corn Sweet corn, 'Honey & Pearl' variety (New Zealand) Sweet corn, on the cob, boiled 20 min (Australia) Sweet corn (Canada) Sweet corn (USA) Sweet corn (USA) Sweet corn (South Africa)
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 20
13 12 13 30 30 33 33 33 33 32 28 33 12
6 6 6 7 10 13 13 13 14 11 9 10 42
9 9 9 11 14 20 20 20 20 17 13 16 8
mean of six studies

Sweet corn, whole kernel, canned, diet-pack, drained (Featherweight, USA) Sweet corn, frozen, reheated in microwave (Green Giant Pillsbury Ltd., Toronto) Taco shells, cornmeal-based, baked (Old El Paso Foods Co., Toronto, Canada) Couscous Couscous, boiled 5 min (Near East Food Products Co., Leominster, MA, USA) Couscous, boiled 5 min (Tunisia)
mean of two studies

Millet Millet, boiled (Canada) Millet flour porridge (Kenya) Rice, White Arborio, risotto rice, boiled (Sun Rice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) White (Oryza sativa), boiled (India) Rice, Boiled White, type NS1 Type NS1, eaten alone (France) Type NS1 (India) Type NS1 (Canada) Type NS1 (France) Type NS1 (Canada) Type NS1 (Pakistan) Type NS1 (Canada) 10/32
150 150
35 36
15 17
23 25
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
53 43 30 38 42 36 42 38 42
24 20 9 12 14 13 16 17 20
36 30 14 18 21 19 23 26 30
Food
Type NS1, boiled in salted water (India) Type NS1, boiled 13 min (Italy) Type NS1 (Kenya) Type NS1, boiled (France) Type NS1, boiled (France)

72 102 112 43 47 647 53 104 41 50 55 567 562 57 58 60 60 643 562 686 757 525 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 38 30 42 30 30 36 38 30 40 43 40 43 43 40 40 40 40 40 41 37 37 37 18 20 31 9 9 16 13 21 11 14 15 16 16 15 15 16 16 17 15 17 18 13
GL / serv.3
27 31 47 13 14 23 20 31 16 21 22 24 24 23 23 24 24 26 23 25 28 19
mean of 12 studies
Type NS1, boiled in salted water, refrigerated 16-20h, reheated (India) Type NS1, boiled 13 min, then baked 10 min (Italy) Long Grain, Boiled Long grain, boiled 5 min (Canada) Long grain, white, unconverted, boiled 15 min (Mahatma brand, Riviana Foods, Wetherill Park, NSW, Australia ) Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Toronto, Canada) Long grain, white (Uncle Bens, Auckland, New Zealand) Long grain, boiled 25 min (Surinam) Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) Long grain, boiled 15 min Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) Long grain, white, boiled 7 min (Star brand, Gouda foods, Concord, Canada)
mean of 10 studies
Rice, Long Grain, Quick-cooking Varieties Long grain, parboiled 10 min cooking time (Uncle Ben's, Masterfoods, Belgium) Long grain, parboiled, 20 min cooking time (Uncle Ben's, Masterfoods, Belgium) Long grain, white, pre-cooked, microwaved 2 min (Express Rice, plain, Uncle Ben's, Masterfoods King's Lynn, Norfolk, UK) Rice, Specialty Rices Cajun Style, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Bolton, Canada) Garden Style, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) Long Grain and Wild, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) Mexican Fast and Fancy, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) Saskatchewan wild rice (Canada) Broken rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Lion Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) Glutinous rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Bangsue Chia Meng Rice Mill, Bangkok, Thailand) Jasmine rice, white long grain, cooked in rice cooker (Golden World Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) Rice, White Low-amylose Calrose, white, medium grain, boiled (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Sungold, Pelde, parboiled (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Waxy (0-2% amylose), (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Pelde, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) White, low-amylose, boiled (Turkey) Rice, White High-amylose Bangladeshi rice variety BR16 (28% amylose) Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, white, long-grain (27% amylose), boiled 17.5 min
51 55 54 58 57 8610 987 10910
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
37 37 37 37 32 43 32 42
13 14 13 14 12 25 21 31
19 21 20 22 18 37 31 46
8313 877 8811 9311 139 37 39 38 506 649 547 564 488 588 574 605
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
43 43 43 43 43 39 39 39
24 25 25 27 40 10 10 10
36 37 38 40 60 14 15 15
mean of two studies

Doongara, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Doongara, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Doongara, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia)

Koshikari (Japonica), white, short-grain, boiled 15 min then steamed 10 min (Japan) Basmati Basmati, white, boiled (Mahatma brand, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Precooked basmati rice in pouch, white, reheated in microwave, Uncle Ben's Express (Masterfoods. Kings Lynn, Norfolk, UK) Quick cooking white basmati, cooked 10 min, Uncle Ben's Superior (Masterfoods Olen, Belgium) Rice, Brown
150 150 150 150 150
39 38 38 41 38
14 12 15 16 15
22 18 22 24 23
11/32
Food
Brown (Canada) Brown, steamed (USA)5 Brown (Oriza sativa), boiled (South India)5

665 50 5019 555 878 667 766 647 807 46 87 745 6912 947 48 72 45 38 50 39 42 43 46 38 61 47 46 473 99 51 877 506 35 32 27 33 354 29 34 39 343 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 33 33 33 33 38 37 38 36 38 42 42 42 42 42 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 14 11 11 12 22 16 19 15 21 13 24 21 19 23 12 18 11 9 12 9 10 10 11 9 15 11 11 11
GL / serv.3
21 16 16 18 33 24 29 23 31 19 36 31 29 35 18 26 16 14 18 14 15 16 17 14 22 17 17 17

Calrose brown (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Doongara brown, high amylose (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Pelde brown (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Parboiled, cooked 20 min, Uncle Ben's Natur-reis (Masterfoods Olen, Belgium) Sunbrown Quick (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Instant/Puffed Rice Instant rice, white, boiled 1 min (Canada) Instant rice, white, cooked 6 min (Trice brand, Australia) Puffed, white, cooked 5 min, Uncle Ben's Snabbris (Masterfoods Olen, Belgium)

Instant doongara, white, cooked 5 min (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Parboiled Rice Parboiled rice (Canada) Parboiled rice (USA) Converted, white, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) Converted, white, boiled 20-30 min, Uncle Ben's (Masterfoods USA, Vernon, CA) Converted, white, long grain, boiled 20-30 min, Uncle Ben's (Masterfoods USA) Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) Long grain, boiled 5 min (Canada) Long grain, boiled, 10 min (USA)5 Long grain, boiled 15 min (Canada) Long grain, boiled 25 min (Canada)
mean of thirteen studies

Parboiled rice, eaten as part of a traditional Indian meal (India)5 Parboiled, Low-amylose Bangladeshi rice variety BR2, parboiled (12% amylose) Parboiled, low-amylose, Pelde, Sungold (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Parboiled, High-amylose Parboiled, high-amylose (28%), Doongara (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, parboiled (28% amylose) Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, traditionally parboiled (27% amylose) Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, pressure parboiled (27% amylose) Bangladeshi rice variety BR4, parboiled (27% amylose)
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry)
38 39 39 37 38 41 38 39 38 38 38 38
13 23 13 9 8 7 8 9 22 26 30 26
19 34 19 13 12 11 13 14 11 13 15 13
mean of 5 studies
Rye, whole kernels Rye, whole kernels (Canada) Rye, whole kernels, pressure cooked (15 psi) 30 min in 2 L water (Canada) Rye, whole kernels (Canada)

Wheat Wheat, Whole Kernels Wheat, whole kernels (Triticum aestivum), (India)11 Wheat, whole kernels (Canada) Wheat, whole kernels, pressure cooked (15 psi) 30 min in 2 L water (Canada) Wheat, whole kernels (Canada)

Wheat, type NS1 (India) Wheat, Precooked Kernels Durum wheat, precooked, cooked 20 min (Ebly, Chateaudun, France) Durum wheat, precooked, cooked 10 min (Ebly, France) 12/32
309 42 44 48 413 90 524 505
50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry)
38 33 33 33 34 38 37 33
23 28 29 32 28 68 38 33
11 14 14 16 14 34 19 17
Food
Durum wheat, precooked in pouch, reheated in microwave, Ebly Express (Ebly, France) Quick cooking (White Wings, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Semolinas Semolina, roasted at 105C then gelatinised with water (India) Semolina, steamed and gelatinised (India)

405 5411 559 5413 551 46 46 46 53 482 125 150 39 47 13 17
GL / serv.3
16 25
mean of two studies

Cracked Wheats (Bulgur/Bourghul) Bulgur, boiled (Canada) Bulgur, boiled in 800 ml water 20 min (Canada) Bulgur, boiled 20 min (Canada) Bulgur, boiled 20 min (Canada)
150
11

COOKIES Arrowroot Arrowroot (McCormicks's, Interbare Foods, Toronto, Canada) Arrowroot plus (McCormicks's, Canada) Milk Arrowroot (Arnotts, Sydney, NSW, Australia)
150
26
12

Barquette Abricot (LU, Ris, Orangis, France) Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) Bebe Dobre Rano Honey and Hazelnuts (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) Bebe Jemne Susenky (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) Digestives Digestives (Canada) Digestives (Canada) Digestives, Peak Freans (Nabisco Ltd., Toronto, Canada)
63 62 697 652 716 579 519 6711 55 597 62 592 58 6612 7725 74 285 556 505 623 558 57 425 455 523 498 492 5010 796 574 544 619 6717 643 513 484 735 535 505 522 4912 456
25 25 25 25 40 50 50 25
20 18 18 19 32 33 34 20
50 45 49 48 57 38 34 54
13 11 12 12 23 19 17 14

Digestives, gluten-free (maize starch), (Nutricia Dietary Care Ltd., Redish, UK) Evergreen met Krenten (LU, Netherlands) Golden Fruit (Griffin's Foods Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand) Graham Wafers (Christie Brown & Co., Toronto, Canada) Gran'Dia Banana, Oats and Honey (LU, Brazil) Grany en-cas Abricot (LU, France) Grany en-cas Fruits des bois (LU, France) Grany Rush Apricot (LU, Netherlands) Highland Oatmeal (Westons biscuits, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Highland Oatcakes (Walker's Shortbread Ltd., Aberlour-on-Spey, Scotland) LU P'tit Djeuner Chocolat (LU, France) LU P'tit Djeuner Miel et Ppites Chocolat (LU, France) LU P'tit Djeuner Miel et Ppites Chocolat (LU, France) LU P'tit Djeuner Miel et Ppites Chocolat (LU, France)

Maltmeal wafer (Griffin's Foods Ltd., New Zealand) Morning Coffee (Arnotts, Australia) Nutrigrain Fruits des bois (Kellogg's, France) Oatmeal (Canada) Oro (Saiwa, Italy) Oro (Saiwa, Italy) mean of two studies Petit LU Normand (LU, France) Petit LU Roussillon (LU, France) Prince Energie+ (LU, France) Prince fourr chocolat (LU, France) Prince fourr chocolat (LU, France)
25 25 38 25 25 30 30 30 30 25 25 50 50 50 50 50 25 25 35 25 40 40 40 25 25 25
16 17 21 17 18 23 16 14 20 18 15 34 35 35 35 35 17 19 23 17 32 32 32 19 18 17
39 40 37 53 55 21 30 24 41 40 33 29 32 36 36 34 34 60 37 37 49 53 51 38 34 51
10 10 14 13 14 6 9 7 12 10 8 14 16 18 18 17 9 15 13 9 20 21 20 10 9 13
mean of two studies

Prince Meganana Chocolate (LU, Spain) Prince Petit Djeuner Vanille (LU, France and Spain)
45 50 50
30 36 36
35 35 33
16 18 16 13/32
Food
Rich Tea (Canada) Sabl des Flandres (LU, France) Shortbread (Arnotts, Australia) Shredded Wheatmeal (Arnotts, Australia) Snack Right Fruit Slice (97% fat-free), (Arnott's, Australia) Th (LU, France) Vanilla Wafers (Christie Brown & Co., Canada) Vritable Petit Beurre (LU, France) CRACKERS Breton wheat crackers (Dare Foods Ltd., Kitchener, Canada) Corn Thins, puffed corn cakes, gluten-free (Real Foods, St Peters, NSW, Australia) Cream Cracker (LU Triumfo, Brazil) High-calcium cracker (Danone, Malaysia) Jatz, plain salted craker biscuits (Arnotts, Australia) Puffed Crispbread (Westons, Australia) Puffed Rice Cakes Puffed rice cakes, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Leeton, NSW, Australia) Rice cakes, Calrose rice (low-amylose), (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Rice cakes, Doongara rice (high-amylose), (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia)

554 5710 648 624 453 417 77 518 67 8710 6511 528 555 819 8211 917 615 789 63 6910 59 63 642 717 709 67 639 7811 718 74 554 25 20 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19 15 16 18 19 16 18 18 14 20 17 17 17 19 21 21 21 21 16 16 15 18 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 17 19 42 42 40 44 34 32 55 36 38 71 43 36 38 60 69 76 51 68 41 45 36 45 42 46 47 47 45 56 51 50 41
GL / serv.3
10 8 10 11 9 6 14 9 10 18 11 9 10 15 17 19 13 17 10 11 9 11 11 12 12 12 11 14 13 12 10

Rye Crispbreads Rye crispbread (Canada) Ryvita (Canada) High-fiber rye crispbread (Ryvita Company Ltd., Poole, Dorset, UK) Rye crispbread (Ryvita Company Ltd., UK)

Kavli Norwegian Crispbread (Players Biscuits, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Sao, plain square crackers (Arnotts, Australia) Stoned Wheat Thins (Christie Brown & Co., Canada) Water Crackers Water cracker (Canada) Water cracker (Arnotts, Australia)
mean of two studies

Premium Soda Crackers (Christie Brown & Co., Canada) Vita-wheat, original, crispbread (Arnott's, Australia) DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES Custards No Bake Egg Custard, prepared from powder with whole milk (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Custard, home made from milk, wheat starch, and sugar (Australia) TRIM, reduced-fat custard (Pauls Ltd., South Brisbane, Qld, Australia)
352 4310 374 382 368 57 62 6815 80 617 508 475 374 393 373 383
100 100 100 100
17 17 15 16
6 7 6 6
6 7 6 6

Ice Creams, Regular/NS1 Ice cream, NS1 (Canada) Ice cream (half vanilla, half chocolate), (Italy) Ice cream, NS1 (USA) Ice cream, chocolate flavored (USA) Ice cream (half vanilla, half chocolate), (Italy)

Ice Creams, Reduced or Low-fat Ice cream, low-fat, vanilla, 'Light' (Peter's, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Ice-cream, low-fat (1.2% fat), Prestige Light rich vanilla (Norco, Lismore, Australia)6 Ice-cream, low-fat (1.4% fat), Prestige Light traditional toffee (Norco, Australia)6 Ice-cream, reduced-fat (7.1% fat), Prestige golden macadamia (Norco, Australia)6 Ice Creams, Premium (High-fat) Ice cream, premium, Ultra chocolate, 15% fat (Sara Lee, Gosford, NSW, Australia) Ice cream, premium, French vanilla, 16% fat (Sara Lee, Australia) Milks, Full-fat 14/32
50 50 50 50 50 50 50
13 6 10 14 12 9 9
16 6 10 11 9 7 7
8 3 5 5 5 4 3
Food
Full-fat (Italy) Full-fat (3% fat, Sknemejerier, Malm, Sweden)6 Full-fat (Italy) Full-fat cow's milk, fresh (Dairy Farmers, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Full-fat (Canada) Full-fat (USA)

11 21 24 312 346 40 274 11 11 11 25 28 272 325 616 246 344 364 314 364 335 365 323 341 474 404 444 364 144 337 3114 232 232 253 232 232 241 264 264 284 271 384
GL / serv.3

Fermented cow's milk (ropy milk, lngfil, 3% fat), (Arla, Gvle, Sweden)6 Fermented cow's milk (filmjlk, 3% fat), (Sknemejerier, Malm, Sweden)6
250
12
mean of two foods

Milk, Full-fat, Plus Bran Full-fat + 20g wheat bran (Italy) Full-fat + 20g wheat bran (Italy)
mean of two studies

Milk, skim (Canada) Milk, condensed, sweetened (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Milk, low-fat, chocolate, with aspartame, Lite White (Dairy Farmers, Australia) Milk, low-fat, chocolate, with sugar, Lite White (Dairy Farmers, Australia) Mousses, Reduced-fat, prepared from commerical mousse mix with water Butterscotch, 1.9% fat (Nestl, Australia) Chocolate, 2% fat (Nestl, Australia) Hazelnut, 2.4% fat (Nestl, Australia) Mango, 1.8% fat (Nestl, Australia) Mixed berry, 2.2% fat (Nestl, Australia) Strawberry, 2.3% fat (Nestl, Australia)
250 250 50 250 250 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
12 13 27 15 26 10 11 10 11 10 10 10 16 16 16 9 13 31 30 16 14 13 13 13 14 30 10 33 24 29
1 2 33 1 4 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 6 7 2 1 5 5 2 2 2 1 1 2 4 1 5 3 6
3 4 17 3 9 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 7 6 7 3 2 10 9 4 3 3 3 3 3 8 3 9 7 11
mean of six foods

Puddings instant, chocolate, made from powder and whole milk (White Wings, Sydney, Australia) instant, vanilla, made from powder and whole milk (White Wings, Australia)
mean of two foods

Yoghurts Yoghurt, type NS1 (Canada) Low-fat Yoghurts Low-fat, fruit, aspartame, Ski (Dairy Farmers, Australia) Low-fat, fruit, sugar, Ski (Dairy Farmers, Australia) Low-fat (0.9%), fruit, wild strawberry (Ski d'lite, Dairy Farmers, Australia) Non-fat Yoghurt, Sweetened with Acesulfame K and Splenda Diet Vaalia, exotic fruits (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 Diet Vaalia, mango (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 Diet Vaalia, mixed berry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 Diet Vaalia, strawberry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 Diet Vaalia, vanilla (Pauls Ltd, Australia)6
mean of five foods

Reduced-fat Yoghurts Reduced-fat, Vaalia, apricot & mango (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 Reduced-fat, Vaalia, french vanilla (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 Reduced-fat, Extra-Lite, strawberry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6
mean of three foods

Yoghurt drink, reduced-fat, Vaalia, tropical passionfruit (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 Soy-Based Dairy Product Alternatives Soy milks (containing maltodextrin) Soy milk, full-fat (3%), 0 mg calcium, Original (So Natural Foods, Taren Point, NSW, Australia)6 Soy milk, full-fat (3%), 120 mg calcium, Calciforte (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), 120 mg calcium, Light (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 Soy Milk Drinks Soy smoothie drink, banana, 1% fat (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 Soy smoothie drink, chocolate hazelnut, 1% fat (So Natural Foods, Australia)6
445 364 443 303 343
250 250 250 250 250
17 18 17 22 25
3 3 3 3 3
8 6 8 7 8 15/32
Food
mean of two drinks
Up & Go, cocoa malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast)6 (Sanitarium, Berkeley Vale, NSW, Australia) Up & Go, original malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast)6 (Sanitarium, Australia)

322 435 465 452 392 250 250 250 250 250 23 26 24 25 34 3 4 4 4 5
GL / serv.3
7 11 11 11 13
mean of two drinks

Xpress, chocolate (soy bean, cereal and legume extract drink with fructose)6 (So Natural Foods, Australia) Soy Yoghurts Soy yoghurt, peach and mango, 2% fat, sugar (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 Tofu-based frozen dessert, chocolate with high-fructose (24%) corn syrup (USA) FRUITS AND FRUIT PRODUCTS Apples, raw Apple, NS1 (Denmark) Apple, Braeburn (New Zealand)6 Apple, NS1 (Canada) Apple, Golden Delicious (Canada) Apple, NS1 (USA) Apple, NS1 (Italy)
503 11514
200 50
26 9
7 20
13 10
mean of six studies

Apple Juices Apple juice, unsweetened, reconstituted (Berrivale Orchards Ltd, Berri, Australia) Apple juice, unsweetened (USA) Apple juice, unsweetened (Allens, Toronto, Canada)
28 324 34 393 40 44 382 395 40 41 401 295 57 64 307 32 311 508 557 423
120 120 120 120 120 120 120 250 250 250 250 60 120 120 60 60 60 50 30 15
13 13 16 16 16 13 15 25 29 30 28 34 9 19 27 30 28 34 13 12
3 3 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 17 4 10 13 16 15 34 24 32
4 4 5 6 6 6 6 10 12 12 11 10 5 12 8 10 9 17 7 5

Apple, dried (Australia) Apricots Apricots, raw, NS1 (Italy) Apricots, canned in light syrup (Riviera, Aliments Caneast Foods, Montreal) Apricots, dried (Australia) Apricots, dried (Wasco foods, Montreal, Canada)
mean of two studies

Apricot fruit bar, pureed dried apricot filling in wholemeal pastry (Mother Earth, Auckland, New Zealand) Apricot fruit spread, reduced sugar (Glen Ewin Jams, Para Hills, SA, Australia) Apricot Fruity Bitz, vitamin and mineral enriched dried fruit snack (Blackmores Ltd., Balgowlah, NSW, Australia) Bananas, raw Banana (Canada) Banana (Italy) Banana (Canada) Banana (Canada) Banana (South Africa) Banana, ripe (all yellow), (USA) Banana, under-ripe (Denmark) Banana, slightly under-ripe (yellow with green sections), (USA) Banana, over-ripe (yellow flecked with brown), (USA) Banana, over-ripe (Denmark)
mean of 10 studies
Banana, processed fruit fingers, Heinz Kidz (H J Heinz, Malvern, Vic, Australia) Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), raw (Australia)6 Cherries, raw, NS1 (Canada) Chico (Zapota zapotilla Coville), raw (Philippines)6 Cranberry Juices Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray, Melbourne, Vic, Australia) Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray Inc., Lakeville-Middleboro, MA, USA) Cranberry juice drink, Ocean Spray (Gerber Ltd., Bridgewater, Somerset, UK) Custard apple, raw, flesh only (Australia) Dates, dried (Australia) 16/32
46 58 58 629 705 51 30 42 48 52 524 6111 68 22 40 523 683 564 542 10321
120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 30 120 120 120 250 250 250 120 60
25 23 25 25 23 25 21 25 25 20 24 20 27 12 29 31 35 29 19 40
10 11 12 13 13 11 5 9 10 9 10 40 15 2 10 6 10 7 9 69
12 13 15 16 16 13 6 11 12 11 12 12 18 3 12 16 24 16 10 42
Food
Figs, dried, tenderised, Dessert Maid brand (Ernest Hall & Sons, Sydney, Australia) Fruit Cocktail, canned (Delmonte Canadian Canners Ltd., Hamilton, Canada) Grapefruit, raw (Canada) Grapefruit juice, unsweetened (Sunpac, Toronto, Canada) Grapes, raw Grapes, NS1(Canada) Grapes, NS1 (Italy)

616 55 25 48 43 49 463 59 474 587 536 798 41 513 6016 515 423 489 31 336 403 48 48 51 423 466 536 576 523 566 6016 60 591 28 56 4214 304 456 388 5811 52 629 33 344 41 42 382 256 60 120 120 250 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 100 30 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 250 250 250 250 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 26 16 11 20 17 19 18 18 12 12 12 20 20 15 15 17 23 20 11 10 11 11 11 11 11 26 18 26 23 8 29 15 17 13 8 11 11 11 11 15 18 17 13 12 8 11 11 14 26 7 2 4 6 8 7 9 5 6 5 13 7 6 8 7 10 31 3 3 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 6 5 4 15 7 9 3 4 4 3 4 4 7 8 9 3 3 3 4 3 3
GL / serv.3
16 9 3 9 7 9 8 11 5 7 6 16 8 8 9 8 10 9 3 3 4 5 5 6 5 12 9 15 12 5 17 9 10 4 5 5 3 5 4 9 9 11 4 4 3 4 4 4 17/32
mean of two studies

Grapes, black, Waltham Cross (Australia) Kiwi Fruits, raw Kiwi fruit, Hayward (New Zealand)6 Kiwi fruit (Australia)6
mean of two studies

Lychee, canned in syrup and drained, Narcissus brand (China) Mangos, raw Mango (Mangifera indica), (Philippines)6 Mango (Mangifera indica), (Australia)6 Mango, ripe (Mangifera indica), (India)11

Mango, low-fat frozen fruit dessert, Frutia (Weis Frozen Foods, Toowong, Australia) Marmalade, orange (Australia) Oranges, raw Oranges, NS1 (Denmark) Oranges, NS1 (South Africa) Oranges, NS1 (Canada) Oranges, NS1 (Italy) Oranges (Sunkist, Van Nuys, CA, USA) Oranges NS1 (Canada)
mean of six studies

Orange Juices Orange Juice (Canada) Orange juice, unsweetened, reconstituted concentrate, Quelch brand (Berri Ltd., Australia) Orange juice, reconstituted from frozen concentrate (USA)

Paw Paw/Papayas, raw Paw paw (Carica papaya), (Australia)6 Paw paw (papaya), ripe (India)11 Papaya (Carica papaya), (Philippines)6

Peaches Peach, raw (Canada) Peach, raw (Italy)
mean of two studies

Peach, canned in natural juice (Goulburn Valley, Ardmona Foods, Mooroopna, Vic, Australia) Peach, canned in natural juice (SPC Ltd., Shepparton, Vic, Australia)
mean of two studies

Peach, canned in heavy syrup (Letona Foods, Hawthorn East, Vic, Australia) Peach, canned in light syrup (Delmonte, Canadian Canners Ltd.) Peach, canned in reduced-sugar syrup, SPC Lite (SPC Ltd., Australia) Pears Pear, raw, NS1 (Canada) Pear, Winter Nellis, raw (New Zealand)6 Pear, Bartlett, raw (Canada) Pear, raw, NS1 (Italy)

Pear halves, canned in reduced-sugar syrup, SPC Lite (SPC Ltd., Australia)
Food
Pear halves, canned in natural juice (SPC Ltd., Australia) Pear, canned in pear juice, Bartlett (Delmonte, Canadian Canners Ltd.) Pineapples Pineapple, raw (Australia)6 Pineapple (Ananas comosus), raw (Philippines)6

4315 44 667 51 598 46 24 53 3915 294 6411 659 407 5110 9012 5611 384 413 598 7213 354 120 120 120 120 120 250 120 120 120 60 60 120 120 30 30 60 250 15 100 120 15 13 11 10 16 13 34 14 11 12 33 44 6 3 20 26 45 9 11 21 6 12 5 4 5 7 6 6 3 5 4 16 47 3 1 34 77 42 1 31 12 4 27
GL / serv.3
5 5 6 8 7 15 3 6 5 10 28 4 1 10 23 25 4 5 12 4 4
mean of two studies

Pineapple juice, unsweetened (Dole Packaged Foods, Toronto, Canada) Plums Plum, raw, NS1 (Canada) Plum, raw, NS1 (Italy)
mean of two studies

Prunes, pitted (Sunsweet Growers Inc., Yuba City, CA, USA) Raisins (Canada) Rockmelon/Cantaloupe, raw (Australia)6 Strawberries, fresh, raw (Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 Strawberry jam Strawberry processed fruit bars, Real Fruit Bars (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Sultanas Tomato juice, no added sugar (Berri Ltd., Berri, SA, Australia)6 Tropical Fruity Bitz, vitamin and mineral enriched dried fruit snack (Blackmores Ltd., Australia) Vitari, wild berry, non-dairy, frozen fruit dessert (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Watermelon, raw (Australia)6 Wild Berry Fruity Bitz, vitamin and mineral enriched dried fruit snack (Blackmores Ltd., Australia) INFANT FORMULA AND WEANING FOODS Formulas Infasoy, soy-based, milk-free (Wyeth Nutritionals, Baulkham Hills, NSW, Australia)6 Karicare gold starter formula with omega plsu LCP oils (Nutricia, Auckland, New Zealand)6 Nan-1 infant formula with iron (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 S-26 infant formula (Wyeth Nutritionals, Australia)6 Weaning Foods Farex baby rice (Heinz Wattie's Ltd., Malvern, Vic, Australia)6 Robinsons First Tastes from 4 months (Nutricia, Wells, UK) Apple, apricot and banana cereal6 Creamed porridge6 Rice pudding6 Heinz for Baby from 4 months (Heinz Wattie's Ltd., Australia) Chicken and noodles with vegetables, strained6 Sweetcorn and rice6 LEGUMES AND NUTS Baked Beans Baked Beans, canned (Canada) Baked Beans, canned haricot/navy beans in tomato sauce (Libby, McNeill & Libby, Chatham, Canada)
556 355 306 366 9513 568 598 596 6711 6513
100 ml 100 ml 100 ml 100 ml 87 75 75 75 120 120
7 7 8 7 6 13 9 11 7 15
4 2 2 3 7 14 7 9 4 8
4 2 2 3 6 7 5 6 5 10
403 56 488 36 20 299 50 334 429 287 298 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 15 30 30 30 30 30 30 20 20 5 7 4 6 10 7 9 4 4 7 11 6 9 15 10 13 5 6
mean of two studies

Beans, Dried, Boiled Beans, dried, type NS1 (Italy) Beans, dried, type NS1 (Italy)
mean of two studies

Blackeyed Beans/Peas (Cowpeas), Boiled Blackeyed beans (Canada) Blackeyed beans (Canada)
mean of two studies

Butter Beans Butter beans (South Africa) Butter beans, dried, cooked 1.25 h (South Africa)
18/32
Food
Butter beans (Canada)

364 313 302 312 544 10 31 33 365 286 42 41 29 30 316 39 59 386 13 19 23 231 25 298 42 46 284 34 52 7011 20 28 293 291 22 3015 373 304 52 18 21 31 32 264 32 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 30 22 16 33 30 30 30 33 31 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17 25 25 5 4 4 4 7 2 6 7 7 6 6 4 6 6 6 8 13 8 2 3 4 4 4 5 7 8 5 6 6 11 3
GL / serv.3
7 6 6 6 11 3 9 10 11 8 9 7 9 9 9 12 19 12 3 5 6 6 6 7 10 11 7 8 9 17 5

Butter beans, dried, boiled + 5g sucrose (South Africa) Butter beans, dried, boiled + 10g sucrose (South Africa) Butter beans, dried, boiled + 15g sucrose (South Africa) Chickpeas (Garbanzo Beans, Bengal Gram), Boiled Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum Linn), dried, soaked, boiled 35 min (Philippines) Chickpeas, dried, boiled (Canada) Chickpeas (Canada) Chickpeas (Canada)

Chickpeas, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Chickpeas, curry, canned (Canasia Foods Ltd., Scarborough, Canada) Haricot/Navy Beans Haricot/Navy beans, pressure cooked at 15 psi for 25 min (King Grains, Toronto, Canada) Haricot/Navy beans, dried, boiled (Canada) Haricot/Navy beans, boiled (Canada) Haricot/Navy beans (King Grains, Canada) Haricot/Navy beans, pressure cooked at15 psi for 25 min (King Grains, Canada)

Kidney Beans Kidney/white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), soaked, boiled 17 min (Philippines) Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), (India) Kidney beans (USA)5 Kidney beans, dried, boiled (France) Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), red, soaked 20 min, boiled 70 min (Sweden) Kidney beans (Canada) Kidney beans, dried, boiled (Canada) Kidney beans (Canada)
mean of eight studies

Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) - autoclaved Kidney beans, canned (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Kidney beans, dried, soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h (India)11 Black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), soaked overnight, cooked 45 min (Philippines) Lentils, type NS1 Lentils, type NS1 (USA) Lentils, type NS1 (Canada)
mean of two studies

Lentils, Green Lentils, green, dried, boiled (Canada) Lentils, green, dried, boiled (France) Lentils, green, dried, boiled (Australia)
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
18 18 18 14 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 30
3 3 4 4 3 6 2 3 4 4 3 6
5 4 6 5 5 9 3 4 6 6 5 10

Lentils, green, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Lentils, Red Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada)

Lima beans, baby, frozen, reheated in microwave oven (York, Canada Packers, Toronto, Canada) Marrowfat Peas Marrowfat peas, dried, boiled (USA) Marrowfat peas, dried, boiled (Canada)
mean of two studies

Mung Beans
31 473 398
150
19
19/32
Food
Mung bean (Phaseolus areus Roxb.), soaked, boiled 20 min (Philippines) Mung bean, fried (Australia) Mung bean, germinated (Australia) Mung bean, pressure cooked (Australia) Peas, dried, boiled (Australia) Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan Linn. Huth), soaked, boiled 45 min (Philippines) Pinto Beans Pinto beans, dried, boiled (Canada) Pinto beans, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Romano beans (Canada) Soya Beans Soya beans, dried, boiled (Canada) Soya beans, dried, boiled (Australia)

31 538 254 425 22 22 39 45 46 155 203 183 142 32 427 454 263 304 324 311 143 293 233 304 384 224 434 404 253 425 377 476 376 424 325 464 386 405 656 366 456 60 80 366 304 496 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 50 50 250 40 40 40 35 50 50 80 80 80 80 80 55 55 55 250 250 250 250 100 100 360 150 400 100 100 100 100 100 100 17 17 17 9 20 26 22 18 6 6 6 6 19 22 29 13 19 19 19 22 8 6 14 13 9 13 15 11 9 9 1 3 1 3 16 19 37 48 68 27 27 27 24 22 25 4 3 5 1 3 7 7 6 1 1 1 1 4 19 26 1 14 15 14 9 5 3 5 6 3 7 7 5 7 6 0 0 0 0 7 7 4 21 6 12 16 22 9 7 12
GL / serv.3
5 4 7 2 4 10 10 8 1 1 1 1 6 9 13 3 6 6 6 3 2 1 4 5 2 6 6 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 7 7 15 31 24 12 16 22 9 7 12
mean of two studies

Soya beans, canned (Canada) Split peas, yellow, boiled 20 min (Nupack, Mississauga, Canada) MEAL REPLACEMENT PRODUCTS Hazelnut & Apricot bar (Dietworks, South Yarra, Vic, Australia) LEAN Products (Usana Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, US) LEAN Fibergy bar, Harvest Oat Nutrimeal, drink powder, Dutch Chocolate LEAN (Life long) Nutribar, Peanut Crunch LEAN (Life long) Nutribar, Chocolate Crunch
mean of two Nutri bars

Worldwide Sport Nutrition Reduced-carbohydrate Products (2000 formulations) Designer chocolate, sugar-free6 Burn-it Bars Chocolate deluxe6 Peanut butter6 Pure-Protein Bars Chewy choc-chip6 Chocolate deluxe6 Peanut butter6 Strawberry shortcake6 White chocolate mousse6 Pure-Protein Cookies Choc-chip cookie dough6 Coconut6 Peanut butter6 Ultra Pure-protein Shakes Cappuccino Frosty chocolate Strawberry shortcake Vanilla ice cream MIXED MEALS AND CONVENIENCE FOODS Chicken nuggets, frozen, reheated in microwave oven 5 min (Savings, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Vic, Australia) Fish Fingers (Canada) Greek lentil stew with a bread roll, home made (Australia) Kugel (Polish dish containing egg noodles, sugar, cheese and raisins), (Israel) Lean Cuisine, French style chicken with rice, reheated (Nestl, Sydney, Australia)6 Pies, beef, party size (Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Australia) Pizzas Pizza, cheese (Pillsbury Canada Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Pizza, plain baked dough, served with parmesan cheese and tomato sauce (Italy) Pizza, Super Supreme, pan (11.4% fat), (Pizza Hut, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Pizza, Super Supreme, thin and crispy (13.2% fat), (Pizza Hut, Australia) Pizza, Vegetarian Supreme, thin and crispy (7.8% fat), (Pizza Hut, Australia)6 20/32
Food
Sausages, NS1 (Canada) Sirloin chop with mixed vegetables and mashed potato, home made (Australia) Spaghetti bolognaise, home made (Australia) Stirfried vegetables with chicken and boiled white rice, home made (Australia) Sushi Sushi, salmon (from 'I Love Sushi' chain store, Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 Sushi, roasted sea algae, vinegar and rice (Japan)

286 6612 529 7317 488 55 524 27 22 252 55 39 59 55 62 51 67 598 234 6113 508 483 433 404 364 312 483 343 164 479 547 408 314 334 273 40 45 7810 324 476 408 54 689 465 488 47 471 43 100 360 360 360 100 100 100 440 440 440 200 200 100 100 100 100 100 100 237ml 237ml 237ml 250ml 38 237ml 113 237ml 237ml 237ml 237ml 237ml 237ml 237ml 250ml 250ml 250 237 ml 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 3 53 48 75 36 37 37 50 50 50 68 28 48 47 38 44 44 44 24 40 40 34 20 47 26 23 36 23 41 39 36 41 41 44 47 29 45 42 46 46 46 42 48 1 10 7 15 17 20 19 3 3 3 19 5 29 26 23 23 30 26 2 10 8 7 22 8 8 3 7 3 3 8 8 7 5 6 5 5 11 18 8 12 10 12 18
GL / serv.3
1 35 25 55 17 20 19 14 11 13 38 11 29 26 23 23 30 26 6 24 19 16 8 19 9 7 17 8 7 18 19 16 13 15 13 12 20 32 15 22 18 22 33
mean of two studies

White boiled rice, grilled beefburger, cheese, and butter (France) White boiled rice, grilled beefburger, cheese and butter (France)

White Bread with Toppings White wheat flour bread, butter, cheese, regular cow's milk and fresh cucumber (Sweden)6 White wheat flour bread, butter, yoghurt and pickled cucumber (Sweden)6 White bread with butter (Canada) White bread with skim milk cheese (Canada) White bread with butter and skim milk cheese (Canada) White/wholemeal wheat bread with peanut butter (Canada) White/wholemeal wheat bread with peanut butter (Canada)
mean of two studies

NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT PRODUCTS Choicedm, vanilla (Mead Johnson Nutritionals, Evansville, IN,US) Enercal Plus, made from powder (Wyeth-Ayerst International Inc., Madison, NJ, US) Ensure (Abbott Australasia, Kurnell, NSW, Australia) Ensure, vanilla (Abbott Australasia) Ensure bar, chocolate fudge brownie (Abbott Australasia) Ensure Plus, vanilla (Abbott Australasia) Ensure Pudding, old fashioned vanilla (Abbott Laboratories Inc., Ashland, OH, USA) Glucerna, vanilla (Abbott Laboratories Inc., USA)6 Jevity (Abbott Australasia) Resource Diabetic, French vanilla (Novartis Nutrition Corp., Young America, USA)6 Resource Diabetic, Swiss chocolate (Novartis, Auckland, New Zealand) Resource thickened orange juice, honey consistency (Novartis, New Zealand) Resource thickened orange juice, nectar consistency (Novartis, New Zealand) Resource fruit beverage, peach flavour (Novartis, New Zealand) Sustagen, Dutch Chocolate (Mead Johnson, Bristol Myers Squibb, Rydalmere, NSW, Australia) Sustagen Hospital with extra fiber, drink made from powdered mix (Mead Johnson, Australia) Sustagen Instant Pudding, vanilla, made from powdered mix (Mead Johnson, Australia) Ultracal with fiber (Mead Johnson, Evansville, IN, USA) PASTAS and NOODLES Capellini (Primo Foods Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Corn pasta, gluten-free (Orgran Natural Foods, Carrum Downs, Vic, Australia) Fettucine, Egg Fettucine, egg Fettucine, egg (Mother Earth Fine Foods, Rowville, Vic, Australia)
mean of two studies

Gluten-free pasta, maize starch, boiled 8 min (UK) Gnocchi, NS1 (Latina, Pillsbury Australia Ltd., Mt. Waverley, Vic, Australia) Instant Noodles Instant 'two-minute' noodles, Maggi (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Instant 'two-minute' noodles, Maggi (Nestl, Auckland, New Zealand) Instant noodles (Mr Noodle, Vancouver, Canada)

Linguine Thick, durum wheat, white, fresh (Sweden)
180 180
40 48
10 11
19 21 21/32
Food
Thick, fresh, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w monoglycerides, boiled 8 min (Sweden)

48 463 49 61 45 53 523 26 399 337 45 48 472 64 391 616 404 928 766 58 689 27 32 34 40 44 383 58 47 53 32 36 41 443 443 587 6415 613 33 34 38 42 48 497 508 423 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 48 48 48 48 41 41 45 45 45 13 12 13 16 10 12 13 7 10
GL / serv.3
23 22 23 29 18 22 23 12 18
mean of two studies

Thin, durum wheat (Sweden) Thin, fresh, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w monoglycerides, boiled 3 min (Sweden) Thin, fresh, durum wheat with 39% w/w egg (Sweden) Thin, fresh, with 0.6% w/w monoglycerides and 30% w/w egg, boiled 3 min (Sweden)

Mung Bean Noodles Lungkow beanthread noodles (National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs, Qingdao & Guangdong, China) Mung bean noodles (Longkou beanthread), dried, boiled (Yantai cereals, China)
mean of two studies

Macaroni Macaroni, plain, boiled 5 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Macaroni, plain, boiled (Turkey)
mean of two studies

Macaroni and Cheese, boxed (Kraft General Foods Canada Inc., Don Mills, Ontario) Ravioli, durum wheat flour, meat filled, boiled (Australia) Rice Noodles/Pasta Rice noodles, dried, boiled (Thai World, Bangkok, Thailand) Rice noodles, freshly made, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia) Rice pasta, brown, boiled 16 min (Rice Grower's Co-op., Leeton, NSW, Australia) Rice and maize pasta, gluten-free, Ris'O'Mais (Orgran Foods, Carrum Downs, Vic, Australia) Rice vermicelli, Kongmoon (National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs, China) Spaghetti Spaghetti, gluten-free, rice and split pea, canned in tomato sauce (Orgran Foods, Australia) Spaghetti, protein enriched, boiled 7 min (Catelli Plus, Catelli Ltd., Montreal, Canada) Spaghetti, White, Boiled 5 min Boiled 5 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Boiled 5 min (Canada) Boiled 5 min (Canada) Boiled 5 min (Middle East)
180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 220 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180
49 49 48 51 38 39 39 38 49 39 27 52 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 44 43 44 48 48 44 48 48 44 48 47
12 13 13 18 8 13 9 19 21 12 8 8 9 9 11 12 10 15 13 14 9 10 11 12 12 14 15 15 9 9 9 11 13 12 13 11
22 23 23 32 15 23 15 35 37 22 19 14 15 16 19 21 18 28 23 25 15 17 20 21 21 26 27 27 16 16 17 20 23 22 24 20

Spaghetti, White or Type NS1, Boiled 10-15 min White, durum wheat, boiled 10 min in salty water (Barilla, Parma, Italy)12 White, durum wheat flour, boiled 12 min (Starhushlls, Kungsrnen AB, Jrna, Sweden) White, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w monoglycerides, boiled 12 min (Sweden) Boiled 15 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Boiled 15 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Boiled 15 min (Canada) White, boiled 15 min in salted water (Unico, Concord, Canada)

Spaghetti, White or Type NS1, Boiled 20 min White, durum wheat, boiled 20 min (Australia) Durum wheat, boiled 20 min (USA)
mean of two studies

Spaghetti, White, Boiled White (Denmark) White, durum wheat (Catelli Ltd, Montreal, Canada) White (Australia) White (Canada) White (Canada) White (Vetta, Greens Foods, Glendenning, NSW, Australia) White (Canada)

22/32
Food
Spaghetti, White, Durum Wheat Semolina (Panzani, Marseilles, France) Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 11 min Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 16.5 min Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 22 min

5915 6515 4610 576 32 424 375 4310 296 38 50 628 357 9016 345 496 458 428 433 3516 446 424 72 74 6310 508 6111 9012 9912 423 354 413 392 808 766 782 628 706 333 628 6812 653 617 32 334 225 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 30 30 30 15 15 15 15 48 48 48 48 44 40 42 44 31 48 21 48 44 31 22 30 30 31 28 22 29 25 25 29 26 34 20 26 25 12 12 11 12 16 17 12 15 8 9 9 11 5 10 6 17 9 55 15 29 27 26 24 15 26 21 37 42 33 34 40 77 81 32 27 31 30
GL / serv.3
28 31 22 27 14 17 16 19 9 18 10 30 16 28 7 14 13 13 12 8 13 11 18 21 17 17 12 23 24 5 4 5 4
mean of three cooking times

Spaghetti, Wholemeal, Boiled Wholemeal (USA) Wholemeal (Canada)
mean of two studies

Spirali, durum wheat, white, boiled to al dent texture (Vetta, Australia) Split pea and soya pasta shells, gluten-free (Orgran Foods, Australia) Star Pastina, white, boiled 5 minutes (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Tortellini, cheese (Stouffer, Nestl, Don Mills, Canada) Udon noodles, plain, reheated 5 min (Fantastic, Windsor Gardens, SA, Australia)6 Vermicelli, white, boiled (Australia) SNACK FOODS AND CONFECTIONERY Burger Rings, barbeque-flavored (Smith's Snack Food Co., Chatswood, Australia) Chocolate, Milk, Plain Chocolate, milk, plain with sucrose (Belgium)6 Chocolate, milk (Cadbury's Confectionery, Ringwood, Vic, Australia) Chocolate, milk, Dove (Mars Confectionery, Ballarat, Vic, Australia) Chocolate, milk (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Chocolate, milk, plain, low-sugar with maltitol (Belgium)6 Chocolate, white, Milky Bar (Nestl, Australia) Corn Chips Corn chips, plain, salted (Doritos original, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia, 1998) Corn chips, plain, salted (Doritos original, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia, 1985) Nachips (Old El Paso Foods Co., Canada)

Fruit Bars Apricot filled fruit bar (pureed dried apricot filling in wholemeal pastry), (Mother Earth, Auckland, New Zealand) Heinz Kidz Fruit Fingers, banana (HJ Heinz, Malvern, Vic, Australia) Real Fruit Bars, strawberry (Uncle Toby's, Wahgunyah, Vic, Australia) Roll-Ups, processed fruit snack (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Fruity Bitz (vitamin and mineral enriched dried fruit snacks) Fruity Bitz, apricot (Blackmores Ltd., Balgowlah, NSW, Australia) Fruity Bitz, berry (Blackmores Ltd., Australia) Fruity Bitz, tropical (Blackmores Ltd., Australia)
mean of three flavours

Jelly Beans Jelly beans, assorted colors (Allen's, Nestle, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Jelly beans, assorted colors (Savings, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Vic, Australia)
mean of two studies

Kudos Whole Grain Bars, chocolate chip (M & M/Mars, Hackettstown, NJ, USA) Life Savers, peppermint candy (Nestl, Australia) M & M's, peanut (Mars Confectionery, Australia) Mars Bar Mars Bar (Mars Confectionery, Australia) Mars Bar (M&M/Mars, USA)
30 50 30 30 60 60 60 30 30 20 50
28 32 30 17 40 40 40 21 12 12 13
73 40 69 19 41 45 43 42 13 19 6
22 20 21 6 25 27 26 13 4 4 3
mean of two studies

Muesli bar containing dried fruit (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Nougat, Jijona (La Fama, Spain) Nutella, chocolate hazelnut spread (Ferrero Australia, Milson's Point, Australia) Nuts Cashew nuts, salted (Coles Supermarkets, Australia)6 Peanuts
23/32
Food
Peanuts, crushed (South Africa)6 Peanuts (Canada)6 Peanuts (Mexico)6

74 136 23 148 557 89 7217 702 57 517 543 839 705 408 376 415 68 5514 745 446 50 50 50 50 20 20 20 50 50 50 50 30 50 50 50 60 60 60 50 60 4 7 7 6 11 11 11 35 18 24 21 20 45 29 27 36 34 35 29 39 1 2 3 2 30 48 39 48 20 25 23 54 63 23 20 25 39 32 43 28
GL / serv.3
0 1 2 1 6 10 8 24 10 12 11 16 32 12 10 15 23 19 22 17

Popcorn Popcorn, plain, cooked in microwave oven (Green's Foods, Glendenning, Australia) Popcorn, plain, cooked in microwave oven (Uncle Toby's, Australia)
mean of two studies

Pop Tarts, double choc (Kellogg's, Pagewood, NSW, Australia) Potato Crisps Potato crisps, plain, salted (Arnott's, Homebush, NSW, Australia) Potato crisps, plain, salted (Canada)
mean of two studies

Pretzels, oven-baked, traditional wheat flavour (Parker's, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia) Skittles (Mars Confectionery, Australia) Snack Bars Snack bar, Apple Cinnamon (Con Agra Inc., Omaha, NE, USA) Snack bar, Peanut Butter & Choc-Chip (Con Agra Inc., USA) Snickers Bar Snickers Bar (Mars Confectionery, Australia) Snickers Bar (M&M/Mars, USA)
mean of two studies

Twisties, cheese-flavoured, extruded snack, rice and corn (Smith's Snackfood Co., Australia) Twix Cookie Bar, caramel (M&M/Mars, USA) SPORTS BARS Power Bar Power Bar, chocolate (Powerfood Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA) Power Bar, chocolate (Powerfood Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA)
mean of two studies

Ironman PR bar, chocolate (PR Nutrition, San Diego, CA, USA) SOUPS Black Bean (Wil-Pack Foods, San Pedro, CA, USA) Green Pea, canned (Campbell Soup Co Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Lentil, canned (Unico, Concord, Canada) Minestrone, Traditional, Country Ladle (Campbell's Soups, Homebush, Australia)6 Noodle soup (traditional Turkish soup with stock and noodles) Split Pea (Wil-Pak Foods, USA) Tarhana soup (traditional Turkish soup with wheat flour, yoghurt, tomato, peppers) Tomato soup (Canada) SUGARS AND SUGAR ALCOHOLS Blue Agave Cactus Nectars, High-fructose Organic Agave Cactus Nectar, light, 90% fructose (Western Commerce Corp., City of Industry, CA, USA)6 Organic Agave Cactus Nectar, light, 97% fructose (Western Commerce Corp., USA)6 Fructose 25g portion (Sweeten Less, Maximum Nutrition Inc., Toronto, Canada)6 50g portion (Sweeten Less, Maximum Nutrition Inc., Toronto, Canada) 50g portion 50g portion 50g portion (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO, USA) 25g portion, fed with oats28
585 53 563 39 64 66 44 393 1 60 20 389
65 65 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
42 26 27 41 21 18 9 27 17
36 16 7 11 4 3 0 6 3
24 10 17 27 9 7 0 16 6
111 101 11 12 205 21 24 25 192 85 92 93
10 10
8 8
9 8
1 1
mean of six studies

Glucose 50 g portion (dextrose) 25g portion, fed with oats28 50 g portion 24/32
10
10
19
Food
50 g portion (dextrose) 50 g portion 50 g portion (Bio-Health, Dawson Traders Ltd., Toronto, Canada) 50 g portion 50 g portion (Glucodin glucose tablets, Boots, North Ryde, NSW, Australia) 25 g portion (Bio-Health, Canada)6 50 g portion (dextrose) 100 g portion (Bio-Health, Canada)12

96 96 96 100 1029 103 111 114 993 78 80 76 782 793 62 57 85 55 57 561 32 354 444 463 483 525 586 623 645 726 878 555 43 48 48 462 10512 58 58 5910 60 60 64 659 65 82 11021 685 250 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 35 21 18 21 18 15 17 21 18 15 13 21 18 8 27 26 36 34 29 35 48 44 39 36 72 39
GL / serv.3
mean of 11 studies
Glucose Consumed with American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) 25 g glucose (Glucodex solution, Rougier Inc., Chambly, Quebec) with 3 g dried ginseng5 25 g glucose (Glucodex), 40 min after 3 g dried ginseng5 25 g glucose (Glucodex), 40 min before 3 g dried ginseng5
10 10
10 10
99 78
10 8

Glucose Consumed with Gum/Fiber 46 g Glucose + 15 g apple and orange fiber extract (FITA, Chatswood, NSW, Australia), (total carbohydrate content of drink = 50 g) 50 g Glucose + 14.5 g guar gum 50 g Glucose + 14.5 g oat gum (78% oat -glucan) 100 g Glucose + 20 g acacia gum7 Glucose Consumed with a Mixed Meal 30 g glucose with 150 g grilled beefburger, 30 g cheese, 10 g butter (total meal contained 50 g carbohydrate), (France), (sulphonylureas not taken) 30 g glucose with 150 g grilled beefburger, 30 g cheese, 10 g butter (total meal contained 50 g carbohydrate), (France), (sulphonylureas not taken)
10 10 10 10 10
10 8 10 10 10
78 65 62 57 85
8 6 6 6 9

Honeys Locust honey (Romania)6 Yellow box (46% fructose), (Australia)6 Stringy Bark (52% fructose), (Australia)6 Red Gum (35% fructose), (Australia)6 Iron Bark (34% fructose), (Australia)6 Yapunya (42% fructose), (Australia)6 Pure (Capilano Honey Ltd., Richlands, Qld, Australia) Commercial Blend (38% fructose), (WA blend, Capilano Honey Ltd., Australia)6 Salvation Jane (32% fructose), (Australia)6 Commercial Blend (28% fructose), (NSW blend, Capilano Honey Ltd., Australia)6 Honey, NS1 (Canada)6
20 7 6 9 8 7 9 12 11 10 9 18 10
mean of 11 types of honey

Lactose 50 g lactose (Sigma Chemical Company, USA) 25 g lactose (BDH, Poole, UK)6 25 g lactose28

50 g maltose Sucrose 50 g sucrose (Sigma Chemical Company, USA) 50 g sucrose (Redpath Sugars, Toronto, Canada) 50 g sucrose 50 g sucrose 25 g sucrose (Redpath Sugars, Canada)6 25 g sucrose28 50 g sucrose 100 g sucrose (Redpath Sugars, Canada)12 30 g sucrose29 25 g sucrose6
10 10
10 10
46 1.05
5 11
mean of 10 studies
10
10
68
25/32
Food
Sugar Alcohols and Sugar-replacement Compounds Lactitol 25 g lactitol30 25 g lactitol MC (Danisco sweeteners, Redhill, Surrey, UK)30
GL / serv.3
mean of two studies

Litesse 25 g Litesse II, bulking agent with polydextrose and sorbitol (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)30 25 g Litesse III ultra, bulking agent with polydextrose and sorbitol (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)30 Maltitol-based Sweeteners or Bulking Agents 25 g Malbit CR (87% maltitol), (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)30 25 g Maltidex 100 (> 72% maltitol), (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)30 25 g Malbit CH (99% maltitol), (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)30 25 g Maltidex 200 (50% maltitol), (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)30 Xylitol 25 g xylitol30 25 g Xylitol C (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)30
-17 31 23 72 42
10 10 10
10 10 10
2 7 4
0 1 0
3012 4411 7329 8928 77 82 81
10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10
30 44 73 89
3 4 7 9
mean of two studies

VEGETABLES Green Peas Pea, frozen, boiled (Canada)6 Pea, frozen, boiled (Canada)6 Pea, green (Pisum sativum), (India)11
10
10

Pumpkin (South Africa) Sweet Corn Sweet corn, 'Honey & Pearl' variety (New Zealand) Sweet corn on the cob, boiled 20 min (Sydney, Australia) Sweet corn (Canada) Sweet corn, boiled (USA) Sweet corn, boiled (USA) Sweet corn (South Africa)
39 516 5414 485 759 3712 48 5911 60 60 625 544 46 47 6416 16 325 492 9220 4716 46 9719
80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 100 80
7 7 7 7 4 16 16 18 18 18 18 17 14 15 7 8 5 5 6 6 27 12
3 4 5 4 4 7 10 13 13 13 14 12 8 9 6 2 2 3 7 3 12 15
3 4 4 3 3 6 8 11 11 11 11 9 7 7 5 1 1 2 5 3 12 12
mean of six studies

Sweet corn, whole kernel, diet-pack, Featherweight, canned, drained, heated (USA) Sweet corn, frozen, heated in microwave (Green Giant, Pillsbury Canada Ltd., Toronto) VEGETABLES, ROOT Beetroot (Canada)6 Carrots Carrots, raw (Romania)5,6 Carrots, peeled, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 Carrots, peeled, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 Carrots, NS1 (Canada)6

Cassava, boiled, with salt (Kenya, Africa) Parsnips (Canada)6 Potatoes Baked Potatoes Ontario, white, baked in skin (Canada) Baked Potato, Russet Burbank Potatoes Russet, baked without fat (Canada) Russet, baked without fat, 45-60 min (USA) Russet, baked without fat (USA) Russet, baked without fat (USA)
60 56 78 94 111 8512 10115 7017
150
30
12
18

Boiled Potatoes Desiree, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) Nardine (New Zealand) 26/32
150 150 150
30 17 25
17 11 12
26 17 18
Food
Ontario, white, peeled, cut into cubes, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) Pontiac, peeled, boiled whole for 30 min (Australia) Pontiac, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) Prince Edward Island, peeled, cubed, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) Sebago, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) Boiled/Cooked Potatoes, White/Type NS1 Type NS1 (Kenya, Africa) White, cooked (Romania)5 White, boiled (Canada) Type NS1, boiled (Australia) Type NS1, boiled in salted water (India)

58 56 889 63 877 24 41 54 56 76 509 23 61 659 632 75 7412 8013 86 86 88 976 853 67 7110 83 745 73 919 799 82 47 54 708 577 7812 6511 52 44 486 59 7712 786 617 728 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 27 26 18 18 17 28 30 27 19 34 28 34 18 18 18 29 11 10 11 7 10 4 8 10 7 17 9 5 7 8 7 15
GL / serv.3
16 14 16 11 14 7 12 15 11 26 14 8 11 12 11 22

Type NS1, boiled in salted water, refrigerated, reheated (India) Canned Potatoes Prince Edward Island, canned, heated in microwave (Avon, Cobi Foods Inc., Port Williams, Canada) New, canned, heated in microwave 3 min (Mint Tiny Taters, Edgell's, Cheltenham, Vic, Australia)
mean of two studies

French Fries French fries, frozen, reheated in microwave (Cavendish Farms, New Annan, Canada) Instant Mashed Potato Instant (France) Instant (Canada) Instant (Edgell's Potato Whip, Edgell's, Australia) Instant (Carnation Foods Co. Ltd., Manitoba, Canada) Instant (Canada) Instant mashed potato (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA)
mean of six studies

Mashed Potato Type NS1 (Canada) Type NS1 (South Africa) Type NS1 (France)
150
20
11
17

Prince Edward Island, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min, mashed (Canada) Pontiac, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min, mashed (Australia) Microwaved Potatoes Pontiac, peeled and microwave on high for 6-7.5 min (Australia) Type NS1, microwaved (USA) New Potatoes New (Canada) New (Canada) New (Canada)
150 150 150 150 150
20 18 20 18 33
10 9 12 10 18
15 13 18 14 27

New, unpeeled and boiled 20 min (Australia) Steamed Potatoes Potato, peeled, steamed 1 h (Solanum tuberosum), (India)11 Potato dumplings (white wheat flour, white potatoes, boiled in salted water (Italy)) Sweet Potatoes Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), (Australia) Sweet potato, NS1 (Canada) Sweet potato, peeled, cubed, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand)
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
21 21 27 45 25 34 30 25 25 28 10
8 11 12 16 7 11 12 13 13 11 5
12 16 18 24 11 16 18 19 20 17 7

Swede Swede (rutabaga), (Canada)6 Tapiocas
27/32
Food
Tapioca boiled with milk (General Mills Canada Inc., Etobicoke, Canada) Tapioca (Manihot Utilissima), steamed 1 h (India)11 Taro Taro (Colocasia esculenta), peeled, boiled (Australia) Taro, peeled, boiled (New Zealand)

81 7010 54 5612 551 254 355 5112 378 250 250 18 18 6 5
GL / serv.3
14 12
mean of two studies

Yams Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) Yam (Canada)
150

INDIGENOUS OR TRADITIONAL FOODS OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS AFRICAN Brown beans (South Africa) Cassava, boiled, with salt (Kenya) Ga kenkey, prepared from fermented cornmeal (Zea mays), (Ghana)31 Gari, roasted cassava dough (Manihot utilissima), (Ghana)31 Gram dhal (South Africa) Maize meal porridge, unrefined, maize-meal:water = 1:3 (South Africa) Maize meal porridge, refined, maize-meal:water = 1:3 (South Africa) Maize meal porridge/gruel (Kenya) M'fino/Morogo, wild greens (South Africa) Millet flour porridge/gruel (Kenya) Unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca), (Ghana)31 Yam (Dyscoria species), (Ghana)31 ARABIC AND TURKISH Hoummous (chickpea salad dip) Kibbeh saynieh (made with lamb and burghul) Lebanese bread (white, unleaved), hoummous, falafel and tabbouleh Majadra (Syrian, lentils and rice) Moroccan Couscous (stew of semolina, chickpeas, vegetables) Stuffed Grapevine Leaves (rice and lamb stuffing with tomato sauce) Tarhana soup (wheat flour, yoghurt, tomato, green pepper) Turkish bread, white wheat flour Turkish bread, whole wheat Turkish noodle soup ASIAN Broken rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Lion foods, Bangkok, Thailand) Butter rice, warm white rice and butter (Japan) Curry rice (Japan) Curry rice with cheese (Japan) Glutinous rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Bangsue Chia Meng Rice Co., Bangkok) Glutinous rice NS1 (Esubi Shokuhin, Japan)
150
36
13
248 46 121 563 53 716 747 109 688 107 404 66 64 6116 8612 245 589 3011 20 87 49 1 8610 79 67 55 987 86 926 48 83 65 10910 70 26 798 399 68 91 81 616 404
50 (dry) 100 150 100 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 120 120 (raw) 150 30 120 120 250 250 100 30 30 250 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 75 75 100 150 150 180 120 180 100 30 250 180 180
25 27 13 27 29 36 40 38 50 34 36 5 15 45 41 29 15 17 16 9 43 51 61 49 32 65 48 28 39 41 42 60 45 20 45 50 25 19 39 39
12 12 5 15 3 51 60 83 28 11 16 1 8 32 4 7 5 49 26 0 25 27 27 18 21 37 30 18 43 27 31 28 7 13 10 34 76 6 13 9
6 12 7 15 1 25 30 41 34 13 23 0 9 39 10 17 5 15 8 0 37 40 41 27 31 55 44 14 32 27 46 42 12 16 18 34 23 15 23 15
mean of two studies

Glutinous rice ball with cut glutinous cake (mochi), (Japan) Glutinous rice cake with dried sea algae (Japan) Glutaminous rice flour, instant, served warm with roasted ground soybean (Japan) Jasmine rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Golden World Foods, Bangkok) Low-protein white rice with dried sea algae (Japan) Lungkow beanthread (National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs, Qingdao & Guangdong, China) Lychee, canned in syrup, drained (Narcissus brand, China) Mung bean noodles, dried, boiled (China) Non-glutaminous rice flour, served warm with drink (Yamato Nousan, Japan) Rice cracker, plain (Sakada, Japan) Rice gruel with dried algae (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) Rice noodles, dried, boiled (Thai World, Bangkok, Thailand) Rice noodles, fresh, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia) 28/32
Food
Rice vermicelli, Kongmoon (National Cereals, China) Roasted rice ball (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) Salted rice ball (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) Soba noodles, instant, reheated in hot water, served with soup (Japan) Stirfried vegetables, chicken and rice, home made (Australia) Sushi, salmon ('I Love Sushi' chain store, Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 Sushi, roasted sea algae, vinegar and rice (Japan)

58 77 80 46 7317 488 55 524 628 48 557 57 56 55 561 79 56 61 69 59 58 591 63 61 621 72 56 80 77 9719 5513 49 67 575 7011 48 37 436 11 4310 6610 7620 27 67 49 589 37 48 425 64 59 623 669 180 75 75 180 360 100 100 100 180 180 180 39 27 26 49 75 36 37 37 48 47 48 12 28 27 12 15 17 20 19 17 13 15
GL / serv.3
22 21 20 22 55 17 20 19 30 23 26
mean of two studies

Udon noodles, fresh, reheated (Fantastic, Windsor Gardens, SA, Australia)6 Udon noodles, instant, with sauce and fried bean curd (Nishin Shokuhin, Japan)
mean of two studies

White rice, dried sea algae and milk, eaten together (Japan) White rice, dried sea algae and milk (milk eaten before rice), (Japan) White rice, dried sea algae and milk (milk eaten after rice), (Japan)
mean of three types

White rice with dried fish strip (okaka), (Japan) White rice with fermented soybean (natto), (Japan) White rice with instant miso soup (soybean paste soup), (Japan) White rice with low-fat milk (Japan) White rice and non-sugar yoghurt (yoghurt eaten before rice), (Japan) White rice and non-sugar yoghurt eaten together (Japan)
300 150 150 150 300
47 50 43 47 47
9 26 16 19 11
26 40 24 29 32
mean of two types

White rice with pickled vinegar and cucumber (pickled food eaten before rice), (Japan) White rice with pickled vinegar and cucumber (pickled food eaten with rice), (Japan)
150
32
13
19
mean of two types

White rice topped with raw egg and soy sauce (Japan) White rice with roasted ground soybean (Japan) White rice with salted dried plum (umeboshi), (Japan) White rice with sea algae rolled in sheet of toasted sea algae (Japan) ASIAN INDIAN Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum), popped, with milk and non-nutritive sweetener Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum),eaten as roasted bread made from bajra flour Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum) Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum)
150 150 150 150 150 30
43 36 51 49 51 19
18 17 19 26 26 61
27 26 29 39 39 18
mean of three studies Banana (Musa sapientum), Nendra variety, unripe, steamed 1 h11 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Barley (Hordeum vulgare) mean in two groups of subjects
Bengal gram dhal, chickpea Black gram (Phaseolus mungo), soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h11 Chapatti Chapatti, amaranth-wheat (25:75), composite flour, served with bottle gourd and tomato curry Chapatti, amaranth-wheat (50:50), composite flour, served with bottle gourd and tomato curry Chapatti, baisen Chapatti, bajra Chapatti, bajra
75 (dry) 120
50 45
38 26
29 31
150 150 150 60 60
37 36 18 30 30
11 3 5 33 39
16 4 8 20 23

Chapatti, barley Chapatti, barley

Chapatti, maize (Zea mays) Chapatti, maize (Zea mays)

Chapatti, wheat, served with bottle gourd and tomato curry
60
32
35
21
29/32
Food
Chapatti, flour from malted wheat, moth bean (Phaseolus aconitifolius) and bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) Chapatti, flour made from popped wheat, moth bean and bengal gram Chapatti, flour from roller dried wheat, moth bean and bengal gram Chapatti, wheat flour, thin, with green gram (Phaseolus aureus) dhal Chapatti, wheat flour, thin, with green gram (Phaseolus aureus) dhal mean in two groups of subjects Cheela (thin savoury pancakes made from legume flour batter) Cheela, bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) Cheela, bengal gram (Cicer arietinum), fermented batter Cheela, green gram (Phaseolus aureus) Cheela, green gram (Phaseolus aureus), fermented batter Dhokla, leavened, fermented, steamed cake; dehusked chickpea and wheat semolina Dhokla, leavened, fermented, steamed cake; dehusked chickpea and wheat semolina mean in two groups of subjects Dosai (parboiled and raw rice, soaked, ground, fermented and fried) with chutney Dosai (parboiled and raw rice, soaked, ground, fermented and fried) with chutney

669 408 609 814 443 6319 421 361 451 381 354 316 332 773 552 6611 3814 576 7812 5111 772 602 699 778 244 294 273 6010 6810 84 10413 9410 903 452 6823 822 571 7013 19 6915 559 766 4612 6220 547 7010 688 673 694 681 183 50 360 150 70 (dry) 70 (dry) 31 51 34 50 50 17 9 15 60 74 60 60 60 200 200 200 150 150 150 150 38 36 38 50 50 50 28 28 26 26 42 24 38 20 11 16 8 7 8 7
GL / serv.3
25 14 23 41 22 32 12 10 12 10

Green gram (Phaseolus aureus), soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h11 Green gram, whole with varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked Green gram dhal with varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked Horse gram (Dolichos biflorus), soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h11 Idli (parboiled and raw rice + black dhal, soaked, ground, fermented, steamed) with chutney Idli (parboiled and raw rice + black dhal, soaked, ground, fermented, steamed) with chutney
100 150 150 150 150 80 (dry) 78 (dry) 150 250 250 250 70 (dry)
20 39 39 39 17 50 50 29 52 52 52 50
6 20 14 17 4 36 50 10 16 12 14 55
6 30 22 26 6 29 39 15 40 31 36 39

Jowar, roasted bread made from Jowar flour (Sorghum vulgare) Laddu (popped amaranth, foxtail millet, roasted legume powder, fenugreek seeds) in hot sweet syrup Laddu (popped amaranth, foxtail millet, roasted legume powder, fenugreek seeds) in hot sweet syrup

Lentil and cauliflower curry with rice (Australia) Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana), dehusked, soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h11 Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana)11 Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana) flour eaten as roasted bread
8 31 23 42 52
mean of two studies

Pongal (rice and roasted green gram dhal, pressure cooked) Pongal (rice and roasted green gram dhal, pressure cooked)

Poori (deep-fried wheat flour dough) with potato palya (mashed potato) Poori (deep-fried wheat flour dough) with potato palya (mashed potato)
250
52
14
35

Rajmah (Phaseolus vulgaris) Rice (Oryza Sativa), boiled served with bottle gourd and tomato curry Semolinas Semolina (Triticum aestivum), steamed Semolina (Triticum aestivum), pre-roasted Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented black gram dhal (Phaseolus mungo) Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented green gram dhal (Phaseolus aureus) Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented bengal gram dhal (Cicer arietum) Tapioca (Manihot utilissima), steamed 1h11 Varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked 15 psi 12-15 min Upittu (roasted semolina and onions, cooked in water) Upittu (roasted semolina and onions, cooked in water)
150 150 150 67 (dry) 67 (dry) 71 (dry) 71 (dry) 71 (dry) 250 76 (dry)
41 30 38 50 50 50 50 50 18 50
19 4 17 41 57 32 44 38 5 45
28 6 26 28 38 23 31 27 12 34

Uppuma kedgeree (millet, legumes, fenugreek seeds; roasted and cooked in water) 30/32
150
42
19
28
Food
Uppuma kedgeree (millet, legumes, fenugreek seeds; roasted and cooked in water)

193 181 8 46 47 43 8 34 402 68 3810 44 7712 786 6611 54 5612 551 254 355 305 6110 717 665 316 5910 7210 161 91 405 70 363 253 38 313 293 72 81 44 30 38 52 39 78 7 14 30 150 50 75 50 30 50 150 50 120 120 150 150 150 150 33 17 24 16 25 9 36 25 27 21 25 25 25 28 4 3 15 15 36 1 8 20 15 7 7 13 13 11
GL / serv.3
6 1 11 7 11 1 12 10 18 8 11 19 20 17

AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL Acacia aneura, mulga seed, roasted, wet ground to paste6 Acacia coriacea, desert oak, seed bread6 Araucaria bidwillii, bunya tree nut, baked 10 min6 Bush honey, sugar bag6 Castanospermum australe, blackbean seed, sliced, soaked 1 wk, pounded and baked6 Dioscorea bulbifera, cheeky yam, peeled, sliced, soaked 2 d, baked 15 min6 Macrozamia communis, cycad palm seed, sliced, soaked 1 wk, pounded, baked6 PACIFIC ISLANDERS Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), (Australia)6 Bananas/Plantains, Green Green banana, boiled (New Zealand) Sweet Potatoes Sweet potato, (Ipomoea batatas), (Australia) Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand)

Taro Taro (Colocasia esculenta), peeled, boiled (Australia) Taro, peeled, boiled (New Zealand)
mean of two studies

Yams Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand)
150
mean of two groups of subjects

ISRAELI Melawach (dough made from white wheat flour and butter, fried) Melawach
150
36
13
mean of two studies

Melawach + 15 g locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua) fiber (soluble) Melawach + 15 g maize cob fiber (insoluble) Melawach + 15 g lupin (Lupinus albus) fiber PIMA INDIAN Acorns, stewed with venison (Quercus emoryi)6 Cactus jam (Stenocereus thurberi) Corn hominy (Zea mays)6 Fruit Leather (Stenocereus thurberi) Lima beans broth (Phaseolus lunatus)6 Mesquite cakes (Prosopis velutina)6 Tortilla (Zea mays and Olneya tesota) White teparies broth (Phaseolus acutifolius)6 Yellow teparies broth (Phaseolus acutifolius)6 SOUTH AMERICAN Arepa, corn bread cake, made with corn flour (Mexico) Arepa, made from ordinary dehulled dent corn flour (25% amylose)9, 34 Arepa, made from dehulled high-amylose (70%) corn flour9, 34 Black Beans Brown Beans Corn tortilla (Mexican) Corn tortilla, served with refried mashed pinto beans and tomato sauce (Mexican) Corn tortilla, fried, with mashed potato, fresh tomato and lettuce (Mexican) Nopal (prickly pear cactus) Pinto beans, boiled in salted water Wheat tortilla (Mexican)
115 130 130 130 100 30 150 30 250 60 60 250 250 100 100 100 150 150 50 100 100 100 150 50
53 53 53 53 6 20 30 24 32 4 25 32 26 43 43 25 23 25 24 23 15 6 25 26
30 13 24 29 1 62 8 56 5 2 16 4 3 31 35 11 5 6 25 9 11 0 2 16
35 16 31 38 1 18 12 17 12 1 9 10 8 31 35 11 7 9 12 9 11 0 4 8
31/32
Notes: This is the definitive table (from http://www.mendosa.com/gilists.zip) for both the glycemic index and the glycemic load, reproduced here courtesy of the author, Professor Jennie-Brand Miller of the University of Sydney. It is based on a table published July 2002 in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, pages 5-56. The Glycemic Index (GI) is a numerical system of measuring how fast a carbohydrate triggers a rise in circulating blood sugar response. A GI is 70 or more is high, a GI is 56 to 69 inclusive is medium, and a GI of 55 or less is low. The Glycemic Load (GL) is a way to assess the impact of carbohydrate consumption that takes the glycemic index into account, but gives a fuller picture than does glycemic index alone. A GI value tells you only how rapidly a particular carbohydrate turns into sugar. It doesnt tell you how much of that carbohydrate is in a serving of a particular food. A GL of 20 or more is high, a GL of 11 to 19 inclusive is medium, and a GL of 10 or less is low. Foods that have a low GI invariably have a low GL, while foods with an intermediate or high GI range from very low to very high GL. Both GI and GL are listed. The GI is of foods based on the glucose index, where glucose is set to equal 100. The other is the glycemic load, which is the glycemic index divided by 100 multiplied by its available carbohydrate content (i.e. carbohydrates minus fiber) in grams. (The Serv. size (g); column is the serving size in grams for calculating the glycemic load.) Endnotes:
1
2 3
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19
NS, not specified; type 1 and type 2, subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes; AUC, area under the curve. Serving sizes in grams unless specified otherwise. The published tables show GI values based on glucose=100 and on white bread=100. Estimated by multiplying the foods listed GI value with glucose as the reference food by the listed g carbohydrate per serving and dividing by 100. Human Nutrition Unit (Sydney University, Australia), unpublished observations, 1995 2002. The low GI may be explained by the inclusion of rolled oats in the recipe. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 25 g carbohydrate. V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, Le PlessisRobinson, France), unpublished observations, 1996 2000. GI calculated from the AUC for glucose. GI calculated by using a mathematical formula based on results from an in vitro starch hydrolysis assay. Impaired glucose tolerance. Both the test food and the reference food contained 75 g carbohydrate. Both the test food and the reference food contained 100 g carbohydrate. Values based on 0.5 g carbohydrate/kg body wt. AUC measured over 3 h for only 5 time points (0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min). GI corrected for added milk and adjusted to represent a 50 g carbohydrate portion size. Made from raw oats that were cooked for 20 min. Used as reference food and given a GI of 100. The GI of the test food was measured by expressing the glucose AUC value for the test food as a percentage of the AUC value for wheat chapatti. GI calculated from AUC food/AUC glucose formula. The AUC value was calculated over 3 h for 5 time points only. J Dzieniszewski, J Ciok (National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland), unpublished observations,1996 2001.
20
21 22 23 24 25
26
27 28
29 30
31 32 33 34 35
J Brand-Miller, S Holt (Sydney University, Australia), and V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, Le PlessisRobinson, France), unpublished observations, 2000 and 2001. M Champ (INRA, France) and V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, France), unpublished observations, 1998. AUC measured over 3 h for only 4 time points (0, 1, 2, and 3 h). AUC calculated as the area above fasting to 3 h only. AUC measured over 5 h, but blood samples taken at hourly intervals only. Potato used as reference food with a GI fixed at 80. The GI of the test food was calculated by expressing the test foods glucose AUC value as a percentage of the potatos AUC value. White rice was used as the reference food, but glucose was also tested and had a GI of 122. The observed GI was multiplied by 100 and then divided by 122 to convert it to a GI on the glucose scale (i.e., glucose = reference food with a GI of 100). Blood glucose measured at 30 min intervals. GI for sugars calculated from the glycemic response for a meal of sugar and rolled oats minus the glycemic response for the oats alone. Both the test food and the reference food contained 30 g carbohydrate. Total weight of the test food was 25 g, whereas reference food contained 25 g available carbohydrate. The carbohydrate content of the test food was assumed to be 100% available, which may be an overestimate. Eaten as part of a mixed meal with fish, tomato, and onion sauce. AUC measured over 2 h for 4 time points (0, 30, 60, and 120 min). AUC measured over 4 h for only 6 time points (0, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min). Both the test food and the reference food contained 45 g carbohydrate. Reference food was an ordinary corn flour arepa.
32/32

Glycemic List

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Glycemic List

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REVISED INTERNATIONAL TABLE OF GLYCEMIC INDEX AND GLYCEMIC LOAD, 2002: Advanced GI and GL Data

Table of Contents (abridged)

GI Serv. Carb. / GL / glucose2 g1 serv. 100 g

mean of two types

GI Serv. Carb. / GL / glucose2 g1 serv. 100 g

mean of three studies

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

mean of two studies

mean of two studies

mean of two studies

mean of three studies

GI Serv. Carb. / GL / glucose2 g1 serv. 100 g

mean of two studies

mean of two studies

mean of two studies

mean of two studies

mean of six studies

GI Serv. Carb. / GL / glucose2 g1 serv. 100 g

mean of four studies

mean of two studies

mean of two studies

mean of two studies

mean of six studies

mean of three studies

mean in two groups of subjects

mean in two groups of subjects

GI Serv. Carb. / GL / glucose2 g1 serv. 100 g

mean of two studies

mean of thirteen studies

mean of three studies

mean of two studies

GI Serv. Carb. / GL / glucose2 g1 serv. 100 g

mean of four studies

30 38 50 515 425 39 333 9719

50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 250 250 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

mean of five studies

GI Serv. Carb. / GL / glucose2 g1 serv. 100 g

mean of two studies

mean of two studies

mean of eight studies

mean of two studies

GI Serv. Carb. / GL / glucose2 g1 serv. 100 g

mean of three studies

mean of two studies

mean of seven studies

GI Serv. Carb. / GL / glucose2 g1 serv. 100 g

mean of five studies

mean of two groups of subjects

150 150 50 (dry)

mean of three studies

mean of two studies

mean of six studies

mean of two studies

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

GI Serv. Carb. / GL / glucose2 g1 serv. 100 g

51 55 54 58 57 8610 987 10910

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

mean of two studies

mean of three studies

150 150 150 150 150

GI Serv. Carb. / GL / glucose2 g1 serv. 100 g

mean of three studies

mean of three studies