Natural Resources Sec.

1, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines The goals of the national economy are a more equitable distribution of opportunities, income and wealth, a sustained increase in the amount of goods and services produced by the nation for the benefit of the people, and an expanding productivity as the key to raising the quality of life for all, especially the underprivileged. The state shall promote industrialization and full employment based on sound agricultural development and agrarian reform, through industries that make full of efficient use of human and natural resources, and which are competitive in both domestic and foreign markets. However, the state shall protect Filipino enterprises against unfair foreign competition and trade practices. In the pursuit of these goals, all sectors of the economy and all regions of the country shall be given optimum opportunity to develop. Private enterprises, including corporations, cooperatives and other similar collective organizations, shall be encouraged to broaden their base of ownership. Sec. 3, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines Lands of the public domain are classified into agricultural, forests or timber, mineral lands and national parks. Agricultural lands of the public domain may be further classified by law according to the uses to which they may be devoted. Alienable lands of the public domain shall be limited to agricultural lands. Private corporations or associations may not hold such alienable lands of the public domain except by lease, for a period not exceeding twenty-five years, renewable for not more than twenty-five years, and not to exceed one thousand hectares in area. Citizens of the Philippines may lease not more than five hundred hectares, or acquire not more than twelve hectares thereof, by purchase, homestead or grant. Taking into account the requirements of conservation, ecology and development, and subject to the requirements of agrarian reform, the Congress shall determine, by law, the area of lands of the public domain which may be acquired, developed, held or leased and the conditions therefor.

Land Titles and Deeds Sec. 2, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum and other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna and other natural resources are owned by the State. With the exception of agricultural lands, all other

natural resources shall not be alienated. The exploration, development and utilization of natural resources shall be under the full control and supervision of the State. The State may directly undertake such activities, or may enter into co-production, joint ventures and productionsharing with Filipino citizens, or corporation or associations at least 60 percentum of whose capital is owned by such citizens. Such agreements may be for a period not exceeding twentyfive years, renewable for not more than twenty-five years and under such terms and conditions as may be provided by law. In cases of water rights for irrigation, water supply, fisheries or industrial uses other than the development of waterpower, beneficial use may be the measure and limit of the grant. The State shall protect the nations marine wealth in its archipelagic waters, territorial sea and exclusive economic zone, and reserve its use and enjoyment exclusively to Filipino citizens. The Congress, by law, may allow small-scale utilization of natural resources by Filipino Citizens, as well as cooperative fish farming, with priority of subsistence fishermen and fish workers in rivers, lakes, bays and lagoons. The President may enter into agreements with foreign-owned corporations, involving either technical or financial assistance for large-scale exploration, development and utilization of minerals, petroleum, and other mineral oils according to general terms and conditions provided by law based on real contributions to the economic growth and general welfare of the country. In such agreements, the State shall promote the development and use of local scientific and technical resources. The President shall notify the Congress of every contract entered into in accordance with this provisions, within thirty days from its date of execution.

Labor Law Sec. 3, Article XIII of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and unorganized, and promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all. It shall guarantee the rights of all workers to self-organization, collective bargaining and negotiations, and peaceful concerted activities, including the right to strike in accordance with law. They shall be entitled to security of tenure, humane conditions of work, and a living wage. They shall also participate in policy and decision-making processes affecting their rights and benefits as may be provided by law.

The State shall promote the principle of shared responsibility between workers and employers and the preferential use of voluntary modes in settling disputes, including conciliation, and shall enforce their mutual compliance therewith to foster industrial peace. The State shall regulate the relations between workers and employers, recognizing the right of labor to its just share in the fruits of production and the right of enterprises to reasonable returns to investments, and to expansion and growth.

Property Art. 415, Civil Code of the Philippines The following are immovable property: (1) (2) Land, buildings, roads and constructions of all kinds adhered to the soil; Trees, plants, and growing fruits, while they are attached to the land or form an integral part of an immovable; Everything attached to an immovable in a fixed manner, in such a way that it cannot be separated therefrom without breaking the material or deterioration of the object; Statues, reliefs, paintings or other objects for use or ornamentation, placed in buildings or on lands by the owner of the immovable in such a manner that it reveals the intention to attach them permanently to the tenements; Machinery, receptacles, instruments or implements intended by the owner of the tenement for an industry or works which may be carried on in a building or on a piece of land, and which tend directly to meet the needs of the said industry or works; Animal houses, pigeon-houses, beehives, fish ponds or breeding places of similar nature, in case their owner has placed them or preserves them with the intention to have them permanently attached to the land, and forming a permanent part of it; the animals in these places are included; Fertilizer actually used on a piece of land; Mines, quarries, and slag dumps, while the matter thereof forms part of the bed, and waters either running or stagnant;

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7) (8)

(9)

Docks and structures which, though floating, are intended by their nature and object to remain at a fixed place on a river, lake, or coast;

(10) Contracts for public works, and servitudes and other real rights over immovable property. Art. 416, Civil Code of the Philippines The following things are deemed to be personal property: (1) Those movables susceptible of appropriation which are not included in the preceding article; Real property which by any special provision of law is considered as personalty; Forces of nature which are brought under control by science; and In general, all things which can be transported from place to place without impairment of the real property to which they are fixed.

(2) (3) (4)

Art. 417, Civil Code of the Philippines The following are also considered as personal property: (1) (2) Obligations and actions which have for their object movables or demandable sums; and Shares of stock of agricultural, commercial and industrial entities, although they may have real estate.