RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 22.

73 Terms There are three north commonly in use in Great Britain: Grid North: the direction of a grid line which is parallel to the central meridian on the National Grid. True North: the direction of a meridian of longitude which converges on the North Pole. Magnetic North: the direction indicated by a magnetic compass. Magnetic North moves slowly with a variable rate and currently is west of Grid North in Great Britain. Differences The horizontal angular difference between True North and Magnetic North is called MAGNETIC VARIATION or DECLINATION. The horizontal angular difference between Grid North and Magnetic North is called GRID MAGNETIC ANGLE. It is this angle which needs to be applied when converting between magnetic and grid bearings. Orientation: Orientation of a line AB is the direction starting from A to B. Whole Circle bearing: The whole circle bearing (W.C.B) of a line is the horizontal angle measured clockwise from the North limb of the meridian. It varies from 0 to 360. Rectangular Coordinates: The rectangular coordinate system is also known as the Cartesian coordinate system after Rene Descartes, who popularized its use in analytic geometry. The rectangular coordinate system is based on a grid, and every point on the plane can be identified by unique x and y coordinates, just as any point on the Earth can be identified by giving its latitude and longitude. Axes: Locations on the grid are measured relative to a fixed point, called the origin, and are measured according to the distance along a pair of axes. The x and y axes are just like the number line, with positive distances to the right and negative to the left in the case of the x axis, and positive distances measured upwards and negative down for the y axis. Any displacement away from the origin can be constructed by moving a specified distance in the x direction and then another distance in the y direction. Think of it as if you were giving directions to someone by saying something like go three blocks East and then 2 blocks North. Coordinates, Graphing Points: We specify the location of a point by first giving its x coordinate (the left or right displacement from the origin), and then the y coordinate (the up or down displacement from the origin). Thus, every point on the plane can be identified by a pair of numbers (x, y), called its coordinates. Quadrants: Sometimes we just want to know what general part of the graph we are talking about. The axes naturally divide the plane up into quarters. We call these quadrants, and number them from one to four. Notice that the numbering begins in the upper right quadrant and continues around in the counter-clockwise direction. Notice also that each quadrant can be identified by the unique combination of positive and negative signs for the coordinates of a point in that quadrant.

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Polar coordinates: In mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each
point on a plane is determined by a distance from a fixed point and an angle from a fixed direction. The fixed point (analogous to the origin of a Cartesian system) is called the pole, and the ray from the pole in the fixed direction is the polar axis. The distance from the pole is called the radial coordinate or radius, and the angle is the angular coordinate, polar angle, or azimuth. 22.74 DIFFERENCE IN EASTINGS AND NORTHINGS Calculate the difference in Eastings and northings for the following coordinates; a. 200E, 150N b. 350E, 1225N c. 435E, 234N 22.75 ADJUSTMENT TO BEARINGS IN A CLOSED LOOP Difference between a closed loop and an open loop. In a closed loop the sum of internal angles must be equal to (n-2)*180. 22.76 BOWDITCHS METHOD Departure & Latitude, sign is important, bowditch method is the distribution of errors among the different members of a loop. Correction = distance of the specific member over the perimeter multiplied by the error. 22.77 GROSS ERRORS ARE EASILY TRACKED IF DUE ATTENTION IS GIVEN. 22.78 USE OF EXCEL SPREADSHEET TO CALCULATE ADJUSTED COORDINATES BOWDITCH METHOD PLOTTING 22.83 MEDIUM FOR ACCURATE PLOTTING AND REPRODUCTION Permatrace similar to tracing paper 22.84 SCALES: Where to use 1:50 and where to use 1:50000 22.85 PLOTTING INSTRUMENTS & CAD

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