SUBJECT : DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY UNIT 1 : FORCE ANALYSIS 2 marks questions:

1. State D.Alemberts principle. 2. Define inertia force. 3. What is the function of fly wheel. 4. Define piston effort. 5. State principle of superposition. 6. What is meant by turning moment diagram (or) crank effort diagram. 7. Define coefficient of fluctuation of energy. 8. Define compound pendulum (or) torsional pendulum. 9. Distinguish between space diagram and free body diagram. 10. What do you mean by equivalent offset inertia force. 11. Define constraint and applied forces. 12. Draw the turning moment diagram for double acting steam engine. 13. What are the conditions for a body to be in static and dynamic equilibrium. 14. Define crank pin effort. 15. What are the forces acting on the connecting rod. 16. Define inertia torque. 17. Why a smaller flywheel is used in multi-cylinder engines. 18. Define coefficient of fluctuation of speed. 19.Why are the cranks of a locomotive, with two cylinders, placed at 90 to each other? 20.Why single cylinder needs large size flywheel?

16 marks questions:
1. In a reciprocating engine mechanism, if the crank and the connecting rod are 300 mm and 1 m long respectively and the crank rotates at a constant speed of 200 rpm. Determine analytically, (i) The crank angle at which the maximum velocity occurs and (ii) Maximum velocity of the piston. 2. A vertical double acting steam engine has a cylinder 300 mm diameter and 450 mm stroke and runs at 200 rpm. The reciprocating parts has a mass of 225 kg and the piston rod is 50 mm diameter. The connecting rod is 1.2 m long. When the crank has turned through 125 from the top dead center the steam pressure above the piston is 30 kN/m2 and below the piston is 1.5 kN/m2. Calculate (i) Crank-pin effort and (ii) The effective turning moment on the crank shaft. 3. A vertical double acting steam engine develops 75 kW at 250 rpm. The maximum fluctuation of energy is 30 percent of the work done per stroke. The maximum and minimum

speeds are not to vary more than 1 percent on either side of the mean speed. Find the mass of the flywheel required, if the radius of gyration is 0.6 m. 4. The length of crank and connecting rod of a vertical reciprocating engine are 300 mm and 1.5 m respectively. The crank is rotating at 200 rpm clockwise. Find analytically, (i) Acceleration of piston, (ii) velocity of piston and (iii) angular acceleration of the connecting rod when the crank has turned through 40 degree from the top dead center and the piston is moving downwards. 5. The torque delivered by a twostroke engine is represented by N.m Where is the angle turned by the crank from the innerdead centre. The engine speed is 250 rpm. The mass of the flywheel is 400 kg and radius of gyration 400 mm. Determine (i) the power developed (ii) the total percentage fluctuation of speed (iii) the angular acceleration of flywheel when the crank has rotated through an angle of 600 from the innerdead centre (iv) the maximum angular acceleration and retardation of the flywheel. 6. A single cylinder vertical engine has a bore of 300 mm and a stroke of 400 mm. The connecting rod is 1 m long and the mass of the reciprocating parts is 140 kg. on the expansion stroke, with the crank at 30 from the top dead center, the gas pressure is 0.7 MPa. If the engine runs at 250 rpm, determine (i) net force acting on the piston (ii) resultant load on the gudgeon pin (iii) thrust on the cylinder walls, and (iv) the speed above which, other things remaining the same, the gudgeon pin load would be reversed in direction. 7. The variation of crankshaft torque of a four cylinder petrol engine may be approximately represented by taking the torque as zero for crank angles 0 and 180 and as 260 Nm for crank angles 20 and 45, the intermediate portions of the torque graph being straight lines. The cycle is being repeated in every half revolution. The average speed is 600 rpm. Supposing that the engine drives a machine requiring constant torque, determine the mass of the flywheel of radius of gyration 250 mm, which must be provided so that the total variation of speed shall be one percent.

8. In a slider crank mechanism, the length of the crank and connecting rod are 100mm and 400mm respectively. the crank rotates uniformly at 600 r.p.m clockwise when the crank has turned through 450 from the inner dead center.Find,by analytical method: 1. Velocity and acceleration of the slider, and 2. Angular velocity and angular acceleration of the connecting rod.

9. The length of crank and connecting rod of a steam engine is 1000mm and 250mm respectively. the mass of the reciprocating parts of the steam engine is 30 kg.its cylinder bore is 300mm.it is found under when the crank is at 600 from I.D.C.,the difference between the driving and the back steam pressure acting on the piston is 4105 N/m2,and the engine is running at 240 r.p.m. Neglecting the effect of the piston diameter, determine : 1. Pressure on side bars, 2. Trust in the connecting rod, 3. Tangential force on the connecting rod, and Turning moment on the crankshaft. 10. In a turning moment diagram, the areas above and below the mean torque line in order are 4440,1150,1300 and 4550mm2 respectively. The scales of the turning moment diagram are : turning moment, 1mm = 100 N-m, crank angle,1mm = 10. Find the mass of the flywheel required to keep the speed at 600 r.p.m, if the radius of gyration is 0.525 m. 11. The crank and connecting rod of a steam engine are 0.5m and 4.5m in length. the crank rotates at a constant speed of 590 r.p.m. determine : 1.The crank angle at which the maximum velocity occurs, 2.Maximum velocity of the piston, and 3. The position of the crank for zero acceleration of the piston. 12. A horizontal steam engine running at 500 r.p.m has a bore of 290mm and stroke of 450 mm. The piston rod is 30mm in diameter and connecting rod length is 950mm.the mass of the reciprocating parts is 8 kg and the frictional resistance is equivalent to a force of 450 N. Determine the following when the crank is at 1650 from the inner dead center, the mean pressure being 7500 N/m2 on the crank side: 1.thrust on the connecting rod, 2.thrust on the cylinder walls, 3.load on the bearings and 4.turning moment on the crankshaft. 13. In a turning moment diagram, the areas above and below the mean torque line in order are 440,150,300 and 550mm2 respectively. The scales of the turning moment diagram are : turning moment, 1mm = 100 N-m, crank angle,1mm = 10. Find the mass of the flywheel required to keep the speed at 500 r.p.m, if the radius of gyration is 0.625 m. 14. A vertical single cylinder engine has a cylinder of 350mm and stroke length of 560mm. the reciprocating parts have a mass of 290 kg. the connecting rod is four times the crank radius and the speed is 550 r.p.m. when the crank has turned through an angle at 450 from the top dead center, the net pressure on the piston 2.05 MN/m2. Calculate the effective turning moment on the crankshaft for this position. 15. A single cylinder double acting steam engine delivers 165 kw at 200 r.p.m. the maximum fluctuation of energy per revolution is 15 percent of the energy developed per revolution. The speed variation is limited to 1 percent either way from the mean. The mean diameter of the rim is 4.2m. Find the mass and cross-sectional dimensions of the flywheel rim when width of rim is twice the thickness. The density of flywheel material is 9200 kg/m3.

UNIT 2 : BALANCING 2 mark questions:

1. Define dynamic balancing. 2. Why complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating engine. 3. Define tractive force 4. Whether grinding heels are balance or not? If so why? 5. What are the various causes of balancing revolving masses. 6. Write the importance of balancing. 7. Write types of balancing. 8. Define static balancing. 9. Why balancing of dynamic forces is necessary. 10.Differentiate between the unbalanced force due to reciprocating mass and that due to a revolving mass. 11. Whether you watch needles are properly balanced or not? 12. Write the phenomenon of transferring forces from one plane to other. 13. Define Dalbys method of balancing masses. 14. Write the equations used to solve balancing of several masses rotating in a single plane. 15. Differentiate the static balancing and dynamic balancing. 16. State the condition for the static balancing and dynamic balancing. 17.Distinguish between the unbalanced force caused due to rotating and reciprocating masses 18. What is meant by balancing of rotating masses? 19. Define the term swaying couple. 20. Compare the magnitude and direction of the unbalanced forces in the case of rotating masses and reciprocating masses.

16 marks questions:
1. A shaft carries four rotating masses A, B, C and D which are completely balanced. The masses B, C and D are 50 kg, 80 kg and 70 kg respectively. The masses C and D make angles of 90 and 195 respectively with mass B in the same sense. The masses A, B, C and D are concentrated at radius 75 mm, 100 mm, 50 mm and 80 mm respectively. The plane of rotation of masses B and C are 250 mm apart. Determine (i) the magnitude of mass A and its angular position and (ii) the position planes A and D. 2. The cranks of a two cylinder, uncoupled inside cylinder locomotive are at right angles and are 325 mm long. The cylinders are 675 mm apart. The rotating mass per cylinders are 200 kg at crank pin and the mass of the reciprocating parts per cylinder is 240 kg. The wheel center lines are 1.5 m apart. The whole of the rotating and two thirds of the reciprocating masses are to be balanced and the balance masses are to be placed in the planes of the rotation of the driving wheels at a radius of 800 mm. Find (i) the magnitude and direction of the balancing masses. (ii) the magnitude of hammer blow (iii) variation in tractive force and (iv) maximum swaying couple at a crank speed of 240 rpm.

3. (i) Four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 attached to a rotating shaft on the same plane are 200 kg, 300 kg, 240 kg and 260 kg respectively. The corresponding radii of rotation are 0.2 m, 0.15 m, 0.25 m and 0.3 m respectively and the angles between successive masses are 45, 75 and 135. Find the position and magnitude of the balance mass required, if the radius of rotation is 0.2 m. (ii) Explain with neat sketches, balancing of single revolving mass, by masses in two different planes in a rotating system. 4. A four cylinder vertical engine has cranks 150 mm long. The planes of rotation of the first, second and fourth cranks are 400 mm, 200 mm and 200 mm respectively from the third crank and their reciprocating masses are 50 kg, 60 kg and 50 kg respectively. Find the mass of the reciprocating parts for the third cylinder and the relative angular positions of the cranks in order that the engine may be in complete primary balance. 5. A four cylinder engine has the two outer cranks at 120 to each other and their reciprocating masses are each 400 kg. The distance between the planes of rotation of adjacent cranks are 400 mm, 700 mm and 500 mm. Find the reciprocating mass and the relative angular position for each of the inner cranks, if the length of each crank is 350 mm, the length of each connecting rod 1.7 m and the engine speed 500 rpm. 6. (a) Four masses A, B, C and D are completely balanced. Masses C and D make angles of 90? and 195? respectively with B in the same sense. The rotating masses have following properties : = 25 kg = 150 mm = 40 kg = 200 mm = 35 kg = 100 mm = 180 mm Planes B and C are 250 mm apart. Determine (i) the mass A and its angular position (ii) the positions of planes A and D.

7. Three masses are attached to a shaft as follows : 20 kg at 80 mm radius; 35 kg at 150mm radius and 5 g at 180mm radius. The masses are to be arranged so that the shaft is in complete balance. Determine the angular position of masses elative to 18 kg mass. All the masses are in the same plane. 8. A rotating shaft carries four masses, A,B,C and D which are radially attached to it. The mass centres are 60cm,98cm,80cm and 65cm respectively from the axis of rotation. The masses A,C and D are 8.5 kg,5 kg and 6 kg respectively. The axial distances between the planes of rotation of A and B is 700mm and between B and C is 900mm. the masses A and C are at right angles to each other. Find for a complete balance: 1. The angles between

the masses B nad D from mass A, 2. The axial distance between the planes of rotation of C and D,and 3. The magnitude of mass B. 9. The following data relate to a single-cylinder reciprocating engine : Mass of reciprocating parts = 90kg Mass of revolving parts = 60kg at 160mm radius Speed = 980 r.p.m. Stroke = 720 mm. 10. Four masses A,B,C,and D revolve at equal radii and are equally spaced along a shaft. The mass B is 9 kg and the radii of C and D make angles of 900 and 2400 respectively with the radius of B. find the magnitude of the masses A,C and D and the angular position of A so that the system may be completely balanced. 11. A two cylinder uncoupled locomotive has inside cylinders 0.9 m apart. The radius of each crank is 700mm and are at right angles. The revolving mass per cylinder is 650 kg and the reciprocating mass per cylinder is 300 kg. The whole of the revolving and two-third of the reciprocating masses are to be balanced masses are to be placed, in the planes of rotation of the driving wheels a radius of 5 m. the driving wheel is are 2m in diameter and 6 m apart. 12. The piston of a twin V-engine has strokes of 120mm. the connecting rods driving a common crank has a length of 200mm.the mass of the reciprocating parts per cylinder is 1 kg and the speed of the crank shaft is 2500 r.p.m. determine the magnitude of the primary and secondary forces. 13. A,B,C and D are four masses carried by a rotating shaft at radii 300mm,250mm and 400mm respectively. The planes in which the masses rotates are spaced at 500mm apart and the magnitude of the masses B,C and D are 10 kg,6 kg and 5 kg respectively. Find the required mass A and the relative angular settings of the four masses, so that the shaft must be in complete balance. 14. A four cylinder in-line marine oil engine has cranks at angular displacement of 400. The outer cranks are 4m apart and inner cranks are 1.5m apart. The inner cranks are placed symmetrically between the outer cranks. The length of each crank is 550mm. if the engine runs at 50 r.p.m. and the mass of reciprocating parts for each cylinder is 600 kg, find the firing order of the cylinders for the best primary balancing force of reciprocating masses. Determine the maximum unbalanced primary couple for the best arrangement. 15. A V-twin engine has the cylinder axes at right angles and the connecting rods operate a common crank. The reciprocating mass per cylinder is 9 kg and the crank radius is 80mm. the length of the connecting rod is 650mm. show that the engine may be balanced for primary forces by means of a revolving balance mass.