SE0097 - Southern Pine User Guide

Southern Pine User Guide Course No.
SE0097 PDH: 2
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Southern Pine Use Guide

strength treatability beauty
www.southernpine.com
WOOD: THE RIGHT CHOICE

K No other material can match woods unique combination of benefits, including strength, affordability, ease of use, and environmental superiority. K Wood-frame construction has a 100-year track record for safety and dependability. Thats why some nine out of 10 homes today are built with wood. K Building codes require all materials to provide the same degree of protection even for extreme events such as earthquakes and hurricanes. Wood-frame construction is as safe, sturdy and dependable as any other building material. K Wood is the best insulator against heat and cold, which makes it the most energyefficient material that can help keep energy bills in check. Unlike steel and concrete, wood doesnt conduct heat and cold. Wood is 400 times less heatconductive than steel, so homes built with wood studs take less energy to heat and cool. K Wood is the most affordable building material. The economy of wood construction is one of the many reasons why woodframe construction has remained the preferred method for residential use. K Wood is easy to use and widely available. Its practicality and workability make construction simple and efficient for use in residential or commercial applications, including multistory projects. K As the worlds only renewable building material, wood can be recycled and regenerated. Whats more, trees provide benefits to the environment while they grow, taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. K Wood contributes far fewer greenhouse gases during the manufacturing process than its non-renewable counterparts, steel and concrete. Although wood products make up 47% of all raw materials made in the United States, the share of energy consumed by wood products during production is only 4% of all manufactured materials.
SOURCE: Why Wood is Good, Wood Promotion Network at www.beconstructive.com
Contents
Page
The Southern Pine Council is a promotional program sponsored by the Southern Forest Products Association. 2900 Indiana Ave. Kenner, LA 70065 504/443-4464 FAX: 504/443-6612 info@southernpine.com
Why Southern Pine? 2 Product and Grade Descriptions 3 Standard Sizes 7 Seasoning Requirements 8 American Softwood Lumber Standard 8 Reinspection Availability 8 Reference Design Values 9 Adjustment Factors 12 Span Tables 13 Specialty Products & Applications 15 Pressure-Treated Lumber 16 AWPA Use Category System 18 Fire Endurance, Sound Transmission 19 Proper Lumber Storage 20 Specification Guidelines 21 Additional Resources Back Cover
The Southern Pine Council does not test lumber or establish design values. The purpose of the Use Guide is to collect and organize data available from other sources for the convenience of builders, engineers, architects and other professionals. The Southern Pine design values contained herein are taken from the Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber, 2002 Edition, published by the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau, and the adjustment factors are taken from the National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction, 2005 Edition, published by the American Forest & Paper Association. Neither the Southern Pine Council, nor its members, warrant that the data from such sources on which the recommended uses of Southern Pine lumber contained herein are based is correct, and disclaim responsibility for injury or damage resulting from the use of such design values. The conditions under which lumber is used in construction may vary widely, as does the quality of workmanship and construction methods. Neither the Southern Pine Council, nor its members, have knowledge of the quality of the workmanship or construction methods used on any construction project, and, accordingly, do not warrant the design or performance of the lumber in completed structures.
Copyright 2008. Southern Forest Products Association. All rights reserved.
SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE

2009 Edition
Southern Pine Council

WHY SOUTHERN PINE?

Southern Pine lumber has been popular since Colonial times for a wide variety of applications. Favorable growing conditions, wise forest management, and efficient manufacturing ensure a continuous supply of high-quality Southern Pine products for future generations. Southern Pine consists of four main species shortleaf, longleaf, loblolly, and slash and is the preferred choice for todays design/build professionals. Here are a few of the inherent advantages of Southern Pine:
DESIGN VALUES BY SPECIES NO.2 2X4

1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000
Pounds per square inch
1,650 1,500
825
800 600 400 200 0
Cost Savings
Wood products are still the most cost-effective building material on the market today. Southern Pine is competitively priced because of abundant timber supply, manufacturing expertise, and established market preference. Design/build professionals that choose strong Southern Pine can reduce the amount of lumber required. As a result, using Southern Pine can translate into significant cost savings.
SP: SOUTHERN PINE DF-L: DOUGLAS FIR-LARCH S-P-F: SPRUCE-PINE-FIR H-F: HEM-FIR
Highest Density
Southern Pine also has the highest density of all structural lumber species, providing superior fastenerholding power and load-bearing capacity.
Superior Strength and Stiffness

Southern Pine is the strongest softwood structural lumber species, as published in the National Design Specification (NDS ) for Wood Construction. Design values for Southern Pine are the highest of all commonly used wood species.
Best Treatability
Southern Pine has long been the preferred species for pressure treatment because of its unique cellular structure that permits deep, uniform penetration of preservatives. Some 85% of all pressure-treated wood produced in the U.S. is Southern Pine.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY BY SPECIES NO.2

1.8 1.6 1.4
Pounds per square inch (x million)
1,600,000
Natural Beauty
Southern Pine offers a distinct grain pattern and an appealing golden color. Because of this natural beauty, exposed Southern Pine provides architectural appeal.
1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

SP: SOUTHERN PINE DF-L: DOUGLAS FIR-LARCH S-P-F: SPRUCE-PINE-FIR H-F: HEM-FIR
Widespread Availability
Southern Pine is an abundant and renewable resource, growing in a vast band across the Southern United States from East Texas to Virginia. Nearly 400 manufacturers produce Southern Pine lumber, making it readily available.
Dimensional Stability
Southern Pine dimension lumber 2 and less in thickness must be dried to a maximum moisture content of 19%. This minimizes shrinkage associated with green lumber and provides long-term stability.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY SPECIES

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
0.55
Proven Quality
Southern Pine lumber is graded in accordance with the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber.
Green Building Material

Choosing domestic Southern Pine a product grown in the U.S. is not only a good environmental choice but also an opportunity to support local economies.


2009 Edition
SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONS

Product Grade Dimension Lumber: 2 to 4 thick, 2 and wider
See Table 1 for design values
Based on SPIB Grading Rules See www.southernpine.com for Product Locator
Grade Characteristics and Typical Uses
*Dense Select Structural Select Structural *Select Structural NonDense *No.1 Dense No.1 *No.1 NonDense *No.2 Dense No.2 *No.2 NonDense No.3
High quality, limited in characteristics that affect strength or stiffness. Recommended for uses where high strength, stiffness and good appearance are desired. Recommended for construction where high strength, stiffness and good appearance are desired.
Recommended for most general construction uses where moderately high design values are required. Allows well-spaced knots of any quality. Recommended for general construction purposes where appearance is not a controlling factor. Many pieces included in this grade would qualify as No.2 except for a single limiting characteristic. Suitable for stud uses including use in load-bearing walls. Composite of No.3 strength and No.1 edge characteristics for a better nailing surface. Recommended for general framing purposes. Good appearance, but graded primarily for strength and serviceability. Recommended for same purposes as Construction grade. Characteristics are limited to provide good strength and excellent serviceability. Recommended where a combination of economical construction and good strength is desired. Used for such purposes as studding, blocking, plates, bracing and rafters. Usable lengths suitable for bracing, blocking, bulkheading and other general utility purposes where strength and appearance are not a consideration.
Stud *Construction (2 to 4 wide only) *Standard (2 to 4 wide only) *Utility (2 to 4 wide only)
Design values are not assigned
Economy
Prime Dimension: 2 to 4 thick, 2 to 12 wide

No.1 Prime
Recommended where appearance and strength are a consideration. Grade based on No.1 Dimension Lumber except wane and other characteristics that affect appearance are limited. Recommended where appearance and strength are a consideration. Grade based on No. 2 Dimension Lumber except wane and other characteristics that affect appearance are limited.
No.2 Prime
*Timbers: 5 x 5 and larger

Dense Select Structural Select Structural No.1 Dense No.1 No.2 Dense No.2
Recommended where high strength, stiffness and good appearance are desired. Recommended for general construction uses. Similar in appearance to No. 1 Dimension Lumber. Recommended for general construction uses. Similar in appearance to No. 2 Dimension Lumber. Non-stress rated, but economical for general utility purposes such as bracing, blocking, bulkheading, etc.
No.3
*Most mills do not manufacture all products and make all grade separations. Those products and grades not manufactured by most mills are noted with an asterisk.

2009 Edition

SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONS ( CONTD )

Product Grade
*Mechanically Graded Lumber Machine Stress Rated (MSR) Lumber: 2 and less in thickness, 2 and wider
See Table 3 or SPIB Grading Rules for design values
1650f1.5E thru 3000f2.4E
Machine Stress Rated (MSR) lumber is evaluated by mechanical stress rating equipment. MSR lumber is distinguished from visually stress graded lumber in that each piece is non-destructively tested. MSR lumber is also required to meet certain visual grading requirements.
*Mechanically Graded Lumber Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL): 2 and less in thickness, 2 and wider
See Table 3 or SPIB Grading Rules for design values
M5 thru M31
Well-manufactured material evaluated by calibrated mechanical grading equipment which measures certain properties and sorts the lumber into various strength classifications. Machine Evaluated Lumber is also required to meet certain visual requirements.
*E-rated Structural Laminations: 2 and less in thickness, 2 and wider

Design Values by qualification
E-- grades
Suitable for use as individual laminations for structural glued laminated timbers. This lumber has been non-destructively evaluated by an American Lumber Standard Committee approved machine.
*Glued Lumber: 4" and less in thickness, widths vary by product

See Dimension Lumber Grades
End-glued, face-glued, and edge-glued Southern Pine in glued assemblies, including stress-rated grades of finger-jointed 2" Dimension Lumber.
*Scaffold Plank: 2 and 3 thick, 8 and wider

Dense Industrial 72 Scaffold Plank All Scaffold Plank design values are calculated using ASTM Standards Dense Industrial 65 Scaffold Plank D245 and D2555. These values are modified using procedures shown in
Calculating Apparent Reliability of Wood Scaffold Planks, as published by the Journal on Structural Safety, 2 (1984) 47-57, and updated in 1993.
MSR Scaffold Plank: 2400f2.0E MSR Scaffold Plank: 2200f1.8E
Dressed to standard dry size prior to machine stress rating, and visually graded to assure that characteristics affecting strength are no more serious than the limiting characteristics for each grade. MSR Scaffold Plank is available 2-thick only.
*Stadium Grade: 2 thick, 4 to 12 wide

No.1 Dense Stadium Grade No.1 Stadium Grade
For outdoor seating. Free of pitch pockets, pitch streaks and medium pitch on one wide face, but otherwise conforms to No.1 Dense or No.1 Dimension Lumber.
*Seawall Grades: 2 to 4 thick, 6 to 14 wide

Any grade of Dimension Lumber
One wide face and both adjacent narrow faces must be free of pith and/or heartwood. Application of the product requires pressure treatment by an approved treating process and preservative for marine usage.


2009 Edition

Product Grade *Marine Grades: 1 to 20 thick, 2 to 20 wide
See Tables 1 and 2 for design values
Any grade of Dimension Lumber or Timbers
All four longitudinal faces must be free of pith and/or heartwood. Application of the product requires pressure treatment by an approved treating process and preservative for marine usage.
*Decking, Heavy Roofing and Heavy Shiplap: 2 to 4 thick, 2and wider

See SPIB Grading Rules for design values
Dense Standard Decking
A superior decking grade, suitable for plank floor where face serves as finish floor. Has a better appearance than No.1 Dense Dimension Lumber because of additional restrictions on firm red heart, pith, knots and wane. An excellent decking grade that can be used face side down for roof decking or face side up for floor decking. An economical roof decking which conforms to No.2 Dimension Lumber characteristics.
Dense Select Decking Select Decking Dense Commercial Decking Commercial Decking
Boards: 1 to 1- 1/2 thick, 2 and wider

Industrial 55 Industrial 45 Industrial 26

Graded as per No.1 Dimension Lumber. Graded as per No.2 Dimension Lumber. Graded as per No.3 Dimension Lumber. High quality with good appearance characteristics. Generally sound and tight-knotted. Largest hole permitted is 1/16. Superior product suitable for a wide range of uses including shelving, boxing, crating, and form lumber. Good-quality sheathing, fencing, shelving and other general purpose uses. Good, serviceable sheathing; usable for many economical applications without waste. Admits pieces below a No.3 grade which can be used without waste, or which contain less than 25% waste by cutting.
No.1
No.2 No.3 No.4
*Industrial Lumber: 2 and thicker, 2 and wider

See SPIB Special Product Rules for design values
Industrial 86
Appearance is same as B&B Finish for thicknesses of 4 and less and widths 12 and less. Larger sizes conform to Dense Structural 86 Structural Lumber except for dense grain requirement. Appearance is same as C Finish for thicknesses of 4 and less and widths 12 and less. Larger sizes conform to Dense Structural 72 Structural Lumber except for dense grain requirement. Appearance is same as D Finish for thicknesses of 4 and less and widths 12 and less. Larger sizes conform to Dense Structural 65 Structural Lumber except for dense grain requirement.
Industrial 72
Industrial 65

2009 Edition


Product Grade *Structural Lumber: 2 and thicker, 2 and wider
See SPIB Special Product Rules for design values
Dense Structural 86 Dense Structural 72 Dense Structural 65
Premier structural grades. Provides good appearance with some of the highest design values available in any softwood species.
Radius Edge Decking: 1- 1/4 thick, 4 to 6 wide

Maximum recommended support spacing is 24 on center (16 on center for Imported Southern Pine)
Premium
High-quality product, recommended where smallest knots are desired and appearance is of utmost importance. Excellent for painting or staining. Slightly less restrictive than premium grade. A very good product to use where a more rustic appearance is desired. Excellent for painting or staining.
Standard
Finish: 3/8 to 4 thick, 2 and wider

*B&B
Highest recognized grade of Finish. Generally clear, although a limited number of pin knots are permitted. Finest quality for natural or stain finish. Excellent for painting or natural finish where requirements are less exacting. Reasonably clear, but permits limited number of surface checks and small tight knots. Combination of B&B and C grades; satisfies requirements for highquality finish. Economical, serviceable grade for natural or painted finish.
C&Btr D
Flooring, Drop Siding, Paneling, Ceiling and Partition, OG Batts, Bevel Siding, Miscellaneous Millwork
*B&B, C C&Btr, D No.1
See Finish grades for face side; reverse side wane limitations are lower. No.1 Drop Siding is graded as No.1 Boards; No.1 Flooring and Paneling not provided under SPIB Grading Rules as a separate grade, but if specified, will be designated and graded as D. Graded as No.2 Boards. High utility value where appearance is not a factor. Suitable for economical use as sheathing or lathing.
No.2 No.3
Moulding
B&B, C C&Btr, D
Recommended for moulding and millwork applications.


2009 Edition
STANDARD SIZES OF SOUTHERN PINE

Thickness Nominal Dry
inches
Based on SPIB Grading Rules
Width Nominal Dry

inches
Dressed Green
38 51 64 76 89
Dressed Green
inches mm
(1) Dimension Lumber 2 thick and less than 14 wide is required to be dry with a moisture content of 19% or less. Heavy Dimension Lumber (2x14 and wider, 2-1/2 thick by all widths, and 3x3 and larger) and Timbers are not required to be dry unless specified. Thicknesses apply to their corresponding widths as squares and wider, except a thickness of 1-9/16 applies to nominal 2 in widths of 14 and wider if dressed green. ( In 2 Dimension, widths over 12 are not customary stock sizes, so 2x14 and wider sizes are usually produced only on special order.)
inches mm inches mm
inches mm
Dimension Lumber
dressed, S4S 1
2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 4
1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2
2-1/16 2-9/16 3-1/16 3-9/16
52 65 78 90
2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
1-1/2 2-1/2 3-1/2 4-1/2 5-1/2 7-1/4 9-1/4 11-1/4 13-1/4 15-1/4 17-1/4 19-1/4
38 64 89 114 140 184 235 286 337 387 438 489
2-9/16 3-9/16 4-5/8 5-5/8 7-1/2 9-1/2 11-1/2 13-1/2 15-1/2 17-1/2 19-1/2
65 90 117 143 190 241 292 343 394 444 495
Timbers
dressed , S4S 1
5 & thicker 1/2 off nominal
1/2 off nominal
5 & wider
1/2 off nominal
1/2 off nominal
Nominal
inches
Dressed
inches mm
Nominal
inches
Dressed
inches mm
Boards
dressed, S4S, dry
1 1-1/4 1-1/2
3/4 2 1 1-1/4
19 25 32
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 over 12
1-1/2 2-1/2 3-1/2 4-1/2 5-1/2 6-1/2 7-1/4 8-1/4 9-1/4 10-1/4 11-1/4 3/4 off nominal
inches
38 64 89 114 140 165 184 210 235 260 286 19 mm off nominal
mm
(2) Boards less than the minimum dressed thickness for 1 nominal but which are 5/8 or greater thickness dry may be regarded as American Standard Lumber, but such Boards shall be marked to show the size and condition of seasoning at the time of dressing. They shall also be distinguished from 1 Boards on invoices and certificates.
Nominal
inches
Dressed
inches mm
Nominal
inches
Dressed
1-1/2 2-1/2 3-1/2 4-1/2 5-1/2 6-1/2 7-1/4 8-1/4 9-1/4 10-1/4 11-1/4 13-1/4 15-1/4
inches
Finish
dressed, dry
3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 1-3/4 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 4
5/16 7/16 9/16 5/8 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-3/8 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2
inches
8 11 14 16 19 25 32 35 38 51 64 76 89
mm
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16
38 64 89 114 140 165 184 210 235 260 286 337 387
mm
Nominal
Dressed
1 25
Nominal
inches
Dressed
3-1/2 4-1/2 5-1/2 89 114 140
Radius Edge Decking

dressed, S4S, dry
inches
1-1/4
4 5 6

2009 Edition

SOUTHERN PINE SEASONING REQUIREMENTS *

Southern Pine grading rules restrict moisture content of lumber 2 and less in thickness to a maximum of 19%. If specified as KD, KD19, dry or air-dried the maximum is 19%. If specified as KD15 (kiln-dried) or MC15 the maximum is 15%. Material identified by a certified grade mark is evidence that Southern Pine has been properly seasoned. Moisture content restrictions apply at time of shipment, as well as time of dressing if dressed lumber is involved, and at time of delivery to buyer unless shipped exposed to the weather.
Based on SPIB Grading Rules
* Lumber dressed at a moisture content within the limits of these rules is sufficiently stabilized for most uses, but limited size changes will occur from shrinkage or expansion if the moisture content is further reduced or increased after dressing. The normal shrinkage allowance is 1% reduction in size for each 4-point reduction in percentage of moisture content and same tolerance for any expansion.
(1) KD15 or MC15 may be specified if desired. (2) Moisture content provisions must be specified for material 2-1/2 and thicker because seasoning is not mandatory for these sizes. (3) All thicknesses of roof decking should be specified at 15% maximum moisture content.
Moisture Content Limit

Items
(Nominal thickness) D and Better Grades 1 and 1-1/4 1-1/2, 1-3/4 and 2 Over 2, but not over 4 Over 4 Paneling Boards 1 Dimension 1, 2 Decking 3 Timbers 2 Max. 12% on 90% of pieces 15% on remainder 15% 15% 18% 12% 19% 19% 19% 20% 15% 18% 19% 20% 12% 19% 19% 19% 23%
Kiln-Dried
Dry
AMERICAN SOFTWOOD LUMBER STANDARD

The American Softwood Lumber Standard PS 20, of the U.S. Department of Commerce relates lumber size to moisture content. Separate size schedules for green and dry lumber assure that both products will approximate the same size in service. All bills and invoices are required to show actual net sizes of lumber. Strength and stiffness values for Southern Pine products in current SPIB rules have been approved by the Board of Review of the American Lumber Standard Committee. PS 20 provides for a National Grading Rule (NGR) for Dimension Lumber with simplified grade names and sizes to assure uniformity, efficiency and economy in the use of dimension lumber. The NGR is incorporated in the SPIB Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber, published by the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau. Dimension lumber sizes and grades are: Structural Light Framing: 2 to 4 thick, 2 to 4 wide Select Structural, No.1, No.2, No.3 Select Structural, No.1 and No.2 grades also include Dense and NonDense options. Light Framing: 2 to 4 thick, 2 to 4 wide Construction, Standard, Utility Studs: 2 to 4 thick, 2 and wider Stud Structural Joists & Planks: 2 to 4 thick, 5 and wider Select Structural, No.1, No.2, No.3 Select Structural, No.1 and No.2 grades also include Dense and NonDense options.
NGR applies to dimension lumber and excludes items such as crossarms, factory and shop lumber, finish (selects), foundation lumber, industrial clears, ladder stock, laminating stock, railroad stock, rough lumber, scaffold planks, ship decking and plank stock, stadium plank, worked lumber, and special product rules for items such as radius edge decking, and prime & merchantable dimension.
SOUTHERN PINE REINSPECTION AVAILABILITY

In absence of special agreement between buyer and seller, the SPIB Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber provide that the purchase, sale or shipment of lumber designated by grades described in these rules must be construed as involving agreement to abide by all applicable provisions of the rules, including submission to inspection of any lumber under complaint as to size, grade or tally. For complete reinspection information contact:
Southern Pine Inspection Bureau 4709 Scenic Highway, Pensacola, FL 32504-9094 850/434-2611 FAX 850/433-5594 www.spib.org e-mail: spib@spib.org Timber Products Inspection, Inc. 1641 Sigman Rd., Conyers, GA 30012 770/922-8000 FAX 770/922-1290 www.tpinspection.com e-mail: info@tpinspection.com Renewable Resource Associates, Inc. 3091 Chaparral Place, Lithonia, GA 30038 770/482-9385 FAX 770/484-2541 e-mail: rra.inc@mindspring.com


2009 Edition
SOUTHERN PINE REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 1 Dimension Lumber 2 to 4 thick, 2 and wider
Based on SPIB Grading Rules and AF&PA National Design Specification Values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry Service (MC 19%) 1 See Tables A-1 thru A-4 for Adjustment Factors
Size Grade
Bending Fb
Single Member Uses Repetitive Member Uses 2
Tension Parallel to Grain Ft
Shear Compression Compression Parallel Perpendicular Parallel to Grain to Grain to Grain Fv Fc Fc
Modulus of Elasticity 5 E Emin
2 to 4 thick, 2 to 4 wide
Includes: 2x2 2x3 2x4 3x3 3x4 4x4
Dense Select Structural. . 3050 Select Structural. . . . . . . . 2850 NonDense Select Struc. . . 2650 No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1850 No.1 NonDense. . . . . . . . 1700 No.2 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . 1700 No.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1500 No.2 NonDense. . . . . . . . 1350 No.3 and Stud. . . . . . . . . 850 Construction. . . . . . . . . . 1100 Standard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 Utility3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Dense Select Structural. . 2700 Select Structural. . . . . . . . 2550 NonDense Select Struc. . . 2350 No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . 1750 No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1650 No.1 NonDense. . . . . . . . 1500 No.2 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . 1450 No.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1250 No.2 NonDense. . . . . . . . 1150 No.3 and Stud. . . . . . . . . 750
3510 3280 3050 2300 2130 1950 1960 1720 1550 980 1270 720 345 3100 2930 2700 2010 1900 1720 1670 1440 1320 865 2820 2650 2420 1900 1730 1550 1610 1380 1260 805
1650 1600 1350 1100 1050 900 875 825 775 475 625 350 175 1500 1400 1200 950 900 800 775 725 675 425 1350 1300 1100 875 825 725 675 650 600 400
175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175
660 565 480 660 565 480 660 565 480 565 565 565 565 660 565 480 660 565 480 660 565 480 565 660 565 480 660 565 480 660 565 480 565
2250 2100 1950 2000 1850 1700 1850 1650 1600 975 1800 1500 975 2150 2000 1850 1900 1750 1600 1750 1600 1500 925 2050 1900 1750 1800 1650 1550 1700 1550 1450 875
1,900,000 1,800,000 1,700,000 1,800,000 1,700,000 1,600,000 1,700,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 1,500,000 1,300,000 1,300,000 1,900,000 1,800,000 1,700,000 1,800,000 1,700,000 1,600,000 1,700,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 1,900,000 1,800,000 1,700,000 1,800,000 1,700,000 1,600,000 1,700,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,400,000
690,000 660,000 620,000 660,000 620,000 580,000 620,000 580,000 510,000 510,000 550,000 470,000 470,000 690,000 660,000 620,000 660,000 620,000 580,000 620,000 580,000 510,000 510,000 690,000 660,000 620,000 660,000 620,000 580,000 620,000 580,000 510,000 510,000
2 to 4 thick, 5 to 6 wide
Includes: 2x5 2x6 3x5 3x6 4x5 4x6
2 to 4 thick, 8 wide
Includes: 2x8 3x8 4x8 4
Dense Select Structural. . 2450 Select Structural. . . . . . . . 2300 NonDense Select Struc. . . 2100 No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . 1650 No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1500 No.1 NonDense. . . . . . . . 1350 No.2 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . 1400 No.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1200 No.2 NonDense. . . . . . . . 1100 No.3 and Stud. . . . . . . . . 700
(1) Moisture designations KD, KD19, KD15, S-DRY, MC15 and MC19 all have identical design values. (2) Repetitive member uses apply to joists, truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking or similar members which are in contact or spaced not more than 24 on center, are not less than three [3] in number, and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements adequate to support the design load. The Repetitive Member Factor, Cr = 1.15, has been included in the listed Repetitive Member Use design values. (3) For Utility, the Fb , Ft and Fc values apply to 4 wide lumber only. (4) For lumber 4 thick and 8 or wider, multiply the Fb value by CF = 1.1. (5) Modulus of Elasticity, E is an estimate of the average for the species and grade of material. Emin represents an approximate 5% lower exclusion value on pure bending modulus of elasticity, plus a 1.66 factor of safety, and is used for beam and column stability calculations.

2009 Edition


Table 1 Dimension Lumber 2 to 4 thick, 2 and wider
Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry Service (MC 19%) 1 See Tables A-1 thru A-4 for Adjustment Factors
Size Grade
Bending Fb
Repetitive Single Member Uses Member Uses 2
Shear Compression Compression Parallel Perpendicular Parallel to Grain to Grain to Grain Fv Fc Fc
2 to 4 thick, 10 wide
Dense Select Structural. . 2150 Select Structural. . . . . . . . 2050 NonDense Select Struc. . . 1850 No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . 1450 No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1300 No.1 NonDense. . . . . . . . 1200 No.2 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . 1200 No.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1050 No.2 NonDense. . . . . . . . 950 No.3 and Stud. . . . . . . . . 600
2470 2360 2130 1670 1500 1380 1380 1210 1090 690 2360 2190 2010 1550 1440 1320 1320 1120 1040 660
1200 1100 950 775 725 650 625 575 550 325 1100 1050 900 725 675 600 575 550 525 325
175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175
660 565 480 660 565 480 660 565 480 565 660 565 480 660 565 480 660 565 480 565
2000 1850 1750 1750 1600 1500 1650 1500 1400 850 1950 1800 1700 1700 1600 1500 1600 1450 1350 825
1,900,000 1,800,000 1,700,000 1,800,000 1,700,000 1,600,000 1,700,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 1,900,000 1,800,000 1,700,000 1,800,000 1,700,000 1,600,000 1,700,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,400,000
690,000 660,000 620,000 660,000 620,000 580,000 620,000 580,000 510,000 510,000 690,000 660,000 620,000 660,000 620,000 580,000 620,000 580,000 510,000 510,000
2 to 4 thick, 12 wide 4
Dense Select Structural. . 2050 Select Structural. . . . . . . . 1900 NonDense Select Struc. . . 1750 No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . 1350 No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1250 No.1 NonDense. . . . . . . . 1150 No.2 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . 1150 No.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975 No.2 NonDense. . . . . . . . 900 No.3 and Stud. . . . . . . . . . 575
(1) Moisture designations KD, KD19, KD15, S-DRY, MC15 and MC19 all have identical design values. (2) Repetitive member uses apply to joists, truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking or similar members which are in contact or spaced not more than 24 on center, are not less than three [3] in number, and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements adequate to support the design load. The Repetitive Member Factor, Cr = 1.15, has been included in the listed Repetitive Member Use design values. (3) For lumber 4 thick and 8 or wider, multiply the Fb value by CF = 1.1. (4) For lumber wider than 12, multiply these 12 width values by CF = .90 for Fb, Ft , and Fc values. (5) Modulus of Elasticity, E is an estimate of the average for the species and grade of material. Emin represents an approximate 5% lower exclusion value on pure bending modulus of elasticity, plus a 1.66 factor of safety, and is used for beam and column stability calculations.
Table 2 Timbers 5 x 5 and larger

Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry or Wet Service See Tables A-1 and A-3 for Adjustment Factors
Size Grade
Bending Fb1
Single Member Uses
Shear Parallel to Grain Fv
Compression Compression Perpendicular Parallel to Grain to Grain Fc Fc
5 x 5 and larger
Dense Select Structural. . . . . . 1750 Select Structural. . . . . . . . . . . . 1500 No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1550 No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1350 No.2 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975 850
1200 1000 1050 900 650 550
165 165 165 165 165 165
440 375 440 375 440 375
1100 950 975 825 625 525
1,600,000 1,500,000 1,600,000 1,500,000 1,300,000 1,200,000
580,000 550,000 580,000 550,000 470,000 440,000
(1) When the depth, d, of a timber exceeds 12, the tabulated bending design value, Fb , shall be multiplied by the following size factor: CF = 12 1/9 where d is the actual depth of the member. d (2) Modulus of Elasticity, E is an estimate of the average for the species and grade of material. Emin represents an approximate 5% lower exclusion value on pure bending modulus of elasticity, plus a 1.66 factor of safety, and is used for beam and column stability calculations.
( )


2009 Edition
10
Table 3 Mechanically Graded Lumber 2 thick or less, 2 and wider

Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry Service (MC 19%) See Tables A-1 thru A-4 for Adjustment Factors
Grade Designation 1
Tension Parallel to Grain Ft Shear Parallel to Grain Fv 3 Compression Perpendicular to Grain Fc 3 Compression Parallel to Grain Fc Modulus of Elasticity 5 Emin
Bending Fb
Single Member Uses Repetitive Member Uses 2
Machine Stress Rated (MSR) Lumber

1650f 1.5E 1800f 1.6E 1950f 1.7E 2100f 1.8E 2250f 1.9E 2400f 2.0E 2550f 2.1E 2700f 2.2E 2850f 2.3E 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400 2550 2700 2850 1900 2070 2240 2420 2590 2760 2930 3110 3280 1020 1175 1375 1575 1750 1925 2050 2150 2300 175 175 175 190 190 190 190 190 190
4
565 565 565 805 805 805 805 805 805

4
1700 1750 1800 1875 1925 1975 2025 2100 2150
1,500,000 1,600,000 1,700,000 1,800,000 1,900,000 2,000,000 2,100,000 2,200,000 2,300,000
760,000 810,000 860,000 910,000 970,000 1,020,000 1,070,000 1,120,000 1,170,000
Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL)

M 12 M 14 M 23 M 26 M 29 M 30 M 31 1600 1800 2400 2800 1550 2050 2850 1840 2070 2760 3220 1780 2360 3280 850 1000 1900 1800 850 1050 1600 175 175 190 190 175 175 190 565 565 805 805 565 565 805 1675 1750 1975 2150 1650 1850 2150 1,600,000 1,700,000 1,800,000 2,000,000 1,700,000 1,700,000 1,900,000 750,000 790,000 840,000 930,000 790,000 790,000 890,000
(1) The most commonly produced Mechanically Graded Lumber grades are given here. See the SPIB Grading Rules for a complete listing of all MSR and MEL grades. (2) Repetitive member uses apply to joists, truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking or similar members which are in contact or spaced not more than 24 on center, are not less than three [3] in number, and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements adequate to support the design load. The Repetitive Member Factor, Cr = 1.15, has been included in the listed Repetitive Member Use design values. (3) When a grade is qualified by test and quality controlled for specific gravity, the allowable horizontal shear and compression perpendicular-to-grain design values may be higher. See the SPIB Grading Rules for more details. (4) When not qualified by test and quality controlled for specific gravity, the grademark for mechanically graded lumber grades with a 1,800,000 psi modulus of elasticity design value shall include a specific gravity value of .55, a horizontal shear value of 175 psi, and a compression perpendicular-to-grain value of 565 psi. (5) Modulus of Elasticity, E is an estimate of the average for the species and grade of material. Emin represents an approximate 5% lower exclusion value on pure bending modulus of elasticity, plus a 1.66 factor of safety, and is used for beam and column stability calculations.
Table 4 Scaffold Plank 1 2 and 3 thick, 8 and wider

Size Grade
Bending Fb
Flatwise Use Only
Modulus of Elasticity E
2 thick, 8 and wider

MC19% 2
Dense Industrial 72 Scaffold Plank Dense Industrial 65 Scaffold Plank
2400 2200
1,800,000 1,800,000
3 thick, 8 and wider

MC>19%
Dense Industrial 72 Scaffold Plank Dense Industrial 65 Scaffold Plank
1800 1650
1,600,000 1,600,000
(1) Scaffold plank design values are for flatwise use only. They were calculated using ASTM D245 and D2555 standards and modified using procedures shown in Calculating Apparent Reliability of Wood Scaffold Planks, as published by the Journal on Structural Safety, 2 (1984) 47-57, and updated in 1993. (2) For exposed conditions of use (where the moisture content in service may exceed 19%) the values shall be multiplied by: 0.85 for Fb and 0.90 for E.
11

2009 Edition

SOUTHERN PINE ADJUSTMENT FACTORS
Based on SPIB Grading Rules and AF&PA National Design Specification
Reference design values are based on normal load duration and dry service conditions. Because the strength of wood varies with conditions under which it is used, these design values should only be applied in conjunction with appropriate design and service recommendations from the National Design Specification (NDS ) for Wood Construction published by the American Forest & Paper Association. The latest connection design information is also provided in the NDS. Reference design values ( Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E E min ) in Tables 1 thru 3 shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors to determine adjusted design values ( Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E E min ). Table A-1 is excerpted from the NDS and summarizes the applicability of adjustment factors for solid-sawn lumber.
Table A-1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for Sawn Lumber

ASD only
Te m Fa per cto atu r re Be am Sta Fa bilit cto y r Ad j De uste s Va ign d lue Re f De eren s Va ign ce lue Lo a Du d Fa ratio cto n r We Se t r Fa vice cto r Fla Fa t Us cto e r Siz Fa e cto r
ASD and LRFD

Re p Me etit i Fa mbe ve cto r r Co l Sta umn Fa bilit cto y r Bu ck Sti lin g f Fa fnes cto s r Be a Ar ring e Fa a cto r Fo r Co mat n Fa vers cto io r n Inc Fa ising cto r
LRFD only
Re s Fa ista cto nc r e Tim Eff e Fa ect cto r
F b F t F v F c F c E
= = = = = =
Fb Ft Fv F c Fc E E min
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
CD CD CD CD
8 8 8
CM CM CM CM CM CM CM
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Ct Ct Ct Ct Ct Ct Ct
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
CL
CF CF
8 8
C fu
Ci Ci Ci Ci
8 8 8 8 8
Cr
KF KF KF Cb CP
8 8
8 8 8 8 8
KF KF
CF
Ci Ci Ci
b t v c c s
8 8 8 8 8
E min =
CT
KF
ASD Allowable Stress Design; LRFD Load and Resistance Factor Design
Tables A-2 thru A-4 highlight the most common adjustment factors as they apply to Southern Pine. In addition, Table 1 and 2 footnotes provide information about the Size Factor, CF , while Tables 1 and 3 include the Repetitive Member Factor, Cr , in the tabulated Repetitive Member Use bending design values. For complete information on adjustment factors, see the NDS.
Table A-2 Wet Service Factor, CM

For lumber 2 to 4 thick
Applies to all values
When dimension lumber is used under conditions where the moisture content of the wood in service will exceed 19% for an extended time period, reference design values shall be multiplied by the appropriate wet service factors to the right.
Fb 0.85 1
Ft 1.0
Fv 0.97
Fc 0.67
Fc 0.8 2
E 0.9
Emin 0.9
(1) When Fb 1150 psi, CM = 1.0
(2) When Fc 750 psi, CM = 1.0
Table A-3 Load Duration Factor, CD
For all solid wood products Allowable Stress Design Only
Applies to Fb , Ft , Fv , and Fc values Does not apply to Fc , E, and E min values Load Duration (Typical Design Loads)
Wood has the property of carrying substantially greater maximum loads for short durations than for long durations of loading. Reference design values apply to normal load duration, meaning a load that fully stresses a member to its allowable design value by the application of the full design load for a cumulative duration of approximately ten years. When the cumulative duration of the full maximum load does not exceed the specified time period, all reference design values (except Fc , E, and E min) shall be multiplied by the appropriate load duration factor. Frequently used load duration factors are provided to the right.
CD
0.9 1.0 1.15 1.25 1.6 2.0
Permanent (dead load) Ten years (occupancy live load) Two months (snow load) Seven days (construction load) Ten minutes (wind/earthquake load) Impact 1 (impact load)
(1) Load duration factors greater than 1.6 shall not apply to structural members pressure treated with waterborne preservatives, or fire-retardant chemicals. The impact load duration factor shall not apply to connections.
Table A-4 Flat Use Factor, Cfu

For lumber 2 to 4 thick
Applies to Fb values only Flat Use Factors, Cfu Width (depth) Thickness (breadth)
Reference bending design values, Fb, are based on edgewise use (load applied to narrow face). When dimension lumber is used flatwise (load applied to wide face), Fb shall also be multiplied by the flat use factors to the right.
2 & 3 4 5 6 8 10 & wider
2 & 3 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.15 1.15 1.2
4 1.0 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.1


2009 Edition
12
SOUTHERN PINE SPAN TABLES ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
Maximum spans given in feet and inches Inside to inside of bearings
Tables 5 thru 11 are abbreviated span tables for the most commonly available grades of Southern Pine lumber. For other grades, loading conditions and spacings, refer to the SPC publication Maximum Spans for Southern Pine Joists and Rafters. These spans are based on AF&PAS Span Tables for Joists and Rafters, and the SPIB Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber. Except for Table 8, they are intended for use in covered structures or where the moisture content in use does not exceed 19 percent for an extended period of time.
Table 5 Floor Joists

Design Criteria: Deflection limited to span in inches divided by 360 (live load only). Strength based on 30, 40, or 50 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load. Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center)
2x6
Grade No.1 Live Load 30 psf 40 psf 50 psf 30 psf 40 psf 50 psf 30 psf 40 psf 50 psf 12oc 12 0 10 11 10 2 11 10 10 9 9 11 10 5 94 86 16oc 10 11 9 11 93 10 9 99 91 9 0 81 74 24oc 9 7 88 81 9 4 86 79 7 4 67 60 12oc 15 10 14 5 13 5 15 7 14 2 13 1 13 3 11 11 10 10
2x8
16oc 14 5 13 1 12 2 14 2 12 10 11 11 11 6 10 3 95 24oc 12 7 11 5 10 8 12 4 11 0 10 0 95 85 78 12oc 20 3 18 5 17 1 19 10 18 0 16 9 15 8 14 0 12 10
2 x 10
16oc 18 5 16 9 15 6 18 0 16 1 14 8 13 7 12 2 11 1 24oc 16 1 14 7 13 4 14 8 13 1 12 0 11 1 9 11 91 12oc 24 8 22 5 20 9 24 2 21 9 19 10 18 8 16 8 15 3
2 x 12
16oc 22 5 20 4 18 10 21 1 18 10 17 2 16 2 14 6 13 2 24oc 19 6 17 5 15 11 17 2 15 5 14 0 13 2 11 10 10 9
No.2
No.3
Table 6 Ceiling Joists Drywall Ceiling

Design Criteria: Deflection limited to span in inches divided by 240 (live load only). Strength based on 10 or 20 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 5 or 10 psf dead load. Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center)
2x4
Grade No.1 No.2 No.3 Live Load 10 psf 20 psf 10 psf 20 psf 10 psf 20 psf 12oc 12 8 10 0 12 5 9 10 11 6 82 16oc 11 6 91 11 3 8 11 10 0 71 24oc 10 0 80 9 10 78 82 59 12oc 19 11 15 9 19 6 15 6 17 0 12 0
2x6
16oc 18 1 14 4 17 8 13 6 14 9 10 5 24oc 15 9 12 6 15 6 11 0 12 0 86 12oc 26 0* 20 10 25 8 20 1 21 8 15 4
2 x8
16oc 23 10 18 11 23 4 17 5 18 9 13 3 24oc 20 10 15 10 20 1 14 2 15 4 10 10 12oc 26 0* 26 0* 26 0* 23 11 25 7 18 1
2 x 10
16oc 26 0* 23 1 26 0* 20 9 22 2 15 8 24oc 26 0* 18 10 23 11 16 11 18 1 12 10
Table 7 Floor Joists Heavy Live Loads

Design Criteria: Deflection limited to span in inches divided by 360 (live load only). Strength based on 75, 100, 125 or 150 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load. Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center)
2x6
Grade No.1 Live Load 75 psf 100 psf 125 psf 150 psf 75 psf 100 psf 125 psf 150 psf 75 psf 100 psf 125 psf 150 psf 12oc 8 10 81 76 71 88 7 11 74 69 72 63 58 53 16oc 8 1 74 6 10 65 7 11 70 64 5 10 6 2 55 4 11 46 24oc 7 1 65 5 11 56 6 6 59 52 49 5 1 45 40 38 12oc 11 8 10 8 9 10 93 11 6 10 5 96 88 91 80 73 68
2x8
16oc 10 8 98 90 85 10 4 91 82 76 7 11 6 11 63 59 24oc 93 83 76 6 10 85 75 68 62 65 58 51 48 12oc 14 11 13 7 12 7 11 7 14 3 12 6 11 4 10 4 10 9 95 86 7 10
2 x 10
16oc 13 7 12 1 10 11 10 0 12 4 10 10 99 90 9 4 82 75 69 24oc 11 2 9 10 8 11 82 10 1 8 10 80 74 77 68 60 57 12oc 18 2 16 6 15 0 13 9 16 8 14 8 13 3 12 2 12 10 11 3 10 2 94
2 x 12
16oc 16 4 14 5 13 0 11 11 14 5 12 8 11 6 10 6 11 1 99 8 10 81 24oc 13 4 11 9 10 7 99 11 10 10 4 94 87 91 80 72 67
No.2
No.3
* The listed maximum span has been limited to 26 - 0 based on material availability. Check sources of supply for lumber longer than 20.
13

2009 Edition

SOUTHERN PINE SPAN TABLES ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN

Table 8 Wet-Service Floor Joists
Design Criteria: Deflection limited to span in inches divided by 360 (live load only). Strength based on 40, 60, or 100 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load. Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center)
Maximum spans given in feet and inches Inside to inside of bearings
2x6
Grade No.1 Live Load 40 psf 60 psf 100 psf 40 psf 60 psf 100 psf 40 psf 60 psf 100 psf 12oc 10 7 93 79 10 4 91 76 94 7 11 63 16oc 97 85 71 95 81 66 81 6 10 55 24oc 85 74 61 7 10 68 53 67 57 45 12oc 13 11 12 2 10 3 13 8 11 11 98 11 11 10 0 80
2x8
16oc 12 8 11 1 94 12 5 10 6 84 10 3 88 6 11 24oc 11 1 97 78 12oc 17 9 15 6 12 10
2 x 10
16oc 16 2 13 11 11 1 15 10 13 7 10 10 12 2 10 3 82 24oc 13 6 11 5 91 13 1 11 1 8 10 9 11 85 68 12oc 21 7 18 10 15 4 21 2 18 5 14 8 16 8 14 1 11 3
2 x 12
16oc 19 8 16 7 13 3 18 10 15 11 12 8 14 6 12 3 99 24oc 16 1 13 7 10 4 15 5 13 0 10 4 11 10 10 0 80
No.2
17 5 10 2 15 2 87 6 10 12 6 85 71 58 14 0 11 10 95
No.3
Table 9 Rafters Drywall or No Finished Ceiling Construction Load (CD = 1.25) 1

Design Criteria: Deflection limited to span in inches divided by 240 or 180 (live load only). Strength based on 20 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load. Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center)
2x6
Grade No.1 No.2 No.3 Deflection 240 180 240 180 240 180 12oc 15 9 17 4 15 6 17 0 13 6 13 6 16oc 14 4 15 9 14 1 15 1 11 8 11 8 24oc 12 6 13 9 12 3 12 3 96 96 12oc 20 10 22 11 20 5 22 5 17 2 17 2
2x8
16oc 18 11 20 10 18 6 19 5 14 10 14 10 24oc 16 6 17 9 15 10 15 10 12 1 12 1 12oc 26 0* 26 0* 26 0 26 0* 20 3 20 3
2 x 10
16oc 24 1 25 10 23 2 23 2 17 6 17 6 24oc 21 1 21 1 18 11 18 11 14 4 14 4 12oc 26 0* 26 0* 26 0* 26 0* 24 1 24 1
2 x 12
16oc 26 0* 26 0* 26 0* 26 0* 20 11 20 11 24oc 25 2 25 2 22 2 22 2 17 1 17 1
Table 10 Rafters Drywall Ceiling Snow Load (CD = 1.15) 1

Design Criteria: Deflection limited to span in inches divided by 240 (live load only). Strength based on 30 or 40 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load. Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center)
2x6
Grade No.1 No.2 No.3 Live Load 30 psf 40 psf 30 psf 40 psf 30 psf 40 psf 12oc 13 9 12 6 13 6 12 3 11 2 10 0 16oc 12 6 11 5 12 3 11 2 98 88 24oc 10 11 9 11 10 2 92 7 11 71 12oc 18 2 16 6 17 10 16 2 14 3 12 9
2x8
16oc 16 6 15 0 16 2 14 5 12 4 11 0 24oc 14 5 13 1 13 2 11 9 10 1 90 12oc 23 2 21 1 22 3 19 11 16 10 15 1
2 x 10
16oc 21 1 19 2 19 3 17 3 14 7 13 0 24oc 17 6 15 8 15 9 14 1 11 11 10 8 12oc 26 0* 25 7 26 0* 23 4 20 0 17 11
2 x 12
16oc 25 7 22 10 22 7 20 2 17 4 15 6 24oc 20 11 18 8 18 5 16 6 14 2 12 8
Table 11 Rafters No Finished Ceiling Snow Load (CD = 1.15) 1

Design Criteria: Deflection limited to span in inches divided by 180 (live load only). Strength based on 30 or 40 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load. Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center)
2x4
Grade No.1 No.2 No.3 Live Load 30 psf 40 psf 30 psf 40 psf 30 psf 40 psf 12oc 98 89 96 87 77 69 16oc 89 80 87 7 10 67 5 10 24oc 78 70 71 64 54 49 12oc 15 2 13 9 14 5 12 11 11 2 10 0
2x6
16oc 13 9 12 6 12 6 11 2 98 88 24oc 11 9 10 6 10 2 92 7 11 71 12oc 20 0 18 2 18 8 16 8 14 3 12 9
2x8
16oc 18 1 16 2 16 2 14 5 12 4 11 0 24oc 14 9 13 2 13 2 11 9 10 1 90 12oc 24 9 22 2 22 3 19 11 16 10 15 1
2 x 10
16oc 21 5 19 2 19 3 17 3 14 7 13 0 24oc 17 6 15 8 15 9 14 1 11 11 10 8
* The listed maximum span has been limited to 26 - 0 based on material availability. Check sources of supply for lumber longer than 20. (1) CD = load duration factor for Allowable Stress Design. See page 12 for additional information on adjustment factors.


2009 Edition
14
SPECIALTY PRODUCTS & APPLICATIONS

Due to its inherent strength, treatability and beauty, Southern Pine is the ideal choice for a wide range of specialty products and construction applications. For more information about these topics, visit the Specialty Products and Applications sections of www.southernpine.com, or refer to the specific SPC publications referenced below. For sources of supply for Southern Pine lumber products, refer to the Product Locator at www.southernpine.com.
Typical examples include separations between living units in multi-story or multi-family structures, and common walls in commercial buildings. Refer to Southern Pine Finger-Jointed Studs.
Trusses
The open web configuration of metal plate connected wood trusses leaves plenty of room for plumbing, electrical, and mechanical runs. Other truss advantages include design flexibility, long spans, and speed of construction. Southern Pines superior strength, stiffness, and density make it the preferred lumber species for structural building components, including trusses. Component manufacturers that choose Southern Pine can reduce the amount of raw materials used in each truss, resulting in significant cost savings. Refer to Southern Pine for Structural Components.
Flooring
Properly installed and maintained, Southern Pine flooring meets the challenges of the most demanding applications. Available in a wide variety of sizes and grades, Southern Pine flooring is an attractive and durable addition to homes, schools, churches, sports venues, and commercial buildings. Pressure-treated Southern Pine porch flooring provides decades of termite and decay-resistant service. Refer to A Guide to Southern Pine Flooring.
Raised Floor Systems

American homes have been built on raised wood floor systems since Colonial times. Depending on the geographic region, a raised floor system may also be called a crawlspace, raised wood platform floor, or raised floor foundation. Regardless of the name, the aesthetic, economic, and practical reasons for building a raised home still apply today. By design, a raised floor system elevates the living space off the ground, isolating it from moisture and pests. Elevating a structure reduces flood insurance premiums and can even prevent flood damage. Visit www.RaisedFloorLiving.com or refer to Raised Floor Systems: Design and Construction Guide.
Interior Patterns
Many designers choose Southern Pine to lend warmth and charm to the interior environment. Southern Pine beaded ceiling, paneling, wainscoting, and partition is widely available. Refer to Southern Pine Patterns.
Siding
Nothing beats the look of real wood siding. Southern Pine siding is available in a variety of patterns and can be pressure treated for even greater resistance to termites and decay. Refer to Southern Pine Siding.
Outdoor Decks
Decks extend the living space of the home and offer many different design choices from simple, compact structures to elaborate multi-level decks with benches, planters, and railings. Southern Pine is the preferred species of choice for decks because of its inherent strength and ease of treatability, along with its visual appeal. Refer to Your Decking Choice: Pressure-Treated Southern Pine.
Millwork Stock and Furniture

Southern Pine has superior qualities for machining, fastener-holding and finishing that makes it suitable for use in a wide range of trim and industrial applications. Many manufacturers of mouldings, stepping, ladder stock, and door and window components rely on Southern Pine finish-grade material. Its strength and density makes it a premium choice for solid and upholstered furniture.
Marine, Bridge, and Highway Construction

Southern Pine is available in large sizes and heavy treatments, making it ideal for marine, bridge, and highway construction. American Wood Protection Association standards require different retention levels for treated material intended for freshwater, saltwater, or saltwater splash exposures. Refer to Aquatic & Wetland Structures.
Material Handling
Kiln-dried Southern Pine, heat treated and marked HT, exceeds international phytosanitary requirements for wood packaging. HT Southern Pine is ideal for pallets, crates, skids, boxes, cable reels, and specialty packaging. For more information about international phytosanitary requirements, refer to www.southernpine.com.
Post-Frame Construction
Post-frame buildings are economical, easy to construct, and code-complying. They also offer excellent performance under high-wind and seismic loads. These advantages explain their continued popularity in rural buildings and their expansion into commercial and residential markets. Southern Pines high strength and treatability make it a popular species choice for post-frame builders. Refer to PostFrame Construction Guide.
Finger-Jointed Studs
Finger-jointed studs are ideal for single- and multi-family homes, as well as commercial construction. Southern Pine finger-jointed studs are straight and dimensionally stable because they are manufactured from short pieces of kilndried lumber. They are accepted for use by the building codes and are considered as interchangeable with solid-sawn dimension lumber of the same size, grade, and species. Finger-jointed studs are grademarked as HRA (Heat Resistant Adhesives) or Non-HRA. HRA grademarked finger-jointed studs should be used for wall assemblies that require a fire resistance rating under the building codes.
Permanent Wood Foundations

The Permanent Wood Foundation (PWF) is an innovative building system for crawlspace, split-level, or full-basement foundations. Refer to Permanent Wood Foundations: Design & Construction Guide.
15

2009 Edition

PRESSURE-TREATED LUMBER
Pressure treatment with preservatives protects wood exposed to high-moisture conditions and potential deterioration. When properly treated and installed for their intended use, pressure-treated wood products can be expected to last for many decades. Southern Pines ease of treatability has made it the preferred species when pressure treatment with wood preservatives is required. The unique cellular structure of Southern Pine permits deep, uniform penetration of preservatives, rendering the wood useless as a food source for fungi, termites and micro-organisms. This section of the Use Guide provides an overview to Southern Pine preservatively treated lumber. For more complete information, refer to Pressure-Treated Southern Pine.
ADVANCED WATERBORNE PRESERVATIVES

Examples of typical consumer applications for pressure-treated Southern Pine using advanced waterborne preservatives include:
Benches Boardwalks Fences Freshwater Marine Piling Gazebos Hand Railings Access Ramps Wood Foundations Lattice Landscape Accents Planters Outdoor Decks Outdoor Furniture Pedestrian Bridges Play Structures Pergolas Porches Stadium Seats Steps Storage Sheds Structural Framing Trellises
CHROMATED COPPER ARSENATE

Examples of non-consumer applications for CCA-treated Southern Pine include:
Types of Wood Preservatives

Pressure-treated Southern Pine lumber products are available in a range of treatment options. There are three broad classes of wood preservatives for pressure treatment:
Waterborne preservatives serve a wide variety of uses, including residential, commercial, marine, agricultural, recreational, and industrial applications. Oilborne preservatives are used primarily for applications such as utility poles, piling, posts, glulam beams, and timbers. Creosote preservatives, including creosote/coal tar mixtures, protect railroad ties, marine pilings, and utility poles.
Lumber and Timber for Salt Water Marine Use Piles and Poles Wood for Highway Construction Shakes and Shingles Poles, Piles and Plywood Used on Farms Lumber and Plywood for Permanent Wood Foundations Round Poles and Posts Used in Building Construction Sawn Crossarms Structural Glued-Laminated Members Structural Composite Lumber Sawn Timber to Support Residential and Commercial Structures
Preservative Retention Levels

Treated wood must meet minimum requirements for preservative penetration and retention for use in a particular service condition. Penetration refers to the depth a preservative must permeate into the wood fiber during the pressure-treating process. Retention levels refer to the amount of preservative that remains in the wood after the pressure-treating process is complete. Retentions are expressed in pounds of preservative per cubic foot of wood fiber; the higher the number, the harsher the condition to which the wood may be exposed.
New Preservatives Serve Consumer Uses

Pressure-treated wood products intended for residential and recreational (consumer) applications are now manufactured with a new generation of advanced waterborne preservatives. These preservatives provide the same long-term resistance to termite attack, but contain no components considered hazardous under Environmental Protection Agency regulations. Examples of typical applications for advanced waterborne preservatives and CCA are shown to the upper right. Advanced waterborne preservatives are available in both copper-based and noncopper-based formulations. Example preservatives and their approved end-use service conditions are listed below in Table 12.
Code Acceptance and Standards

Wood preservatives are accepted for building code compliance either by reference to American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) standards or through the product evaluation process of the International Code Council (ICC) Evaluation Service. Acceptance of a preservative into the AWPA Book of Standards, or by ICC evaluation, ensures that properly treated wood products perform satisfactorily for their intended service condition.
Table 12 Waterborne Preservatives Approved for Southern Pine in Consumer Uses

Service Condition Waterborne, Non-Copper Waterborne, Copper-Based
Interior, Dry or Damp
DCOI + Imidacloprid (EL2) DOT & Polymer Binder Inorganic Boron (SBX) Propiconazole-Tebuconazole-Imidacloprid (PTI) DCOI + Imidacloprid (EL2) DOT & Polymer Binder Propiconazole-Tebuconazole-Imidacloprid (PTI)
Copper Azole (CA-B, CA-C, CA-C, MCA) Copper HDO (CX-A) Copper Naphthenate (CuN-W) Copper Quat (ACQ, MCQ) Copper Azole (CA-B, CA-C, CA-C, MCA) Copper HDO (CX-A) Copper Naphthenate (CuN-W) Copper Quat (ACQ, MCQ) Copper Azole (CA-B, CA-C, CA-C, MCA) Copper Naphthenate (CuN-W) Copper Quat (ACQ, MCQ)
Exterior, Above Ground
Ground Contact or Fresh Water


2009 Edition
16
Building Code Requirements

Pressure-treated Southern Pine is recognized by building codes and regulatory agencies for use in construction. Specific code requirements for pressure-treated wood are detailed in your local building code. Generally, building codes require preservative-treated or naturally durable wood for protection against decay and termites in the following applications: Wood in contact with the ground or fresh water Wood used above ground in contact with concrete or masonry Wood used above ground where specified distances from exposed
Incising Factor, Ci A reduction required for difficult-to-treat
species that must be incised to meet AWPA treating standards. This reduction does not apply to Southern Pine because of its ease of treatability.
Grade and Quality Marks

To protect the buyer and consumer, the industry has developed a system requiring ink-stamped grade marking of each piece of lumber under adequate quality control measures. This assures delivery of the grade specified for its intended use. Lumber grading and marking is monitored and inspected by agencies accredited by the American Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC). A valid agency grade mark on Southern Pine lumber indicates the product meets structural and appearance requirements established for that grade. In addition, all treated Southern Pine should be identified with an inspection agency quality mark (either plastic end tag or ink stamp) conforming to building code standards. For the quality mark to be valid after treatment, the lumber must adhere to the grade requirements and the moisture content of the grade represented by the mark. It is recommended that the buyer specify pressure-treated wood bearing ink-stamped quality marks and/or plastic end tags denoting the material was produced under supervision of an independent inspection agency accredited by the ALSC. Use of such marks by the producer provides assurance that the preservative retention and penetration complies with AWPA and/or building code specifications, and that the preservative used is approved by the Environmental Protection Agency and treated in compliance with federal law. Use of treated wood that does not bear an approved agency quality mark will not meet requirements of the International Code Council (ICC).
earth are not met

Wood providing structural support and exposed to the weather Wood used below the Design Flood Elevation (DFE) Wood floor framing in geographical areas where hazard of termite
damage is known to be very heavy, unless provided with approved methods of termite protection.
Building codes also require pressure-treated lumber to have a moisture content of 19% or less when used for a framing application where it will be covered or enclosed. Lumber treated with waterborne preservatives has a very high moisture content when removed from the treatment cylinder, so specify kiln dried after treatment (KDAT) or air dried (ADAT or Dry) on the quality mark. Wood end-cut, notched, or bored at the jobsite must be field treated with copper naphthenate having a minimum 2% metallic solution.
Design Values for Pressure-Treated Applications

Reference design values for Southern Pine lumber are tabulated in the Design Values for Wood Construction Supplement of the National Design Specification (NDS) published by the American Forest & Paper Association. Reference design values for untreated lumber also apply to lumber pressure-treated by an approved process and preservative. Reference design values are based on normal load duration and dry service conditions; they must be multiplied by applicable adjustment factors to determine adjusted design values. Adjustment factors for untreated lumber also apply to pressure-treated lumber with one exception in Allowable Stress Design applications allowing an increase with the Load Duration Factor, CD, that factor cannot exceed 1.6 for structural members pressure-treated with waterborne preservatives. As an example, common adjustment factors to consider when sizing pressure-treated joists for an exterior application include:
Fasteners & Connectors

Properly treated Southern Pine will last several decades, so the use of proper fasteners and connectors is very important. The potential for corrosion of hardware in contact with treated wood occurs when metals in the preservative (such as copper) are different from the metals in the hardware (the iron in steel, or aluminum). In a wet environment, these dissimilar metals create a small electrical current that triggers a chemical reaction resulting in galvanic corrosion. To select proper hardware, the specifier should first consider the end-use application and exposure conditions. In damp or wet exposure, hardware in contact with pressure-treated wood must be corrosion resistant. Hardware includes fasteners (e.g. nails, screws, and bolts) and all connectors (e.g. joist hangers, straps, hinges, post anchors, and truss plates). Regardless of exposure condition, fasteners and connectors should be specified in compliance with the hardware manufacturers recommendations and the building codes for their intended use. For more specific fastener and connector requirements for use with treated Southern Pine, refer to Fastener & Connector Guidance for Treated Wood.
Wet Service Factor, CM A reduction required for lumber
used under conditions where the moisture content of the wood in service will exceed 19% for an extended period of time, such as for uncovered outdoor decks regularly exposed directly to rain or other sources of moisture. Members that are protected from the weather by roofs or other means but are occasionally subjected to windblown moisture, such as for covered porches, are generally considered dry applications. Repetitive Member Factor, Cr An increase allowed when at least three joists are in contact or spaced not more than 24 on center and are joined by a load distributing element such as decking.
Handling & Storage

Pressure-treated wood is safe and environmentally friendly when properly treated, handled, and installed. Many of the same safety rules for using untreated wood also apply to the safe use of treated wood. Treated lumber should be stacked and stored in the same manner as untreated wood. Refer to PressureTreated Southern Pine.
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2009 Edition

AWPA USE CATEGORY SYSTEM

The AWPA Use Category System (UCS) establishes major exposure conditions that wood products are subjected to in service. The UCS helps users identify the exposure condition for specific products and end-use environments (Table 13), and then specify the acceptable preservatives and retention levels for that application. Specify the following items (see example to right): Step 1 Use Category (Table 13) Step 2 General Commodity Classification and Specification Section in the AWPA Book of Standards Step 3 Specific Commodity Classification Step 4 Species, Preservatives, and Retention Levels Step 5 Special Requirements (such as pre- or post-treatment
preparations, including conditioning and drying such as Kiln Dried After Treatment, KDAT)
SPECIFICATION EXAMPLE Treated sawn-lumber joists supporting an outdoor deck

Step 1 Use Category: UC3B (from Table 13: Exterior Construction, Above Ground, Uncoated or poor water run-off Service Conditions. Typical Applications include deck joists.) Step 2 General Commodity Classification and Specification section in the AWPA Book of Standards Sawn Products A Step 3 Specific Commodity Classification: Joists (Commodity Joists, Use Building Construction, Exposure Above Ground, Exterior) Step 4 Species: Southern Pine Preservatives and retention levels: Alkaline Copper Quat (ACQ), to .25 pcf or Copper Azole (CA-B) to .10 pcf (Above Ground, Exterior) Step 5 Special Requirements: None
For more complete treated specification information, refer to Pressure-Treated Southern Pine or AWPA Book of Standards.
Table 13 Service Conditions for Use Category Designations

Use Category
UC1
Service Conditions
Interior construction Above ground Dry Interior construction Above ground Damp Exterior construction Above ground Coated and rapid water run-off Exterior construction Above ground Uncoated or poor water run-off Ground contact or fresh water Non-critical components Ground contact or fresh water Critical components or difficult replacement Ground contact or fresh water Critical structural components
Use Environment
Continuously protected from weather or other sources of moisture Protected from weather, but may be subject to sources of moisture Exposed to all weather cycles, not exposed to prolonged wetting Exposed to all weather cycles, including prolonged wetting Exposed to all weather cycles, normal exposure conditions Exposed to all weather cycles, high decay potential, includes salt water splash Exposed to all weather cycles, severe environments, extreme decay potential Continuous marine exposure (salt water) Continuous marine exposure (salt water) Continuous marine exposure (salt water)
Common Agents of Deterioration

Insects only
Typical Applications
Interior construction and furnishings Interior construction
UC2
Decay fungi and insects
UC3A
Coated millwork, siding and trim

Decking, deck joists, railings, fence pickets, uncoated millwork
UC3B
UC4A
Fence, deck, and guardrail posts, crossties and utility poles (low decay areas) Permanent wood foundations, building poles, horticultural posts, crossties and utility poles (high decay areas) Land and fresh water piling, foundation piling, crossties and utility poles (severe decay areas) Piling, bulkheads, bracing
UC4B
Decay fungi and insects with increased potential for biodeterioration Decay fungi and insects with extreme potential for biodeterioration Salt water organisms
UC4C
UC5A
Salt or brackish water and adjacent mud zone Northern waters Salt or brackish water and adjacent mud zone NJ to GA, south of SanFran Salt or brackish water and adjacent mud zone South of GA, Gulf Coast, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico Fire protection as required by codes Above ground Interior construction Fire protection as required by codes Above ground Exterior construction
UC5B
Salt water organisms, including creosote tolerant, Limnoria tripunctata Salt water organisms, including Martesia, Sphaeroma Fire
Piling, bulkheads, bracing
UC5C
Piling, bulkheads, bracing
UCFA
Continuously protected from weather or other sources of moisture Subject to wetting
Roof sheathing, roof trusses, studs, joists, paneling
UCFB
Fire
Vertical exterior walls, inclined roof surfaces or other construction which allows water to quickly drain
NOTE: Table 13 copyright AWPA, Book of Standards, 2008 Edition, Section 2, Service Conditions for Use Category Designations.


2009 Edition
18
FIRE ENDURANCE, SOUND TRANSMISSION

Figure 1
Direct application of gypsum. 1-Hour-Rated, STC 35-39, FC 5410
Wood Joists, Gypsum Wallboard: 1/2 type X gypsum wallboard or veneer base applied at right angles to 2x10 wood joists 16o.c.
Figure 2
Resilient channels and insulation. 1-Hour-Rated, STC 55-59, FC 5105

Wood Joists, Gypsum Wallboard: 1/2 proprietary type X gypsum wallboard or veneer base applied at right angles to resilient furring channels with 1 Type S drywall screws 12o.c. Resilient channels applied 24o.c. at right angles to 2x10 wood joists 16o.c. with 6d common nail.
Figure 3
Resilient channels between gypsum layers. 2-Hour-Rated, FC 5724.
Wood Floor, Wood Joists, Gypsum Wallboard: Base layer 5/8 proprietary type X gypsum wallboard or veneer base applied at right angles to 2x10 wood joists 16o.c. Face layer 5/8 proprietary type X gypsum wallboard or veneer base applied at right angles to resilient furring channels with 1 Type S drywall screws 12o.c. Resilient furring channel spaced 24o.c. and nailed at right angles to joists and through base layer.
Figure 4
Direct application of two layers of gypsum. 1-Hour-Rated, FC 5512
Gypsum Board, Parallel Chord Wood Trusses: Ceiling Two layers of 1/2 type X gypsum wallboard or veneer base applied perpendicular to trusses. Base layer end joints staggered 24 and all face layer joints offset 24 from the joints of the base layer. Trusses chord and web members are fabricated from 2 x 4 lumber with 20 gauge steel connector plates that have a minimum tooth length of 5/16. Trusses are spaced a maximum of 24o.c. and have a minimum depth of 12.
Dimension lumber joists and rafters have a long history of solid fire endurance performance. The first fire endurance assemblies developed for wood-frame structures were performed using dimension lumber structural members. Further evidence of this exists in the codes where calculating fire endurance assemblies is allowed. Times are assigned for the contribution of wood-frame construction in fire assembly calculation sections (i.e. Section 721.6 and Table 721.6.2(2) of the 2006 International Building Code). Wood floor and ceiling joists, 16 on center, have a time of 10 minutes assigned to them. For additional information, refer to Component Additive Method (CAM) for Calculating and Demonstrating Assembly Fire Endurance, Design for Code Acceptance No. 4, from the American Forest & Paper Association at www.awc.org. Properly designing a building for fire safety means faithfully executing building code regulations. This means breaking up a building into fire-resistant compartments. With compartments and an efficient protection system in place, fires can be localized and suppressed easily. To prevent fire from spreading from one compartment to the next, the codes require finished assemblies be built to withstand full fire exposure without major damage and, at the same time, act as barriers to heat transfer. Standard fire tests measure the fire endurance performance of a variety of structural assemblies and boundary conditions that make up compartments. ASTM Standard E 119 sets forth the conditions of the test and the interpretation of the results. Test results are measured in terms of the assemblys ability to withstand a severe fire for a period of time. Performance times are measured in hours: 1-hour rated; 2-hour rated; etc. The codes reference these hourly requirements for various building construction types and occupancies. The major sources for dimension lumber fire-endurance assemblies are the Fire Resistance Design Manual published by the Gypsum Association, the Fire Resistance Directory published by the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL), and Section 720 and Table 720.1(3) of the 2006 International Building Code. The major source for metal plate connected truss fire -endurance assemblies is found at www.sbcindustry.com. There are numerous fire-endurance assemblies detailed in these sources. These assemblies include different options, such as the direct application of gypsum, or the use of resilient channels, insulation or suspended ceilings. They range in performance from 45 minutes to 2 hours. The most common dimension lumber and truss fire-endurance assemblies are detailed in Figures 1 5 to the left.
Figure 5
FC 5515 UL L558 Single gypsum layer on resilient channels. 1-Hour-Rated.

Wood Trusses, Gypsum Wallboard: 5/8 proprietary type X gypsum wallboard or veneer base applied at right angles to steel furring channel with 1 Type S drywall screws 12o.c. Furring channels 24o.c. secured with steel wire 48o.c. perpendicular to parallel chord wood trusses 24o.c. with a minimum depth of 12.
(1) Dock & Harbor Authority, London, England, What About Fire?, American Institute of Timber Construction, 1972, p.3.
Wood has out-performed non-combustible materials in direct comparison fire tests. As illustrated above, a 2x4 timber tie maintained more of its original strength under higher temperatures and for a longer period of time than did aluminum alloy or mild steel. This is because of woods
19

2009 Edition
unique charring properties, which actually protect it from fire. As such, wood can be an excellent performer under fire conditions, contrary to misguided concerns over its combustibility.
PROPER LUMBER STORAGE

Proper seasoning and storage provide optimal dimensional stability of lumber in service. To minimize shrinkage, SPIB Grading Rules require dimension lumber 2 or less in thickness be kiln-dried or seasoned to a moisture content not exceeding 19%. This will result in an average moisture content of about 15% at the time of manufacture. Additional conditioning will take place when lumber is stored and used as it adjusts to the moisture content of its end-use environment. For interior items, such as flooring, millwork and furniture, the end-use moisture content will average between 6% in the dry Southwestern U.S. and 11% in the humid U.S. Gulf South. For exterior items, such as framing, siding and sheathing, the end-use moisture content will average 12% in most areas of the U.S., with a range from 7% to 14%. Proper receiving, unloading, storage, handling, installation and bracing of lumber after delivery will help maintain material quality during construction and service life. Follow these simple rules to help ensure proper storage and product performance at the job site: Inspect lumber upon delivery for proper grade-marking and moisture content, plus other conditions that may require attention, such as mold. Unload lumber in a dry place not in wet or muddy areas. Elevate lumber on stringers to prevent absorption of ground moisture and to allow air circulation. Do not store lumber in direct contact with the ground. Cover lumber stored in an open area with a material that will give protection from the elements. Polyethylene or similar non-porous materials act as a vapor barrier, so it is important to allow ventilation around the material to prevent condensation on the underside of the covering. Enclose framing lumber under roof as soon as possible. Store exterior patterns (e.g. siding, porch flooring) in a covered outdoor area. Store interior items such as flooring, millwork and cabinets in the enclosed conditioned area where installation will occur. There is additional protection when lumber comes in paper-wrapped packages or has been treated with a weatherprotective coating. However, availability is limited and weather-protective coatings are generally effective for only about three to six months. Damage to the paper during transportation can reduce its effectiveness, and protection is lost when paper wrappings are removed. For additional information, refer to the SPC publication Managing Moisture and Mold.
Sound Transmission
Sound transmission ratings are closely aligned with fire endurance ratings for assemblies. This is because flame penetration and sound penetration follow similar paths of least resistance. Sound striking a wall or ceiling surface is transmitted through the air in the wall or ceiling cavity. It then strikes the opposite wall surface, causing it to vibrate and transmit the sound into the adjoining room. Sound also is transmitted through any openings going into the room, such as air ducts, electrical outlets, window openings, and doors. This is airborne sound transmission. The Sound Transmission Class (STC) method of rating airborne sounds evaluates the comfortability of a particular living space. The higher the STC, the better the airborne noise control performance of the structure. An STC of 50 or above is generally considered a good airborne noise control rating. The following table describes the privacy from each STC rating: STC Rating
25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Privacy Afforded
Normal speech easily understood Normal speech audible but not intelligible Loud speech audible and fairly understandable Loud speech barely audible but not intelligible Loud speech barely audible Shouting barely audible Shouting not audible
Flame Spread
Flame spread ratings are often confused with fire endurance ratings. Flame spread is solely a measure of the surface burning characteristics of a material. A low flame spread material will not necessarily improve the performance of a fire endurance assembly. Flame spread requirements are typically used by the code for interior finish materials. Different maximum flame spread rates are permitted depending upon the building occupancy, location of the material in the building, and the presence of sprinklers. Generally, the building code flame spread classifications are: Class I or A II or B III or C Flame Spread Range 0-25 26-75 76-200 Locations Enclosed vertical exits Exit access corridors Other rooms and areas
Most tested wood products, including Southern Pine, have a Flame Spread Index of 200, making them acceptable under current building codes for a wide range of interior finish uses. Commerically available fire retardant treatments for wood and panel products can reduce the Flame Spread Index to 25 or less. Refer to Flame Spread Performance of Wood Products, Design for Code Acceptance No.1, from the American Forest & Paper Association at www.awc.org.
Smoke Developed Index

A Smoke Developed Index was also measured for various wood products. This Index has a value of 100 for Red Oak. None of the products tested exceeded 450, a limiting value commonly used in building code regulations.


2009 Edition
20
SPECIFICATION GUIDELINES
These guidelines are intended to assist in specifying the most economical and efficient use of Southern Pine lumber products. They should also help minimize misunderstandings between specifier and supplier. Product availability and economy varies by market area. Becoming familiar with the products available in your area will allow you to more easily obtain materials to satisfy your demands. For information on Southern Pine products, applications, and suppliers, visit www.southernpine.com. Identification and Quality Control Each piece of lumber should be grademarked by an agency accredited by the American Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC), and manufactured in accordance with Product Standard PS 20 published by the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Grade and Strength of Material Standard grades for each product class should be specified after considering all grades appropriate for the intended use and strength requirements. For structural applications, include the required reference design values along with the grade that represents those design values. Grades and reference design values are listed on pages 9 -11. Moisture Content Specify desired moisture content (percent) based on requirements for the product, grade and intended use. Most product classes and grades of Southern Pine have specific moisture requirements. Seasoning requirements and options are listed on page 8. Surface Texture Surfacing requirements should be specified. Lumber is commonly ordered S4S (smooth surfaced on all four sides), or rough sawn. Other examples include: S1S2E (surfaced one side and two edges); or S2S&CM (surfaced two sides and center matched on edges with centered tongue and groove). Variances from S4S will cause a change from the standard dressed size, so the effect on desired net dry size should be considered. Refer to the SPIB Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber for more information on surfacing designations and net product sizes. Transportation and Storage All lumber in transit, storage and handling areas should be protected from moisture, weather and contaminants. Coatings, wrappings or coverings should allow circulation and not trap moisture. Proper storage methods are explained on page 20. Preservative Treatment When pressure-treated lumber is required, it should be treated according to appropriate American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) Standards. Quality control for treating should be done by an approved inspection agency. Each piece of lumber should be identified with a quality mark or end tag bearing the name of the inspection agency, applicable AWPA Standard, use exposure, preservative used, retention level, treating company and year of treatment. Jobsite fabrication cuts and borings should be field treated with copper naphthenate having a minimum 2% metallic solution in accordance with AWPA Standard M4. Products, preservatives, uses and standards are described on pages 16-18.
Typical Southern Pine Lumber Grade Marks

(ink stamp)
1 7 8
2 7 5 9 9 4
5
8
Quality Southern Pine lumber is graded in accordance with the grading rules of the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB). SPIB, Timber Products Inspection, Inc., Renewable Resource Associates, Inc. (RRA) and other organizations* are accredited to inspect and grade mark Southern Pine lumber in accordance with SPIB grading rules.
1 Inspection Service: Southern Pine

Inspection Bureau (SPIB)
2 Inspection Service: Timber 3

Products Inspection, Inc. (TP) Inspection Service: Renewable Resource Associates, Inc. (RRA) Lumber Grade Mill Identification Number Lumber Species (optional) Logo denoting a member mill of Southern Forest Products Association (SFPA) Moisture Content (MC): Kiln-dried (KD) to a maximum of 19% Heat Treated
3 7 5 8
4 5 6 7
6 8
9 9
* NOTE: Other agencies are accredited by ALSC to inspect and grade all or selected Southern Pine products according to SPIB Grading Rules, including: California Lumber Inspection Service (CLIS); Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association (NELMA); West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLIB); and Western Wood Products Association (WWPA).
Typical Quality Mark for Treated Lumber

(plastic end tag or ink stamp)
Product Classification Products should be identified by manufactured categories such as Dimension, Structural Light Framing, Decking, Boards, Timbers, etc. Products in categories such as Finish, Flooring, Ceiling, and Siding, etc., should include the pattern name and number assigned by the ruleswriting agency. This will correctly identify the product and ensure that it conforms to standard. Select from the product and grade descriptions on pages 3 - 6. Size and Length of Pieces Products included in lumber standards, such as Dimension Lumber, should be specified by nominal sizes for thickness and width, and by standard lengths which are 8 to 20 in two-foot increments. Products with patterns and special orders should include the desired net, dry size, plus the dimensioned profile pattern for less common items. Standard sizes are listed on page 7.
ABOVE 2009-2010 GROUND AWPA

UC2
KDAT SBX .28
ABC TREATING CO.

3
ANYTOWN, USA
7
4 5
1 Trademark of inspection agency accredited by American Lumber 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Standard Committee (ALSC)* American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) Use Category Preservative used for Treatment Retention Level Dry or KDAT, if applicable Exposure Category Treating Company & Location Year of Treatment, if required
* Contact the Southern Pine Council for a listing of accredited inspection agencies.
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2009 Edition

LUMBER SPECIFICATION EXAMPLES

Use
Sill Plate 2
Based on SPIB Grading Rules and AWPA Standards Species

SP
Product Classification
Dimension Lbr or Structural Light Framing Timbers
Size
inches nominal
Length
feet
Grade
No.3
Moisture Content
KD19
Surface Texture
S4S
AWPA Use Category

UC2 (Above Ground, Interior Damp) UC2 (Above Ground, Interior Damp) UC1 (Above Ground, Interior Dry)
Treatment & Retention

SBX .17 pcf KDAT
2x4
x 12, 14, 16
Sill Beam 2
6x8
x 16
SP
No.2
S4S
ACQ .25 pcf or CA-B .10 pcf SBX .17 pcf KDAT
Solid-Sawn Stud Finger-Jointed Stud PWF 2 Stud Roof Rafter
Dimension Lbr or Studs Glued Lumber (Stud Use Only) HRA Dimension Lbr or Structural Joists & Planks Dimension Lbr or Structural Joists & Planks Dimension Lbr or Structural Joists & Planks Dimension Lbr or Structural Joists & Planks Radius Edge Decking Timbers
2x4
x 92-5/8 PET x 104-5/8 PET x 10
SP
Stud
KD19
S4S
2x4
SP
No.2
KD19
S4S
2x6
SP
No.2
KD19
S4S
UC4B (Ground Contact, Critical) UC1 (Above Ground, Interior Dry) UC1 (Above Ground, Interior Dry) UC3B (Above Ground, Exterior) UC3B (Above Ground, Exterior) UC4B (Ground Contact, Critical) UC4B (Ground Contact, Critical) UC4A ( Ground Contact, Non-critical) UC1 (Above Ground, Interior Dry) UC5C (Salt Water, Gulf Coast)
CCA .60 pcf KDAT
2x6
x 8 - 20
SP
MSR 2400f-2.0E MEL M-29 No.2 Premium R.E.D. No.1
KD19
S4S
SBX .17 pcf KDAT
Floor Joist
2 x 10
x 6 - 16
SP
KD19
S4S
SBX .28 pcf KDAT (Formosan Termites) ACQ .25 pcf or CA-B .10pcf ACQ .15 pcf or CA-B .08 pcf Water Repellant) ACQ .50 pcf or CA-B .25 pcf CCA .50 pcf
Outdoor Deck Joist 3 Outdoor Deck Decking 3 Post-Frame Building Post 2 Highway Guardrail Post 2 Fence Post 2
2x8 5/4 x 6
x 12 x 12
SP SP
S4S S4S Eased Edges S-GRN (25%) S4S
6x6
x 16
SP
Timbers
6x8
x 16
SP
No.2
S4S
Heavy Timber Decking Marine Bulkhead 2 Flooring
Dimension Lbr or Structural Light Framing Decking
4x4
x8
SP
No.2
S4S
ACQ .40 pcf or CA-B .21 pcf SBX .17 pcf KDAT
3x6
R/L
SP
Select Decking No.1 Seawall D
KD15
S2S&CM -EV1S S4S
Heavy Dimension Lbr or Structural Joists & Planks Flooring
3x6
x 12
SP
CCA 2.5 pcf
1 x 3-1/8 (Net Dry) 1x4
x 8, 10, 12
SP
KD (12%)
S2S&SM (Flat Grain) S2S&SM UC3B (Above Ground, Exterior) UC3A (Above Ground, Exterior, Coated) UC3A (Above Ground, Exterior, Coated) ACQ .25 pcf KDAT or CA-B .10 pcf KDAT ACQ .25 pcf KDAT or CA-B .10 pcf KDAT ACQ .25 pcf KDAT or CA-B .10 pcf KDAT
Porch Flooring 3 Siding
Flooring
x 12
SP
Dry (15%)
Drop Siding
1x6
x 10
SP
No.2
KD15
Pattern #116 S4S
Fascia
Finish
1x6
x 12
SP
C&Btr
KD 15
Ceiling
Ceiling and Partition Paneling
5/8 x 4
x8
SP
KD (12%)
S2S&CM -EV1S Pattern #SPP 62 S4S UCFA (Above Ground, Interior) Fire Retartant for Fire Protection Flame Spread Class A
Paneling
1 x 5-1/8 (Net Dry) 1x4
x 10
SP
C&Btr
KD (12%)
Trim
Moulding
x8
SP
KD (12%)
Abbreviations: ACQ Alkaline Copper Quat; AWPA American Wood Protection Association; C&Btr grade C and better; CA-B Copper Azole Type-B; CCA Chromated Copper Arsenate; DNS Dense; HRA Heat Resistant Adhesive; KD Kiln-Dried; KDAT Kiln-Dried After Treatment; Lbr Lumber; MEL Machine Evaluated Lumber; MSR Machine Stress Rated; PET Precision End Trim; PWF Permanent Wood Foundation; R/L Random Lengths; R.E.D. Radius Edge Decking; S-GRN surface green; S1S2E surfaced one side and two edges; S2S&CM-EV1S surfaced two sides and center matched with edge V on one side; S2S&SM surfaced two sides and standard matched; S4S surfaced four sides; SBX Inorganic Boron; SP Southern Pine (could also be SYP for Southern Yellow Pine); SPIB Southern Pine Inspection Bureau; SPP Standard Patterns of Paneling; UC Use Category; 2 Preservative treatment code required; 3 Preservative treatment recommended


2009 Edition
22
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
The Southern Pine Council offers a wide variety of helpful publications for design-build professionals. A single copy is free upon request; refer to the publication number. The titles listed below are available online in PDF. Visit www.southernpine.com to download, see a listing of all publications, or to order copies; e-mail requests to info@southernpine.com.
Pressure-Treated Southern Pine (#300, 16 pages)

standards, specifications, proper use and handling
Your Decking Choice: Pressure-Treated Southern Pine (#307, 6 pages)

product selection, construction guidelines, maintenance
Southern Pine Maximum Spans for Joists & Rafters (#202, 36 pages)
48 span tables, design criteria
Termite-Resistant Framing (#308, 8 pages)

termite facts, treatments, costs
Southern Pine Headers & Beams (#207, 36 pages)

size selection and allowable load tables for Southern Pine lumber and glued laminated timber
Aquatic & Wetland Structures (#322, 28 pages)

product selection, design details
Raised Floor Systems: Design & Construction Guide (#411, 48 pages)

advantages, footings & foundations, framing details
Southern Pine for Structural Components (#215, 12 pages)

grades, cost savings, truss design comparison
Managing Moisture & Mold (#907, 2 pages)

basic facts, tips for moisture control, cleaning instructions
A Guide to Southern Pine Flooring (#705, 20 pages)

product description, installation, finishing
Lumber Library CD
Dozens of publications all on one CD, more than 50 titles in all. PDFs load in a matter of seconds and can be printed with ease. Trade professionals interested in obtaining a copy should e-mail: info@southernpine.com.
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Online PRODUCT LOCATOR

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Visit the online Product Locator at
www.southernpine.com/productlocator.shtml
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Call for HELP!
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to find local dealers, distributors, and producers.
SOUTHERN PINE
the versatile building material
2900 INDIANA AVE. KENNER, LA 70065 504/443-4464 FAX 504/443-6612 info@southernpine.com www.southernpine.com
SFPA #200/10M/11-08

SE0097 - Southern Pine User Guide

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Southern Pine User Guide Course No.

Southern Pine Use Guide

WOOD: THE RIGHT CHOICE

SOURCE: Why Wood is Good, Wood Promotion Network at www.beconstructive.com

Copyright 2008. Southern Forest Products Association. All rights reserved.

SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE

Southern Pine Council

WHY SOUTHERN PINE?

DESIGN VALUES BY SPECIES NO.2 2X4

800 600 400 200 0

Superior Strength and Stiffness

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY BY SPECIES NO.2

1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY SPECIES

Green Building Material

Southern Pine Council

SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE

SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONS

Based on SPIB Grading Rules See www.southernpine.com for Product Locator

Grade Characteristics and Typical Uses

Design values are not assigned

Prime Dimension: 2 to 4 thick, 2 to 12 wide

*Timbers: 5 x 5 and larger

SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE

Southern Pine Council

SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONS ( CONTD )

Based on SPIB Grading Rules See www.southernpine.com for Product Locator

Grade Characteristics and Typical Uses

1650f1.5E thru 3000f2.4E

*E-rated Structural Laminations: 2 and less in thickness, 2 and wider

*Glued Lumber: 4" and less in thickness, widths vary by product

See Dimension Lumber Grades

*Scaffold Plank: 2 and 3 thick, 8 and wider

MSR Scaffold Plank: 2400f2.0E MSR Scaffold Plank: 2200f1.8E

*Stadium Grade: 2 thick, 4 to 12 wide

No.1 Dense Stadium Grade No.1 Stadium Grade

*Seawall Grades: 2 to 4 thick, 6 to 14 wide

Any grade of Dimension Lumber

Southern Pine Council

SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE

SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONS ( CONTD )

Based on SPIB Grading Rules See www.southernpine.com for Product Locator

Grade Characteristics and Typical Uses

Any grade of Dimension Lumber or Timbers

*Decking, Heavy Roofing and Heavy Shiplap: 2 to 4 thick, 2and wider

Dense Standard Decking

Boards: 1 to 1- 1/2 thick, 2 and wider

Industrial 55 Industrial 45 Industrial 26

No.2 No.3 No.4

*Industrial Lumber: 2 and thicker, 2 and wider

SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE

Southern Pine Council

SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONS ( CONTD )

Based on SPIB Grading Rules See www.southernpine.com for Product Locator

Grade Characteristics and Typical Uses

Dense Structural 86 Dense Structural 72 Dense Structural 65

Radius Edge Decking: 1- 1/4 thick, 4 to 6 wide

Finish: 3/8 to 4 thick, 2 and wider

*B&B, C C&Btr, D No.1

Recommended for moulding and millwork applications.

Southern Pine Council

SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE

STANDARD SIZES OF SOUTHERN PINE