Pediatrics 1958 Bain 628 47

BEHAVIOR OF YOUNG CHILDREN UNDER CONDITIONS SIMULATING ENTRAPMENT IN REFRIGERATORS Katherine Bain, Marion L. Faegre and Robert S.
Wyly Pediatrics 1958;22;628
The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at:
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/22/4/628
PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright 1958 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275.
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BEHAVIOR OF SIMULATING
By Katherine
Childrens
YOUNG CHILDREN ENTRAPMENT IN

M.D.,
U. Bureau S.
UNDER CONDITIONS REFRIGERATORS

B.A., and
and
Bain,
Bureau, National
Marion
Department of Standards,
L.
Health, of
Faegre,
Education
U. S.
Robert
Welfare of
S.
(K.
Wyly,
B.), and
B.S.
Department
Commerce
E
bers
ACH
year as these
number a are result and few
of of
young entrapment freezers.
children
quirements, for in
and
specify
in
some
detail
tests
perish iceboxes, go, cidental thought children ing in as the to
the
refrigerators deaths of even suffocating have problem. increasing resulting in
As num- with with
purpose of determining these requirements. of the problem clear that it was problem, behavior Bureau
devices, it
compliance by NBS and not only an a aid criteria problem of the for
corre-
compared
NEMA from other causes, but the a small number of helpless engineering needlessly is so appall- in child created widespread public from refrigerators preceding governmental interested interest Childrens In awareness entrapment
release
ac- Consideration made
but and was

was
also
so the enlisted.
necessary
developing the mechanical doors
performance forces securely required
Because of of the fatalities of young a period manufacturers, bodies methods gressional resulted, tional with the and of
to
late 1956, their are from in
to
keep
children
during refrigerator
closed
against
several years engineers, others became
gaskets and able to exert entrapment.

on this
the forces young children when seeking to escape Because no data were
point, late in 1955 the
for alleviating hearings on in 1955, in Bureau of refrigerator
this proposed
hazard. Con-available legislation Childrens that the

work
Bureau on children to the

in an
and in
the nursery
NBS
conducted in an In this children

were
a request
Standards NBS) manufacturing National (NEMA) for Considerable
tests Na-
schools 60
attempt indus- preliminary
gain this experiment, ages a of 2

experimental
information. some and 5

enclosure,
years
try represented Manufacturers velop safety performance release
by the Association criteria devices. made toward at which time
Electrical between to detested simulated evaluating prog- to inside camouflaged by
which
refrigerator
only The
with
respect was Santa door. were in from These
ress was mid-1956, an vices interstate doors Act* on of
which household
required
this objective Congress passed Claus The certain safety deshipped would to
dimensions. to represent with were using, urged their against standing
enclosure a gay red and and strength
chimney, children for
a window to use, utmost
refrigerators
rewarded in
commerce that such refrigerators
competitive allow the sitting be opened both
pushing and
the door, positions. failed
indicated easily from the inside. It further required tests of young the development of standards for such re- the lease devices. Such standards were pub-forces in lished 1957. least
*
that children
excess
a significant tested
of10
proportion to exert How-
pounds.
in They one
the of
Law signed
1956.
Federal require three

930, by
Register that specified

Second President
of devices
August meet
all
1, ever, make at spond 84th on a on same
practical it hard a
manufacturing to design release device push door permit the
considerations for assembly-line which will rethe door of and this magnitude which, at refrigerator
performance
Session of Eisenhower the
reproduction
Public
2,
Congress,
August
to a direct refrigerator time, will
(Accepted ADDRESS:
April (K.B.)
1, 1958; Washington
submitted 25,
January D.C.
27.)
PEDIATRICS,
October
1958
628
ARTICLES to food A seal so as to allow its the primary was of on refrigerator functiontherefore abbe, to not only by the children was to child time limit maximum and taken excusably to see but
629 by the
perform
satisfactorily preservation. further investigation
experimenters, On the advice ment-a and child
a time limit of consultants psychiatrist,
proposed. the experipsycholoof time be that left both were in a 3 that al-
undertaken provide efforts child release experiment tions closely viously insofar From accounts are made. poses,
between
during additional of children, behavior devices being simulating as possible. been made as could be in
the summer information as well general currently carried actual No under determined.
gists 1956 to the force minutes a on child bowed to
pediatricians-a was set as the might safely was cry. care and and relaxed after-test that the frame Tests
as information with respect obtainable, out studies such under entrapment had conditions,
to
the Especial condi- beforepleasant as precheerful,
experiences children of mind.
Setting
for ideal are
the
death certificates of refrigerator and age through

and 6. 3
and deaths, assumptions for all
newspaper The a few factsment, can practical with the be children pur-However, peakschedule fe-
environment clear, to on used practical
for would in the problems for the
such
an
experiwhat play. time
it seemed
approach home or at and the study
known The is 2
some range,
9 years,
Males far
agreed
precluded
outnumber
males. or in another while in
Children groups. a case number two
In five,
enter one
refrigerators instance four, died are were of the but in
the possibility of conducting singly in childrens homes or at and These in considerations dictated together, recorded finally an enTrees, with the in in rooms, used of intotesting In are ons, vided parents taking simulate prethe estate shrubs a large environment. with for an space. the office-reception coloring books and for the children, to part read while in the tests. the made-that now and terrace, Two adjoining reception office, of a part a former of the
the experiment nursery schools. the choice residence NBS lawns, grounds. together much first-floor were and crayprofor were to on
children of situations children
which
fatally refrigerators many are disuse process get proba few (as
spreading
trapped together. are abandoned homes, only empty apartments), defrosting. Some
refrigerators as
Some in dumps temporarily
contributed very large tiled terrace,
or are in the children probably

into a playhouse,
quarters
some
ably shut
are hiding from in by playmates.
companions,
room, toys, puzzles were also magazines their children
PART
In as cautions perimental were used designing as had closely
I. BEHAVIOR
an possible to subjects. or the be experiment the taken If a
STUDY
to real to situation protect refrigerator experiment
Test
TEST
Equipment
ENCLOSURE
and
AND
Facilities
RECORDING EQUIP-
ex-
plywood test enclosure resembled a childs playhouse, with door, roof and chimnature (Fig. 1). The inside dimensions (40 x disclosed, childrens interest in exploring ney based on the measurements refrigerators might be aroused. But more 18 x 25 in.) were of a number of currently available household important still, entrapment in an enclosed refrigerators of 8 to 11t capacity, f and repredark space is a fear-provoking experience. sent, approximately, the maximum inside diIf it had not been for the dearth of informensions excluding the space occupied by the mation and the important use to be madefreezing unit. A safety-glass panel formed the of the results, the originators of the plan ceiling of the enclosure so that motion picwould not even have considered subjecting tures of the child could be taken from above. children to fear-provoking conditions. A 16 mm motion-picture camera and illumination equipment designed for infrared photogIn an effort to make the entrapment bearreal of the
MENT:
The
63()
BEHAVIOR
OF
CHILDREN
ENTRAPPED
4p4
S.
*4
I
Fic. raphv Forced comfort Several which were while different housed in the release under provided enclosure. doors were devices constructed were the for 1. Playhouse roof the (Fig.
test enclosure.
which 2).
replaces
visible
an
infrared!
image behind!
with
one
of
ventilation identical
childsordinary closure
light,
of in infrared what
was used thechild!ren. illumination seemed!

and
the enUndler
for
observing
the
tile total
intensity intolow were inserted, children
used, to
tape
them
comments
thus
lease
saving
mechanism
time
when
to
changing
another. A
from one
re-
darkness.
picked!
Microphones
up soundis
recOrd!ers
snooperscope,
the
children
made,
ARTICLES
631
Ftc.
2.
\lotion
picture
camera
pictures of
and
children
lighting
in
equipment
test enclosure.
used
for
obtaining
infrared
of
tile
Ol)seIVeI,
:111(1
time
and!
force
read!ings
mihiar they
SOOll
to
most
of
them
tomanipulate
and
one
and
of
the
things
as
(luring lease frigerator broad type (Ipphicatioll

panel,
the dlevices
tests.
RELEASE DEVICES:
ale
as the
eager can this help plastic
conquer
CONVENTIONAL
The
household!
were of
reretwo
walk. possibihits, mechanism children rim This

or counter
folInished!
tile
To to the
test latching to was latching
doorknob
linked
manufacturing classes of mcludlecl of

the
ed!ge
iIldlustrV
was
find
made
in it the
(D 4).
dark, triggered
In
a mathe
construction. which to (D the 1, inside

11C1
One respondled of
being
general order to the the near the circular terial door

doors in either
dlevices a force
effective
containing knob if pulled

were
luminescent turned
out. in going
very
attached. mechanism
clockwise
most
slightly
latch general
to cape
of type
the
door
2). D
3).
The
Obviously dievice and!
second
esc!e-
clockwise direc-
includ!ed
d!evices whieh type of finding also
respondec!
tion
or When
if
it was it became
some
pushed in or children and move
mallipulatioll liv means
l)\ hand! (D of the latter a childs

a releasing area, to use
obvious-early
the
test
to re-
program-that main
pended the
strength
not
only on
having that his famihi-
ver
mechanism on
mechanisms.
DEVICES:
another
quiet experimental
coveredi a limited! aritv with operating

SPECIALLY
but
similar
ESCAPE
(D 5).
push-open
about device was door linked

as
little,
engineered
with
a
floor
DESIGNED
Obsearch
pinel riding on ball to release himself
bearings with as little
enabled one-half
child the
servatid)ns of the
interior
of the d)f
childrens the he playhouse that what a
exploratory
effort
vestigators seeking might
hunch
led! to the the children fa-
in- panel. wereslight ment
doorknob-something
redluired without the movable footThis door could be opened by a very forward, backward, or sideways moveof the floor panel such as would result if
632
BEHAVIOR
OF
CHILDREN
ENTRAPPED their nursery-school figure with whom teacher, the

and
the
of and pounds,
child
the
pushed
on would
the not
the
door
weighing
or to
on
any
by wall
a felt
substitute comfortably
enclosure. 50 pounds
to produce
A child
between
have
small
strenuously
push foice (6 to
of
mother 30 ver at home.
12
After
perimellter ing the D childrens 5
greeting
test who made attention
the
parent
child,
the the
the
child child. to it
in
exdiirOnce toys, time to the pla
depending
on
point
application) !evice
that except
would
Device
open
D 6 was was release it force
the
door
very designed
for
similar
him.
to to the the indicate
was to friends was
handle with diverted
the was
that
his
maximum permit
efforts only
of at
of them plaed happily until the most to go with the experimenter child and forto them ball on the terrace. Parents remained discretion of
the
observer.
office
to the
while
test required
each
room.
child
was from
especially the
taken his
child
individually parents
in the was
Test
TEST
Plan
SUBJECTS:
Separation
Tests 5 years, were with set equal up for numbers ages times younger of and
of a child
finesse, Once children.
somecase
inleft
of
2, as
3,
4,
hands of the experimenter, she could Insofar the almost invariably establish an easy relationhanship, and get him to go willingly with her to dled equal numbers of children of each age. the terrace and from there to the test room. In Most of the test subjects were obtained as the result of a letter distributed among the only three cases were children so unco-operative that attempts to testhem t had to be NBS staff, broadly describing the nature of the study and inviting their co-operation. The abandoned. response was immediate andgenerous. PerAfter plaing on the terrace, the experimenter weighed and measured the child the in sonal acquaintances and neighbors brought in children at each age, and of each sex.
practicable each of two experiments a scattering of other subjects of the required test the room, room and toward were often then the led him test curious gradually enclosure. about the down Older enages.
The families.
RECORDS:
201 A
children record
filled in sex weight, and after by a
tested card
their and date the child
came was
own birth
from 157 each
children
kept on as well
closure from the attention

yearshad to be
the
drawn
time the entered of the younger

to it. When
the room, but children usually

the expei-imenter
child. spent childrens childs actions Sounds
Parents in school names, height, before made
names,
and
occupation,
as the considered dates. Eachthe engineer

recolor cartoon
the
time
behind which
was
the lured with its
right,
scene the music
she
to children and
signalled
start the into Donald
of test, and his test were recorded. while in the
the
playhouse.
sound track
test The
enclosure, comments Ofl his the observer, also time spoken into microphones were recorded on tape and
record forms.
behavior made by Duck chatter and force readings the playhouse. during the testing bent down later transferred to child what
him in going
drew most of In some cases

to look inside. at on the in was going
the children into the experimenter

and to told interest the order
movie
A moving-picture record of each test had As 50011 as a child became absorbed in the been planned. Unfortunately, the required inmovie, the experimenter toldhim she was frared film was not obtainable in sufficient going back to the office, or otherwise tried quantity and, in consequence, the test behavior to convey to him the idea that he was being of only the first 42 and last 48 subjects was left alone. At this point an observer, who could recorded on film. see the child from behind the playhouse in a
mirror placed high on the wall, closed the door
Test
of the enclosure. Simultaneously the cartoon the playhouse became dark, a shutter A feature of the original plan that was ad- stopped, hered to in practically all cases was that each closed the screen, soundand force-recording equipment began to function, and tile overchild should be accompanied to the test by one camera began taking infrared pictures. or both of his pareiits, or by a close relative. head Now that the child was shut into an enclosure In a few instances where this rule was not froul vhicli niost outside solln(1 Wits (XeIII(lvd, observed, children were hi-ought to the test
Procedure
ARTICLES
6:3:3
FIc.
:3. Test
team
behind!
the scenes
during
a test.
the
Ol)sefleI
tIIdl
engineers
ng behindl
inforniation
011
ill
charge
of oh-
FINDINGS Success
A
on
servi
speak
ng andl
recordi pertinent be as
the
into
1)00th
Couldl
nhicro-
all
to
in
least
Escaping
success three dealing, in factors: his age escaping the and! depended device size, with and
l)u1e5,
information
l)ellLviOI,
P1e5ered!
SCOtt
tal)e the
(Fig.
011 the
:3).
This
childs at
includ!ed
comments
childs
and!, in
through
at 10-second
snooperscope, output as through regisa
which
his
he as
tulle one
readings
intervals,
series
OD a
of
tests, and
the
tered
scope.
gage
force observed
with
tele- ing
behavior. device force panel of
Greatest success was D 2, which required 12 pounds near the directed latch device turned, edge or
achieved a releasagainst more, the
The
011
childs
tape. did This of the
vocalizations
not
from
were
himself,
when
also
the to
formed
re-door
ob-
corded If
server
a him the
child
determined
release his behavior determination
if applied elsewhere), with a knob to be and device D
D 4 equipped pushed or pulled, floor paiiei.
let on
out. basis and
was
5 with
a movable
the amount degree to
of
effort
he
hewas
appeared started the
exerting
which
to l)e dlistUrbed.
Outside,
away or gien entered, was he emerged
continued on
the
there (Fig. the with to his
tHd
experimenter,
that impression to comfort 4). The
who had
when him cartoon
and!
Two-thirds to three-fourths of tile children taking part in tests making use of these devices let themselves out (Table I). In tests in which device D 6 was used, the child not escape, excess
the six
child! could successful
but
he
was
considered force each

age IV). and Boys
the moment was once at
in
of
if lie exerted of 15 pounds.

devices was (Tables
a maximum Success with

affected II, III, by
outside
it him be mind help
him
screen
the
his the to
child
parents ilal1ouse. calm
was to This liiiii,

pIab0t,
invitedi
to watch
or and
to to his
arn
fetch see
watch proved take
it
height and weight and girls got out Other

#{176}
with
equal
ease
in these
(Table tests
fol-
V).
an off
effective was
experience in
away
the
factors
One
not
(leternhined
boy, it turned
%VeIl-
ahappy
5-ye-ar-old
iute-rvies
out wlteit
ilnpuSsion
of his
visit.
h)v-I1)
vitIi
IIu)tht-Is
heldl, Iflert1V
634
BEHAVIOR
OF
CHILDREN
ENTRAPPED
it
i.ifJ2
fj
p.
-,
I]
Ftc.
4.
The cxperilllenter,
read!\
to
comfort
this
child
after
the
test,
finds
reassurance
unnecessary.
may chi
sat
have ids
for the
influenced intelligence
15
Illinutes because
success, or
lie lie
such
as
group the
ure of
from the
which latter
liecame. factor
The
oiilv in
measthe study
the
was
socio-economic
allowed somehow that to the stay test in the lie
obtained
was
the
enclosure-,
the
combined A
with
years rate
years fewer
of of
education success education of
of was asof
the
had
gained!
parents.
sociated! was
higher
impression
before
lie
left
home
brought
for
would
take
half n hour. a
the
parents.
ARTICLES
IABLE I
TYPE Cent of OF DEVICE
635
Ourco
(Number
IN
IRST, and Per
BY
Children)
Device
Dl
No. Success Failure 9 9.O 71.0 31 1 11 3 No.
D3
Df
D5
No. 68.0 3.O l 4 16
Total
%
65.6 34.4 100.0
No. 7 34 41
%
17.1 8L9 100.0
No.% 34 16 50
%
75.0 5.O 100.0 14 17 45. 54.8 31 97 104 100.0 48.3 51.7 O1 100.0
Total
100.0
100.0
TABLE
OUTCOME IN TEST,
II
BY AGE
(Number
and
Per
Cent
of
Children)
Age
(years)
3
No. Success Failure 10 41 Si
.5
Total
%
19.6 80.4 100.0
No. 6 3 58
%
44.8 55. 100M4
No. 7 15
%
64.3 35.7 lOOM
No. 34 16 50
%
68.0 3.0 W0.0
No. 97 104
%
48.3 51.7 lOOM
Total
TABLE
OuTcoME IN and TEST,
III
BY HEIGHT
(Number
Per
Cent of Children)
Height (inches) f6-5O 51-5,5 Total
30-35 No. Success Failure 6 3 6
36-40
41-45
%
18.7 81.3 100 .0
No. 6 41 67
%
38.8 61. 100.0
No. 50 9
%
63.3 36.7 79 100 .0
No. 14 8
No. 63.6 0 1
%
100.0 1
-
No. 97 104
%
48.3 51.7
36.4 100 .0
Total
100 .0
O1
100.0
Behavior
Response Particularly
in
to
the
Test
Enclosur#{243}-General
wasthe
Three
major
behavior
patterns
were ob-
Entrapment strildng
served wide range 1. Inaction, slight These the children situation, to violent in revarying panic. sat
(Table with effort were
VI): no effort to escape who waiting or stood to be only or let (24%). the children apparently
in behavior sponse to from
shown by the entrapment inactivity
complete
patiently,
636
BEHAVIOR
OF
CHILDREN
JAIILE IV
BY \NmIIT
ENTRAPPED
01-Ye-nilE
IN
IEMr,
(Number
and
Per (en!
of
(hi/dreps)
FJeight (pounds) O-3() 31-4O 41-IA) .51-60 Total
______L_
Success 13
41
#{176}>#{176} 4.1
75.9
__1___
.59.() 41.0 6 1 85.7 97 48.3
55
46
54.5 45.5 100.0
8
16
Failure
Total
14.8 100.0
104 O1
51.7 100.0
54
bOo
101
39
100.()
out or for Some made gently knocked out or few gently, ently child not dren A few a were
the movie to come slight exploratory the door or
on Fig. 5). movements, walls. A few let now. apparthan Age which behavior. were without
work, out-pushing, usually
3.
Violent ful
These
action, effort
were
with escape
the
or
(37%). children
without
who
purposekicked,
to
touching politely, Im ready almost others
saying Please to come out motionless. Some and no 15 this than to

went
me banged, A themselves
anger.
jumped
against Many of
up
the these
and
door, directed
down,
or their
threw
exhibited vio-
cried one was chilin this
made
sound More minutes. passive boys escape,

to way
were unconcerned. sat quietly for factor would more in show girls effort
(39%). children to find a
lence toward to the degree was creased

characteristic
escape, that This age

of
but some no purposeful type was of somewhat
panicked effort demore
apparent. with
behavior
determining
and
boys.
This
marked
variation success children slight shift floor device
in in who of D
behavior getting escaped
ohout. did
group. 2. Purposeful lence

These immediately,
viously influenced vioThe four passive so on the or were was but at job to because the the movable door Greatest achieved the for them. success by older interfered with this most of success
their weight 5) opened 2 above) about these anger so also of that (Group younger, the cases.
feeling, device, quiet, the equally increased themselves
or
trying
to
manipulate (Fig. 6). or called direct kind of boys
a knob Some out, efforts of and
if present others cried same time out. characteristic with age.

TABLE
OUTCOME
IN
86% those but children. with type whom in
of Group who went most Panic, success, of behavior were only 32% of
the were and the 3
purposefully,
made This
letalso
behavior,
violence girls, group above) achieved
V
TEST, BY SEX
Behavior
In release
Total
in
the
Enclosure-Specific
of been yet four the problem presumed not all devices
Acts
of that did (D so. 1,
(Number
Boys No.
Success 49
and
Pr
Centof Children)
Girls
early consideration devices it had would only D 5, pushing and was push, the D
%
48.5 51.5
No.
48 5
%
48.0
5.O
No. 97
104
%
48.3
51.7
children Considering D 2, which
6) in connection appropriate and to attract the 110 About
with when the chilthe
Failure Total
5
101
100.0
100
100.0
201
100.0
no release gadget childs attention, dren pushed to
was present 67 (61%) of some degree.
ARTICLES
TABLE
TYPE OF BEHAvIoR
637
VI
iN ENCLOSURE
(Number
and
Per
Cent
of
Children)
inaction item No. 47
Purposeful
Movement
Violent
No. 73 41 3
Action
Total
No. 198 100 98
%
3.7 O.0 7.5
No. 78 39 39
%
39.4 39.0 39.8
%
36.9* 41.0 3.7
%
100.0 100.0 100.0
Sex
Boys () t7
(;irls
Age years 8years 4years Syears
Escape
13 16 8 10
5.5 8.1 19.0 0.8 4 3
5 17
9.8 9.8 57.l 66.7
83 4 10 6
64.7 42.1 3.8 1.5
51 57 4 48
100.0) 100.0 100.0 100.0
Success Failure Total

*
4 43 47
8.5 91.5 100.0
67 lb 78
85.9 14.1 100.0
3 50
31.5 68.5
94 104
47.5 5.5 100.0
73 was too rapid
100.0
198
Three
children
were
not
classified
because
their
movement
to he recorded
or observed.
same slapped VII). which pulled ing were fourth their made movements clasping Hand
number
knocked
( Fig.
7),
banged,
sucked
the
thumb
or
fingers
and
none
mas-
or kicked the When confronted could be grasped it; motions 9% pushed it; VII, of children
Wringing the hands, as an adult door or walls (Table turbated. does, was observed in several children. with a gadget (D 3 and D 4), 18% With sound recordings available on all and Fig. some put 40% 8). of the About their small and clenching Very few 9). hands made turn- children vocal it response VIII). a range from screamed, showing Many as been they told
TABLE
VOCALIZATION IN
was
possible they Some only made
to children 6% of About the
determine to the entrapment were a quarter children than called the playhouse
the silent, of the for
( Table
movements the
children
( Table
one-with
particularly of mouths curious of of the
noticeable. or faces. A twisting, twining the fingers hands

TABLE
TYPE
OF
2-year-olds
toto 50% of the
5-year-olds. this of the entered the

VIII
THE
number the children picking more often and older help. Although they had ones.
younger behavior children
or
( Fig.
VII
EFF0IIT
experimenter
was
(Number
and Per
Number Tested
Cent
of Children)
(Number
ENCLOSURE
Number
Per
Cent
Age
and
Per
Cent
of
Children)
Silent
Pushes
110*
67 61 16 8
36
60.9 55.5 17.6 8.8

39.6
Number
Screams
Kicks,
bangs,
knocks,
or slaps 1IO 91t
91 91t
Pullsknoh Pushes knob Turns knoh

*
1T;
3 4 5 Iotal 58 4 50 201 16 13 25 57 7.6 31.0
50.0)
16 9
6
7.6 21.4
12.0)
Devices
Devices
Dl,
D3
D2,
and
D5
D4.
and
DO.
28.4
51
25.4
638
BEHAVIOR
1
B N
OF
CHILDREN
ENTRAPPED
IABLI
.LLS (.\uusber
loll
IX
IIEI.I
of
(hildreu)
llrouq/it lext h!,
to
(rie.s (ails
or
.t!oiii
Per.on .%1t/ier
say
(al/ed
!(It/ser
i)addy
slotlier lather Ilotli O)tlis-r
54 19 36 6 I 45 4 9 I
.5:.?
Fic.
5.
Boy some of
has withdrawn called! the even (Table to childiren
to
corner
(4 to
years).
is
t ti I
leaving,
her she
be well six
out. let
Mommy out children
But
or
most Mother earshot
called was Only
ate
through
the
limit
psychiatric
of
minutes
and
agreedi
pschologic con-
upon inactive
for rela-
though
IX). or about for test h
of called boy) dren panied
sultation
children tively long
was
remained
adhered
in six the in
to.
A
enclosure this group
few
Father although who to called! the
Daddy help
(5
had!
girls
one-thirdi
and of chilthe or
periods,
staying
been
accom-
over
10
minutes. on Entering and on Leaving the
father
alone
both Duration
Time
parents. of
in the
by Behavior Enclosure
There
Test
enclosure was short for most tion
was little
resistance and to
to
to XII) leave heavily action
the but their

the
test the
situsmall parents
(Tables reluctant
or resistant
XI
children
themselves seconds themselves minutes. themselves
(Table
or and
or
X).
were three-fourths
were
One-fourth
released
in
got
less than got out
out
10 by 3 released
number by
(17)
entering
playhouse
either of those less than

and!
releasedi
so in
in less
who
than
(13%) contributed characterized by

house
more violent the or to

show
to in
the group the play-
One-half did child! upset. became lie was
than right
and
10 seemed released.
seconds. was
Upon
essary
did escape there

to
co-operative release the comfort

the
children. experimenter child!

on
nec- if
If
much If
a his
panicky
seemedi
the
movie
immediately mildi or
the
out-
disturbance
moder-
Sidle
screen
for
the
childs
entertainment.
__
Fic. Ga. Girl Pushes tion
OIl
(lOor
from
squatting
posi_
Fic.
fib. Girl
makes
afirm two-arm
(2 years).
push
on
door
(:3
years).
ARTICLES
639
FIG.
7a.
With
clenched on
door
fist, (5 years).
boy
completes
knock
Fic.
7h.
Kneeling, to slap
girl d!oor
raises (4
hands ears).
shoulder
high
FABLE
II%IE IN THE
X ENCLOSURE
FABLE
Number (hi/dren
and Per (eat of
Xl
PARENT (cii! of AND l)tIoNG TEST
Escaping Released
or
BEIIAVI0II
ON
LEAVING
(Number (simula-
and Per
(hildren)
Time
Interval Vnm. ber Per

(en!
Willing tire Behavior Enclosure

in
to Parent
-
Reluctant Resistant Ao. 6 8 20 34 17.2
or
Totat
Leave
Per
Cent
less than 10 see 49
29
24 14.4
10) to 59 see I mm 2 3
miii 111111
38.8
60.7 78.6 90. 5 97.0)
%
Inactive Purposeful
47
78
41 70 .53 164
87.2 89.7 72.6 82.8
12.8 10.3 27.4
to less to to less
than
thami than
2 miii 3 mm 5 miii 10) mm

-
44
21.9 17.9 24 11 .9 6.4 3.0 100) .0
movement Violent
36 13 6 201
73 198
less than
5 miii
to less
Total
10) miii amitl over Total
100.0
FIG.
8b.
squatting
in
corner
(.3
years).
hands,
Same boy turns it clockwise
later
to
grasps
release
doorknob in both himself (:3 years).
64()
BEHAVIOR
OF
CHILDREN
ENTRAPPED
TABLE
BEII.\
1011 ON ENTERING
Xli
ENcLose-LIE TEST (eat of (hildren)
AND
DURING (.\umber and Per
Willing
to
En-
Re!
uctant or
Behavior Enclosure
in Ial
To-
ter
Enclosure
sistant
Reto Enter
--\o.
%
44 93.6
AO.
%
3
9 6.4 11.5 17.8 12.6
iliadtiVe
47
_
9. Boy, distraught,
intermittently
fingers
Purposeful
movemnemit
78 73 198
69
8.5 60)
-
Violent many and! hand-to-face unclasping Total
82.2
13 87.4 25
Fic.
makes clasping (:3 years).
IllovemeIlts,
173
One-third
of
the
children
emerged
exerted un-
less
force,
on
the
average,
than did
ruffled but
the
(Table could
movie;
XIII); he comforted
and! a
about or
small
half
were distracted
group
upset the
2-year-olds. direct by Though with other (11)exerted
measurements devices
children set at
of were
released
forces not made,

themthresholds
emergedi were who

playhouse.
from the had younger shown
the a
enclosure children violent and
upset. also reaction
fact that some These the selves with devices those
specific
in
indicated! the
at the
the
moment
minimum
release
force
occurred!.
they
Device
exerted
D 1
required Force
Device horizontal
a force release,
Using themselves
of D
the
at
least
18
for
pounds of
using
to least
ef12
who
Exerted
D 6, force
by
the
Children to
children
fect indicate
(Table
and
2 a force
results
in tests
at
designed
exerted! by
the pounds. released dievices, apthose

measured
There
in
children these
XIV) plied, force

of 29
no was was
matter
used to
where
test
the up for
force to
by
was This
and for
by are the
friction, panel, affected! at
combining children
D
least
these exerting
Figure
three possible
results various
10 is
with forces
derived.0
31 children. age
found 10.4 for was did not
to
The
range
average
a maximum
group
6,
pounds.
ranged! 20.6
for
from pounds
pounds 5-year-olds. 12.8 pounds. reveal
3-year-olds The
A study
to average
sources
of
error
observed
weight,
force
values
of applied observed
for
d!istribution
device
force force
D
on may values.
6.
the
First, have
weight directly
2-year-olds
of floor
and
direction the
the
diata
why
the
3-year-oldls
TABLE
REse--rIoN
ON LEAVING TIlE
XIII
ENCLOSe-lIE ANI) 1)1-LuNG TEST
(Number
and
Per
(ent of Children)
Unruffled
Behavior
Total .\o.
%
36.2 65.4 1.4 34.9 17 51 1 69
-------.Vo. 27 25 51 103
(au
Be
-----(omforted
.\o. 3 2 16 21
- -(pset
%
6.4 2.6 21.9 10.6
uo.
----
Inactive
47 78 73 198
57.4 32.0 69.7 52.0)
Purposeful Violent
Iotal
5 5
6.8 2.5
ARTICLES
TABLE
MAXIMUM
641
frigerator is unknown.
XIV EXERTED
ON DEVICE
he Is
bold
and
agexpected Or does of child The
H0IUz0NTAL
(ACCORDING TO
FORCES
AGE)
BY CHILDREN
D6*
5 }ears
gressive and to be active he often seek is lured in, or
may he therefore he in releasing himself? solitude? What kind shut in, by companions? do could population competent children to test this would depriving only in an was to type
Iears
Years
Years
(Ib)
14.5 14.5
(Ib)
12.3
6.8
(lb)
17.3 23.4 11.2 15.6 10.0 12.3 19.0
10.5
(Ib)
16.7 19.0 16.7 22.3 29.0 10.0 22.3
29.0
best the experimenters take from a volunteer chosen with the aid advice known edy. considered of oxygen, as to which
per-
of
was a sample statistical of ages been a child of trag-
to
19.0 16.7 14.5 0.0 10.0

13.4
9.0 14.5 16.7 5.6 7.9
and to be Obviously that so a childs oxygen
containing susceptible no involved it is possible activity depletion
have speculate
Av.
*
12.8 Designed
self
10.4 to
release.
14.9 horizontal force
20.6 without
atmosphere taking
in place. bereal knew
measure
mitting
Probably tween the life lay in
the greatest experimental the fact that
differences situation and the children
people were not far off, and in the protecFrom this it can be seen that 25 to 30% of tion provided against psychologic trauma. the children taking part in tests in which The experimenters who handled the chilhorizontal force was an appropriate effort dren were warm, friendly people, fond of exerted in excess of 18 pounds and ex65% and widely experienced with children, who erted in excess of 12 pounds. first developed rapport with each child to DISCUSSION
No experiment could be designed to
be tested. they were

re-
Having unable to no
got a childs to bear his the such observer relationship, His cries
fear
confidence reaction who, brought his rehave haycould a
produce in a kind
all naturally of child
the
conditions occurring who gets
actually entrapment. entrapped
present in a
long
ing
in contrast developed
The be more objective). requick appeal by the lease. How a child
experimenter for would ultimately
Second, the person who observed the force gage solved his problem was therefore often not probably was unable to read with great precision determined. Left in the enclosure longer the values indicated by the sometimes-fluctuating children might have quieted down needle. Third, the calibrated accuracy of the forcesome gage affected the results. and released themselves. Success, therefore, Computations based on the calibration data possibly is underestimated. taken for device D 6, loaded centrally with a
weight
that tile
of indicated
34
pounds
on
the
floor
panel,
showed
The
wide
range of
of
behavior
of
the
chil-
maximum deviation of applied force from the purpose by the calibration curve used in the vide data for preparation of Figilre 10 and Table XIV was- 1.7 and + 1.5 pounds for rearwardly directed forcesance standards (as in the case of a child pushing on the door) and assumes that sidewardly directed forces, respectively. The corwas generally responding average deviation was 1.2 and + 0.4 -
dren
was
especially these for behavior typical the
interesting experiments-to development release of of those number by device effort. A these
in of devices. entrapped will the
light properformIf children
of
that
one by
pounds.
Available
information
of
indicated
that
calibrated
calibration
within
accuracy
of
0.2
the
device
force D and 6
gages in the
used in the tests was

person
were
chance, then a significant the ably not release themselves any currently physical practical purposeful
probuse of utiliz-
requiring device would infloor panel purpose, and
who
in the forces
pound. It is estimated that the watched the force gage while children
was able to read by the fluctuating
enclosure indicated 0.5 pound.
ing their purposeless the maximum crease the escapes. needle within device was developed
movements The movable for this
642 In
Ii
BEHAVIOR
OF
CHILDREN
ENTRAPPED
In U
lt
x w
zLLJ
80
-u
00
zil-
IL1J
LiJ4
60-
00
0
400
z5
0
-Jt&. U Li.
0 t1
Oo#{149} 20
-
at
I
0
10
FORCE,
15
LB
20
25
30
FIG.
10.
Horizontal
components
of forces 5 years.
exerted
by
children,
ages
through
Number Device Number Tested
lJho
Re-
1 2 6
*
31 32 31* 21 0)
S
0
All released
by observer.
showed the few ever, tary ing spaces trapped, on it. to be might its care, in In
some tests and which appear addition, effective interfere
promise in which in the its features a child to place were
in it
this connection was used. and of makfrom become
ain device How-that the sani-enough

proved
that could household to

a valid
be grasped, doorknob to be
was
suggested familiar This of to per-
problems releasing
manufacture impracticability accessible might
all
children assumption. to the
useful.
all Fundamental enformance
establishment relating
requirements
by
devices
for with
of
refrigerator. The association of parents be with possibly parents school more than grees. The children
serious limitations that release pushing was knowledge of it sensitive enough childrens pushing behavior. Would a child passive children, push? it Where? With how much force? Not normal use of the children all pushed; some directed their efforts to walls rather than to the door, some
education level
lower
to the that when
hinge
Others
rather
let
than
themselves
the the
latch
out
side or
the
of the when
size of
degree on more may to college
of the than give play or
success grounds grade their
might door.
accidently
explained
they
leaned violent
The size
against activity
of the
door they
with no education opportunity parents turning when with
or high in their children against it. independently the child advanced by de-
bumped a part here.
space,
and II.
chance
all
played
PART movements taking part made in tests many Though which can
FOLLOW-UP
STUDY produced
save lives, the
utilizing
the experiment be expected to
data
in-
ARTICLES vestigators of their harmed. of

ease
643 the others being in the room only momentarily have underseparaprocedures,13
would
still
have
been subjects with testing, became the was
uncertain had which
justification if the The complacency children

with
the
took those
the who reassured that it
been or not at all. of most Studies gone traumatic and the upset
tion from
young children who experiences-bombing,

and eating operative and
which
parents,
could be comforted, of the experiment and data sirable seated be found could personality been seemed done. testing, justifiable. on to the anxieties and their not be studies The practical even relation round aftereffects, out in without
Nevertheless, the the if such to of only was the
unusual. The interview started in relatively more objective structured fashion with questions about apif any, seemed depetite, taking the bottle, sleeping, thumb suckexperiment. Deep- ing and wetting. The questions were phrased to his behavior, any change in recent children could not describe psychologic
months, and if any change, the approximate
directors permissible
have
terns
shown
of
that
regressive
behavior
toileting
in
is
patnot
sleeping,
uncovered
extensive
determined, type
Thus any behavior changes in these areas deviations weredate. could be related to the time of the tests withthe experiments out asking directly for such information or imsince previous children of study with had not which
a plying that there of the might be an usual association.
The
interview i.e.,
then
moved
childs
more
freely
emotional
into
re-
was he easy-going, mothers, who were in a position to observe This line of inquiry, though any evidence of changes in behavior folvalue in answering the questions lowing the tests. Also, the mothers wereled easily into comments by the
actions, able to give a first-hand account of how the the child seemed it, had their to he feel talked about
interviews
the
discussion
fearful, etc. of no practical of the study, mother on how the test, he did
it, had sought, he
child talked was
reacted about apparent
after it, on and the
the
test, what surface.
how residual
much
remember he effectseemed
periences
about were
upset.
and
Other
possible
timing
upsetting
also
exor
INTERVIEW About terviews

the children
METHODS after with

had
such as separation indata 96 of some

This by The
hospitalization, from parents.

first part of the
new
interview,
sibling,
then,
moves,
yielded
8 months were held

who
the test, follow-up the mothers of

been test subjects.
on regressive impressions
the mothers.
behavior, the second part of effect of the tests as noted
sample, tested, numbers through

dled by
of almost was drawn of boys

5 years, each of
half the children originally so that it consisted of equal and girls of each age from 2
with the an two equal number hanexperimenters.
FINDINGS
No child went
back
to
taking had the or
bottle a history
In order to avoid the suggestion that of briefly before might have been done the children, the ap- reversion out a new siblings juice proach to the parents was made on the grounds No unfavorable change that when the tests were held in the summer of 1956, time did not permit getting back- behavior of any children, ground material on the childrens health, per-ness or crying out, was
sonality and daily routines, such as eating and riod
after harm
the
test,
although
several
test by trying milk bottle. in the sleeping as with family soon (rarely) he He on. sucked Their their age a blanket, said, wanted restlessfor a pethe moved after to he ex-
such reported test,
of
4 months of one apartment and who in

animals
after child
the whose
sleeping. Mothers
dially were viewer, from chosen at 30 to childrens to a conducted
without
the member to 45 suit the nap-time request. inthe
exception
The
responded
interviews
homes
the
by
original
one
staff,
of
ception cor-from an which the test, intercry out

lasted
to the country then began sleep because, country. light who babyhood.
his
minutes.
mothers or
Times
when
of
day
were
feared in Of
inthe
convenience,
oftenhis
kindergarten children
or were
nursery present
school. during
they were Only4 of the 3
door open the 37 or fingers done so had
and his children or, since
thumbs all
more
rarely,
the
interview,
644
BEHAVIOR was:
6, 5 years.
OF 13, were
CHILDREN
effort 8, great to deal
ENTRAPPED
get of out calling of to the enclosure, Woman!
d!id but a
distribution
4 years;
10,
2 years; who
3 years; bedwetters
(seven
times)
Of none near
exception
the
children
reverted the time

of one
to this behavior of the test with 5-year-old just

tme
anywhere mothers the possible mother not

test. while want
to let him out. He seemed for a few days afterward,

explanation on the to see of
somewhat but
the test.
disturbed accepted
Recently,
his
whose it began. were

took the
NBS
the
grounds
movie again,
he
said,
although
dont
no one the boy
could Many
talking
not
at
recall of
the
when
they
the
2-year-olds ever talked they other as

and 5 voluble
had mentioned the experiment. yet which has been having a struggle
Only expenses of
hO
This
to illness.
is a family
meet The
the
mothers
four
two
of
of
them them room. the
about did 20 far

years old
it not never the
indicating The experience,

3, 4, quite
later, showed liketurbed,
other overt no changes in

a wolf
evidence routine
dream boy
of being disbehavior patapproximatel whose mother 6
the tioned knew.
dark
as
terns menmother months

CASE
save later. 125:
Children the most part
were
about
for
their
reported
exto the
sion as if
he
hed test
A 4-year-old came home

been his to with younger
with
a happy
had sister by 3-year-old girls put only over the been his
exprestaken father.
a party
perience, pride tention who over

The by
ranged
their in played success, they got with they

attitudes mothers,
comments their from them, shut

the 8 months of
reflecting enjoyment the or in.

children, after as
of
the
their He is next to the atchildren; neither

showed being The ill that family effects, something background
youngest
he the nor little was is his
in
a family
of
reaction on
five
sister her.
experimenters puzzlement
recalled the
their
why
their
were
serene, ears by by his his went no
parents of age as the to get
appearing
test, CASE (summer, being test At house
to 19:
somewhat the
be stable, mature A boy who was 3

is time readily, described dominated of the but test made
people.
mother 5-year-old into effort
through remarks
playhouse,
more about thinking it,

money
or
less
casual
acceptthat lark,
1956)
ance,
of
bragging having
not liking it was a
kind sister. and in out
he
about
earned
showing great pride $5 a child was given
times.
beyond calling He was released

20 cheering in that the it speaks seconds. him tall seems of his up,
Mommy because
While she and the found
a great many clving of at 3

experimenter a so tiny entranced recalls. His the whole baby
to
recompense baby thing, good by their
parents sitting, and many themselves believed
for
transportation
minutes,
expenses, the whole trick. got did feel out not; exultant. A
etc.), curiosity resentment at children when success thought actually made
about was a dirtyrabbit theyhim theymother
grass,
this all he enjoyed
to be having
themexperience.
CASE
20:
age, Illustrative
CASE
who
thought
The sister of Case 19, 5 years of went into the house quickly because
it was a dollhouse, no The got out by herof the
Case
76: the her A
Reports
she
2-year-old frequently have mention
of though
interview)
parents last
subject,
self in 2 minutes, 19econds, s girl (3 years at time or no concern. She has made refers to the test, experience in recent months. never brought up the never brought up the subject. of it being to her
showing
mention parents
little
have
grandparents mother did

tail, that it is, to be she
not
whom she visited realize what the

being locked in,
recentl. This test would enand would not In
DISCUSSION designing
concerned
the a care
experiment
to avoid
the exposing experience. should children after

taken
staff
was the They be-
do
prove
again.
She
a had
thinks, however, it did bad experience for the

opportunity
in
not child
because
to
watch
her
deeply children took
to great
damaging that no and that experience child
mother
CASE
being
41:
locked
and
his
family,
A 4-year-old who was very
getting out. boy, the youngest hard to separate great physical
his
mother,
did
not
make a very
come too upset of a pleasant fromhave Apparently the
all
should the test.

were ade-
precautions
ARTICLES quate, lowed sion

given
645 nonchalant children been the experience. behavior in the related children of the parents may way reacted of well in to
for up in
an
the children 8 months later behavior,

opportunity
in
the showed
and
to
the discuss of also trauma have
sample folually no rever- the parents, whenhave reactions, or which concern the
NBS study to the casual seem to have
produced no over aftereffects. Other to out as the The fact being factors apparently
evidence may low almost into to up was of mothers
contributed of anxiety. Behavior in releasing Law 2 930 to 5 of order
SUMMARY
young children
in refrigerators
level all the To and
in standards
a situation
was
that shut intended, concern.
the parents tried simulating enclosure seemed, studied some have squeeze of merriment. that father into of side the Public or children
entrapment
to develop devices, of
years
for
inwith 201
was
absorb
in 84th
of age
accordance Congress. enclosure, took part
childrens mother small A children

selves.
the
double space number
the Using
a specially
designed
a source the test of shared talk freely the
in
reported over among experience, with
talked This kind to through Operation to
opportunity had been ported in sufferers their Under number onstrated
others
their tests in which six devices were used, includdeveloped in the course of this cxthem- ing two the periment as the result of observation of bewho havior. was re- Success to help the device, because behavior. cational a success in It level being escaping a childs was also of the associated was age and influenced parents, with dependent size by fewer on and his the edurate years of
same thfng, Schoolhouse the disaster, to have milder
integrate not in
feelings did incomparably of children what behavior:
be repressed. stress, quite
a higher
dem- of education attained by mother and father tension-re- combined. Three major types of behavior lieving three in onewere observed: 1) inaction, with noeffort family (2, 3, and 5 years old) talked about or only slight effort to get out (24%); (2) their experience in terms of the toys they purposeful effort to escape (39%); (3) viohad played with; a 4-year-old boy and his lent action both directed toward escape and may be similar children
this
experiment
3-year-old he told An his
sister playmates interesting
talked aspect
about about of it. the
the
test,
and undirected Some of
(37%). the children made no outcry
(6% of the 2-year-olds and50% of the 5which seemed to be reflected in the chilyear-olds). Not all children pushed. When drens behavior, was that a childs parents tested with devices where pushing was apwere not involved in his trouble, and so propriate, 61% used this technique. Some did not become excited and upset. In many children had curious twisting and twining real-life experiences in which a child is movements of the fingers or clenching of hurt or hospitalized, the parents are much the hands. When presented with a gadget distressed, even though feelings. In the not come recovered way calm study to and it something the parents a try child to the until or they were the In the may conceal parents child was on invariably sensethat their few could be grasped, but some 40% (18%) tried pulled, to turn was in reless a it (9%) pushed, a doorknob.
experiment,
present experiment on the scene his equilibrium doing so, and unalarmed. was remarked
like did Time of confinement in the enclosure had short for most children. Three-fourths the leased themselves or were released
childs later the tornado determined.
than 3 minutes; one-fourth in less than 10 Vicksburg5 seconds. Of those who let themselves out, that much of one-half a did so in less than 10 seconds. Onebehavior around the topic of third of the children emerged unruffled, was almost wholly parent- about half were upset but could be comOur impression is that the usforted easily, and a small group (11%) re-
646 quired
Forces by age the was
BEHAVIOR some
exerted children for
OF calm.
CHILDREN
3. direction Jackson, Cermak,
ENTRAPPED
K., E. Winkley, G., and R., Burtt, Faust, M. 0. M. : A., Be-
help
in
to
become
any horizontal such
whom
records
were
havior ma
ATRICS,
in
obtained and reasons

exerted
ranged about 21 not did than in the

a slightly
up 10 pounds known, 3-year-old
to
29 for the
pounds. for 5-year-olds. 2-year-old average group.
The 3-year-olds
aver4. For group force cxalmost 5. valrelease 930),
pounds
Perry,
changes indicating tonsillectomized 12:23, 1953. H. S., and Perry,
emotional children. S.
trauPimi-
E. : Psychologi-
about
greater
than
More
cal and social influences on the childs response to disaster. A report on Operation Schoolhouse. Committee on Disaster Studies, Division of Anthropology and Psychology, Nat. Acad. Sc.-Nat. Res.
erted two-thirds Data uable devices which

release entrapped
one-fourth excess of in excess these required expected

a large children.
18 of
of the pounds 12 standards by Public
children and proved for Law for

but of,
Council,
Perry, S.
to be published.
E., of the Silber, E., and Bloch, D. tornado. A.:
pounds.
The
study
child
and
his
1953
family
Vicksburg
in
disaster. Nat. 394,
from in (as are

by
experiments
developing to
Committee on Acad. Sc.-Nat.

1956.
Disaster Studies, Res. Council, No.
be
effective
important
selfall, of
percentage An
not result
SUMMARIO
IN
INTERLINGUA
the
when
behavior
entrapped,
study by they
was
children
the
most
finding
often
that,
try
Le Comportamento Sub Conditiones to

pamento
escape through or by would pushed the
either which manipulating a doorknob. against
pushing entered a knob Relatively
on the release few sides or
the door Anno enclosure, as
Dc Juvene Infantes Simulante Le IntrapIn Un Refrigerator

juvene indel intrapdisveloppar dispositivos de
Ic
the
back,
post anno un numero mon de suffocation resultante theyfantes pamento in Un refrigerator. Pro children standards pro Ic construction de ceiling of
disblocation a! interior de
de
comportamento de juvene infantes esseva stuA follow-up study of 96 test subjects, 8 diate in Un situation que simulava Ic conditiones months after the tests, by interviews with de intrappamento. the mothers showed very little obvious residEsseva construite un cabina, simile in apual effect. Reversion to infantile behavior parentia a un casa de ludo, con le dimenwas not found. A number of children still siones interior del typic refrigerator de menage, talked about the tests, some with pleasure, e equipate con un apparatura pro mesurar le fortia usate per le infante in su effortio de a few with resentment. Mothers were not aware upset gendered of more than ephemeral in any of the children. for by the low level of emotional anxiety
liberar cinematographic Se, pro a obtener lumine un infra-rubie documentation e un
enclosure.
refrigeratores,
Reasons
cautions taken the situation; in calm the incident, and casual
documentation acustic a banda magnetic de enomne detalios del comportamento del infante the tests may lie in the predurante su inclusion in obscuritate Ic del cabina, and in factors inherent in e pro permitter Ic obtention de un reporto curthe parents were not involved rente per un observator utilisante illumination which enabled them to infra-rubie. be Quando un infante, non succedente
with
the
children.
REFERENCES 1. Freud,
and
a liberar Se, se inquietava observator aperiva Ic porta. Duo centos e un infantes D.

2 e 5 annos participava T.: War dispositivos de disblocation Univ. duo disveloppate in le in curso
promptemente,
Ic
de
etates
de
inter
A.,
Children.
and
Burlingham,
New York,
Internat.
le tests in esseva usate, del
que sex incluse
Press,
2. John, E.
1944.
M.: A study
experimentos
ation school
173,
and air raids age. Brit. J.

1941.
e como resultato de observationes facite con of the effects of evacurespecto a! comportamento del infantes. on children of preLe successo del infantes de Iiberar se deEduc. Psycho!., 11: pendeva del typo de dispositivo disblocatori,
ARTICLES
del del tate infantes e del de grandor liberar del infante, e del cornrate variava usque a un maxiino successo Le fortia medic esseva circa 10 influfantes de 3 annos de etate e circa
647
portarnento entiate per
characteristic
se
de del education
ille.
esseva
Le
etiam
de 29 libras. libras pro in21 libras pro
annos de etate. Le fortia medic Un plus alte grado de successo esseva associate applicate per le gruppo de 2 annos de etate con un plus basse nurnero de annos de education esseva levemente plus grande que illo applicate formal in Ic vita de patre e matre combinate. per Ic gruppo de 3 annos. Tres typos principal de comportamento esseva Plus que un quarto del infantes applicava observate: (1) Inaction, con nulle o solinente un fortia de plus que 18 libras e quasi duo leve effortios a liberar se (24%); (2) effortio tertios applicava plus que 12 libras. appropriate a liberar se (39%); e (3) action Datos ab iste experimentos esseva de valor in violente, tanto visante al liberation como etiarn le disveloppamento de standards pro Ic consin direction (37%). struction de dispositivos de disblocation efficace Certes del infantes non clarnava (6% de illesin Ic auto-liberation de un grande procentage de duo annos de etate e 50% de illes de cinque (ben que non Ic totalitate) de infantes intrapannos). Non omne le infantes pulsava. In pate. le tests con dispositivos de disblocation requirente Un studio subsequente de 96 subjectos del un pulso, 61% del infantes usava iste technica. test, effectuate post un intervallo de 8 menses In le tests con dispositivos que poteva esser le forma in de interviews con le mattes, revelava apprehendite per le mano, 18% tirava, 9% pul-pauchissime obvie effectos residue. Reversion sava, sed 40% tentava tornar lo como un button a comportamento infantil non esseva constatate. de porta. Un numero del infantes continuava parlar del Le tempore que le infantes passava intra le tests, certes con placer, alicunes con ressenticabina esseva breve in le majoritate del casos. mento. Le mattes non habeva notate plus que Inter illes qui se liberava per se mesme, un ephemere disturbation emotional in ulle del medietate lo faceva in minus que secundas. 10 subjectos. Un tertio del infantes emergeva imperturbate; Le ration pro le basse nivello de anxietate circa un medietate esseva disturbate sed p0inspirate per le tests es possibilemente a trovar teva facilemente esser reconfortate; e un micre in Ic precautiones prendite e in factores ingruppo (11%) requireva un certe assistentia pro herente in Ic situation, per exemplo Ic noncalmar Se. participation del parentes e br consequente Le fortias applicate in direction horizontal capacitate de esser calme e equanime con br le nivello del parentes:
per le infantes pro qui iste factor esseva mesu-infantes.
illes
de
CHEMICAL
Two
papers
by
H.
DETECTION Tabor et al.
OF
FoLIc
Acm
DEFICIENCY
IN
MAN
(J.
Clin.
describe gation
based
a method and of the metabolism

on the determination
its application of folic acid

of
Investigation, which promise and detection

acid
37:824, 829, une, J 1958) to be useful in clinical investiof its deficiency. The method is
in urine. compound This is an
formiminoglutamic
intermediate in the metabolism of histidine that has been found to accumulate in the urine of folic acid-deficient rats. Excretion of this compound in the is urine inalso creased during the administration of folic acid antagonists. An active form of folic acid, tetrahydrofolic acid, is required for the metabolism of formiminoglutamic acid. The method in the present paper is based on enzymatic reactions, recently described by the authors, combined with a sensitive spectrophotometric measurement. Although the method does not appear to be simple, is probably it within the scope of the laboratories of many institutions. It is applicable to specimens of urine containing less than 0.1 micromole of formiminoglutamic acid. The method appears to have a high order of specificity. The application is illustrated studies by with subjects receiving folic acid antagonists. No data are given concerning the use method the of in detection of simple deficiency of folic acid in human subjects.
BEHAVIOR OF YOUNG CHILDREN UNDER CONDITIONS SIMULATING ENTRAPMENT IN REFRIGERATORS Katherine Bain, Marion L. Faegre and Robert S. Wyly Pediatrics 1958;22;628
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PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright 1958 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275.

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BEHAVIOR OF YOUNG CHILDREN UNDER CONDITIONS SIMULATING ENTRAPMENT IN REFRIGERATORS Katherine Bain, Marion L. Faegre and Robert S.

Wyly Pediatrics 1958;22;628

Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Swets Blackwell 52989348 on August 17, 2012

YOUNG CHILDREN ENTRAPMENT IN

UNDER CONDITIONS REFRIGERATORS

number a are result and few

young entrapment freezers.

perish iceboxes, go, cidental thought children ing in as the to

refrigerators deaths of even suffocating have problem. increasing resulting in

As num- with with

ac- Consideration made

but and was

developing the mechanical doors

performance forces securely required

late 1956, their are from in

several years engineers, others became

gaskets and able to exert entrapment.

for alleviating hearings on in 1955, in Bureau of refrigerator

hazard. Con-available legislation Childrens that the

Bureau on children to the

conducted in an In this children

Standards NBS) manufacturing National (NEMA) for Considerable

attempt indus- preliminary

gain this experiment, ages a of 2

information. some and 5

try represented Manufacturers velop safety performance release

by the Association criteria devices. made toward at which time

Electrical between to detested simulated evaluating prog- to inside camouflaged by

respect was Santa door. were in from These

ress was mid-1956, an vices interstate doors Act* on of

dimensions. to represent with were using, urged their against standing

enclosure a gay red and and strength

chimney, children for

a window to use, utmost

commerce that such refrigerators

competitive allow the sitting be opened both

the door, positions. failed

proportion to exert How-

Federal require three

Register that specified

1, ever, make at spond 84th on a on same

manufacturing to design release device push door permit the

to a direct refrigerator time, will

Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org at Swets Blackwell 52989348 on August 17, 2012

satisfactorily preservation. further investigation

experimenters, On the advice ment-a and child

a time limit of consultants psychiatrist,

gists 1956 to the force minutes a on child bowed to

the Especial condi- beforepleasant as precheerful,

experiences children of mind.

for ideal are

death certificates of refrigerator and age through

and deaths, assumptions for all

environment clear, to on used practical

for would in the problems for the

experiwhat play. time

approach home or at and the study

males. or in another while in

Children groups. a case number two

refrigerators instance four, died are were of the but in

children of situations children

Some in dumps temporarily

contributed very large tiled terrace,