The effects of the E.

coli bacterium By: Jennifer Mills

Macrophage at war with the bacterium E.coli.

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table of contents introduction. the history of E.coli (escherichia coli). some causes of infection. description of symptoms and leading illnesses. recombinant DNA the process of recombinant DNA technology with insulin. conclusion. bibliography.

The effects of the E.coli bacterium By: Jennifer Mills

n today's day of age people are able to be what they want to be and have more freedom to choose what life to live or career to take thanks to farming today. Farming and agriculture has changed dramatically over the past 100 years into a business giant thanks to the guidance of political financial gain. What direction has led us to where we are today? The process of "factory farming" has its positives and negatives in the way of supply and demand. The way our food is processed today is demanding for our planet and many of our health. I am going to go through the response of this change and the out come of the infectious bacteria called E.coli (Escherichia coli) which is the result from the factory farming process. But also, the benefits in using the bacterium E.coli 0157:H7 in the production of insulin is simply amazing. The use of recombinant DNA technology in creating insulin has aided in many lives who are affected with Diabetes.

The effects of the E.coli bacterium By: Jennifer Mills

scherichia coli (E.coli) is the most prevalent infecting organism known as enterobacteriaceae. This discovery of the bacterium inside a human colon, was in 1885 by a German bacteriologist named Theodor Escherich. Originally, the bacteria was called Bacterium coli; however, in Dr. T.Escherich honor, it was changed to Escherichia coli. The E.coli bacteria is pathogenic and could be transferred through physical contact as well. It is mostly found inside the intestinal tract of the various animals that we eat. There are more than 700 serotypes of the E.coli bacterium that have been identified. The O and H antigens from the flagella distinguish the different types.

C257H383N65O77S6 and a molecular weight of 5808 Da

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he Shiga toxin- producing E.coli (STEC) results in approximately 100,000 illnesses, 3,000 hospitalizations, and 90 deaths annually in the United States. In addition, an additional 73,000 cases develop each year.

Another study published in 2005 estimated the cost of E.coli0157:H7 bacterium at $405 million. $370 million for premature deaths, and $30 million for medical care. Undercooked ground beef is the most common reason for people getting E.coli. Germany right now is experiencing an extreme outbreak this year unfortunately. Agriculture has changed over

The effects of the E.coli bacterium By: Jennifer Mills the years and the (FDA) the Food and Drug Administration, are the only ones keeping an eye on how things are regulated. The question is, Are their standards up to par?

he process of the factory farm are very poor and dont favor the health and well being of the cattle or the people who eat beef or chicken, etcs. Agriculture today has less farmers and larger farms that only a few people run. It is better business to have to deal with fewer farmers and as a result an easier profit. Dealing with one business is easier than dealing with multiple owners; however, this result raped the freedom of the middle class families of America by buying out every local farmer and consolidating the farming industry into one big factory farm. Instead of cattle living of the grassy fields with the chickens or pigs, the cattle are sent to a feeding lot to fatten up by less exercise and eating grain such as corn which cattle are unable to digest. During this process, the cattle stand in their own manure on cement and fed growthpromoting hormones until they are ready to be taken to the slaughterhouse. When the cattle are

The effects of the E.coli bacterium By: Jennifer Mills transported, they are pushed into cages and transported across hundreds even thousands of miles without food or water. Once at the slaughterhouse, they are hung upside down are supposed to be stunned on the back of their head. People then use knives to slit their throat and cut them open, usually while they are being butchered, the contents of their intestines spill out because of the mad rush of production is productive for business purposes. This causes the contamination of beef. The left over manure is then used for fertilizing vegetation or just dumped into local streams and rivers. The waste has even been used as am additive to feed live stock.

athogenic E.coli could lead to many fatal symptoms, such as urinary infections , or even sepsis is triggered by the infection poisoning the blood and affection the system therefore damages the pathways of the vasculature causing coagulation.

Symptoms of E.coli include: Stomach cramps Diarrhea (bloody usually) Vomiting Low-grade fever (not over 101)

Some leading complications resulting from E.coli are hemorrhagic diarrhea, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and even thrombocytopenic purpura. E.coli usually doesnt effects middle age adults; however, pregnant women and children, also the elderly are most affected.

The effects of the E.coli bacterium By: Jennifer Mills Anyone who ends up with hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) as a result form infection, ends in acute kidney failure (uremia), and low platelet count as the result of the destruction of red blood cells (anemia). Thrombocytopenia. There is a 5-10% mortality rate for children or the elderly, and the remainder recover; however, develop chronic kidney disease and become reliant for renal replacement therapy. Even some other life long complications are high blood pressure, seizures, blindness, paralysis, or even having part of their colon removed. With aggressive treatment, 90% survive the acute phase and 1/3 of person's years later require longterm dialysis from abnormal kidney dysfunction. Thromotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or moschcowitz syndrome is a rare condition for the blood-coagulation system, resulting in microscopic clots throughout the body. Thromboses damage the organs, heart, even the brain. Thromotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) comes from the inhibition of the enzyme ADAMTS 13, which its job is to cleave the multimers from the von Willebrand factor (vWF) into smaller pieces which aids in coagulation. With prompt treatment of plasma exchange, survival rate after six months is around 80%.

.coli has been beneficial in aiding the production of insulin. Humulin is what researchers synthesised by inserting the insulin gene into a suitable vector, the E.coli bacterial cell in a process called Recombinant DNA technology.

The effects of the E.coli bacterium By: Jennifer Mills

The effects of the E.coli bacterium By: Jennifer Mills

he simple protein insulin is made up of 51 amino acids, and 30 of them constitute one polypeptide chain and 21 on the second chain.

The "double helix" or DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains 153 nitrogen bases. 63 in chain A and 90 in chain B. Each chain is composed of a sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate and a nitrogen base. There are four nitrogenous bases called adenine, thymine, cosine, and guanine. T goes with A and G goes with C.

The double helix of the genetic code opens up after the use of a special enzyme on the 11th chromosome of the DNA exposing nucleotides of the single A and B chain. As a template, mRNA (messenger RNA) starts the transcription process and thymine is then replaced by uracil to carry genetic information (insulin).

The effects of the E.coli bacterium By: Jennifer Mills In groups of three called codons, tRNA (transfer RNA) molecules bind to only specific amino acids, called ant-condons from the mRNA.

The information collected from common bacterium from the human digested tract is then used and the information is then sent to the nucleus and is sent to the cytoplasm, where it attaches to a ribosome. Translation takes place by tRNA reading the mRNA. A specific chain of amino acids then forms by the tRNA which link together to form a specific protein like insulin. The insulin gene is replicated along with the bacterium. A restriction enzyme then is used to cut out any parts not used for insulin and the amino acid methionine is placed at the beginning of each chain which allows the removal of bacterial cell's amino acid. Then ligase is an enzyme used which serves as a genetic glue keeping it together. A & B chains are then inserted into the gene for a bacterial enzyme called B-galactosidase, which is inserted into the vector's plasmid, after double checking the strands are actually compatible. Finally, the recombinant plasmids are introduced into the E.coli cells. The insulin gene is now expressed and replicates with the B-galactosidase in the cell as it undergoes mitosis. Now chain A & B are now fused with an insulin protein and are thrown together and in a reaction that forms pure Humulin. In conclusion, looking at the positives and negatives, I am truly impressed how science has improved over the years and am excited to see what the future could become.

The effects of the E.coli bacterium By: Jennifer Mills Recombinant DNA Technology in the Synthesis of Human Insulin.com Mspca.org About.com Wikipedia Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser The Marler Clark Network Bing images medicineNet.com

Jennifer Mills- MOA student at CDI College 08/16/2012

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