Students full name: Cao Hoang Tuan Class: SP 0110. II The Early Republic 1. The origin of Roman imperialism?

? more than two centuries the causes which led to the series of conflicts are not easy to untangle the cause which apparently led to the wars with the Volsci and the Aequi at the beginning of the fifth century First the Republic had to fight the powerful Etruscan city of Veii 390 B.C. Gauls took advantage of the temporary exhaustion of Rome to invade "the Republic. by 165 B.C. Rome had conquered the entire Italian peninsula.

2. The effects of the early military conflicts? Long service in the army forced the ordinary farmers to neglect the cultivation of the soil No need for the development of industry and as means of earning a livelihood! The Roman wars of conquest enslaved the nation to the military ideal and thereby retarded cultural growth.

3. How was the Roman society and culture at the early stage? writing had been adopted as early as the sixth century, little use was made of it accept for the copying of laws, treaties, and funerary inscription and orations.

majority of the people were still illiterate War and agriculture continued as the chief occupations for the bulk of the citizens. 4. How was the religion? resembled the religion of the Greeks, same source Jupiter corresponded roughly to Zeus as god of the sky, Minerva to Athena as patroness of crafts- men, Venus to Aphrodite as goddess of love, Neptune to Poseidon at god of the tea, and so on. III The Punic Wars 1. Causes of the War with Carthage? Carthage had a civilization superior in luxury and scientific attainment to that of Rome when the struggle between the two countries began. 2. Who was the Carthagians? The Carthaginians appear to have had no conception of free and orderly government 3. The first Punic War? The initial clash with Carthage began in 264 B.C. The primary cause was Roman jealousy over Carthaginian expansion in Sicily. Rome declared war upon Carthage with the hope of forcing her back into her African domain. Twenty-three years of fighting finally brought victory to the Roman generals. Carthage was compelled to surrender her possessions in Sicily and to pay an indemnity of 3200 talents, or about 2 million dollars at 1957 silver prices. 4. The second Punic War?

In 218 B.C. the Romans interpreted the Carthaginian attempt to rebuild an empire in Spain as a threat to their interests and responded with a declaration of war. sixteen years Carthage was more completely humbled than before. 5. The third Punic War? In 149 B.C. the Senate dispatched an ultimatum demanding that the Carthaginians abandon their city and settle at least ten miles from the coast. The result was the Third Punic War, which was fought between 149 and 146 B.C 6. The results of the Punic Wars? they brought her into conflict with eastern Mediterranean powers and thereby paved the way for world dominion Rome sent an army into the East. The result was the conquest of Greece and Asia Minor and the establishment of a protectorate over Egypt. The conquest of the Hellenistic East led to the introduction of semi-Oriental ideas and customs into Rome A marked increase in slavery due to the capture and sale of prisoners of war; (2) the decline of the small farmer as a result of the establishment of the plantation system in conquered areas and the influx of cheap grain from the provinces; (3) the growth of a helpless city mob-composed of impoverished farmers and workers displaced by slave labor; (4) the appearance of a middle class comprising merchants, moneylenders, and publicans or men who held government contracts to operate mines, build roads, or collect taxes; and (5) an increase in

luxury and vulgar display, particularly among the parvenus who fattened on the profits of war.

IV The Storm and Stress of the Late Republic 1. The new turbulence? The period from the end of the Punic Wars in 146 b.c. to the accession of Julius Caesar in 46 B.C Bitter class conflicts, assassinations, desperate struggle & between rival dictators, wars, and insurrection 2. The revolt of Gracchi and its significances? The Gracchi were mainly spokesmen for the landless farmers against the senatorial aristocracy a law limiting the amount of land which any person might hold 3. The struggle between Pompey and Caesar The most famous of them were Pompey and Julius Caesar. For a time they pooled their energies and resources in a plot to gain control of the government Pompey won fame as the conqueror of Syria and Palestine, while Caesar devoted his talents to a series of brilliant forays against the Gauls Pompey was defeated and soon afterward was murdered by agents of the king of Egypt. 4. Caesars triumph and his downfall? After dallying for a season at the court of Cleopatra in Egypt, Caesar returned to Rome.

In 46 b.c he became dictator for ten years, and in the following year for life he was assassinated in 44 b.c. by a group of conspirator, under the leadership of Brutus and Cassius, representing the old aristocracy. 5. Caesars achievements? Caesar carried out numerous reforms With the lid of a Greek astronomer he revised the official calendar so as to bring it into harmony with the Egyptian solar calendar of 365 days, with an extra day added every fourth year. He investigated extravagance in the distribution of public grain and reduced the
number

of recipients by more than 50 per cent. He made plan for

codification of the law and increased the penalty for criminal offenses. By conferring citizenship upon thousands of Spaniards and Gauls. He settled a great many of his veterans and a considerable proportion of the urban poor on unused lands V Sophisticated Rome 1. How was Rome under Hellenistic influences? never adopted by the Romans at all The science of the Hellenistic Age was largely ignored 2. Roman Epicureanism? The most renowned of the Roman exponents was Lucretius On the Nature of Things: liberate man from all fear-of the supernatural peace of soul, existence of the gods, living in eternal peace

Everything is a product of a mechanical evolution including man himself and his habits institutions, and beliefs. Mind linked with matter, death: utter extinction good life more negative than Epicurus: what man needs, he asserted, is not enjoyment but peace and a pure heart. 3. Stoic philosophy of Cicero? In political philosophy Cicero went considerably beyond the earlier Stoics. He was one of the first to deny that the state is superior to the individual and taught that government had its origin in a compact among men for their mutual protection. In h 4. The Roman literary progress? The comedies The passionate lyrics The histories The letters, essays, and orations of Cicero VII Culture and Life in the Period of the Principate 1. Cultural progress This period witnessed also the feeble awakening of an interest in science, the growth of a distinctive art, and the production of the best literary works. 2. Achievement in arts Distinctive character as an expression of the national life from the Hellenic East. Conquering armies brought back to Italy wagonloads of statues, reliefs, and marble columns as part of the plunder from Greece and Asia Minor.

These became the property of wealthy publicans and bankers and were used to embellish their sumptuous mansions. 3. Main achievements in science The achievements of the Romans were limited almost entirely to engineering and to the organization of public services. 4. Signs of moral decay Divorce is common 32,000 prostitutes, homosexuality, crimes of violence, the passion for cruelty, the gladiatorial combats, the course of a single exhibition. VIII Late Empire Main features/events only From 284 to 476 A.D, accession of Diocletian in 284, the government of Rome undisguised autocracy. Constantine I (306 337), Julian (361 363), and Theodosius I (379 395). Constantine of a new capital, called Constantinople. A generation after Constantines death the Emperor Julian attempted to stimulate a pagan reaction. The first of its basic teachings was emanationism: everything that exists proceeds from God. God have burned themselves out, as the symbol of evil and darkness. The second, the soul of man, a part of God separated from him through its union with matter. The highest goal of life mystic reunion with the divine. Asceticism, the third main.

The real founder of Neo-Platonism was Plotinus, in Egypt about 204 A.D. His principle successors diluted the philosophy with more and more bizarre superstitions. Neo-Platonism became so popular in Rome in the third and fourth centuries A.D. IX Decay and decline 1. The historical events In 476 A.D. the last of the emperors in the West. The fall of Rome, extended over a period of two centuries. Pagan culture of Rome from the middle of the third century belonging to the Dark Ages. 2. Main causes The creation of the city mob, growth of slavery, strife between classes and the widespread political corruption. The barbarian invasions, exhaustion of the resources of the state influx of alien ideas. The third and fourth centuries A.D: (1) the disappearance of money from circulation and the return to a natural economy; (2) the decline of industry and commerce; (3) the growth of serfdom and the rise of an extralegal feudalism; (4) the extension of government control over a large portion of the economic sphere; and (5) the transition from a regime of individual initiative to a regime of hereditary status. Unfavorable balance of trade which Italy suffered in her commerce with the provinces. Salaries had to be paid in food and clothing.

X The Roman heritage 1. Roman culture and modern world Rome is nearer to us in time than any of the other civilizations of antiquity Roman seems to bear such a close kinship to the modern temper. The Roman economic evolution progressed all the way from a simple agrarianism to a complex urban system with problems of unemployment, monopoly, gross disparities of wealth, and financialcrises. 2. The Roman concept of a world empire Hellenic empires Under the Pax Romana none of the smaller nations was really master of its own fate. the Mediterranean Sea had become a Roman lake. Pax Romana provided much of die inspiration for the Pax Britannica of the nineteenth century. At the end of the nineteenth century many Americans also fell under the spell of the Pax Ramona.