Power System Planning Tehran 2008

2.6 Usual Transmission & Distribution Systems (115 kV & 22/11 kV)
Characteristics for 115 kV & 22/11 kV systems

OHL:
rural areas, suburbs usually 2 or 4 circuits on one system; often together with higher or lower voltage levels earthing conductor on top of the tower (lightning protection) fibre optic or copper conductors, integrated in earthing conductor as telecommunication cable or separate transmission of information on OHL (Power Line Carrier) aluminium / steel 2A/mm2 560/50; 250/50 1,2 conductors/phase porcelain insulator conductor sag, depending on ice charge or maximum temperature surge arrester at the end backward flash over, disturbing several systems conductor oscillations 100 km maximum length Z = 380 Ohm (240/40 Al/St) PN = 35 MW St h= 125 MW fault localisation easy, repairing time short short circuit current relative small x' ~ 0,2 Ohm/km

UGC:
- urban and industrialised areas, suburbs - security distance between cables in the trench - cable sheath grounded - telecommunication cable beside the energy cable - transmission on the cable sheath is checked - copper, aluminium - three-phase - three single phase cables - oil, gas pressure, XLPE - cable must have the chance to move in the trench - surge arrester at the common point OHL/ cable - digging machines destroy cables

- 10...20 km maximum length - Z = 40 Ohm (500 mm2 Al) PN = 400 MW Sth = 100 MVA - electric-acoustical, repairing time long - relative high, x' ~ 0,14 Ohm/km

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Network elements
The progress of network element development allows to install very reliable and poor maintenance equipment over their lifetime.

- switchgear
circuit breaker (SF6, oil, air) load breaking switch disconnecting switches pt, ct

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transformer
harmonised with the capacity of the feeding network long life time losses as cost factor long repair time well protected and supervised (oil, tap changer, partly discharges,.. ) surge arrester voltage oscillations (!) overload cooling system dimensioning of X, (uK) transportability spare parts protection two ore more transformers in each node substation 230/115 kV or 115/22 kV.

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- network configuration of subtransmission and distribution lines

meshed, ring, ring with connections, radial, T-connection double busbar in important node substations redundant, limited redundant or non redundant looping of substations in a line redundant connections by the lower voltage level lines in case of a failure

110 kV XLPE cable

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Power System Planning Tehran 2008

(115 kV)

110 kV double busbar air-insulated & 110 kV double busbar SF6 insulated

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Power System Planning Tehran 2008

protection system
distance protection overcurrent short interruption (OHL) differential protection (depends of network structure ) selectivity

supervisory control / operation

switching telecontrolled occupied substations (rare) telephone (LV networks) customers information

maintenance
organisation and availability of staff and material maintenance data acquisition preventive or event orientated

The electricity transmission + distribution is a SYSTEM

optimum, if all technical components of one supply level indicate a comparable availability operation and maintenance is done in an acceptable time the feeding substations are harmonised by power capacity and protection with the over-layed and underlayed networks

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Power System Planning Tehran 2008

- Star point treatment

The first three phase transmission from Lauffen to Frankfurt in 1891 has been done with a low-impedance star point grounding of the Yy-transformers and of the alternator. In the records is written that "considerable disturbances in the telephone lines have been registered" Kirchoff Law: In symmetrical installed and operated three phase networks the alternator and consumer star point have the same potential. * * * networks with insulated star point (SP) networks with earth current compensations (Petersen coil) networks with low-impedance SP grounding by a current limiting impedance directly

The most frequent failure in OHL networks is the short circuit to earth or the accidental grounding. Therefore the decision how to treat the SP is orientated at the kind of faults.

current dependent claims low current intensity little consequences of the disturbing arc; self extinguishing little influences to other lines low step and contact voltage

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Power System Planning Tehran 2008

voltage dependent claims only little increase of the voltage of the healthy conductors use of surge arrester with low-rated voltage avoidance of sequence faults avoidance of displacement potentials during the failure free operation avoidance of overvoltages as consequence of ignition and extinguishing of the arc avoidance of ferro-resonance after clearing the earth fault and switching measures

operation and customer dependent claims practically uninterrupted supply of all customers economical solution, for later network extension too automatic and selective fault localisation compatible with the industrial installation of the customers

It is not possible to fulfil all requirements; some of them are inconsistent with others.

Network with insulated SP and compensated earth current

during faults, the healthy conductors have an increased potential calculating the currents and the displacement potential with symmetrical components, aggravation of repeating arc ignition by tuning the resonance circuit near to the normal frequency (compensated system) repeating ignitions of arcs in insulated SP networks on from 10 A; transients! arc currents of 50 A are normally stable; localisation

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Znyn5 11 Imax = 1.500 A

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Power System Planning Tehran 2008

Networks with low-impedance SP grounding

calculating the operational frequency processes by symmetrical components: one, two and zero system earth fault factor, the highest operational frequency conductor-to-earth voltage of a healthy phase during a fault with earth contact

is a scale for the insulation stress during the fault.

International Practice

- ideal
compensation to reduce the earth currents; arcs in air are extinguished without switching measures; operating the meshed OHL or single conductor cables during a longer time over-voltage protection by surge arrester to avoid sequence faults short low-impedance earthing to localise the fault by earth fault protection selective short circuit protection with short interruption to switch-off short circuits with practically uninterrupting the customers

- reality
110 kV rather low-impedance grounding; earthing installations, earth ropes and short circuit protection are dimensioned for the highest short circuit current. (The earth rest current increases with network extensions, especially by cables; the displacement potentials increase in OHL systems with multiple circuits on one tower)

recommendation
* radial cable networks up to 22 kV : low-impedance 500 A...1000 A * earth rest current up to 22 kV : maximum 60 A (comp. SP) for 115 kV : maximum 130 A (comp. SP) * OHL and UGC: short time SP grounding by resistances dimensioned for 300 A * 110 kV with insulated SP not allowed; ferro resonances * insulated SP: only for networks with limited extension, economical reasons

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* earth current compensation - reducing the damage proportions - transformers Dy * low-impedance grounding - reducing damage risk by quick and selective switching off Both ways can be successful, as the technical risk can simplified described as Risk the damage proportion x frequency

Consequences of faults
low-impedance SP grounding limited short circuit current in MV systems because of the reactance up to 1..2 kA; in 115 kV systems to...15 kA self healing by short interruption in OHL networks in case of a lightning stroke; customers without interruption of supply (only some 100 ms) risk of damaged equipment is very small; short interruption time

earth fault in compensated and insulated networks capacitive current as fault current; 10 A...100 A arc extinguishes by thermal prolongation of the arc neglectable damage at the point of earth current risk of transient earth current because of slowly back coming voltage self healing insulation, depends of energy at the failure point not self healing; duration of accidental arc to ground; insulation stress special behaviour of mixed OHL/UGC networks (statistics) double earth fault in compensated and insulated networks two faulty points in a longer distance double earth fault via ground: contact and influencing potential relatively rare, grounding devices normally not dimensioned for this grounding system thermal dimensioning contact potential earth current 10 A...hours; 10 kA...< 1 sec minimum 50 mm2 iron (compensated SP grounding) maximum 65 V contact voltage; 60 A rest current -> 4 Ohm (meshed grounding system, 1-m-ring, 25% contact voltage) low-impedance SP grounded

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maximum short circuit current; grounding wires 100 mm2 iron 35 mm2 copper influence to telecommunication lines

Basic grounding of a substation

changing from compensated to low-impedance grounded SP grounding system ct protection surge arrester

localisation of earth faults insulated SP active and reactive power flow of the 50 Hz oscillation to determine the fault direction; localisation relays; ct in Holmgreen position, cable encircling ct compensated networks power direction in the zero-system; high precision necessary, watt rest current; increase by bypass switching (resistance parallel with compensating inductivity; ohmic component; less compensation)) harmonics 5th harmonic; compensation not effective; minimum 0,5% Un

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transient earth relay (reactive power) short time switching-off and on short time SP grounding short time phase grounding earth fault distance protection relay central evaluation with computer support

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