Code No: RR322104 Set No.

1
III B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS-I
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) Discuss that Computational aerodynamics is also termed numerical experi-

ments in the language of Aerospace Engineering. Justify the statement with
at least one example. What are the specific advantages?
(b) Explain the impact of CFD on the problems of aerodynamics of road vehicles
with one example. [16]

2. The following partial differential equation ∂ρ

∂t
+∇.(ρν) =0 is one form of the equation
of continuity in fluid dynamics. Derive it from the first principle. Put this equation
in other forms known in the dynamics of fluid. Present your work. [16]

3. How are the conservation and non-conservation forms of the equations of fluid
dynamics different from each other in application to the problems of Computational
Aerodynamics? Hence show with examples significance of integral and differential
form of these equations. [16]
2
4. Bring out the type of partial differential equation given by ∂u
∂t
= a(x) ∂∂xu2 , with
a(x) 6= 0. [16]
√
5. The function U satisfies the equation x ∂U
∂x
+ U ∂U
∂y
= −U 2 and the condition U=1
on y = 0, 0 < x < ∞ .Obtain the Cartesian equation of the characteristic through
R( 1.5,0). [16]

6. Consider the function φ(x, y) = ex + ey .Consider the point (x,y) =(1,1).Use first
order central differences, with ∆x=∆y=0.025, to calculate approximate values of
∂φ
∂x
and ∂φ
∂y
at (1,1).Calculate the percentage difference when compared with the exact
solution at (1,1). [16]

7. A solution of p.d.e. ∂u ∂
a(x) ∂u
 
∂t
= ∂x ∂x
, a(x) 6= 0 is desired with finite difference
approximation on a rectangular mesh (x=mh ,t=nk, m,n are integers,r= hk2 ).Obtain
n+1
the approximation Um with an appropriate scheme. [16]

8. Describe the principles, capabilities and utilities of structured grid .Consider the
domain ABCD bounded by the lines x=0.5; y=0; x=-0.5 and the circular arc
1 y
y = (1 − x2 ) 2 and the transformation ξ = (1−x 2 ) , η = x + 0.5 .Obtain the body

conforming grid. What are your comments? [16]

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Code No: RR322104 Set No. 2
III B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS-I
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) It is said that CFD will in future eliminate the necessity of wind tunnel testing
in airplane design. Comment on the statement.
(b) What is the impact of CFD techniques on the automotive industry for shaping
and designing road vehicles? Illustrate with one example. [16]

2. The partial differential equation representing conservation of mass as ∂ρ

∂t
+ ∇.(ρν)
=0 is one form of the equation of continuity in fluid dynamics. Derive it from the
first principle. Put this equation in other forms known in the dynamics of fluid.
Present your work. [16]

3. Consider the non-conservation form of equations of motion in fluid mechanics for

applications in Computational Fluid Dynamics? How do these equations differ
from the conservation form of such equations? Hence explain differences between
integral and differential forms of equations. [16]
∂u ∂2u ∂2u
4. Work out the type of partial differential equation given by ∂t
= ∂x2
+ ∂y 2
, [16]
∂2u 2
∂ u ∂2u
5. Find the characteristics of p.d.e. given by ∂x2
+ 3 ∂x∂y + ∂y 2
=0 [16]

6. 
Show how can you
 derive difference approximation  for mixed partial derivatives
∂2u 1 ui+1,j+1 −ui+1,j ui−1,j+1 −ui−1,j
∂x∂y
= 2∆x ∆y
− ∆y
+ O [(∆x)2 , ∆y] [16]
i,j

7. A solution of p.d.e. ∂u ∂ ∂u
 
∂t
= ∂x
a(x) ∂x
, a(x) 6= 0 with finite difference approximation
on a rectangular mesh (x=mh ,t=nk, m,n are integers,r= hk2 ) is given by Um n+1
=
n n n rh ′ n n
(1 − 2ra)Um + ra(Um+1 + Um−1 ) + 2 a (Um+1 − Um−1 ).Obtain L.T.E. [16]

8. What are the principles, capabilities and utilities of structured grid .Consider the
domain ABCD bounded by the lines x=0.5; y=0; x=-0.5 and the circular arc
1 y
y = (1 − x2 ) 2 and the transformation ξ = (1−x 2 ) , η = x + 0.5 .Obtain the body

conforming grid. [16]

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Code No: RR322104 Set No. 3
III B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS-I
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Discuss that Computational aerodynamics is also termed numerical experi-

ments in the language of Aerospace Engineering. Justify the statement with
at least one example. What are the specific advantages?
(b) Explain the impact of CFD on the problems of aerodynamics of road vehicles
with one example. [16]
2. The following partial differential equation ∂ρ
∂t
+∇.(ρν) =0 is one form of the equation
of continuity in fluid dynamics. Derive it from the first principle. Put this equation
in other forms known in the dynamics of fluid. Present your work. [16]
3. What is the significance and utility of conservation and non-conservation form of the
equations of fluid dynamics? Explain with examples. Hence show with examples
significance of integral and differential form of these equations. [16]
4. The boundary layer equations are given below
∂(ρu)
Continuity ∂x
+ ∂(ρv)
∂y
=0
 
x − momentum ρu ∂x + ρv ∂y = − dp
∂u ∂u
dx
e
+ ∂
∂y
µ ∂u
∂y
∂p
y − momentum ∂y
=0
   2
Energy ρu ∂h
∂x
+ ρv ∂h
∂y
= ∂
∂y
k ∂T
∂y
+ u dp
dx
e
+µ ∂u
∂y

Establish the type of partial differential equations for boundary layer flow. [16]
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
5. Find the characteristics of p.d.e. given by ∂x2
+ 4 ∂x∂y + ∂y 2
=0 [16]

6. Derivean expression
 for 2nd order central difference expression for the mixed deriv-
2
∂ u u −ui−1,j+1 +ui−1,,j−1
ative, ∂x∂y = i+1,j+1 i+1,j−1 + O [(∆x)2 , (∆y)2 ]. [16]
−u
4∂x∂y
i,j

7. Umn+1
= (1 − 2r)Umn
+ r(Um+1n n
+ Um−1 )gives finite difference approximation of ∂u
∂t
=
∂2u k
∂x2
over a rectangular mesh (x=mh ,t=nk, m,n are integers,r= h2 ).Prove that this
scheme is stable for r ≤ 12 . [16]
8. If the Thompson scheme for generating grids is based upon the following equations
; ξxx + ξyy = P (ξ, η) , ηxx + ηyy = Q(ξ, η) ; where (ξ, η) represent coordinates in the
computational domain and P and Q are terms which control the point spacing in
the interior of the domain, then derive the computational domain equations given
below; αxξξ −2βxξη +γxηη = −J 2 (P xξ +Qxη ) , αyξξ −2βyξη +γyηη = −J 2 (P yξ +Qyη )
; where α = x2η + yη2 , β = xξ xη + yξ yη , γ = x2ξ + yξ2 , and J = ∂(x,y)
∂(ξ,η)
= xξ yη − xη yξ
. [16]

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Code No: RR322104 Set No. 3
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Code No: RR322104 Set No. 4
III B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2007
COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS-I
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Computational aerodynamics is also termed numerical experiments in the lan-

guage of Aerospace Engineering. Justify the statement with at least one ex-
ample. What are the specific advantages?
(b) What has been the impact of CFD on the problems of aerodynamics of road
vehicles? Explain with one example. [16]

2. Consider the motion of a viscous fluid and obtain the balance of momentum of
an infinitesimal element. Identify the surface forces and body forces. Hence write
down the complete equation of motion in vector and long hand. [16]

3. Explain the significance of Integral and differential form of the equations of fluid
dynamics by giving examples from applications to various problems. Hence discuss
the utility of conservation and non-conservation form of equations. [16]

4. Consider the irrotational, two dimensional inviscid, steady flow of a compressible

gas. If the perturbation components of u and v are u′ and v ′ respectively and M∞
is the free stream Mach number, then the governing continuity , momentum and
2 ∂u′ ′ ′ ′
energy equations can be reduced to the system(1 − M∞ ) ∂x + ∂v
∂y
= o, ∂u
∂y
− ∂v
∂x
=
0. Show that for M∞ < 1, the above equations are elliptic partial differential
equations. Present your work. [16]
∂2u 2
∂ u 2
5. Find the characteristics of p.d.e. given by ∂x2
− 3 ∂x∂y + 2 ∂∂yu2 = 0 [16]

6. 
Show how can you
 derive difference approximation  for mixed partial derivatives
2
∂ u 1 u −u u −u
∂x∂y
= 2∆x i+1,j+1
∆y
i+1,j
− i−1,j+1
∆y
i−1,j
+ O [(∆x)2 , ∆y] [16]
i,j

2
7. Consider the finite difference approximation of ∂u
∂t
= ∂∂xu2 over a rectangular mesh
k
(x=mh ,t=nk, m,n are integers,r= h2 ).where the Taylor series expansion is taken
about (mh ,k(n+1/2) . Obtain the approximation and the local truncation error.
[16]

8. Show that the mapping governed by the differential equations ∇2 ξ = 0,∇2 η = η1 ,

maps uniformly spaced circles into a uniform rectangular grid in the computational
plane. [16]

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