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AURANGABAD.(M.S.) DEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING
FLUIDMECHANICSLABORATORY
MANUAL
FLUIDMECHANICSIEXPERIMENTS
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LISTOFEXPERIMENTS
Sr.No.
NameofExperiment
PageNo. From To
5 8 13 17 21 25 29
TimeAllottedforeachPracticalSession=02Hrs.
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EXPERIMENTNO:IIToDeterminetheMetacentricHeightofaCargo/WarShip
AIM:ToDeterminetheMetacentricHeightofaCargo/WarShip INTRODUCTION:
Metacenterisdefinedas,thepointaboutwhichthebodystartsoscillatingwhenitistilted(inclined)bya smallangle. Metacentermayalsobedefinedas,thepointatwhichthelineofactionofforceofbuoyancywillmeetthe normalaxisofthebodywhenthebodyisgivenasmallangulardisplacement. MetacentricHeightisdefinedas,thedistancebetweentheMetacenterofafloatingbody¢erofgravity.
DESCRIPTION:
Theship modelis approximately37 cmsizesquarein planandisabout 23cmhigh.The modelisfloatedon water.Theshipis tiltedbymovinga smallweightatthe levelofthedeck oftheship.To notedown thetilt oftheship,a plumbisprovided whichrecordsthe tiltonagraduated arcofacircle.An arrangementis madetoloadthe shipasaWarshiporCargoship.
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PROCEDURE:
Sr. No. 1
ForCargoShip
Placesuitablesymmetricalweightsatthe bottomoftheshipandloaditasaCargoShip.
ForWarShip
Placesuitablesymmetricalweightsatthedeck leveloftheshipandloaditasaWarShip. Floattheshiponthewater. Adjustthebalancingweightsonboththesides oftheshipsothatthePlumbindicateszero readingonthegraduatedarc. KeeptheMoving(Hanging)Load/Weightata distanceof3.5cmoffthecentreonleftside. Notedownthetiltoftheshipindegrees.
2 3
KeeptheMoving(Hanging)Load/Weightata distanceof3.5cmoffthecentreonleftside.
5 6
Notedownthetiltoftheshipindegrees.
OBSERVATION
W1 = Weightoftheshipincludingbalancingweightingrams. W2 =TotalweightaddedtomakeitasaCargo/WarShip. W3 = WeightoftheHangingLoadingrams.
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OBSERVATIONTABLE:
Sr. No.
1 2 3 4
SPECIMENCALCULATIONS:
W=(w1 +w2)ingrams. MG1 orMG2 =Metacentric Heightsincentimeters.
0 =W1 x X/Wx tan
AverageMG=MG1 +MG2 /2
RESULTS:
MetacentricHeightofaCargoShip(MGc) =..cms. MetacentricHeightofaWarShip(MGw) =..cms.
CONCLUSION:
0 Astheangleoftilt( )increases,MetacentricHeight(MGorGM)also
increases/decreases.
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EXPERIMENTNO:III toVerifyBernoullisTheorem
AIM:ToverifytheBernoullistheorem. Apparatus: BernoullisSetUp,StopWatch,&MeterScale. Theory:BernoullisTheoremstatesthat,insteady,idealflowofanincompressiblefluid,thetotalenergyatany pointofthefluidisconstant.ThetotalenergyconsistsofPressure Energy,KineticEnergy,&PotentialEnergy (DatumEnergy).TheenergyperunitweightofthefluidisPressureEnergy. Therefore, PressureEnergy=P/g
2 KineticEnergy=V /2g&
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Description:
Theequipmentisdesignedasaselfsufficientunitithasasumptank,measuringtank,&0.5HPmonoblockpumpfor watercirculation.TheapparatusconsistsofSupplyTank&DeliveryTank,whichareconnectedtoaPerspexflow channel.Thechanneltapersforalengthof25cm&thenpiezometertubesarefixedatadistanceof5cm,centre to centreformeasurementofpressurehead.
Procedure:
1. Keepthebypassvalveopen&startthepump&slowly startclosingthevalve. 2. Thewatershallstartflowingthroughtheflowchannel.Thelevelinthepiezometertubesshallstartrising. 3. Openthevalveatthedeliverytankside,&adjusttheheadinpiezometertubestoasteadyposition. 4. Measuretheheadsatallthepointsandalsodischargewiththehelpof DiversionPaninthemeasuringtank. 5. Changethedischarge&repeattheprocedure. 6. Dothenecessarycalculationsusingthereadingsnoteddownbefore.
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Specifications:
Tube 1 No. C/S Area 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.4 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
ObservationTable:
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EXPERIMENTNO: IVFLOWTHROUGHVENTURIMETER
AIM: Todeterminethecoefficient(K)oftheVenturimeter.
DESCRIPTION: Venturimeter is a device, used to measure the discharge of any liquid flowing through a pipe line. The pressure difference between the inlet and the throat of the Venturimeter is recorded using a mercury differential manometer, and the time is recorded for a measureddischarge. Venturimeters are used to measure the flow rateof fluid in a pipe. It consists of a short length of pipe tapering to a narrow throat in the middle and then diverging gradually due to the reduced area and hence there is a pressure drop. By measuring the pressure drop with a manometer,theflowratecanbecalculatedbyapplyingBernoullisequation. Themetersarefittedinthepipingsystemwithsufficientlylongpipelengths(greaterthan10mmdiameter) upstream of the meters. Each pipe has the respective Venturimeter with quick action cocks for pressure tappings. These pressure tappings are connected to a common middle chamber, which in turn is connected to a differential manometer. Each pipe line is provided with a flow control water is collected in an M.S. collecting tank of cross sectionalare0.4mx0.4mprovidedwithgaugescalefittinganddrainvalve.
PROCEDURE:
1. Thediametersoftheinletandthroatarerecordedandtheinternalplan dimensionsofthecollectingtankaremeasured. 2. Keepingtheoutletvalveclosed,theinletvalveisopenedfully. 3. Theoutletvaleisopenedslightlyandthemanometricheadsinboththelimbs(h1 andh2)arenoted. 4. TheoutletvalveofthecollectingtankisclosedtightlyandthetimetrequiredforHriseofwater inthecollectingtankisobservedusingastopwatch. 5. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and observing the required readings. 6. TheobservationsaretabulatedandthecoefficientoftheVenturimeteriscomputed.
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FORMULAEUSED:
ConstantofVenturimeter,K =
Where,a1 =areaofinlet a2 =areaofthroat h=Venturiheadintermsofflowingliquid= h1 =Manometric headinonelimbofthemanometer h2 =Manometricheadinotherlimbofthemanometer Sm =Specificgravityoffollowingliquid S1 =Specificgravityoffollowingliquid g=Accelerationduetogravity
ActualDischarge(Qa)=
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OBSERVATIONSANDRESULT:
Diameterofinlet, Diameterofinlet, d1 =.mm d2 =.mm
Actual Discharge
3 (mm /sec)
Coefficientof Venturimeter
TrialsAvg.
(h)mm 12
01 02 03
MeanValueofC d =.
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MODELCALCULATIONS:(ReadingNo.)
AreaofinletofVenturimeter AreaofthroatofVenturimeter Internalplanareaofcollectingtank Actualdischarge, a1 a2 = = = Qa
2 d12/4(mm ) 2 d22/4(mm )
lxb =
CoefficientofMeter,
(K) =
Q a /C.
RESULT: AverageCoefficientoftheVenturimeter,Cd =
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Aim
Theobjectiveofthisexperimentistofindandstudythevariationsofhydraulic coefficientsunderdifferentoperatingconditionsofthegivenorifice.
Equipmentrequired
orifice apparatus and measuring tanks with a stopwatch for measuring the actual flow rate. The orifice apparatushasanslidinghookgaugewithittomeasurethecoordinatesofthemovingjet.
Principle
Orificeisaatsharpedgedsmallcircularholefittedinonesideofareser voircontainingfluid.Itmaybeclassifiedonthebasisoftheirsize,shape, upstreamedgeandthedischargeconditions.Mostcommonlyusedarecircular andrectangularorifices.
It isused to determine thed ischarge throughatank. The fluidemergesoutthroughtheorificeasafreejettotheatmosphere,and isacteduponbygravity.Thethicknessofthewallisassumedtobesmallcom paredtothediameteroftheorifice.Becauseoftheconvergenceofthestream linesapproachingtheorifice,thecrosssectionofthejetdecreasesslightlyuntil thepressureisequalizedoverthecrosssection,andthevelocityprofileisnearly rectangular.Thispointofminimumareaiscalledthe venacontracta.Beyondthevenacontracta,frictionwiththeuidoutsidethejet(air)slowsit down,andthecrosssectionincreases.Thisdivergenceisusuallyquitesmall,andthejetisnearly cylindricalwithaconstantvelocity.Thejetisheldtogetherbysurfacetension.Theratioofthe areaofvenacontractatotheorificeareaiscalled
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whichimplies
Then,thetheoreticaldischargethroughtheorificewillbe,
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Weknow,
Usingtheaboveequationtheverticalandhorizontaldisplacementsyandx canbeexpressedas,
Cancelingtandsolvingforv,wegettheexpressionforactualvelocityofthe jetemergingoutfromtheorifice.
Inthecaseofmouthpiecetheactualvelocityofthejetattheexitisfound outusingthecontinuityequation,
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Procedure
1.Notethedimensionsofthedischargemeasuringtank,orifice. 2.Checkthatthezeroofthescaleoftheinlettankisthesamelevelasthe centerlineofthemouthpieceororifice.Ifnot,measurethedifferencein elevationandtakeitaszeroerror. 3.Adjusttheopeningoftheinletvalvetillthewaterlevelinthesupplytank becomesteady. 4.Notedownthehead. 5.Usingthehookgaugearrangementmeasurethecoordinatesofthejetin aconvenientpoint. 6.Usingcollectingtankandstopwatchsetupmeasuretheactualdischarge. 7.Repeattheexperimentfordifferentinletvalveopeningsandtabulatethe readings. 8.PlotthecharacteristicsCD Vsh,CC VshandCVVsh.
Observationsandcalculations
1.DiameterofMouthpiece= 2.Dimensionofmeasuringtank= 3.Timeofcollectionofwater(t)= 4.Areaofmeasuringtank(A)= 5.AreaofMouthpiece (a)=
ResultsandInference
Hydrauliccoefficients, CD= Cv=
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EXPERIMENTNO:VIIDETERMINATIONOFCOEFFICIENTOFDISCHARGE FORMOUTHPIECE.
AIM
Theobjectiveofthisexperimentistofindandstudythevariationsofhydraulic coefficientsunderdifferentoperatingconditionsofthegivenmouthpiece.
Equipmentrequired
mouthpieceapparatusandmeasuringtankswithastopwatchformeasuringtheactualflowrate.
Principle
Amouthpieceisashortpipeoflengthnotmorethantwoorthreetimesitsdiameter,connectedto anorificeofsamesizeprovidedinthewallofareservoircontaininguid.Itisanextensionofthe orifice and through which the fluid is discharged. Both are used to determine the d
ischarge throughatank.Acylindricalmouthpiecealengthof,twoorthreetimesdiameter, withitsinnerendflushwiththewallofthereservoirsoastoformasharpcorneredentranceis calledstandardmouthpieceorBordamouthpiece.Amouthpieceusuallyowsfull,ifitdoesnot, thenitactslikeanotch. Inthecaseofamouthpiecethevenacontractaremainsinsidethepipe,andthenthejetexpands to fill the tube completely. Finally the jet emergingout of the mouthpiece will have the same diameter of the pipe. As the tube ows full at its outlet the coefficient of contraction is unity. NeglectingfrictionallossesandapplyingBernoullistheoremtoapointinsidethereservoirand otherattheexitoftheorifice,bothbeingatthelevelofthecenterline,weget,
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whichimplies
Then,thetheoreticaldischargethroughthemouthpiecewillbe,
Weknow,
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Usingtheaboveequationtheverticalandhorizontaldisplacementsyandx canbeexpressedas,
Cancelingtandsolvingforv,wegettheexpressionforactualvelocityofthe jetemergingoutfromtheorifice.
Inthecaseofmouthpiecetheactualvelocityofthejetattheexitisfound outusingthecontinuityequation,
Procedure
1.Notethedimensionsofthedischargemeasuringtank,orifice. 2.Checkthatthezeroofthescaleoftheinlettankisthesamelevelasthe centerlineofthemouthpieceororifice.Ifnot,measurethedifferencein elevationandtakeitaszeroerror. 3.Adjusttheopeningoftheinletvalvetillthewaterlevelinthesupplytank becomesteady. 4.Notedownthehead. 5.Usingthehookgaugearrangementmeasurethecoordinatesofthejetin aconvenientpoint. 6.Usingcollectingtankandstopwatchsetupmeasuretheactualdischarge. 7.Repeattheexperimentfordifferentinletvalveopeningsandtabulatethe readings. 8.PlotthecharacteristicsCD Vsh,CC VshandCVVsh.
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Observationsandcalculations
1.DiameterofMouthpiece= 2.Dimensionofmeasuringtank= 3.Timeofcollectionofwater(t)= 4.Areaofmeasuringtank(A)= 5.AreaofMouthpiece (a)=
ResultsandInference
Hydrauliccoefficients, CD= Cv =
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Objectives
ToDeterminethecoefficientofdischargeofthegiven Rectangularnotchfordifferentratesofflow.
Equipmentrequired
Thegivennotchfittedonanopenchanneloftheexperimentsetup,hook gaugetomeasurethewaterleveloverthenotchandmeasuringtankwithstop watchtomeasuretheactualflowrate.
Principle
Inopenchannelflows,weirsarecommonlyusedtoeitherregulateortomeasure thevolumetricflowrate. Theyareofparticularuseinlargescalesituationssuchasirrigationschemes,canalsandrivers.Forsmall scaleapplications,weirsareoftenreferredtoasnotchesandaresharpedgedandmanufactured from thinplatematerial.Thebasicprincipleisthatdischargeisdirectlyrelatedtothewaterdepthabovethe crotch(bottom)ofthenotch.Thisdistanceiscalledheadoverthenotch.Duetotheminimalinstallation costsflowratemeasurementwithanotchisverylessexpensive.Therectangularnotchisthemost commonlyusedthinplateweir.Theflowpattern overanotchorweiriscomplexandthereisnoanalytical SolutiontotherelationshipbetweendischargeandheadsothatasemiempiricalApproachhastobeused.
Theexpressionfordischargeoverarectangularnotchisgivenby,
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Where,
2 a=areaofthecollectingtank.(m) H=heightdifferenceofthewatercolumninthepiezometer,(m) t=timetakentoriseHmeters,(sec)
ThecoefficientofdischargeCDisdefinedastheratioofactualdischarge obtainedexperimentallytothetheoreticaldischarge.i.e. Calibrationisthevalidationofspecificmeasurementtechniquesand equipment. Itisthecomparisonbetweenmeasurementsofknownmagnitudemade withonedeviceandanothermeasurementmadeinassimilarwayaspossible withaseconddevice.Inordertouseanydeviceformeasurementitisnecessary toempiricallycalibratethem.Thatis,hereinthiscasepassaknowndischarge throughthenotchandnotethereadinginordertoprovideastandardformeasuring otherquantitiesinadifferentlocation.Providedthestandardmechanics ofconstructionarefollowednofurthercalibrationisrequiredforasimilarsecond devicewithsamegeometry.
Thecalibrationequationisstatedas,
n Qac=Kh
logQ ac =logk+nlogh
whichistheequationofastraightline, where, logkistheyinterceptandnisitsslope. ThegraphlogQacVs.loghistobeplottedtofindkandn.
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Procedure
1.Checktheexperimentalsetupforleaks.Measurethedimensionsof collecting tankandthenotch. 2.Observetheinitialreadingofthehookgaugeandmakesurethereisno discharge.Notedownthesilllevelpositionofthehookgauge. 3.Opentheinletvalveofthesupplypipeforaslightlyincreaseddischarge. Waitforsometimetilltheflowbecomesteady. 4.Adjustthehookgaugetotouchthenewwaterlevelandnotedownthe reading.Differenceofthishookgaugereadingwithinitialstilllevelreading istheheadoverthenotch(h). 5.CollectthewaterinthecollectingtankandobservethetimettocollectH heightofwater. 6.Repeattheaboveprocedurefordifferentflowratesbyadjustingtheinlet valveopeningandtabulatethereadings. 7.CompletethetabulationandfindthemeanvalueofCD. 8.Drawthenecessarygraphsandcalibratethethenotch.
SampleCalculation:
K=Cd.(2/3).(2g)L
Observationsandcalculations
Lengthoftherectangularnotch=m Angleofthetriangularnotch=deg 2 Collectingtankarea= m
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HookGuage Reading
MeasuringTank Reading
Vol. Qact
Qth
Diff. Diff. 3 3 H R R. (m / (m / Log Log H Sr. 3 No. C.B. w.L. (cm) (m) I.R. F.R. (cm) (m) (m ) sec) sec) Cd K H Qact
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Forfirstreading:
3 Qact = ___m /sec 3 Qtheo= ___m /sec
Cd =Q/Qtheo___ K=___ Shouldben=~(3/2) Ifwetakethelogforthetwosidesofequation: logQ=logK+nlogH, wheren:thepowerofH= ___(theslope.)fromtable. logk=___ fromgraph k=___Cd =___ .
Results:
TheaveragecoefficientofdischargeofthegivenforTriangularnotch, Cd = Cd FromGraph= . ______________________________________________________________________________________
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Objectives
ToDeterminethecoefficientofdischargeofthegiven Triangularnotch fordifferentratesof flow.
Equipmentrequired
Thegivennotchfittedonanopenchanneloftheexperimentsetup,hook gaugetomeasurethewaterleveloverthenotchandmeasuringtankwithstop watchtomeasuretheactualflowrate.
Principle
Inopenchannelflows,weirsarecommonlyusedtoeitherregulateortomeasure thevolumetricflowrate.Theyareofparticularuseinlargescalesituations suchasirrigationschemes,canalsandrivers.Forsmallscaleapplications,weirs areoftenreferredtoasnotchesandaresharpedgedandmanufacturedfrom thinplatematerial.Thebasicprincipleisthatdischargeisdirectlyrelatedtothe waterdepthabovethecrotch(bottom)ofthenotch.Thisdistanceiscalledhead overthenotch.Duetotheminimalinstallationcostsflowratemeasurement withanotchisverylessexpensive. TheVnotch ortriangularnotchdesigncausessmallchangesindischargetohavea largechangeindepthallowingmoreaccurateheadmeasurementthanwitha rectangularnotch.Theflowpatternoveranotchorweiriscomplexandthereisnoanalytical solutiontotherelationshipbetweendischargeandheadsothatasemiempirical approachhastobeused.
Theexpressionfordischargeoveratriangularnotchisgivenby,
Where,
2 a=areaofthecollectingtank.(m) H=heightdifferenceofthewatercolumninthepiezometer,(m) t=timetakentoriseHmeters,(sec)
ThecoefficientofdischargeCDisdefinedastheratioofactualdischarge obtainedexperimentallytothetheoreticaldischarge.i.e. Calibrationisthevalidationofspecificmeasurementtechniquesandequipment. Itisthecomparisonbetweenmeasurementsofknownmagnitudemade with onedeviceandanothermeasurementmadeinassimilarwayaspossible withaseconddevice.Inordertouseanydeviceformeasurementitisnecessary toempiricallycalibratethem.Thatis,hereinthiscasepassaknowndischarge throughthenotchandnotethereadinginordertoprovideastandardformeasuring otherquantitiesinadifferentlocation.Providedthestandardmechanics ofconstructionarefollowednofurthercalibrationisrequiredforasimilarsecond devicewithsamegeometry.
Thecalibrationequationisstatedas,
n Qac=Kh
logQ ac =logk+nlogh
whichistheequationofastraightline, where, logkistheyinterceptandnisitsslope. ThegraphlogQacVs.loghistobeplottedtofindkandn.
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Procedure
1.Checktheexperimentalsetupforleaks.Measurethedimensionsofcollecting tankandthenotch. 2.Observetheinitialreadingofthehookgaugeandmake surethereisno discharge.Notedownthesilllevelpositionofthehookgauge. 3.Opentheinletvalveofthesupplypipeforaslightlyincreaseddischarge. Waitforsometimetilltheflowbecomesteady. 4.Adjustthehookgaugetotouchthenewwaterlevelandnotedownthe reading.Differenceofthishookgaugereadingwithinitialstilllevelreading istheheadoverthenotch(h). 5.CollectthewaterinthecollectingtankandobservethetimettocollectH heightofwater. 6.Repeattheaboveprocedurefordifferentflowratesbyadjustingtheinlet valveopeningandtabulatethereadings. 7.CompletethetabulationandfindthemeanvalueofCD. 8.Drawthenecessarygraphsandcalibratethethenotch.
SampleCalculation:
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Observationsandcalculations
Lengthoftherectangularnotch=m Angleofthetriangularnotch=deg 2 Collectingtankarea= m
HookGuage Reading MeasuringTank Reading
Vol. Qact
Qth
Diff. Diff. 3 3 H H R R. (m / (m / Log Log Sr. 3 No. C.B. w.L. (cm) ( m) I.R. F.R. (cm) (m) (m ) sec) sec) Cd K H Qact
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Forfirstreading:
3 Qact = ___m /sec 3 Qtheo= ___m /sec
Cd =Q/Qtheo___ K=___ Shouldben=~(3/2) Ifwetakethelogforthetwosidesofequation: logQ=logK+nlogH, wheren:thepowerofH= ___(theslope.)fromtable. logk=___ fromgraph k=___Cd =___ .
Results:
Theaveragecoefficientofdischargeofthegivenfor Triangularnotch, Cd = Cd FromGraph= _____________________________________________________________________________________
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