Code No: RR310405 Set No.

1
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) Define the band pass sampling theorem. Verify the signal recovery for the
spectrum X(f) of an ideally sampled signal shown in Figure1a, for the two
cases, when
i. fs = 20 KHz,
ii. f s = 30 KHz

Figure 1a
Sketch and explain the spectrum, bringing out the aliasing effects if any, in
each case. [10]
(b) Two signals 10 Cos (1000 πt) and 10 Cos (50 πt) are both sampled at 75 Hz.
Find and compare the sampled frequencies in both cases. [6]

2. (a) Sketch and explain the typical waveforms of PWM signals, for leading edge,
trailing edge and symmetrical cases.
(b) Compare the analog pulse modulation schemes with CW modulation systems.
(c) Show that a PAM signal can be expressed as the convolution of an instanta-
neouslysampled signal, and a rectangular pulse p(t) of the form
1, |t| ≤ τ /2
p (t) = [5+5+6]
0 elsewhere

3. (a) What is meant by Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)? And how it differs from
Cross-talk in the PAM? [8]
(b) What is the ideal solution to obtain zero ISI and what is the disadvantage of
this solution? [8]

4. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Adaptive equalizer.

(b) Scrambler
(c) Characteristics of eye pattern. [5+5+6]

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Code No: RR310405 Set No. 1
5. (a) Explain the working of DPCM system with neat block diagram.
(b) Compare PCM & DPCM system. [10+6]

6. (a) Explain with neat block diagram Adaptive Delta Modulator Transmitter and
Receiver.
(b) Explain the advantages of Adaptive Delta Modulation over Delta Modulation
and how is it achieved. [8+8]

7. (a) With neat block diagram explain coherent√detection of ASK waveform and
hence show that probability of error Pe=Q ( Eav/η) Where Eav is the average
signal energy/bit [Eav=Sav Tb ]. [12]
(b) Binary data is transmitted over a microwave link at a rate of 106 bits/Sec
and the psd of noise at the receier is 10−10 Watts/Hz. Find the avarage car-
rier power required to maintain an average probability of error Pe≤ 10−4 for
coherent binary FSK. What is the required channel bandwidth? [4]

8. (a) Show that if g(x) is a polynomial of degree (n-k) and is a factor of xn +1, then
g(x) generates an (n,k) cyclic code in which the code polynomial for a data
vector D is generated by v(x) = D(x)g(x). [8]
(b) What are the hardware components required to implement a cyclic code en-
coder? [8]

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Code No: RR310405 Set No. 2
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Define the sampling theorem and explain the aliasing effect, if any, in this
case. [6]
(b) Band pass signal has the spectrum shown in Figure1b, and is ideally sampled.
Find the Nyquist rate and interval. Discuss the reconstruction of the above
signal if fs is chosen as 5 B/2 , 5 B and 7 B/2. [10]

Figure 1b
2. (a) Draw the waveforms of PWM and PPM for a saw tooth modulating Signal.
(b) Explain how a base band signal can be recovered from PDM signal? [10+6]

3. (a) Prove that impulse response of the modified duo-binary filter consists of two
sine functions that are time-shifted by 2 Tp seconds, and sketch its response.
(b) A source emits one of three equiprobable symbols in an independent sequence
at a symbol rate of 1000 bps. Design a three level PAM system to transmit
the output of this source over an ideal lowpass channel with additive Gaussian
noise having a PSD of η/2 = 10−14 Watt/Hz. The symbol error probability has
to be maintained at or below 10−6 . Specify the power, bandwidth requirements
and HT (f), HR (f) Pg (t). [8+8]

4. (a) What is meant by Synchronization in the base band PAM. What are the
different methods to obtain Synchronization? [8]
(b) The T1 carrier system used in digital telephony multiplexes 24 voice channels
based on 8-bit PCM. Each voice signal is usually put through a lowpass filter
with cutoff frequency of about 3.4 KHz. The filtered voice signal is sampled
at 8KHz. In addition, a single bit is added at the end of the frame for the
purpose of synchronization. Calculate

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Code No: RR310405 Set No. 2
i. the duration of each bit
ii. the resultant transmission rate and
iii. the minimum required transmission bandwidth. [8]

5. For a PCM signal, determine L if the compression parameter µ=100 and the min-
imum SNR required is 45dB.Determine the output SNR with this value of L. Re-
member that L must be a power of 2,for binary PCM. Derive the formulae used.
[16]

6. (a) Explain the working of delta modulation system with neat block diagram.
(b) Clearly bring out the difference between granular noise and slope over load
error. [8+8]

7. (a) In the on-off keying version of an ASK system,√symbol 1 is represented by

Tramsmitting a sinusoidal carier of amplitude 2Eb / Tb , where Eb is the
signal energy per bit and Tb is the bit duration. Symbol ‘0’ is represented by
switching off the carrier. Assume that 1 and 0 occur with equal probability.
For an AWGN channel determine the average probability of error for this ASK
system, assuming
i. Coherent reception
ii. Noncoherent reception, operating with a large value of a bit energy-to-
noise density ratio.
Note: For large value of x √
I0 (x) ≈ exp (x) / ( 2 Πx)
(b) A high frequency transmitter used in a binary communication system is peak
Power limited to 1 kw. The power loss in the channel is 60 dB and the
noise power at the receiver input (ηrb ) is 10−4 Watts. Assuming maximum
signaling rate and equiprobable message bits, find Pe for non coherent ASK
and coherent PSK signaling schemes. [8+8]

8. Briefly explain about the Code Tree, Trellis, and State Diagrams of a convolutional
encoder with an example? [16]

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Code No: RR310405 Set No. 3
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) With neat diagrams, explain the principle of working a sample and hold circuit.
List out its applications. [8]
∞
P ∞
P
(b) Show that x(RTs ) = fs X(nfs ) , where x(t) is a signal band
R=−∞ n=−∞
1
limited to f1 , X(f) is the spectrum of x(t), and fs = Ts
= 2f1 is the Nyquist
sampling rate. [8]
2. (a) A TDM system is used to multiplex four signals : Cos(10πt), 2Cos(10πt),
10Cos(20πt) and 20Cos(40πt) . Find the Nyquist rate of sampling and inter-
vals for each signal, and for the TDM system. If a rotary commutator switch
is used with a speed of
i. 600 rotations/minute, and
ii. 300 rotations/minute, estimate the number of samples available for each
sampled signal in one rotation. [12]
(b) List out the applications, merits and demerits of PWM signals. [4]
3. (a) Design a binary base band PAM system to transmit data at a bit rate of 3600
bits/sec. with a bit error probability less than 10−4 . The channel response is
given by,  −2
10 f or |f | < 2400
Hc (f ) =
0 Elsewhere
The noise power spectral density is Gn (f) = 10−14 Watt/Hz. [8]
(b) What is meant by precoding? Give the scheme of basic precoded duo-binary
scheme and explain its operation? Why this scheme is not suitable for channels
having poor d.c response? [8]
4. (a) Explain how eye patterns are used for monitoring the performance of base
band PAM system. [8]
(b) What is the necessity of shaping transmitted signal spectrum. [8]
5. (a) Draw the block diagram of PCM Generator and explain each block.
(b) Determine the Transmission Bandwidth in PCM. [8+8]
6. (a) Explain the working of delta modulation system with neat block diagram.
(b) Clearly bring out the difference between granular noise and slope over load
error. [8+8]

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Code No: RR310405 Set No. 3
7. Explain the working principle of PSK and discuss its various phase states like
BPSK, DPSK, QPSK. [16]

8. (a) Discuss the properties of the syndrome vector of the linear block codes. [8]
(b) For the given convolution coder, generate the code sequence for the input
message 10110{Figure8b}. [8]

Figure 8b

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Code No: RR310405 Set No. 4
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Define the Sampling theorem and establish the same for band pass signals,
using neat schematics. [12]
(b) For the modulating signal m(t) = 2 Cos (100 t) + 18 Cos (2000 πt), determine
the allowable sampling rates and sampling intervals. [4]

2. Four signals Cos ω0 t, 0.2 Cos ω0 t, 2 Cos 2 ω0 t and Cos 4 ω0 t are to be multi-
plexed in a TDM system. Find the minimum sampling rate fs , minimum interval
and the associated commutator speed. If the commutator rotates at fs /4, and fs /8
revolutions per sec., determine the number of o/p samples of each signal per ro-
tation. Illustrate and explain this process with neat schematics for a commutator
switch rotating at a speed of fs /4 revolutions per sec., showing the transmitting
and receiving sides. Discuss the necessity of synchronization for this case. [16]

3. (a) Prove that impulse response of the modified duo-binary filter consists of two
sine functions that are time-shifted by 2 Tp seconds, and sketch its response.
(b) A source emits one of three equiprobable symbols in an independent sequence
at a symbol rate of 1000 bps. Design a three level PAM system to transmit
the output of this source over an ideal lowpass channel with additive Gaussian
noise having a PSD of η/2 = 10−14 Watt/Hz. The symbol error probability has
to be maintained at or below 10−6 . Specify the power, bandwidth requirements
and HT (f), HR (f) Pg (t). [8+8]

4. (a) Explain the necessity of Equalization in base band PAM systems. [8]
(b) Find the duo-binary encoded sequence for the data sequence 011010. How it
is detected? [8]

5. (a) Draw the block diagram of PCM Generator and explain each block.
(b) Determine the Transmission Bandwidth in PCM. [8+8]

6. (a) The ramp signal m(t) = at is applied to a DM which operates with a sampling
period Ts and step size δ.
i. Show that the slope over load distortion occurs in δ <a Ts .
ii. Sketch the modulator output for the following three values of step size:
A. δ=0.75a Ts
B. δ=a Ts
C. δ=1.25a Ts [8]

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Code No: RR310405 Set No. 4
(b) Consider a speech signal with maximum frequency of 3.4 kHz and maximum
amplitude of 1v. This speech signal is applied to a DM whose bit rate is set
at 20kbps. Discuss the choice of appropriate step size for the modulator. [8]

7. (a) Show that the probality of bit error of a matched filter receiver is given by
Pe = 1/2 erfc Eb/No.
√
[8]
(b) Specify a matched filter receiver for the signal S(t) shown in Figure7b and
Sketch the filter output as a function of time. [8]

Figure 7b
8. The generator polynomial of a (7,4) cyclic code is g(x) = 1+x+x3 . Find the 16
code words of this code in the following ways:

(a) By forming the code polynomials using v(x) = D(x)g(x), where D(x) is the
message polynomial.
(b) By using the systematic form. [16]

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