Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 13

MANUFACTURE SUBSTANCE IN INDUSTRY

Alloy GLASS & CERAMICS


NAME CLASS : : 4 CATTLEYA

POLYMERS COMPOSITE MATERIALS

FIRZANA BINTI RADUAN @ REDZUAN

I/C NUMBER : NAME OF TEACHER NAME OF SCHOOL : :

961109-14-6242 CIK WAN ELIZA BT WAN ALI

SMS SERI PUTERI, KL

POLYMERS

MEANING OF POLYMER
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joined together repeatedly are called polymer. The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are called monomer. The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chain polymer is called polymerisation. Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer are found in plant and in animals. Two types of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional polymerisation. Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation. 5. Shellac

EXAMPLE OF NATURAL POLYMERS


1. 2. 3. 4. Starch cellulose Protein Rubber Amber

3. Polystyrene
Monomer : Styrene

EXAMPLE OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS


1. Nylon
Monomer : diamine , dicarboxylic acid

4. Polyethylene
Monomer : Ethylene

5. Polypropylene
Monomer : Propylene

6. Silicone 2. Polyvinyl chloride, PVC


Monomer : Vinyl Chloride Monomer : Silanes

NYLON
1. Nylon is a high strength fibre. It is used for making fishing nets, ropes, parachutes and type cords. 2. It is used for making fabrics in textile industry. 3. Crinkled nylon fibres are used for making elastic hosiery. 4. Nylon is widely used as plastic for making machine parts.

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, PVC


1. Used in the piping industry to make water pipes, tubings and hoses. 2. Wire and cable insulation are made out of PVC for cabling in households or industrial buildings. 3. Synthetic leather cloth (for furniture upholstery, diary covers) 4. inflatables - pool toys, waterbeds

POLYSTYRENE
1. It is found frequently in the food industry which produces plastic forks, plates, food containers and many more. 2. Used as a disposable transportation system to keep hot and cold foods at desired temperatures.

3. Polystyrene is also found in the building business. Polystyrene block is used as an energy efficient means for constructing both homes and businesses.

POLYETHELENE
1. Polyethylene does not absorb water therefore is suitable for outdoor use when pigmented 2. Being a good insulator of electricity it is commonly used for electrical covers. 3. Being physically inert it is suitable for food preparation and contact areas.

POLYPROPYLENE
1. Many plastic sandbags, resealable food storage bags and candy packages consist of polypropylene because it withstand corrosion and abrasion without breaking. 2. In the medical industry, surgeons use sterile polypropylene mesh when repairing hernias, damage to the internal walls of the uterus and weakened urethras. 3. Automakers also install polypropylene tubes in areas where they require tough, heatresisting and semiflexible hoses.

SILICONE
1. Silicon is a semiconductor meaning electrical flow can be controlled by using silicon parts. In the electrical industry, silicon parts are used in computers, transistors, solar cells, LCD screens and other semiconductor devices. 2. Most silicon is used to manufacture aluminum-silicon alloys to produce cast parts. 3. silicon may replace coal as the main source of electricity.

PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS


RESULT IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
1. Most of the synthetic polymer are flammable. When a synthetic polymer

material catches fire, poisonous fumes are produce causing air pollution. 2. Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are discharge, they cause litter problem and pollute the environment. 3. Plastic container that are left aside in an open area collect rainwater which becomes the breeding ground for mosquitoes.

4. There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as the addition o f n o n -

recyclable polymers in the mixture affect the properties of the recycled polymers.

METHODS TO OVECOME THESE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS


1. Reduce, reuse and recycle synthetic polymers. 2. Develop biodegradable polymers 3. Perform incineration where the gas is filtered. 4. Practice pyrolisis where burning does not include oxygen

GLASS AND CERAMICS

MAIN COMPONENTS IN GLASS AND CERAMICS


The main component of both glass and ceramic is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO. In silicon dioxide, every silicon atom is bonded covalently to 4 oxygen atoms in atetragonal shape. Every oxygen atom is also bonded to 2 silicon atoms to from a gigantic covalent molecule.

COMPARISON BETWEEN GLASS AND CERAMICS


SIMILARITIES a) b) c) d) Hard but brittle insulators of electricity and heat withstand compression but not tension (stretching) can easily be cleaned DIFFERENCES GLASS Silicone dioxide PROPERTIES COMPONENTS CERAMIC Clay

Glass is transparent, which means light passes through it.

PHYSICAL PROPERTY

Ceramics may be opaque, which means it does not allow light to pass through it.

Cheaper

PRICE

Costlier

Glass is known to be noncrystalline.

CRYSTALITY

Ceramics may be crystalline or partly crystalline.

Uses of Glass
Photochromic glass is sensitive to light intensity. The glass darkens when exposed to sunlight but becomes clear when the light intensity decreases. Used in spectacles.

Uses of Ceramic
Blades that are made from zirconium dioxide ceramics stay sharper for a long time but are more brittle than those made of steel.

Use of glass in buildings is a transparent feature to allow light to enter into rooms and floors, illuminating enclosed spaces and framing an exterior view.

Aerospace vessels uses heat-resistant tiles that are made from ceramic.

Used to decorate living rooms like coffee tables

Ceramics are made into bulletproof materials that includes armoured fighting vehicles, ballistic armoured vests and military plane cockpits.

Used as sound-proof glasses which act as sound-deandener

Used as ball bearings which are harder and more resistant to deformity under heavy loads

Used as an electric radiator which is an energy-efficient device that utilises less electricity that gas.

TYPES OF GLASSES

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

MEANING OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS


A composite material is a structural material that formed by combining two or more different substance such as metal, alloy, glass, ceramics and polymers. The resulting material has properties that superior than those of the original components. Composite materials are created for specific application.

EXAMPLES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS


Examples Uses

REINFORCES CONCRETE SUPERCONDUCTOR

essential for the construction of large structures

Used to build magnetically levitate high-speed train Used to make chips for smaller and faster supercomputer Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre optic cabl es. Domestic cable television network Closed circuit television security system.

FIBRE OPTIC

FIBRE GLASS PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS

Reinforcement in plastic production Making sunglasses

COMPARISON BETWEEN FIBRE GLASS AND ITS COMPONENTS


COMPOSITE MATERIAL Fiberglass PROPERTY OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL Light, strong, tough, resilient and flexible, with high tensile strength and not flammable ORIGINAL COMPONENTS Glass PROPERTY OF ORIGINAL COMPONENT Heavy, strong but brittle and nonflexible Light, flexible, elastic but weak and flammable

Polyester plastic

PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
1. When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances) and a small amount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon dioxide, photochromic glass is formed. 2. The photochromic glass has a special property. It darkens when exposed to strong sunlight or ultraviolet. 3. Photochromic lens that becomes dark in bright sunlight and becomes clear when out of the sun. 4. Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi