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Name of Scholar : Ajay Kumar Verma

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2. Title of the Research:

EFFECT OF CIRCUIT TRAINING PROGRAMME ON PHYSICAL FITNESS OF STATE LEVEL ATHLETES AND NON ATHLETES

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3. Location: a) b) 4. B.N. Physical College of Education, Udaipur Geographical area of investigation - Delhi

Importance of Proposed Investigation

Need and Importance of Physical Fitness It is self-evident that the fit citizens are a nation's best assets and weak ones its liabilities. It is therefore the responsibility of every country to promote physical fitness of its citizens because physical fitness is the basic requirement for most of the tasks to be undertaken by an individual in his daily life, if a person's body is under-developed or grows soft or inactive and if he fails to develop physical prowess, he is undermining his capacity for thought and for work, which are of vital importance to one's own life and society in a welfare state. After attaining independence, the Govt. of India did feel the need for introducing a scheme of physical fitness which was launched in the year 1959 in order to raise the physical fitness status of the Indian Youth. The Youth in the country could be made fitness conscious and involved in some kind of programmes which would not only motivate the children to participate in some kind of fitness activities but also to evaluate the fitness

status of youth by developing fitness norms. The scheme called National Physical Fitness Programme became popular through out the country over the years and it involved nearly 25 lakh youth in the programme of building and evaluating physical fitness. In as much as the scheme provided only opportunities to assess physical fitness level and did not have any ongoing programme of physical fitness development in which youth could engage themselves, it served only limited purpose. Thereafter with the establishment of SAI at the National level the fitness schemes like Jogging Clubs, Sponsored Races, Neighbourhood Community Centres, National Physical Fitness Festival and Mass Gymnastic Programmes (Bharatiyam) were merged with the National Fitness Programme to make it more interesting and broad based. The National Education Policy which was established by the Govt. of India in 1985 also gave adequate importance to the programmes of physical education and physical fitness at the institutional level and stipulated that every educational institution should have adequate sports facilities and scientific programmes to enable every school going child to participate in games and sports and fitness activities of his/her own choice. Over the years, the performance of the country in the field of sports has shown a gradual decline which has given us food for thought and brought home the fact that all is not well with our sports developmental activities. A view was expressed that if the country was to make any progress in the field of sports, the only effective way is to strengthen the base of the pyramidical structure of performance which could be done through broad-basing physical education and fitness activities right from the elementary school upwards. Many scientific studies over the past twenty years support the value of regular exercise as part of a healthy lifestyle. Studies have documented a sedentary lifestyle as a risk factor for major degenerative diseases. National health statistics indicate that a high percentage of visits of physicians are for vague compliments such as chronic fatigue. In many cases, the cause of fatigue is the lack of regular physical exercise.

Regular participation in vigorous exercise increases physical fitness. A high level of physical fitness is desirable for a full, productive life. Sedentary living habits and poor physical fitness have a negative impact on both health and daily living. The benefits of regular exercise on psychological health have been clearly documented. Patients with anxiety and depression do better if exercise training is combined with other treatments. More importantly, the vast majority of individuals who take up regular exercise report an improved sense of general well-being and an enhanced self-image. Numerous scientific studies have documented the beneficial effects of exercise in groups of men and women across the entire adult age range. Research has also shown that exercise patterns and fitness levels established during childhood and adolescence are likely to carry over into adult life. Sound exercise habits developed in these early years provide the foundation for a life time of physical fitness through exercise. The importance of physical activity as an integral part of a healthy lifestyle is becoming more widely recognized. Moreover, scientific evidence of the health benefits of exercise continues to grow. Studies show that significant benefits can be realized by individuals who regularly engage in physical activity of appropriate frequency, intensity, and duration. Maintenance of an adequate level of the health-related components of physical fitness - cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, body composition and flexibility can help reduce the risk of heart disease, hypertension, noninsulin-dependent diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity, and certain mental health problems such as depression. Reduction of the incidence of stroke and maintenance of functional independence of the elderly are also benefits that may be realized through participation in regular physical activity. Further more, individuals who are physically active typically outlive those who are not.

Need and Importance of Circuit Training It is very popular and effective organisational form of doing physical exercises. In circuit training a certain number of exercises are done one after the other in the form of a circuit. This circuit is repeated three or more times. Circuit training can be used for the improvement of technical and tactical elements or for the improvement of conditional abilities. A circuit can consist of 5-15 exercise. But normally a circuit consists of 6-10 exercises. The exercises in a circuit are arranged in such a manner that different muscle groups are exercised in rotation. A specific circuit, however, can consist of several exercise involving the same muscle groups. Circuit training can be done according to any of the three methods of conditioning but continuous and interval methods are used more commonly. When continuous method is followed then all the exercises are done one after the other without break or the required number of circuits are completed without any pause. In interval method incomplete rest is given after each station or exercise. In between the rounds 3-5 minutes recovery is normally given. A circuit training programme should be carefully worked out and should be continued for several weeks after which it should be changed if required. The exercises and their sequence should be determined first according to the aim. Performance cards for each sportsman should be prepared in which his performance i.e., load, repetitions etc. should be recorded each time he does circuit training. The proposed investigation will help physical education teachers, coaches and athletic trainer to analyse the effects of circuit training on individual physical fitness level. The study will provide guidance to physical education teacher's, sports coaches and athletic trainers to prepare an appropriate training schedule for specific exercise for the fitness of the players and non player's.

Exercises are specifically designed to develop the muscle groups that are most important for successful performance in a given activity should be assigned. Sports demand rotational rather then linear elements of the body. Exercises must be selected on the basis of their development construction, as well as mimetic activity. The present study may reveal physical adaptation to selected exercise training programme. The study will reveals the degree to which the training programme can influence the different variables of physical fitness of players so that adequate attention can be given to these exercises among the participants. 5. Review of Related Studies The review of literature can give a researcher a great insight into the methods, measures, subject area and approaches used by other researchers. It open the vast storehouse of knowledge. The researcher found the following studies very illuminating. Wilmore et al (1978) showed that, after a course of circuit training, women improved VO2 max by 4%, whereas men showed no improvement. However, the VO2 max of the women pre-training was much lower than the men's: 35.5ml/kg/min as opposed to 47 ml/kg/min. This suggests that a higher level of initial fitness may mean a higher intensity of aerobic effort is needed for further improvement. Thus the moderate gain in aerobic fitness shown in the studies, around 5% uplift in VO2 max, may not occur in fitter individuals. Gettman et al (1982) showed that after eight weeks of circuit training a group of men improved their VO2 max by 3%. They then completed eight weeks of continuous running training, whereupon their VO2 max went up by a further 8%, proving once again that traditional aerobic training is more effective. However, half the group than carried on with the running for a further eight weeks while half went back to circuit training. At the end, both groups had maintained the VO2 max improvements gained from the original running training. This means that circuit training could be a useful way for athletes to stay in shape when they are injured. A circuit of weights exercises that do not stress the injury, with short rest periods, can 5

be used to maintain aerobic fitness. Tuteja (2004) administered the AAHPER Youth Fitness Test and NPHD test to 100 rural and 100 urban school going male students in Delhi. The age of the subject ranged from 14 to 17 years. He had concluded that the mean scores on AAHPER Youth Fitness Test were slightly higher in the case of urban high school students as compared to those of rural high school students. The mean scores of rural high school students were slightly higher than those of urban high school students in NPHD Test. However none of the difference in the mean scores was found statistically significant at 0.5 level of confidence. Frank (1963) examined that effect of different elementary school experiences upon achievement in certain aspects of physical fitness and sorts skill grade nine boys (N=85), rural back ground (N=27), urban back ground (N=38) and parochial school back ground (N=20) were subjects of the study. The results of the study showed that boys with rural, parochial or urban experience did not differ in physical fitness but boys from urban and parochial schools were superior in sports skill. Knuttgen (1961) carried out a study to find fitness of Danish and American children, Male (N-319) and Female (N=134), Danish school children were selected for the study. The subjects were tested on AAHPER Youth Fitness test. The result of the test were compared with the American standard, which were complied in term of both age and to the Neilson cozens classification index. It was concluded that 70% of the score of boys and 86% score of girls exceeded the various American mean score. S. Singh, J.Singh and H.Singh (2003) conducted a study to see the difference between fitness of senior and junior (girls) hockey players. The subjects for this study were hockey girls attending the camp of SAI NSNIS, Patiala. Five tests were administered to assess the physical fitness level. The data was statistically analyzed. It was found that there is no significant difference between senior and junior group in 30m and standing broad jump test performance. The junior group was found to be significantly

better in shoulder strength. A.S. Sohi (2004) investigated the patterns of improvement in performances in speed and agility among 6-14 years boys and girls. The improvement in performance was observed with respect to year-by-year increase, inter-sex differences in performances, overlapping of To performance by age and sex and levelling off the performances.

observe these conditions, two motor tasks, one each for speed and agility were selected. A cross sectional population of 499 boys and 470 girls was subjected to test on the motor tasks. The analysis of data indicated at these findings. The boys showed linear improvement on the motor tasks. The girls improved interruptedly in sprinting and linearly in agility. The boys also outperformed the girls in sprinting except during age 8 years. The girls levelled off in their performances earlier. The overlapping of performances on these motor tasks was observed by age and sex of the performers. Bernard (1966), reported that physical fitness improve in those who take regular physical exercise and activity. Regular participation in game significantly contributes to higher level of performance and greater degree of physical fitness amongst the players. Toriola and Mathur (1993) determined the relationship between the cardio-respiratory fitness scores of 25 untrained female students of the university of life, Nigeria, measured by the Harvard step test and Cooper's 12-minute run/walk test. The age of the subjects ranged from 18-20 years. Standardized procedures were used to measure subject's anthropocentric characteristics and cardio-respiratory fitness. Pearson product moment correlation and partial correlation analysis were uses to determine the relationship between the endurance tests. Result gives a significant positive correlation (r = .83, p< .01) between the subject's performance scores on the Harvard step test and Cooper's test. Pondered index was more important than chronological age in influencing the relationship between the cardio-respiratory fitness measures. It was concluded that the Cooper's 12-minute Run/walk test and Harvard step test could yield comparable cardio-respiratory endurance in non-athletic females.

Johnson (1972) found the participation in games like football caused adoption in circulatory and respiratory systems, which ultimately results in increased efficiency or in proved cardio-respiratory endurance for the competition. 6. Research Gaps By reviewing the above mentioned literature it has been found that much research has not been done on the comparative aspects of effects of circuit training programmes on selected physical fitness components of athletes and senior secondary school students. And so through my research I want to establish a concrete comparative relationship of circuit training effects on physical fitness of athletes and non athletes. 7. Objectives To identify the effects of circuit training programme on physical fitness of state level athletes and non-athletes. To study the physical fitness of state level athletes and non athletes before and after the circuit training. To compare the physical fitness of athletes and non athletes before and after circuit training. To study the physical fitness of boy and girl state level athletes and non athletes before and after circuit training. To compare the physical fitness of boy and girl state level athletes and non athletes before and after circuit training. To suggest training framework of circuit training programme for the improvement of physical fitness of participants. To analyze the suitability of circuit training programme for the development and maintenance of physical fitness level of the participants.

Hypotheses The hypotheses of the present research work are as follows: There will be no significant effect of circuit training on physical fitness of state level athletes and non-athletes. There will be no significant difference between physical fitness of athletes and non-athletes before circuit training. There will be no significant difference between physical fitness of athletes and non-athletes after circuit training. There will be no significant difference between physical fitness of athletes before and after circuit training. There will be no significant difference between physical fitness of non athletes before and after circuit training. There will be no significant difference between physical fitness of boys and girl athletes. There will be no significant difference between physical fitness of boys and girl non-athletes. There will be no significant difference between physical fitness of boy athletes before and after circuit training. There will be no significant difference between physical fitness of boy non-athletes before and after circuit training. There will be no significant difference between physical fitness of girl athletes before and after circuit training. There will be no significant difference between physical fitness of girl non-athletes before and after circuit training.

9.

Methodology Sampling The sample consists of 200 senior secondary level students. They will be drawn through random sampling technique. Out of them 100 students (50 boys & 50 girls) will be athletes (state level players) and rest of 100 students will be non-athletes (non-players). The sample is further distributed two groups Control & Experimental. The age of sample ranges between 16 to 19 years. The distribution of sample is given in the below table: Type of students Athletes Gender Boys Girls Total Tools of the study The Aahper Youth Fitness Test will be used to determine physical fitness of state level athletes and non-athletes. The details of the Aahper Youth Fitness Test is as follows: Pull-up - Arm and Shoulder Strength Sit-up - Abdominal Strength and Endurance N=50 N=50 100 Non-athletes N=50 N=50 100 100 100 200 Total

Shuttle Run - Speed and Agility Standing Long Jump - Power 50 Yard Dash - Speed 600 Yard Run-Walk Endurance The proposed test is standardized as it consists of high reliability and validity. Research Design The experimental design used for the present research work

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is as follows:

Groups Group Control 1 (N=50)

Non Athletes No Group1 Circuit (N=50) Training (N=50) Group3

Athletes No Circuit Training Group3

Circuit Group Experimental 2 (N=50) Training (16weeks ) Group2 (N=50) Group4

Circuit Training Group4 (N=50)

(N=50) (16weeks )

(Each Group consist of 25 boys and 25 girls)

Group 1 consists of non athletes of control group (25 boys and 25 girls) Group 2 consists of non athletes of experimental group (25 boys and 25 girls) Group 3 consists of athletes of control group (25 boys and 25 girls) Group 4 consists of athletes of experimental group (25 boys and 25 girls)

Variables Independent Variables Type of students (Athletes & Non Athletes) Type of Gender (Boys & Girls) Type of Group (Control & Experimental) Pre - Post Dependent Variables: Physical Fitness (Strength, Speed, Agility, Power & Endurance) Data Collection

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The entire study is designed in three phases :Phase I: Pre- Test It would be conducted with a view to know the existing status of physical fitness level of state level athletes and non-athletes under 19 age category. The initial data collected will be used for the comparison of the subjects with the data collected after administration of circuit training programme of 16 weeks. Phase II: Administration of circuit training programme Circuit training programme will be administered on the state level athletes and non-athletes. Both the state level athletes and non athletes will be divided in two categories (boys and girls). 50 boys and 50 girls will be selected for both groups. All the boys and girls groups will be given separate time for circuit training. For state level athletes (boys and girls) circuit training will be administered at Chatrasal Stadium Model Town, Delhi. For non-athletes (boys and girls) circuit training will be administered at S. D. Public School East Punjabi Bagh, New Delhi. 16 weeks circuit training programme will be administered on both boys and girls 6 days a week. For both group, 2 circuit training programme will be administered on each alternate day. Progressive Loadings to the exercises will be given during the circuit training. The dosage of exercise will be progressively increased. Principle of over-load will be followed. Utmost care will be taken that the groups will regularly participate in the training programme. Training protocol will be maintained during the training sessions: Progressive loadings to the exercises will be given during the circuit training. The regularity of training will be ascertained. No leave will be provided during the training. Principle of over-load will be followed.

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The systematic training plan will be formed with the help of experts of the fields and executed effectively.

The dates of training schedule will be decided according the time suggested by the students and their authorities.

Administration of circuit training programme for 16 weeks (6 days/week 2 circuits of 8 stations will be administered on each alternate day.) Phase III: Post-Test The final test for the collection of data will be administered on the groups. To take the final data for the different test of physical fitness all the standard equipments will be used to take the data. For the reliability of the tests, Dr. H.C. Rawal has kindly consented to supervise the procedure used to take the data.

Data Analysis Appropriate data analysis would be used for assessing qualitative and quantitative data as per the requirement of the study. Limitations The limitations of the present research work is as follows: All athletes are from Delhi which were selected to participate in school national athletic meets (previous 2 years). The subjects were not practice any activity during rest day. No special motivation was given to the subjects to give best performance. The type of training of the subject, competitive experience, daily routine, life style, socio-economic status may effect training programme will not be considered as this is considered as the limitation of the study.

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All senior secondary students will be selected randomly but athletes will not be selected.

Delimitation The delimitations of the study are as follows: The study is delimited to 100 Delhi state level athletes (50 girls and 50 boys) and 100 senior secondary students (50 girls, 50 boys) from 5 schools of Delhi. The study is delimited to under 19 age group students. The study is delimited to given circuit training programme of morning and evening session extended over 16 week duration. Clarification of the terms Circuit Training : A training technique that involves performing a series of exercises or activities arranged in a logical sequence at different stations. The objective is to complete the circuit as quickly as possible or to perform as many repetition of the exercise as possible in a set time period. Physical Fitness: Physical fitness is the capacity to carry-out, reasonably well, various forms of physical activities without being unduly tired and includes qualities important to the individual's health and well being. Strength: Strength is the amount of muscular force one is capable of exerting in a single muscular contraction. Muscular Endurance: This is the quality that enables a person to sustain localized muscle group activities for extended periods of time. Flexibility: It is the functional capacity of a joint to move through a normal range of motion. It is specific to a given joint and is actually more dependent upon the musculature surrounding a joint then on the actual body structure of the joint itself. 14

Cardio Respiratory Endurance: This is the quality that enables one to continue engaging in reasonably vigorous physical activities for extended periods of time and where the required cardiorespiratory adjustment to the activity is built up. Overload Principle: A major principle of training whereby a stress or intensity greater than normal is placed on a body system in order to create a training effect. One example is to increase the amount of weight during weight training to increase muscle strength. 10. Tentative Chapter Plan 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 11. Introduction Review of related literature Research Methodology Analysis and Interpretation of the data Conclusion and suggestion

References

Boucher Charles A. (1995), Foundation of Physical Education, The C.V. Mosby company, Saint Louis. Clarke H. Harrison (1967), Application of Measurement to Health and Physical Education, Englewood cliffs, Prentice Hall Inc. Donald K. Mathews (1978), Measurement in Physical Education W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia London, Toronto. Dotson O. Charles & Kirkendall R. Don (1979), Statistics for Physical Education, Health and Recreation, New York, Evanston, San Francisco, London. Edmundson Joseph (1962), Physical Fitness for men" An Arco Way Flower Hendy Book, 3 Upper James Street, London, W.I. Garrett E. Henry (1984), Statistics in Psychology and Education, Vakils, Feffer and Simone Ltd., Hague building, 9 Sprott Road, Ballard Estate, Bombay.

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Getchell Bud (1976), Physical Fitness, A way of life, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, London, Toronto. Gettman (1982), Effects of Circuit training on the rehabilitation of injured athletes, Dissertation Abstract International 29 pp 3449-3454. Ghosh Aloke (1980), Handbook of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, Allied Book Agency Calcutta, Delhi. Govindarajulu L.K. (1974), Perfect Physical Fitness, I.B.H. Publishing Company, Bombay. Howell Reet, Howell Maxwell, Uppal A.K. (1994), Foundations of Physical Education Friends Publications (India), Delhi. Jensen R. Clayne & Fisher Garth A (1979), Scientific Basis of Athletic Conditioning, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. Keyers R. Carlton (1962), Measurement in Physical Education, The Ronald Press Company, New York, P. 272, 328. Magee R & M Barrow Harold (1971), Application Approach to measurements in Physical Education, Lea & Fibiger, Philedelphis. Morehouse Lawrence E. August & Miller (1959), Physiology of Exercise, Saint Louis, The C.V. Moshy Co. Novich M. Max & Taylor B.S. Buddy (1970), Training and Condition of Athletes, Lea & Fabiger, Philadelphia. Singh Hardayal (1991), Science of Sports Training, D.V.S. Publication, New Delhi. Thaxton Nolan A (1988), Pathways to Fitness, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York. Throndike A (1962), Athletic Injuries Philadelphis, Leo & Fabiger. Toriola A.L., Mathur D.N. (1993), Relationship of circuit training and cardiorespiratory fitness of untrained females, Research Quarterly 39 pp (110-118) Tuteja (2004), The effects of warm up of different types duration, intensities and densities on speed and muscular power of school students, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis Jiwaji University, Gwalier.

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Wilmore (1978), Critical evaluation of effects of circuit training on the aerobic capacity of men and women at the state University Iowa, Research Quarterly, vol 12 pp 74-178.

Signature of the Candidate Outline Approved

Signature of the Supervisor The suggestions proposed by Departmental Research Committee (Date 06/03/09) have been incorporated. Signature of the Candidate Signature of the Supervisor Corrections Title is modified (page cover and 1). Progressive load is given. (page.12) Selected physical fitness component is changed into physical fitness. (page 8) Control Group is added. (page 11) Training Protocol is added.(page13) The suggestions and corrections proposed by University Research Board (Date 26/08/09) are incorporated. Signature of the Candidate Signature of the Supervisor

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Appendix - 1

PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST BATTERY RECORD FORM Pre / Post Test Group: Control / Experimental Category: Athlete / Non-Athlete Name__________________Age_____Sex_____Date____________ Body Weight_______Height_______Percent Body Fat___________ Anthropometric Measurements Bust / Chest ____________in. Hips ____________in. Waist ____________in. Thighs (R) ____________in. (L) Upper Arm (R) ____________in. (L) Raw Score
Pull-up - Arm and Shoulder Strength Sit-up Abdominal

____________in. ____________in. TScore Nos Nos Secs Feet & inches Secs Minute s & secs

Strength and Endurance Shuttle Run - Speed and Agility Standing Long Jump Power 50 Yard Dash Speed 600 Yard Run-Walk Endurance

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