01-14 DSS1 and R2

HUAWEI GSM-T GTSOFTX3000 Technical Manual Signaling and Protocols
Contents
Contents
14 DSS1 and R2............................................................................................................................14-1
14.1 DSS1 Signaling .........................................................................................................................................14-2 14.1.1 Overview of DSS1 Signaling...........................................................................................................14-2 14.1.2 Basic Concepts.................................................................................................................................14-2 14.1.3 Application of DSS1 ........................................................................................................................14-7 14.1.4 Protocol Structure of DSS1..............................................................................................................14-8 14.1.5 Call Control Message..................................................................................................................... 14-11 14.1.6 Basic Signaling Process .................................................................................................................14-13 14.2 R2 Signaling............................................................................................................................................14-15 14.2.1 Basic Concepts...............................................................................................................................14-15 14.2.2 Line Signaling................................................................................................................................14-16 14.2.3 Register Signaling..........................................................................................................................14-20 14.2.4 Application of R2 Signaling...........................................................................................................14-29 14.2.5 Basic Signaling Flow .....................................................................................................................14-30
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Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Figures
Figures
Figure 14-1 Structure of ISDN .........................................................................................................................14-2 Figure 14-2 Reference configuration for ISDN user-to-network interfaces .....................................................14-3 Figure 14-3 Correlation between a binary code and an AMI code ...................................................................14-4 Figure 14-4 ISDN subscriber number and sub-address ....................................................................................14-7 Figure 14-5 Typical application of DSS1 in NGN ...........................................................................................14-8 Figure 14-6 Correlation between DSS1 signaling and the OSI reference model .............................................14-9 Figure 14-7 Reference configuration of ISDN user-to-network interfaces ......................................................14-9 Figure 14-8 Format of ITU-T Q.931 messages .............................................................................................. 14-11 Figure 14-9 Basic signaling process of DSS1 (circuit switching) ..................................................................14-14 Figure 14-10 The transmission process of R2 register signaling....................................................................14-21 Figure 14-11 Typical application of R2 signaling in NGN.............................................................................14-30 Figure 14-12 Signaling process of a local call................................................................................................14-31
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Tables
Tables
Table 14-1 Bandwidth allocation in the 2B1Q line code mode ........................................................................14-4 Table 14-2 Bandwidth allocation in the 2B1Q line code mode ........................................................................14-6 Table 14-3 Types of call control layer messages of Q.931 .............................................................................14-12 Table 14-4 Nominal values of the in-band single frequency pulses and their intervals..................................14-16 Table 14-5 Signal structure of line signaling with in-band single frequency pulse ........................................14-17 Table 14-6 Use of TS16 in a PCM multiframe ...............................................................................................14-19 Table 14-7 Meaning of forward signaling in digital lines...............................................................................14-19 Table 14-8 Meaning of backward signaling in digital lines............................................................................14-19 Table 14-9 Signaling bits in the automatic and semi-automatic connection of a toll office ...........................14-20 Table 14-10 Forward signaling .......................................................................................................................14-22 Table 14-11 Backward signaling.....................................................................................................................14-22 Table 14-12 Meanings of the four groups of signaling...................................................................................14-23 Table 14-13 Forward group I signaling ..........................................................................................................14-23 Table 14-14 Backward group A signaling.......................................................................................................14-24 Table 14-15 Forward group I signaling and backward group A signaling ......................................................14-25 Table 14-16 Forward group II signaling and backward group B signaling ....................................................14-28 Table 14-17 Contents and role of KD signaling .............................................................................................14-29
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14
About This Chapter
The following table lists the contents of this chapter. Section 14.1 DSS1 Signaling 14.2 R2 Signaling Describes
DSS1 and R2
The basic concept, application, and protocol structure of the DSS1 signaling, and call control message. The basic concept and application of the R2 signaling, and basic signaling process.
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14.1 DSS1 Signaling

14.1.1 Overview of DSS1 Signaling
ISDN features multiple capabilities, including circuit switching, packet switching, non-switching connection, and common channel signaling. Normally, a network only provides functions of lower layersphysical layer, data link layer, and network layer - of the open systems interconnection (OSI) model. Intra-network higher layer (layers 4 to 7 of model OSI) functions required by some supplementary services can be implemented inside ISDN or provided by an independent service center. The basic structure of ISDN is shown in Figure 14-1. The terminal equipment (TE) of ISDN is connected through the standard user-to-network interface. Figure 14-1 Structure of ISDN
Circuit switching capacity Packet switching capacity ISDN switch Non-switching capacity Common channel signaling capacity
User-network interface
TE
User-network interface
ISDN switch
TE
14.1.2 Basic Concepts

Reference Points and Functional Group
The reference configuration (reference model) of the ISDN user-to-network interface is shown in Figure 14-2. The model is an abstract arrangement of the user-to-network interface standardized by CCITT (ITU) regulations. It offers reference points to be standardized and functional groups related to the reference points.
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Figure 14-2 Reference configuration for ISDN user-to-network interfaces

S TE1 NT2 T NT1 U
Transmission line
R TE2 TA S
Reference point
Functional group
Reference point In Figure 14-2, crosses stands for reference points. A cross is a conceptual reference point for dividing functional groups. In the user accessing, crosses stand for physical interfaces between device units. For the implementation of multiple functional groups combined in one device, reference points between functional groups exist only conceptually. The physical interfaces cannot be observed. There are three types of reference points: the U reference point, S/T reference point and R reference point.
U reference point The U reference point, also called the U interface, is the line interface between the network and the user. According to the regulations of ITU, the U interface is the line interface between the network and the ISDN basic rate access (BRA) user, but not the line interface between the network and the primary rate access (PRA) user. Comparing the reference model to the actual application, we regard that the E1 line in the PRA application as the U interface in Figure 14-2. The BRA U interface determines the transmission line code. The U interface uses the original analog subscriber line (ASL). To transmit digital signals through twisted pairs, you need to reduce transmission attenuation. One way for reducing transmission attenuation is to reduce the line transmission rate, that is, to transmit a 2-bit binary code with one level. The transmission line code adopted by the U interface in China is 2B1Q. This code indicates that the line transmission uses four levels, each level being a combination of two bits. Correlation between binary codes and line levels: Binary code 00 01 10 11 Line level 3V 1V +3V +1V
In this way, the line rate is reduced by half compared with the binary code rate, thus reducing the transmission attenuation. When the 2B1Q line code is used, the line element rate (baud rate) is 80 kbit/s, and the corresponding bandwidth is 160 kbit/s. The bandwidth allocation is described in Table 14-1.
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Table 14-1 Bandwidth allocation in the 2B1Q line code mode Channel 2B channel D channel M channel Rate (Bit/s) 128k 16k 40k Function Traffic channel Signaling channel Transmitting the maintenance information between the network and the terminal Transmitting clock information
Used for U interface synchronization
12k
S reference point and T reference point The S reference point, also called S interface, is the line interface between the ISDN terminal (terminal equipment type 1 (TE1) or terminal adaptor (TA)) and the network terminal (NT). The T reference point, also called T interface, is the line interface between network terminal type 1 (NT1) and network terminal type 2 (NT2). In the ITU regulation, the specifications of the S interface is the same as that of the T interface. If the NT2 device does not exist, S and T together form S/T reference point, also called S/T interface. The S/T interface uses a four-line transmission mode, two lines for sending and two lines for receiving. The line code is a pseudo-AMI (alternate mark inversion) code. In AMI code, binary bit "1" is converted to positive pulse or negative pulse, which alternate forward and backward; binary bit "0" is converted to level 0. Figure 14-3 illustrates the correlation between a binary code and an AMI code.
Figure 14-3 Correlation between a binary code and an AMI code

Binary code 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
AMI code
Sending direction
R reference point The R reference point, also called R interface, is a non-standard ISDN terminal interface, for example, RS-232 interface, IEEE-488 interface, and analog telephone interface.
Functional group In Figure 14-2, blocks stand for functional groups. A functional group is the combination and arrangement of functions required on ISDN user interfaces. In application, a number of functional groups may be implemented in one device.
NT1
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NT1 provides U interfaces and S/T interfaces for connecting ISDN terminals and devices of the ISDN exchange. The function of NT1 is the code conversion between the U interface and S/T interface, for example, the 2B1Q/AMI code conversion in the Chinese standard. NT1 is purely a physical layer device without software intelligence, but it has the line maintenance and performance monitoring functions. It ensures the clock synchronization of the ISDN terminal and network.
If the NT1 includes the function of the TA, it is called NT1+.
NT2 NT2 is an intelligent terminal device. A common NT2 device can be a terminal control device such as a private automatic branch exchange (PABX) that has the functions of ISDN, and a LAN router.
TE1 The TE1 is a standard ISDN terminal, with standard S interfaces. It can be connected directly with the NT1 or NT2 through S interfaces. Common TE1 devices include ISDN digital telephone sets, G4 fax machines, and video phones.
Terminal equipment type 2 (TE2) TE2 is a non-standard ISDN terminal without S interfaces. It cannot be directly connected with the NT1 or NT2. An S interface can be connected to the TE2 through a terminal adapter (TA). Common TE2 devices include PCs, ordinary telephone sets, X 25 packet terminals and G3 fax machines.
TA There is an S or U interface on one end of the TA, and an interface for connecting a non-standard ISDN terminal on the other end. The role of the TA is for rate adaptation and protocol conversion. The non-standard ISDN terminal (TE2) does not have the function of the common channel signaling (D channel). It can be connected with the S or U interface only after the rate adaptation and protocol conversion with the TA. Some TAs contain the built-in AT command set. The AT command set is a general command format for operating on the Modem on a computer. It supports call originating and answering on a computer. In other words, the AT command is converted to D channel signaling. With a TA, the user can make calls and transmit data simultaneously through a computer. The B channel protocol of the TA is V.110. It converts the low-speed serial port data to the data with the speed of 64 kbit/s to enter the B channel. It enables the non-standard ISDN terminal to communicate with the network through a standard ISDN interface.
ISDN Channel
The ISDN channel type refers to the channel path type of the user-to-network interface. It includes bearer channel (B channel), demand channel (D channel) and H channel. B channel The B channel is used for transmitting user information (including voice, data and images) at the rate of 64 kbit/s. It can implement circuit switching, packet switching and semi-permanent connection (SPC). D channel
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The D channel transmits signaling messages and packet messages for circuit switching. According to the number of B channels supported by D channels, D channels are divided into 2B+D and 30B+D. Table 14-2 Bandwidth allocation in the 2B1Q line code mode Channel D16 D64 Rate (Bit/s) 16k 64k Function D channel in 2B+D D channel in 30B+D
H channel The H channel is for transmitting user information (including stereo programs, images and data) at a rate over 384 kbit/s.
ISDN Interface
The ISDN interface falls into three types: BRA (2B+D), PRA (30B+D) and ISUP. BRA interface BRA is short for the basic rate interface/access (BRI/BRA). It is specified when the ordinary subscriber line in PSTN is used as the ISDN subscriber line. It has a rate of 144 kbit/s. It supports two 64 kbit/s user channels (B channel) and one 16 kbit/s signaling channel (D channel). The BRA interface is provided by the digital subscriber line board (DSL) of the optical network unit (ONU) or remote subscriber processor (RSP) under the UMG8900. Each DSL can provide eight BRA interfaces. One BRA interface can be connected with eight ISDN terminals at most. It allows two telephones (each occupying a B channel) and a packet terminal (occupying the D channel) to communicate with the network simultaneously. When the ISDN-PC communicates with the network, it can occupy two B channels at the maximum rate of 128 kbit/s. As shown in Figure 1-6, the eight ISDN terminals attached to the 2B+D interface can call another terminal in the "subscriber number + sub-address" mode. Two subscriber numbers must be allocated to a BRA interface on the network side and set on the terminal. Each subscriber number can have four sub-addresses (14 digits) at most. On the network side, sub-address numbers need not be set. Only the authorities for sub-address numbers need to be registered. Sub-addresses are set on terminals.
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Figure 14-4 ISDN subscriber number and sub-address

SUB1=1 SUB1=2 N1=6600000 SUB1=3 S/T 2B+D subscriber line N1=6600000 N2=6600001 NT1 SUB1=1 SUB1=2 N2=6600001 SUB1=3 SUB1=4 SUB1=4
PRA interface According to different gaping (E1=32TS, T1=24TS) divided by the PCM system, the primary rate interfaces/accesses (PRI/PRA) are classified into the 30B+D interfaces (China and Europe) and the 23B+D interfaces (North America and Japan). The 30B+D interface is the PRA interface in China with a rate of 2048 kbit/s. It supports thirty 64 kbit/s user channels (B channels) and a 64 kbit/s signaling channel (D channel). The physical channel of the PRA interface is provided by the digital trunk module (DTM). The board type must be set to "PRA" during hardware data configuration. Each PRA board provides two 30B+D PRA interfaces. The subscriber line is a coaxial cable that can meet the requirement of users with heavy traffic. The PRA interface can be connected to the PABX that has the functions of ISDN, a LAN, or Internet interim inter-switch signalling protocol (ISP) system. It can also provide channels for video conference users to transmit high quality pictures. ISUP interface The ISDN user part (ISUP) interface is needed for enabling the ISUP circuit between two exchanges.
14.1.3 Application of DSS1

Figure 14-5 is a typical application of DSS1 signaling in NGN.
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Figure 14-5 Typical application of DSS1 in NGN
GTSOFTX3000
IP Metropolitan-Area Network
H.248/IUA
H.248/IUA
UMG8900
PRI
UMG8900
PRI
RSP BRI BRI
PBX
NAS
ISDN
ISDN
POTS
POTS
ISDN 2B+D Access
PBX and NAS Equipment
The UMG8900 provides the BRIs and PRIs specified in ISDN User to Network Interface Specifications, for processing Q.921 messages. It transparently transmits Q.931 signaling to the GTSOFTX3000 through ISDN Q.921-User Adaptation Layer (IUA) to implement the following ISDN services: Providing BRIs for the accessing of ordinary ISDN users (2B+D); Providing PRIs for accessing PABXs and network access servers (NAS). For the DSS1 signaling system, this document introduces only the PRI. For the BRI, refer to relevant standards.
14.1.4 Protocol Structure of DSS1

DSS1 signaling has three layers: physical layer, data link layer and call control layer. Figure 14-6 illustrates the correlation between DSS1 signaling and the OSI reference model.
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Figure 14-6 Correlation between DSS1 signaling and the OSI reference model
Layers 4-7 Call control layer Data link layer Physical layer DSS1 signaling Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1 OSI reference model
Physical Layer
The physical layer specifies the procedure and electrical and functional features of the ISDN user-to-network interface. It provides the technical basis for the interconnection, operation and maintenance, equipment design, network planning and acceptance test of the user-to-network interface. For example, the reference configuration of the PRI is shown in Figure 14-7. Figure 14-7 Reference configuration of ISDN user-to-network interfaces
R
TE1 NT2
T
NT1
Transmission media
R
TE2 TA
TE1: Standard ISDN terminal Reference point TE2: Non-standard ISDN terminal NT1: Network terminal type 1 NT2: Network terminal type 2 (For example, PBX, LAN, Router) Functional group TA: Terminal adaptor
The meanings of the B channel and D channel supported by the PRI: B channel: bearer channel of the user information with the rate of 64 kbit/s, used for carrying voice and data for circuit switching, packet switching and SPC. D channel: bearer channel of the signaling information with the rate of 64 kbit/s, used to transmit the signaling information and packet data information of circuit switching. The PRI physical channel is in the PCM structure. It has the same rate as the PCM primary rate, namely, 2048 kbit/s. The PRI can use twisted pairs as the transmission media. In the 30/32 channels of PCM, each frame is divided into 32 basic time slots. TS0 is used for frame synchronization and error control, and TS16 for signaling transmission.
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Data Link Layer

The data link layer specifies the specification attributes of the data link layer of the ISDN user-to-network interface (PRI). These specification attributes include the concept and terms of the data link layer protocol, and the frame structure, procedure, procedure element and field format of the data link layer protocol under normal operation. On the ISDN user-to-network interface, the data link layer protocol accesses the LAPD protocol through the link on the D channel. The LAPD protocol defines rules for the layer 2 entity on the user-to-network interface to exchange information through the D channel. The layer 2 entity may exchange information between the TE and the NT2 (such as PABX, LAN and a router), between the NT2 and an exchange, or between the TE and an exchange. Therefore, LAPD is to provide means of information transmission between combinations of data link connection ends. Functions of LAPD are as follows: Providing data link connections on one or more D channels; Discrimination of data link connections depending on the data link connection identifier (DLCI) contained in each frame; Delimitation, location and transparent transmission of frames, hence allowing recognizing a string of bits sent on the D channel in the form of a frame; Sequence control for keeping the sequence of frames connected through data links; Checking of the transmission and format of and operation onto data link connections; Error recovery after the transmission, format and operation check; Notifying the management entity of unrecoverable errors; Performing flow control; Management of the activation of the physical layer. For details, refer to ISDN User to Network Interface Specifications Part 2: Technical Specifications on Data Link Layer (YDN 034.3-1997).
Call Control Layer

The call control layer specifies the procedure for establishing, keeping and removing network connections on the ISDN user-to-network interface. It also specifies the process of message exchange on the D channel. With the functions and services provided by the data link layer, the call control layer provides functions for establishing and operating on network connections to users. These functions support the basic call control program and the call control program related to supplementary features provided by the network. These functions include: Processing the primitive used for the communication with the data link layer; Generating and translating layer-3 messages for intra-layer communication; Managing the timer and logical entity used in the call control program; Managing accessing resources, including the B channel, and the logical path of the packet layer (for example, X.25 recommendations); Ensuring the consistency between the provided services and the services required by the user (for example, the bearer capacity, address, and the compatibility between the lower layers and the higher layers);
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Routing and trunks; Network connection control; Transmitting information between the network and the user; Multiplexing of network connections; Error checking; Error recovery; Sequencing; Blocking control and user data stream control; Restart. For details, refer to ISDN User to Network Interface Specifications Part 3: Technical Specifications on Basic Call Control of Layer 3 (YDN 034.3-1997).
14.1.5 Call Control Message

The Layer 3 (call control layer) entity of the user side needs to communicate with the Layer 3 entity of the network side for call control. The communication is realized by exchanging messages on the D channel. The call control layer message is composed of data blocks of different lengths. It is produced and processed by the call control layer, and carried and transmitted by the data link layer. The format of the call control layer message specified by the recommendations of ITU-T Q.931/Q.932 is illustrated in Figure 14-8. The call control layer message consists of a number (an integer) of bytes. Each message has a common part, and optional or mandatory information elements. Figure 14-8 Format of ITU-T Q.931 messages
8
Common part
1 1 byte 1 byte 2 bytes at most 1 byte
Protocol discriminator
Length of call reference value
FLAG Call reference value 0

Optional or mandatory information elements
Message type
Other information elements
Other information elements
The common part consists of three sub-parts with the format identical with that of all messages.
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Protocol Discriminator
The protocol discriminator separates the call control message from other messages on the user-to-network interface. The length of the protocol discriminator is one byte. The value of the Q.931 call control layer message fixedly is 00001000.
Call Reference Value

The reference identifies calls involved by messages or facility registration/un-registration requests on the local user-to-network interface. Call reference value does not have the meaning of overriding ISDN from end to end. The call reference value is allocated by the call originating interface. Inside the layer-2 logical link connection of a specific D channel, call reference values are unique on the originating side. They are allocated at the start of calls and kept till the end of these calls (except in the cases of call suspension). After the end or successful suspension of a call, the call reference value can be re-allocated to a new call. On layer 2 logical links of a same D channel, two calls of different directions can have the same call reference value. The eighth byte of the second eight-byte set is the call reference flag. The value of the flag is 0 or 1. The call reference flag identifies the end of the layer 2 logical link to send the call reference value. The call reference flag on the originating side is always set to 0, and that on the terminating side is always set to 1. The sole purpose of the call reference flag is to solve the problem of two ends attempting to allocate the same call reference value at the same time. The call reference flag is also applied when using the global call reference (for example, to restart a program).
Message Type
Message types identifies messages that are being sent. They include different information elements. The message part is the third part of a message, and its length is one byte. Bit 8 is reserved for future expansion. Call control layer messages of Q.931 are classified into four types: messages for call setup, messages used at the call information stage, messages for call clearing, and other messages. The coding of different types of messages is described in Table 14-3. Table 14-3 Types of call control layer messages of Q.931 Message Code 0000 0001 0000 0010 0000 0111 0000 1111 0000 0011 0000 0101 0000 1101 0010 0110 Messages used at the call Message Type Messages for call setup ALERTING CALL PROCEEDING CONNECT CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE PROGRESS SETUP SETUP ACKNOWLEDGE RESUME
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Message Code 0010 1110 0010 0010 0010 0101 0010 1101 0010 0001 0100 0101 0100 1101
Message Type information stage RESUME ACKNOWLEDGE RESUME REJECT SUSPEND SUSPEND ACKNOWLEDGE SUSPEND REJECT Messages for call clearing DISCONNECT RELEASE RELEASE COMPLETE RESTART RESTART ACKNOWLEDGE Other messages INFORMATION NOTIFY STATUS STATUS ENQUIRY
0101 1010 0100 0110 0100 1110 0111 1011 0110 1110 0111 1101 0111 0101
14.1.6 Basic Signaling Process

The following takes the process of the simplest call control with circuit switching as an example to describe the basic signaling process of DSS1. Suppose both the calling end and the called end use ISDN terminal devices. If ISUP is used as the signaling protocol between the originating and terminating offices, the process of a typical call is illustrated in Figure 14-9.
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Figure 14-9 Basic signaling process of DSS1 (circuit switching)

Calling terminal SETUP SETUP ACK INFO INFO IAM CALL PROC SETUP ALERT ALERT ALERT CONN CONN ACK ACM CONN ANM CONN ACK REL REL COMP Conversation or data Caller hooks on first DISC(cause value=16) REL REL COMP REL RLC DISC(cause value=16) REL REL COMP DISC(cause value=16) DISC(cause value=16) REL REL COMP REL RLC REL REL COMP Caller hooks on first
Originating ISUP office
Terminating office
TEx
Called terminal TEy
Call Setup Process

A call request is sent in the form of the SETUP message. The message is transmitted on an established data link. When the SETUP message reaches the network side of the originating office, the network entity of layer 3 checks whether the called address is complete. If it is complete, the originating office returns the CALL PROCEEDING message to hold the caller waiting. If the called address is incomplete, the originating office returns the SETUP ACK message to request subsequent information. The caller sends the INFORMATION message to provide the remaining information. When the originating office network side receives the complete address information, it notifies the exchange for routing and resource allocation. In this example, the call must go through another exchange before being connected to the callee. Therefore, the originating office exchange must send a message containing the call-related information to the terminating office exchange through SS7 signaling (ISUP). When the terminating office receives this message, it sends the SETUP message to the callee. The SETUP message contains all the information sent by the originating office, including the bearer service
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capacity, terminal lower layer and higher layer attributes, and end-to-end information. It also contains the subscriber information channel selected by the terminating office. On the basic interface of the callee, the SETUP message is transmitted on the broadcast data link (TEI = 127). Therefore, all the terminals connected to the passive bus receive the SETUP message. These terminals will check whether they meet the content requirements of the SETUP message. For example, whether they have the same bearer service features as the message, whether the lower layer and higher layer protocols are consistent, whether their terminal types match that of the calling terminal, and whether the sub-address (if there is one) is conformant. The following case is possible. For a call, there are several terminals having the information compatible with the SETUP message. Then, these terminals simultaneously return the ALERTING message to the network and send the ringing tone to the callee. The terminating office sends the first ALARTING message to the originating office. When the ALARTING message finally arrives at the calling terminal, the calling terminal sends the ringback tone (or displays the ALARTING information) to the caller. When a called terminal responds to the call, it immediately sends the CONNECT message to the network. The exchange of the terminating office transfers the CONNECT message to the caller side, and at the same time sends the CONNECT ACK message to the responding called terminal. Then, the B channels selected by both exchanges are connected. The circuit connection is set up between the caller and the callee and the circuit is ready for transmitting subscriber information.
Call Release Process

The call release process with the caller hooking on first is as follows. The caller sends the DISCONNECT message (cause value = 16) to the originating office. After the originating office receives the message, it sends the REL message to the terminating office to disconnect the inter-office circuit. The terminating office returns the RLC message, indicating the completion of call release. When the originating office sends the REL message to the terminating office, it also responds to the calling terminal with the RELEASE message to disconnect the inter-office circuit. The calling terminal returns the RELEASE COMPETE message, indicating the completion of disconnection. After the terminating office receives the REL message from the originating office, it sends the DISCONNECT message (cause value =16) to the called terminal. The called terminal responds with the RELEASE message to disconnect the circuit between the caller and the terminating office. The terminating office returns the RELEASE COMPLETE message to the callee, indicating the completion of disconnection. Now, the call is completely released. For the call release process with the callee hooking on first, DSS1 call control messages on the user-to-network interface are the same as the above. Refer to Figure 14-9 for an analysis.
14.2 R2 Signaling
14.2.1 Basic Concepts
As the telecom network is very large in scale, it is hard to replace channel associated signaling completely with SS7 signaling in a short time span. By far, the channel associated signaling system is still widely used in the international telecom network and telecom networks of various countries. No. 1 signaling is a subset of R2 signaling.
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R2 signaling consists of line signaling and register signaling. Of these two kinds of signaling, the definition varies from country to country. Line signaling is transmitted between line devices (repeaters). It is composed of line monitoring signals. It is used for monitoring the status of connection of trunks and controlling the connection. A line device cannot be shared among trunks. Instead, each trunk must have a line device. Therefore, line signaling is relatively simple to reduce costs, and the types of line signaling are few. Register signaling is transmitted between registers. It is composed of selection signals and service signals. It is used for selecting route and callee and managing the telephone network. A register is a shared device. Few registers are needed in a signaling network. Therefore, a register can be a complex device for matching more kinds of signaling.
14.2.2 Line Signaling

There are three forms of line signaling: DC line signaling, line signaling with in-band single frequency pulse and digital line signaling.
DC Line Signaling
DC line signaling is used for the real line trunks of electromechanical switches. In China, local call networks are all stored program-controlled; therefore DC line signaling actually is not used. DC line signaling will not be introduced in this document.
Line Signaling with In-Band Single Frequency Pulse

In a toll automatic telephone network, if the inter-office transmission system uses carrier, microwave or satellite circuits of frequency-division multiplexing, the inter-office line signaling usually uses the audio signal, namely, the in-band single frequency pulse signal. The single frequency used by line signaling is 2600 Hz. It consists of the short signal unit, long signal unit and continuous signal unit. The short signal unit is a short pulse signal with the nominal value of 150 milliseconds. The long signal unit is a long pulse signal with the nominal value of 600 milliseconds. The nominal interval of sending two signals is 300 milliseconds. Table 14-4 lists the nominal values of pulse signals and intervals. Table 14-4 Nominal values of the in-band single frequency pulses and their intervals Nominal Values of Pulse Signal or Interval Pulse Short signal unit Sending interval Long signal unit Signal Length (ms) 150 600 Interval (ms) 150 300 600 Sending Time Deviation at Transmitting End (ms) 30 60 120 Recognition Time Range at Receiving End (ms) 80 20 375 75
There are two kinds of line signaling: forward signaling and backward signaling. Forward signaling is sent from the originating office to the terminating office. Backward signaling is
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sent from the terminating office to the originating office. The structure of signaling signals is described in Table 14-5. Table 14-5 Signal structure of line signaling with in-band single frequency pulse SN. Connection Status (Signaling Name) Occupation signal Disconnection signal Repeated disconnection signal Sending Direction Forward
150 300 600
Backward
Signaling Signal Structure (ms)
Remarks
1 2 3
Single pulse 150 Single pulse 600 Used between toll offices and between toll/local offices Used between local offices
600
600
600
4 5 6 7 8
Answer signal Clear signal Release guard signal Blocking signal Operator signal Re-ringing or forced disconnection signal Ringback signal
Single pulse 150 Single pulse 600 Single pulse 600 Continuous At least three pulses At least three pulses Equivalent to clear signal Equivalent to release guard signal
150 150 150 150 150
150 150 150 150 150
Forced release signal
A B
Single pulse 600
Single pulse 600
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The connection states in Table 14-5 are described as follows: Occupation signal is a forward signaling. When the outgoing trunk of the originating office sends an occupation signal, an incoming trunk of the peer office will change its state from idle to occupied. Disconnection signal is a forward signaling sent by the outgoing trunk to the incoming trunk of the peer office. It means that the switch can release the call in abnormal call disconnection in addition to normal disconnection. The disconnection signal is sent in any of the following cases: 1 2 3 4 The caller hangs up in call control recovery mode The operator of original toll office in toll semi-automatic connection The original office receives a backward register signaling such as connection busy. Callee not pickup after alerting timeout, or caller not hang up for more than 90 seconds after callee hangs up
The repeated disconnection signal is sent by the outgoing trunk of the original office when it does not receive the release control signal 3 to 5 seconds after its sending the disconnection signal. If the release control signal is still not received after sending the repeated disconnection signal, an alarm will be generated. The answer signal indicates that the callee picks up the phone. It is a backward signaling sent by the incoming trunk. The clear signal indicates that the callee hangs up. It is a backward signaling sent by the incoming trunk from the terminal office to the original office in relay. The release control signal is a backward confirmation signal of the disconnection signal. It indicates that the caller of the originating office releases. The blocking signal is a backward signaling sent by the incoming trunk of the incoming office, indicating that the trunk has been blocked. The re-ringing signal is a forward operator signaling. After the toll office operator establish call connection with the callee and the callee answers, if the callee hangs up and the operator need to call the callee, the operator can send the re-ringing signal. The forced disconnection signal is also a forward operator signal. When the toll office operator tries to connect the call, and finds that the callee is engaged in a local call, the operator will send the signal after receiving confirmation from the callee. The ringback signal is a backward operator signaling. It is sent by the operator back to the caller. The forced release signal is used in the following case. In a bi-directional trunk circuit, sometimes it is occupied in both direction due to disturbances. If no register signaling is received in 15 seconds, one end will send a forward forced release signal (acting as a release signal), and the other end will send a backward forced release signal (acting as a release control signal), and the trunk circuit is released.
Digital Line Signaling

The line signaling monitors the occupation, release, and blocking state of the trunk lines. To support transmission of 30 voice channel line signaling in the PCM system, a multiframe concept is introduces. A multiframe consists of 16 individual frames, each of which is 125 s and contains 32 timeslots. A multiframe has 16 TS16. In the TS16 of the frame 0, the first four
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bits are used for synchronization in the multiframe, the last four bits are used for loss-of-synchronization report, and the TS16 of the other 15 frames are used to transmit the line signaling of the 30 voice channels. Table 14-6 describes the usage of TS16 in a PCM multiframe. Table 14-6 Use of TS16 in a PCM multiframe Frame 0 00 00 XY XX Frame 1 abcd Voice channel 1 abcd Voice channel 16 Frame 2 abcd Voice channel 2 abcd Voice channel 17 ...
TS16 of frame 0 X: Spare bit, and is set to 1. Y: Loss-of-synchronization report bit. 0 means normal, and 1 means loss of synchronization. TS16 of other frames A 30-voice-channel PCM system sends the line signaling by sampling and transmitting the TS16 in a multiframe. There are four bita, b, c, and davailable in both transmission directions for each voice channel. Only the first three bits are used for both the forward signaling and the backward signaling. The bit af, bf, and cf are for the forward signaling, and the ab, bb, and cb are for the backward signaling. Table 14-7 and Table 14-8 list the meaning of the signaling. Table 14-7 Meaning of forward signaling in digital lines Bit af=0 af=1 bf=0 bf=1 cf=0 cf=1 Meaning Caller picks up (occupied) Caller hangs up (released) Not faulty Faulty Operator re-rings or forced releases Operator does not re-ring or forced release
Table 14-8 Meaning of backward signaling in digital lines Bit ab=0 ab=1 bb=0 bb=1 Meaning Callee picks up Caller hangs up (backward released) Idle Occupied or blocked
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Bit cb=0 cb=1
Meaning Operator rings back Operator does not ring back
Obviously, no operator intervention is needed in the connection between local offices, and the automatic connection between a local office and a toll office. Therefore, Cf and Cb are not needed. Table 14-9 shows the differences between different digital line signaling in the three bits. Table 14-9 Signaling bits in the automatic and semi-automatic connection of a toll office Connection State Forward Signaling af Idle Occupied Occupation confirmed Answer Hang up Re-ring (forced release) Release Release control Ring back Blocked 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 bf 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 cf 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 Backward Signaling ab 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 bb 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
Refer to the previous paragraphs on the definition of connection states.
14.2.3 Register Signaling

Definition of Register Signaling
The R2 register signaling is in multiple frequency control (MFC) mode. It is divided into two typesforward signaling and backward signaling. In the register signaling, the forward signaling and backward signaling are both consistent. The forward signaling transmits addresses and controls indications, while the backward signaling confirms and controls a call. When sending a digit, the sending party will not stop sending the forwarding signaling until having received a backward confirmation. Similarly, the receiving end will not stop sending backward signaling until having detected that the peer end stops sending forwarding signaling. As shown in Figure 14-10, the transmission of R2 register signaling is done in four beats.
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Figure 14-10 The transmission process of R2 register signaling

Orginating office Send the first bit of forward signaling (Beat 1) Stop sending the first bit t2 of forward signaling (Beat 3)
t3
Terminating office SND RCV
SND
RCV
t1
Send the first bit of backward signaling (Beat 2)
Send the second bit of forwarding signaling
t4
Stop sending the first bit of backward signaling (Beat 3)
Beat 1 2
Operations The originating office sends the first bit of forwarding signaling. The terminating office (receiving end) receives and identifies the forwarding signaling, and returns the first bit of backward confirmation signaling. The terminating office thus replies that it has received the forwarding signaling, and informs what specific forwarding signaling the originating office shall next send. The originating office receives and identifies the backward confirmation signaling, and stops sending the forward signaling. The terminating office detects that the peer end stops sending the forward signaling, and stops sending the backward confirmation signaling. When the originating office detects that the peer end stops sending the backward confirmation signaling, it starts the second control period by sending the next bit of forwarding signaling.
3 4
Coding Mode of MFC Register Signaling

There are 15 types of forward signaling of MFC register signaling. Fifteen combinations of two from the six high frequencies1380 Hz, 1500 Hz, 1620 Hz, 1740 Hz, 1860Hz, and 1980Hz. There are six backward signaling of MFC register signaling. Six combinations of two from four low frequencies1140 Hz, 1020 Hz, 900 Hz, and 780 Hz. Table 14-10 and Table 14-11 details the combination of frequencies.
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Table 14-10 Forward signaling Code Frq (Hz) F0 (1380) F1 (1500) F2 (1620) F4 (1740) F7 (1860) F11 (1980) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Table 14-11 Backward signaling Code Frq (Hz) F0 (1140) F1 (1020) F2 (900) F4 (780) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Types and Meanings MFC Register Signaling

As described in the above, the MFC register signaling falls into two types: forward and backward. Both forward signaling and backward signaling have two sub-types: group I and group II for the forward signaling, and group A and group B for the backward signaling. Group A is the acknowledgement of group I, and group B the acknowledgement of group II. Table 14-12 lists the meanings of the four groups of signaling.
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Table 14-12 Meanings of the four groups of signaling Forward Signal Group I Name KA KC Meaning Caller type Toll connection type Toll/local office and urban connection type Digit 10 Originating call service type Capacity 10/15 5 Backward Signal Group A Name A Signal Meaning Back control acknowledgement of the number receiving status and connection status Capacity 6
KE
Digital signal II KD
10 6 B B signal Callee status 6
Note: For a local office using the step-by-step system, there are 10 user types; for a stored program control (SPC) local office using the crossbar system, there are 15 user types.
Forward group I signaling Forward group I signaling consists of connection control signaling and digital signaling. For details, refer to Table 14-13 and Table 14-15. Table 14-13 Forward group I signaling Type KA Meaning It refers to the caller type signaling sent from the originating local office to the originating toll office or originating international switching center in the forward direction. The purpose of this signaling is to provide the charging type (periodical, immediate, free) and user level (ordinary, high priority) information. The combination of these two kinds of information is indicated with a KA code, as shown in Table 14-14. The high priority user in the table refers to those whose calls take precedence over others in the case of network blocking or overload. KC It refers to the connection control signaling sent between toll offices in the forward direction. This signaling has the functions of ensuring the communication quality of high-priority users, completing specified calls, and connecting other specified calls (for example, test calls). It refers to the connection control signaling sent from the terminating toll office to the terminating local office and between local offices in the forward direction. There are two types of KE signaling, as shown in Table 14-14.
KE
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Type Digital signaling
Meaning It is a selection signaling. The ten digits, 1, 2, 3, , 0, are used to indicate the calling number, called area code and called number; "15" is used to separate the calling number and called number, indicating the end of the calling number.
Backward group A signaling Backward group A signaling is the MFC signaling of forward group I signaling. It controls and acknowledges forward group I signaling. For details, refer to Table 14-14 and Table 14-15. Table 14-14 Backward group A signaling Type A1, A2, A6 Meaning These three kinds of signaling together are called code-sending sequence control signaling. They control the code-sending sequence of forward digital signaling. A3 is a conversion control signaling for differentiating forward group I from forward group II, and backward group A from backward group B. In the toll incoming register at the local office end in the connection from the terminating toll office to the local office, or in the multiple frequency incoming register of the local call connection, A3 signaling is the control signaling. In other cases, A3 signaling is a pulse (15030 ms) signaling. They are the cause analysis signaling when connection to the callee fails. A4 indicates busy, and A5 an unallocated number.
A3
A4, A5
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Table 14-15 Forward group I signaling and backward group A signaling Forward Group I Signaling Backward Group A Signaling K C Co de Conte nts of KC Signa ling K E Co de Conte nts of KE Signal ing Digit al Signa ling Conte nts of A Signal ing
K A Co de
Contents of KA Signaling (Including KOA) Step-by-Step Local Office KA SPC Local Office Using Crossbar System (Also Including PAM Office) KA Periodi cal User table, immed iate Ordin ary Periodi cal User table, immed iate KA Ordin ary Periodi cal User table, immedi ate
Ordin ary
A1: send next bit A2: send starting from the first bit A3: shift to B signal A4: telepho ne key blockin g A5: unalloc ated number A6: send KA and calling number
Printer , immed iate Standby Standby
Printer, immed iate Standby
Printer, immedi ate
Ordinary, free
Ordinary, free
Ordinary, free
Standby
Standby
Standby
7 8
Standby Standby
Standby High priority, periodical
Standby High priority, periodical
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Forward Group I Signaling
Backward Group A Signaling K C Co de Conte nts of KC Signa ling K E Co de Conte nts of KE Signal ing Digit al Signa ling Conte nts of A Signal ing
K A Co de
Contents of KA Signaling (Including KOA) Step-by-Step Local Office KA SPC Local Office Using Crossbar System (Also Including PAM Office) KA Standby KA Standby
(Have right for suburban automatic call; have right for toll automatic call (Have no right for toll/suburban automatic call)
10
High priority, free
High priority, free
11
Standby
11
Stand by
11 *
Voice mailbo x notifies the user to leave a messag e Standb y
12
12
Z indicat es a specifi ed numbe r call T indicat es a test conne ction call High priorit y
12
13
Test call
13
13
T indicat es a test call
14
Standby
14
14
Standb y
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Forward Group I Signaling
Backward Group A Signaling K C Co de Conte nts of KC Signa ling K E Co de Conte nts of KE Signal ing Digit al Signa ling Conte nts of A Signal ing
K A Co de
Contents of KA Signaling (Including KOA) Step-by-Step Local Office KA SPC Local Office Using Crossbar System (Also Including PAM Office) KA KA
15
15
Contr ol the numbe r of satellit e circuit segme nts
15
Voice mailbo x cancels notifyi ng the user to leave a messag e
NOTE Those types with brackets are not sent to the originating toll office; * indicates that the signal is needed for cooperating with old equipment.
Forward group II Forward group II signaling is also called KD signaling. It indicates the originating call service type. It is used, based on KD, to judge whether the attendant can break in or forcefully release a local call. Table 14-17 describes the role of this signaling. Backward group B signaling Backward group B signaling is also called KB signaling. It indicates the status of the callee. It is sent after the reception of KD signaling to acknowledge the control and connection of KD signaling. Refer to Table 14-16 for the contents of backward group B signaling.
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Table 14-16 Forward group II signaling and backward group B signaling Forward Group II Signaling (KD) KD Code Contents of KD Signaling Backward Group B Signaling (KB) KB Code Contents of KB Signaling During Toll Call Connection or Test Call Connection (when KD=1, 2 or 6) Used for toll call connecti on Used for urban call connecti on 5 1 Callee idle During Local Call Connection (when KD=3 or 4) Callee idle, first party release recovered Standby
Semi-automatic call of a toll attendant Automatic toll call, Urban call Fax or user data communication of the urban user; high priority user Automatically checking calling number Test call
2 3 4
2 3 4
Callee local busy Callee toll busy Telephone key blocked
Callee busy or telephone key blocked
Called number is an unallocated number Standby
Called number is an unallocated number Callee idle, calling party release recovered
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Table 14-17 Contents and role of KD signaling KD Code Originating Call Service Type Role of KD Signaling Whether Attendant Can Break in Local Call Yes 1 Semi-automatic breaking in of toll attendant Automatic toll call Urban call Urban fax or data Automatically checking calling number Test call No Whether Toll Attendant Can Break in
Yes
No
2 3 4 5 6
14.2.4 Application of R2 Signaling

Figure 14-11 illustrates the typical application of R2 signaling in NGN.
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Figure 14-11 Typical application of R2 signaling in NGN
GTSOFTX3000
IP MAN
H.248/IUA
H.248/IUA
UMG8900
UMG8900
R2
R2
Exchange
PBX
POTS
POTS
POTS
POTS
The UMG8900 provides the interconnection between R2 trunks and the exchange and PBX. It packages the R2 message in the H.248 message and sends the R2 message to the Soft3000, thus implementing the interworking between NGN and the exchange and PBX in PSTN.
14.2.5 Basic Signaling Flow

Figure 14-12 takes the connection process of a local call as an example to introduce the basic flow of R2 signaling.
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Figure 14-12 Signaling process of a local call

Originating office
Occupy Occupation acknowledge P A1 Q A1 R A1 A A1 B A1 C A1 D Occupy Occupation acknowledge P A1 Q A1 R A1 A A1 B A1 C A1 D A3 KD=3 KB=1 Answer A3 KD=3 KB=1 Answer Talk Caller hooks on Callee hooks on Idle Idle Caller hooks on Callee hooks on
Transit office
Terminating office
In Figure 14-12, the called number is PQRABCD, in which PRQ is the office directional number, and ABCD is the user number. The figure shows that line signaling and register signaling are sent segment by segment. After the transit office receives PQR completely, it starts routing to send register signaling of the originating office. After sending the full number, the originating office waits for the terminating office to send the A3 signal, and then completes the signaling flow. This connection mode takes a long time. Therefore, it is used when the transmission line is of a poor quality.
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HUAWEI GSM-T GTSOFTX3000 Technical Manual Signaling and Protocols

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HUAWEI GSM-T GTSOFTX3000 Technical Manual Signaling and Protocols

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HUAWEI GSM-T GTSOFTX3000 Technical Manual Signaling and Protocols

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HUAWEI GSM-T GTSOFTX3000 Technical Manual Signaling and Protocols

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14.1 DSS1 Signaling

14.1.2 Basic Concepts

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Figure 14-2 Reference configuration for ISDN user-to-network interfaces

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Used for U interface synchronization

Figure 14-3 Correlation between a binary code and an AMI code

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Figure 14-4 ISDN subscriber number and sub-address

14.1.3 Application of DSS1

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Figure 14-5 Typical application of DSS1 in NGN

RSP BRI BRI

ISDN 2B+D Access

PBX and NAS Equipment

14.1.4 Protocol Structure of DSS1

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Data Link Layer

Call Control Layer

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14.1.5 Call Control Message

1 1 byte 1 byte 2 bytes at most 1 byte

Length of call reference value

FLAG Call reference value 0

Other information elements

Other information elements

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Call Reference Value

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14.1.6 Basic Signaling Process

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Figure 14-9 Basic signaling process of DSS1 (circuit switching)

Originating ISUP office

Called terminal TEy

Call Setup Process

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Call Release Process

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