Noise and Vibration Control

2. Damping

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What is damping?

Damping is a phenomenon by which mechanical energy is dissipated (usually converted as thermal energy) in dynamic systems.

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2.1 Types of damping

Three primary mechanisms of damping Internal damping of material Structural damping at joints and interface Fluid damping through fluid -structure interactions Two types of external dampers can be added to a mechanical system to improve its energy dissipation characteristics: Active dampers require external source of power Passive dampers Does not Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
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Noise and Vibration Control MATERIAL (Internal) Damping Internal damping originates from energy dissipation associated with: --microstructure defects (grain boundaries & impurities), -thermo elastic effects (caused by local temperature gradients) -eddy-current effects (ferromagnetic materials), -dislocation motion in metals, etc. Types of Internal damping: -Viscoelastic damping -Hysteretic damping

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Noise and Vibration Control Area of hysteresis loop is energy dissipation per cycle of motion- termed as per-unit-volume damping capacity (d).

Figure 1 A typical hysteresis loop for mechanical damping [4]

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Viscoelastic model Kelvin vigot model

Stress strain relationship is given by

E young's modulus E* - visco elsatic parameter Damping capacity per unit volume

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Kelvin vigot model

Subjected to harmonic sinusoidal excitation

By substituting the equations we get

dv depends on excitation frequency

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Other two models of viscoelastic models

Maxwells model

Standard linear solid model

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Hysteretic Damping
Damping forces does not significantly depend on the frequency of oscillation of strain. (frequency of harmonic motion )

Damping capacity per unit vol is generally represented as dh

For this case n =2

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Hysteretic Damping
By considering harmonic motion at frequency

The above equation 2.1 becomes

Simple model for the viscoelastic material is given by

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Experimental results indicate that for most structural materials such as steel or Aluminium the energy loss is: - independent of the frequency -proportional to amplitude squared.

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Well functioning shock absorber

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Poor functioning shock absorber (Primarily structural damping)

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2.2 Structural damping

Structural damping is a result of the mechanical-energy dissipation caused by rubbing friction resulting from relative motion between components and by impacting or intermittent contact at the joints in a mechanical system or structure Energy dissipation caused by rubbing is usually represented by a Coulomb-friction model. Energy dissipation caused by impacting, however, should be determined from the coefficient of restitution of the two members that are in contact.

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A typical hysteresis loop for structural damping

Figure 5 Some representative hysteresis loops [4] (a) Structural damping, (b) Coulomb friction, (c) Simplified structural damping model

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Structural damping
A simplified model for structural damping caused by local deformation can be given by

The corresponding hysterisis loop is given by

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2.3 Fluid Damping

Consider a mechanical component moving in a fluid medium. The direction of relative motion is shown parallel to the y-axis in Figure , Local displacement of the element relative to the surrounding fluid is denoted by q(x,z,t). The resulting drag force per unit area of projection on the x-z plane is denoted by fd .This resistance is the cause of mechanical-energy dissipation in fluid damping. It is usually expressed as

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Fluid damping -A body moving in a fluid medium.

Figure 6 A body moving in a fluid medium [4] Direction of relative motion parallel to y-axis q(x,z,t) local displacement of the element relative to surrounding fluid

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Noise and Vibration Control Mechanics of fluid damping.

Figure 7 Mechanics of fluid damping [4] Resulting drag force per unit area of projection on the x-z plane fd fd = 0.5 cd q 2 sgn ( q ) & & Where - fluid density 19/54

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Damping Classification

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Representation of Damping in vibration Analysis

N dof mechanical system Its motion- represented by vector x of n generalized coordinates xi Eqns of motion expressed in vector-matrix form:

M is mass (inertia) matrix K is Stiffness matrix f(t) is forcing function vector & d damping force vector (nonlinear function of x and x )

Where C =cm M + ck K

cm inertial damping matrix ck stiffness damping matrix 21/54

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Damping Models

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Equivalent damping ratios

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2.4 Loss factor

Damping capacity of a device is energy dissipated in a complete cycle

Specific damping capacity D is given by ratio of

Loss factor

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Loss factor is approximately given as

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Damping parameters

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2.5 Measurement of damping

Damping can be represented by various parameters (such as specified damping capacity loss factor Q-factor and damping ratio) a and models ( such as viscous, hysteretisis , structural and fluid) A major difficulty arises because usually it is not possible to isolate various t types of damping( e.g. material. structural, and fluid) from an overall measurement. Further more, damping measurements must be conducted under actual operating conditions for them to be realistic'

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There are two general ways by which damping measurements can be made:
1. Time-Response Method and 2. frequency-response methods.

The basic difference between the two types of measurements is that the first type uses a time-response record of the system to estimate damping, where as the second type uses a frequency-response record.

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Logarithmic method

when a single degree-of-freedom oscillatory system with viscous damping is excited by an impulse input or an initial condition excitation its response takes the form of a time delay

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Logarithmic method

Figure 8 Impulse response of a simple oscillator [4]

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Logarithmic method
damped natural frequency is given by

If the response at t = ti is denoted by y, and the response at

Then, the logarithmic decrement (per unit cycle) is given b y

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Logarithmic method
Damping ratio can be expressed as

Pre radian logarithmic decrement

Finally the equation obtained is

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Step Response Method

This is also a time-response method If a unit-step excitations applied to the single-degree-of freedom oscillatons by system of equations response is given by

Figure 9 Step response of a simple oscillator [4]

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Step Response Method

Response is given by

First peak ( peak time )

Peak time (peak value) Mp

Percentage overshoot PO

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Step Response Method

Damping ratio is computed using appropriate relation from the following equations

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Hysteresis Loop method

Depending on inertial and elastic conditions the hystersis loop will change but the work done in the conservative forces will be zero consequently work done will be equal to energy dissipated by damping only without normalizing with respect to mass, the energy dissipation per hysteresis loop of viscous damping is

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Hysteresis Loop method

The energy dissipation per hysteresis loop of hysteretic damping is

Initial max potential energy is

The loss factor of hysteretic damping is given by

the equivalent damping ratio for hysteretic damping is

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Noise and Vibration Control An experimental hysteresis loop of a damping material.

Figure 10 An experimental hysteresis loop of a damping material [4]

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Magnification Factor method

consider the single-degree-of-freedom oscillatory system with viscous damping , the magnification factor is

Plot of this value and the peak value of magnitude occurs in the denominator

Resulting solution of resonant frequency is

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Magnification Factor method

Figure 11 The Magnification Factor method of damping measurement applied to a single dof system [4]

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Use of bode plots

Multi degree freedom system model damping can be estimated by bode plots

Figure 12 Magnification Factor method applied to a multi dof system [4]

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Bandwidth method
The bandwidth method of damping measurement is based on frequency response The peak magnitude is given by equation for low damping. Bandwidth (half-power) is defined as the width of the frequency-response magnitude curve when the magnitude is 1/sqrt2 times the peak value.

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Bandwidth method

w Frequency expressed as

w2 of quadratic equation is

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Bandwidth method

Figure 13 Bandwidth method of damping measurement applied to a single dof system [4]

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Bandwidth method
The damping ratio can be estimated by using band width in the relation

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Bandwidth method
For small (in comparison to 1)

For the i th mode the damping ratio is given by:

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Noise and Vibration Control Bandwidth method of damping measurement in multidegree freedom system

Figure 14 Bandwidth method of damping measurement in multi-degree freedom system

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Noise and Vibration Control Effect of vibration amplitude on damping in structures.

Figure 15 Effect of vibration amplitude on damping in structures [4]

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Overview of measurement method for damping

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Overview of measurement method for damping

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2.6 Slip / interface damping mechanism

In many practical applications, damping is generated by the interface of two sliding surface e.g. : bearings , gears ,screws and guide ways Interface damping was formally considered by Da Vinci in the early 1500s and again by columb by 1700s

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Slip / interface damping mechanism

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Interface damping
Simplified model is coulomb dry friction model

f= frictional force that opposes the motion r = normal reaction force between the sliding surfaces v= relative velocity between the sliding surfaces =coefficient of friction'

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Thank you

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