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Abdellah's Typology of 21 Nursing Problems: To promote good hygiene and physical comfort To promote optimal activity, exercise, rest, and sleep To promote safety through prevention of accidents, injury, or other trauma and through the prevention of the spread of infection To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct deformities To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of all body cells To facilitate the maintenance of elimination To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance To recognize the physiologic responses of the body to disease conditions To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings, and reactions To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and nonverbal communication To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual goals To create and maintain a therapeutic environment To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical, emotional, and developmental needs To accept the optimum possible goals in light of physical and emotional limitations To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from illness To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors in the cause of illness Source: Abdellah, F. G., Beland, I. I., Martin, A., & Matheney, R. V. (1960). Patient-centered approaches in nursing. New York: Macmillan. VIRGINIA HENDERSON T h e 1 4 c o m p o n e n t s Breathe normally. Eat and drink adequately. Eliminate body wastes. Move and maintain desirable postures. Sleep and rest. Select suitable clothes-dress and undress. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying environment Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions. Worship according to ones faith. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment. Play or participate in various forms of recreation. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities. MYRA LEVINE (Conservational principle) I. Conservation of energy: Refers to balancing energy input and output to avoid excessive fatigue. It includes adequate rest, nutrition and exercise. Examples: Availability of adequate rest; Maintenance of adequate nutrition II. Conservation of structural integrity: Refers to maintaining or restoring the structure of body preventing physical breakdown and promoting healing. Examples: Assist patient in ROM exercise; Maintenance of patients personal hygiene III. Conservation of personal integrity: Recognizes the individual as one who strives for recognition, respect, self awareness, selfhood and self determination. Example: Recognize and protect patients space needs IV. Conservation of social integrityAn individual is recognized as some one who resides with in a family, a community, a religious group, an ethnic group, a political system and a nation.: Example: Help the individual to preserve his or her place in a family, community, and society. bleeding pain discomfort lump blood in stool fatigue unexplained weight loss