TIME-RATE CHANGES IN GROUNDWATER LEVELS AND QUALITY

VOLUME-I

GROUNDWATER MONITORING IN PUNJAB

DIRECTORATE OF LAND RECLAMTION PUNJB IRRIGATION AND POWER DEPARTMENT CANAL BANK MOGHALPURA, LAHORE
Ph.042-99250178-99250181 E.mail dlrlhr@yahoo.com June 2009

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praises to the real Blessor of the Universe Allah Almighty the most merciful Who is entire source of all knowledge and wisdom to mankind. I also invoke Allahs blessing and peace for Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him), the messenger of Allah, the real source of knowledge and guidance for the world forever. I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to the Land Reclamation Officers namely, Rana

M.Iqbal, T&SS., Lahore, Mr.Tashkil-ur-Raza Khan, DDLR., Lahore, Ch. M. Saleem ,LCC(W), Mr. Irshad Ahmad Doger, LCC(E) , Faisalabad, Mr. Nasir Mazhar, HCC., Multan, Ch.Atta -ur-Rehman, LBDC., Sahiwal, Mr. Abdul ur- Rehman, Bhawalpur, Mr. Khalid Mahmood, UCC., Lahore and all of their Assistant Land Reclamation Officers, Reclamation Supervisors and Soil Supervisors who worked with dedication and commitment to the work under over all supervision of the DLR. The services extended by Mr. Zahid Sarwar, Research Officer (Soil), Mr. Tashkil-ur-Raza Khan, Physical Chemist (look after charge) and all the Junior Research Officers namely, Mr. M. Farooq, Tariq Farooq, Maqsood A.Sani and Mr. Shahzad Akhtar regarding laboratory analysis work are highly appreciated. I am also thankful to all the Reclamation Zilladars, Patwaris and Clerks for their sincere efforts and helping hand in field and office work. I owe a debt of gratitude to Mr. Azhar Javaid, Assistant Land Reclamation Officer (Thur), Lahore for compiling and editing the data and also for his technical guidance to the Field Workers. The technical assistance extended by Mr. Shamshad Gohar, Groundwater Consultant in guiding the field teams in data collection and compilation is also appreciated. The cooperation extended by Dr. Muhammad Arif, Reclamation Supervisor in facilitating the data compilation is also acknowledged. The services of Mr. Nadeem Ahmad, Junior Clerk and Mr. Muhammad Tayyab Farooq Junior Clerk of the Directorate in typing and arranging the data are also appreciated. Last but not least, I record my indebtedness to Mr. Israr-ul-Haq, Chief SPRU and Dr. M. Aslam, Director Groundwater who always encouraged the Directorate of Land Reclamation on its way to progress for potential achievements in groundwater monitoring.

(Moeen-ud-Din Shah) Director Land Reclamation Punjab

CAPACITY BUILDING OF GROUNDWATER MONITORING WING OF IPD

Groundwater Monitoring Report Time-rate Changes in GW Levels and Quality June 2009 Table
Section Acknowledgements 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 3 3.1
3.2 3.3

of

Contents
Page 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 5 6 6 8 8 8 9 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 16

Contents INTRODUCTION Background and Objectives Groundwater Management Problems Groundwater Monitoring by DLR (IPD) GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK Monitoring Requirements Existing Monitoring Network Monitoring of Groundwater Levels Groundwater Quality Monitoring Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring MONITORING DATA COLLECTED AND COMPILED BY DLR Monitoring Data Collected and Compiled for Year 2008 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria by DLR Existing Data Format ZONAL PICTURES OF TIME - RATE CHANGES IN GROUNDWATER LEVELS AND QUALITY Preamble Lahore Zone Water Table Trends Sialkot District Narowal District
Gujranwala District

4 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.1.1

4.2.1.2 4.2.1.3 4.2.1.4 4.2.1.5. 4.2.1.6 4.2.1.7

Sheikhupura District
Nankana District

Lahore District Kasur Distric

ii

Section
4.2.1.8 4.2.1.9 4.2.2 4.2.2.1 4.2.2.2 4.2.2.3 4.2.2.4 4.2.2.5 4.2.2.6 4.2.2.7 4.2.2.8

Contents Okara District Pakpatan District Water Quality Trends Sialkot District Gujranwala District Narowal District Sheikhupura District Nankana District Lahore District Kasur District Okara District Faisalabad Zone Water Table Trends Faisalabad District Hafizabad District Jhang District Nankana District Toba Tek Singh District Groundwater Quality Trends Faisalabad District Gujranwala District Hafizabad District Jhang District Nankana District Sheikhupura District Toba Tek Singh District Sargodha Zone Water Level Trends Gujrat District Mandi Bahauddin District Sargodha District Jhang District Water Quality Trends Gujrat District
iii

Page 16 17 18 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 26 26 27 28 28 30 31 31 32 33 34 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 38 40

4.3 4.3.1
4.3.1.1 4.3.1.2 4.3.1.3 4.3.1.4 4.3.1.5 4.3.2 4.3.2.1 4.3.2.2 4.3.2.3 4.3.2.4 4.3.2.5 4.3.2.6 4.3.2.7 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.2 4.4.1.3 4.4.1.4 4.4.2 4.4.2.1

Section
4.4.2.2 4.4.2.3 4.4.2.4 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.1.1 4.5.1.2 4.5.1.3 4.5.1.4 4.5.1.5 4.5.1.6 4.5.1.7 4.5.1.8 4.5.2 4.5.2.1 4.5.2.2 4.5.2.3 4.5.2.4 4.5.2.5 4.5.2.6 4.5.2.7 4.5.2.8 4.6 4.6.1 4.6.1.1 4.6.1.2 4.6.1.3 4.6.2 4.6.2.1 4.6.2.2 4.6.2.3 4.7 4.7.1 4.7.1.1

Contents Mandi Bahauddin District Sargodha District Jhang District Multan Irrigation Zone Water Level Trends Jhang District Khanewal District Lodhran District Multan District Okara District Pakpatan District Sahiwal District Vehari District Groundwater Quality Trends Jhang District District Khanewal District Lodhran District Multan District Okara District Pakpatan District Sahiwal District Vehari Bahawalpur Zone Water Level Trends Bahawalnagar District Bahawalpur District Rahim Yar Khan District Water Quality Trends Bahawalnagar District Bahawalpur District Rahim Yar Khan District DG Khan Zone Water Level Trends DG Khan District
iv

Page 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 45 45 46 47 47 48 50 51 51 52 53 53 54 55 56 56 57 57 58 58 60 60 61 61 61 62

Section
4.7.1.2 4.7.1.3 4.7.2 4.7.2.1 4.7.2.2 4.7.2.3 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.1.1 4.8.1.2 4.8.1.3 4.8.1.4 4.8.1.5 4.8.2 4.8.2.1 4.8.2.2 4.8.2.3 4.8.2.4 4.8.2.5 4.9 4.9.1 4.9.2

Contents Rajanpur District Muzaffar Garh District Groundwater Quality Trends DG Khan District Rajnapur District Muzaffar Garh District Thal Doab Aerial Distribution of WL Monitoring Points Bhakar District Jhang District Khushab District Layyah District Mianwali District Aerial Distribution of Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points Bhakar District Jhang District Khushab District Layyah District Mianwali District Synopsis on Groundwater Levels and Quality Trends Water Table Trends Groundwater Quality Trends EXISTING SNAGS AND GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVEMENT General Considerations Location of Monitoring Points Water Level Monitoring Water Quality Monitoring Frequency of Water Sampling and Analysis Data Sensibility Checks Capacity Building Linkage & Coordination in Monitoring and Management The Way Forward

Page 63 63 64 65 66 67 67 67 68 68 69 70 70 71 72 73 74 74 75 76 76 76 77 77 77 77 78 79 81 81 81 81

5. 5.1 5.2
5.2.1

5.2.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

List of Tables
Table No. 2.1 2.2
2.3 3.1

Title Water Level Monitoring (DLR - IPD) Groundwater Quality Monitoring (DLR - IPD) Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring Irrigation Water Quality Criteria of DLR (IPD) Water Level Monitoring in Lahore Zone Water Quality Monitoring in Lahore Zone Monitoring of Groundwater Levels in Faisalabad Zone
Monitoring of Groundwater Quality in Faisalabad Zone Water Level Monitoring Points in Sargodha Irrigation Zone Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Sargodha Irrigation Zone Water Level Monitoring Points in Multan Irrigation Zone Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points in Multan Irrigation Zone Water Level Monitoring in Bahawalpur Irrigation Zone Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Bahawalpur Irrigation Zone Water Level Monitoring Points in DG Khan Irrigation Zone Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points in DG Khan Irrigation Zone WL Monitoring in Thal Doab Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Thal Doab

Page 5 6 6 9 11 18 25 29 36 39 42 49 56 59 62 64 67 71

4.1 4.2 4.3

4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14

List of Figure
Figure No. 2.1 Title Map Showing the Location of Groundwater Monitoring Field Units Page 7

vi

Groundwater Monitoring in Punjab By I & PD (DLR) Time-rate Changes in GW Levels and Quality June 2009
1. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Background and Objectives Extensive groundwater development has taken place - in the last 4-5 decades the - particularly in the private sector - to meet the growing water demand for agriculture, domestic needs and industry. The number of pumping wells in the Province has gradually grown to around one million of which more than 90% are used for agriculture. This tremendous groundwater development has greatly helped the farmers in the Province for increasing the cropping intensity to meet the ever growing demand for food and fiber. However, this groundwater development mainly, in the private sector - has resulted in aquifer mining - particularly in the tail reaches of the canal commands. Following a few factors warrant a systematic monitoring of groundwater resources: The farmers pump groundwater according to their crop water requirements - without any consideration to the annual recharge and or discharge; Over pumping in many areas is resulting in the continuous decline of water level and deterioration of the groundwater quality by disturbing the groundwater regime; During the last a few years IPD has completed a number of projects to ensure the uniformity and equity in irrigation supplies particularly the water supply in the tail reaches. Whereas this has helped the farmers in the tail reaches it has also changed the seepage and groundwater recharge pattern; During the development process of increasing road-network and other developments, the drainage paths have been obstructed in many areas of the Province creating drainage problems in low lying areas located in and along the remnant channels; Continuous discharge of untreated sewerage and industrial effluents in creating problems of groundwater quality by contaminating the groundwater reservoir.

1.2

Groundwater Management Problems The above factors have given birth to a number of adverse interactions such as: Abnormal lowering of water table in some of the areas making the pumping more expensive, thus depriving farmers of using groundwater to supplement the canal water supplies; Saline groundwater intrusion in the areas adjacent to the SGW zones due to excessive pumping in fresh groundwater areas; Deterioration of groundwater quality in the areas with shallow lens of FGW overlying SGW due to up coning of saline fresh water interface; Pollution of the aquifer in many areas due to the continuous discharge of the untreated sewerage and industrial waste water (Lahore, Sialkot, Faisalabad, Kasur areas creating big challenges); and Water logging and salinity in the areas located along the major canals and/or in the topographic depressions.

1.3

Groundwater Monitoring by DLR (IPD) In the past groundwater monitoring was carried out by SMO (WAPDA) however, this monitoring was mainly restricted to the SCARP areas to study the response of water table to pumping from STWs. Keeping in view the above problems and objectives a groundwater monitoring cell was established in I&PD under DLR in 2001-02; for carrying out systematic groundwater monitoring including water levels, water quality and groundwater use in various parts of the Province. Presently both surface and groundwater resources are being monitored by IPD (DLR) to keep a watch on the quantitative and qualitative aspects. This report is presented in two volumes viz.: Volume-1 describes the following aspects: Groundwater monitoring network by DLR; Status of groundwater monitoring up to October 2008; Data availability for various areas; Water level and water quality trends in different areas of the Province, 2

 Snags in the monitoring system and efforts made in the past by DLR (IPD); and Need for improvements with relevant observations and guidelines. Volume-2 contains the basic data on: Groundwater levels in the various parts of the Province; and Groundwater quality data for the last 2 years as the data for the previous years had been reported in the annual report for the year 2006. NB: As the report cannot describe and contain all the field data and information available with DLR - hence, all such information is placed on the IPD Web Site for any detailed studies by research scholars and other public and private agencies.

2. 2.1

GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK Monitoring Requirements Historically the groundwater monitoring was initiated by IPD after the introduction of weir controlled irrigation system in the beginning of the 20th century to study the impact of seepage from canal irrigation system. Gradually the water levels rose in certain parts of the Doabs particularly in the central Punjab threatening the sustainability of irrigated agriculture. To combat water logging and salinity around 10,000 SCARP Tubewells (STWs) were installed in 1960s and 1970s - mainly to lower the water table in the affected areas. SMO (WAPDA) monitored the groundwater levels and the performance of the STWs. Initial success of the STWs in controlling the water table and providing on demand irrigation water acted as an impetus to the farmers for installation of their private tubewells (PTWs). G o P also provided incentives for the installation of PTWs as these helped to increase the cropping intensity from about 80% to more than 130 % - helping the country to meet the ever increasing demand for food and fiber. Farmers kept on installing their tubewells and number of PTWs increased from around 8,000 in 1964 to around 300,000 in 1990 the present number of PTWs may be around one million. This large scale pumping in the private sector has introduced some groundwater management problems such as continuous decline of water levels and/or deterioration of groundwater quality. The one major problem with the large scale pumping in the private sector (about 90% for irrigated agriculture) is that the farmers pump groundwater in accordance with their crop water requirements irrespective of the groundwater recharge during a particular year. This means: More pumping in dry years (as there is shortage of canal water) in spite of the fact that there is less groundwater recharge; and Less pumping in wet years - in spite of the fact that there is more groundwater recharge. This fact warrants necessary measures for groundwater management for the sustainability of this precious resource and agriculture the life line of the 90 million people. Monitoring is the first step for any management. Cognizant of the ground conditions IPD implemented a project in collaboration with the World Bank, titled Punjab Private Sector Groundwater Development Project (PPSGDP), 1997-2001 involving 4

detailed studies on groundwater management and regulation. This lead to the establishment of Groundwater Monitoring Cell in Directorate of Land Reclamation in IPD for systematic groundwater monitoring in the Province. Starting from the modest net work adopted from SMO (WAPDA) the existing DLR net work has gradually expanded - and is being planned to extend it to Potwar Plateau to cover the non irrigated areas also which are more prone to disaster during any drought period. 2.2 Existing Monitoring Network Since 2003, groundwater monitoring is being carried out by the Groundwater Cell (DLR), for the collection of necessary data to determine the time-rate changes in groundwater levels and quality in response to the variations in the groundwater recharge-discharge components. The main objective of the groundwater monitoring is to develop a sound database for the management of groundwater resources for optimal development, usufruct exploitation without any adverse effect on the groundwater regime and environment. Existing monitoring network for observation of time rate changes in groundwater levels and quality is as below. 2.2.1 Monitoring of Groundwater Levels Number of monitoring points for water level measurement in each irrigation zone and the availability of the data under the existing conditions is shown in the Table 2.1 given below: Table 2.1 Water Level Monitoring (DLR - IPD)
Irrigation Zone/Area Lahore Faisalabad Sargodha Multan Bahawalpur DG Khan Thal Doab Total Total Points 270 430 421 563 397 438 246 2,765 Data Available Year 2008 169 319 156 422 229 310 215 1,820

Perusal of the table shows that there are 2,765 WL monitoring points out of which 1,820 points are operable under the existing conditions. Under the filed conditions some of the points keep dying and where ever necessary have to be replaced and/or even augmented in line with the field requirements.

2.2.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Number of monitoring points for checking groundwater quality in each irrigation zone and the availability of the data under the existing conditions is shown in the Table 2.2 given below: Table 2.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring (DLR IPD)
Irrigation Zone/Area Lahore Faisalabad Sargodha Multan Bahawalpur DG Khan Thal Doab Total Total Points 584 630 288 858 657 304 398 3,719 Data Available Year 2008 389 630 165 696 312 304 357 2,853

Perusal of the table shows that out of 3,719 monitoring points (generally PTWs) data for the year 2008 is available for 2,853 points as some of the points have to be abandoned due to one or the other reason. 2.3 Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring Groundwater monitoring program is being conducted through the following field units as shown in Table 2.3: Table 2.3: Field Units for Groundwater Monitoring Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Field Unit Groundwater Monitoring Unit Lahore Groundwater Monitoring Unit Faisalabad Groundwater Monitoring Unit Sargodah Groundwater Monitoring Unit Multan Groundwater Bahawalpur Monitoring Area/Canal Command UCC, DCC LCC (E & W) UJC, LJC HCC, LBDC, Nilibar, Mailsi

Unit Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan districts Groundwater Monitoring Unit DG Khan Muzaffargarh, Dera Jat Groundwater Monitoring Unit Thal Bhakar, Khushab, Layyah, Mianwali, Jhang

Figure 2.1 shows the location of these field units - in accordance with monitoring requirements in the irrigation zones. 6

Fig 2.1 Groundwater Monitoring Units in Punjab

3. 3.1

MONITORING DATA COLLECTED AND COMPILED BY DLR Monitoring Data Collected and Compiled for Year 2008 As discussed in the previous section - under the present conditions (Year 2008) - monitoring net-work by DLR includes: 1,820 monitoring points for the measurement of water levels; and 2,853 monitoring points for checking groundwater quality. Water level and water quality checks are conducted by DLR in June and October to assess the groundwater conditions during Pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon seasons to observe the extreme conditions on groundwater levels and quality. Data on groundwater levels and water quality are compiled in the form of annual reports and placed at IPD Website <http:\\www.irrigation.punjab.gov.pk> for general information. Water levels are reported as depth to water table below the ground surface (in feet for the convenience of understanding by the farming community) Water quality parameters reported are: I. II. III. Electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater salinity in terms of dS/m. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR); and Residual sodium carbonate (RSC). groundwater indicating

These parameters define the quality of groundwater mainly from agricultural use point of view. Data on the other parameters tested during the detailed chemical analysis (cations and anions) are also available with DLR and may be compiled in due course of time. 3.2 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria by DLR Field data on groundwater levels and quality are compiled and analyzed for mapping various zones indicating Depth to water table conditions and the suitability of groundwater for irrigated agriculture. Following water quality criteria are used by DLR for the assessing the suitability of water from irrigated agriculture point of view:

Table 3.1 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria of DLR (IPD) Indicator Unit Electrical Conductivity dS/m (EC) Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) Residual Sodium me/l Carbonate (RSC) Permissible Level 1.5 10 2.5 Unfit Level > 1.5 > 10 > 2.5

The above water quality indicators are in line with FAO guidelines. Special Water Quality Tests: However, due to the general pollution of groundwater reservoir through agricultural, industrial and sewerage effluents detailed sampling program has also been developed as a part of integrated system improvement program (ISRP) including the parameters required from drinking water point of view particularly 20 areas selected at this stage for the collection of surface water samples and samples from the major drains for keeping an eye on the pollution due to the industrial and sewerage effluents. Groundwater monitoring data has been compiled by DLR in the form of annual reports from June 2003 to October 2008. 3.3 Existing Data Format Through the mutual efforts by the filed and office staff the data format has been greatly refined as below: Data points have been re-arranged indicating the canal command, Irrigation division, district and tehsil. At this stage - emphasis has been laid down on the distribution of monitoring points on District and Tehsil Basis in each Irrigation Zone as information on these parameters is available with reasonable accuracy; By the next monitoring cycle identification of the main canal, distributary and minor (and points lying in un-commanded areas) will also be incorporated by the field staff from the basic data sheets thus making the data useful for groundwater management also; Initially during the basic monitoring year where the tubewells were not available, the hand pumps were sampled to have some concept of water quality at shallow depth. The hand pumps are no more in scene. Water quality monitoring points may be differentiated indicating type and depth of the water point from the initial years data. This will help to determine the distribution of groundwater quality and time rate changes both in aerial and vertical extent. 9

Time rate changes in water levels and groundwater quality have been determined by using the data of the monitoring points with consistent data for all the irrigation zones as per details given in the succeeding section. Monitoring Parameters and Numbering System: For the development of a systematic database the identification of the monitoring points and the parameters have to be fixed. Keeping in view the large number of points spread over the province the numbering system includes: Serial Number; DLR Number (fixed for each point); GIS Number; Main Canal; Distributary and Minor; District; Tehsil; Village; Owner; Type of point As the monitoring system will grow the above systematic numbering system will help to studying time rate changes in water levels and quality both on micro and macro basis. Further details are discussed in the succeeding sections.

10

4. 4.1

ZONAL PICTURES OF TIME - RATE CHANGES IN GROUNDWATER LEVELS AND QUALITY Preamble

Punjab Plain, covering about 51 Million acres of land, forms a part of Indus Plain - underlain by a large and contiguous groundwater reservoir. The major source of groundwater recharge are the rainfall, seepage from the large irrigation system, rivers and some return flow from the groundwater pumped and used for irrigation. The major sources of groundwater discharge are the pumping through around one million public and private tubewells, evepo-transpiration and seepage into drains and rives during the dry season. Groundwater quality is generally fresh along and near the rivers and deteriorates as we move away from the rivers towards the central parts of the Doabs. This warrants a systematic groundwater monitoring as any uncontrolled pumping in the fresh groundwater areas can induce the flow of saline groundwater into fresh groundwater aquifers. The main objective of the groundwater monitoring by DLR (IPD) is to keep a watch on the time rate changes in groundwater levels and its quality so as appropriate management measures can be taken well in time to avoid mining of the aquifer and/or deterioration of the groundwater quality. Distribution of groundwater level monitoring points and the time rate changes in the last six (6) years in the districts and tehsils - falling under various irrigation zones - are discussed below with necessary comments and observation. All the relevant details on groundwater levels and water quality have been given in Volume -2 of the annual report. 4.2 Lahore Zone

4.2.1 Water Table Trends Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Lahore Zone covers the command areas of UCC, BRBD, Depalpur and Pakpatan canals. Distribution of the water level monitoring points and availability of WL data for the year 2008 - in various districts - falling under the command of these canals is as below:
Table 4.1: WL Monitoring in Lahore Zone
District Sialkot Narowal Gujranwala Hafizabad Nankana Sheikhupura Lahore Kasur Okara Pakpatan Total Points 18 28 45 1 15 43 28 55 32 5

WL Data
Jun-08 12 17 33 1 12 20 26 24 22 4 Oct-08 13 17 32 1 12 19 26 23 22 4

Number of water level Total 270 171 169 monitoring points in each district under Lahore Zone, along with the number of points with consistent WL data for the years 2003 2008 is shown in Table 4.1. 11

During the course of field data collection some of the points have to be abandoned due to one or the other reason and in certain cases additional points are established. Historic data for the points not operative under the existing conditions is available and can be used for site specific studies in future. Based on the data of selected /representative monitoring points general trend of water level in each district is discussed as below. Relevant detail on the location of selected / representative monitoring points is given in Vol. II. District-wise Water Table Trends in Lahore Irrigation Zone: General trends of groundwater table in various districts lying in Lahore Irrigation Zone are given below: 4.2.1.1 Sialkot District

There are 18 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period 2003-08 is available for only three points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis shows the WL trends are as below: (Water Table Trends Feet below GLS)

Water levels are generally shallow and had some what rising trend during the period 2003 to 2008 with a peak in October 2006. Present trend is still showing a gentle rise. 4.2.1.2 Narowal District

There are 28 monitoring points in Narowal District and continuous data for the period 2003-08 is available for only seven points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis shows the WL trends are as below: 12

Narowal District (Water Table Trends Feet below GLS)

Depth to water table ranges from around 10 feet to more than 30 feet below the ground level. Water levels had some what rising trend during the period 2003 to 2006. Present trend is still showing a mixed trend with gentle rise in shallow water level areas and decline in the areas with relatively deep water table as the major source of groundwater recharge is both from irrigation system and the rainfall. 4.2.1.3 Gujranwala District

There are 45 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period 2003-08 is available for only eight (8) points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis shows the WL trends are as below: Gujranwala District (Water Table Trends Feet)

Water levels are generally shallow and had some what rising trend during the period 2003 to 2008 with a peak in October 2006. Present trend is still showing a gentle rise. 13

4.2.1.4

Sheikhupura District

There are 43 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period 2003-08 is available for only 12 points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis shows the WL trends are as below: Sheikhupura District (Water Table Trends Feet)

Depth to water table ranges from less than 10 feet to more than 30 feet below the ground level. Water level trend during the period 2003 to 2008 has been more or less stable with seasonal changes in wet and dry period. Present trend is still showing a mixed trend. 4.2.1.5. Nankana District

There are 15 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period 2003-08 is available for only six (6) points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis shows the WL trends are as below: Nankana District (Water Table Trends Feet)

14

Depth to water table ranges from less than 10 feet to more than 30 feet below the ground level. Water level trend indicated by the larger number of points - is some what decline up to one foot per year in a few cases. 4.2.1.6 Lahore District

There are 28 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period 2003-08 is available for only eight (8) points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis shows the WL trends are as below: Depth to water table is generally deep Lahore Cantonment Tehsil: with declining trend. Piezometer installed in DLR Office shows that the depth to water table is around 110 feet below GLS as shown in figure below.

Lahore City Tehsil: As per data available the water levels are generally shallow within 20 feet as shown in figure below.

15

Comments: These points need detailed cross checks from location point of view as these are all located along Butcher Kahna Distributary and might have been installed from drainage point of view and may have to be replaced . 4.2.1.7 Kasur District

There are 55 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period 2003-08 is available for only 14 points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative point shows the WL trends are as below: Groundwater Level Trends - Kasur District

Available data shows that the water table in Kasur District ranges from 5 feet to more than 20 feet below the GLS. Monitoring points most likely installed near the canals show flat to somewhat rising trend. Mean water table stage also shows a slightly rising trend. 4.2.1.8 Okara District

There are 32 monitoring points in the district however continuous data for the period 2003-08 is not available and the data for some of the points established in 2005 has been used to study the WL trends. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the WL trends are as below:

16

Groundwater Level Trends - Okara

Water table depth in Okara District (available data) ranges from 25 feet to around 45 feet below GLS. WL Trend during the last 4 years (years 2005 08) is more or less flat. 4.2.1.9 Pakpatan District

There are 5 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period 2003-08 is available for only 2 points. Some of the points have continuous data for the period 2005-08. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the WL trends are as below: GWL Trends in Pakpatan District (feet)

Water table depth in Pakpatan District (available data) ranges from 20 feet to around 45 feet below GLS. WL Trend during the last 4 years (years 2005 08) is more or less flat with a slight decline.

17

General Comments: Initial review and analysis of water table data for Lahore Zone indicates that the water tables have not shown any conspicuous decline. The northern districts show some what rise and the southern districts indicate a slightly declining trend. This needs further refinements which may be done after the field run of June 2009. 4.2.2 Water Quality Trends Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: In Lahore Irrigation zone here are 584 water Table 4.2: Water Quality Monitoring - Lahore Zone quality monitoring Data available points and for the District Total Points Jun-08 Oct-08 year 2008 continuous 61 48 52 data are available for Sialkot 389 points as shown 48 39 45 Narowal in the Table 4.2. Gujranwala 92 54 72 Some of the points had to be abandoned Hafizabad and/or replaced with Nankana 33 23 25 the passage of time. Sheikhupura 63 38 44 At this stage - it has 79 36 42 been preferred to use Lahore 109 42 60 the data for the Kasur points with Okara 91 39 43 continuous record to Pakpatan 8 3 6 ascertain the mean Total 584 322 389 water quality trends on district-wise basis as discussed below. Groundwater Quality Trends in Lahore Zone: Data collected through field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zone are analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability of groundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the indicators used by FAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed in Section-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technical manpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is not considered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values have been used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone. Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changes will be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling the quality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in the example given below based on one typical sample from Daska Tehsil in Sailkot:

18

GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point DLR LZ-89 Daska (Sailkot)

District-wise Water Quality Trends in Lahore Zone: Based on the initial review and analysis of field data district wise trends in groundwater quality are discussed as below: Caution: At this stage to start the ball rolling only EC Value is being used to indicate WQ Trends other parameters (SAR & RSC) will be included in the subsequent reports. 4.2.2.1 Sialkot District

There are 61 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period 2003-08 is available for only 37 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below: Groundwater Quality Trend in Sialkot District (EC dS/m)

19

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least from salinity point of view is fresh and has not shown any considerable change in the last 6 years. 4.2.2.2 Gujranwala District

There are 92 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period 2003-08 is available for only 35 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below: Groundwater Quality Trend in Gujranwala District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least from salinity point of view is fresh and has not shown any considerable change in the last 6 years rather a little improvement in some cases this needs further detailed studies. 4.2.2.3 Narowal District There are 48 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period 2003-08 is available for only 29 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below:

20

Groundwater Quality Trend in Narowal District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least from salinity point of view is fresh and has not shown any considerable change in the last 6 years rather a little improvement in some cases this needs further detailed studies. 4.2.2.4 Sheikhupura District

There are 61 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period, 2003-08 is available for only 21 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below: Groundwater Quality Trend in Sheikhupura District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least from salinity point of view is fresh to marginal and has not shown any considerable change in the last 6 years rather a little improvement in some cases this needs further detailed studies.

21

4.2.2.5

Nankana District

There are 33 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period 2003-08 is available for only 9 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below: Groundwater Quality Trend in Nankana District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least from salinity point of view is fresh to marginal and has not shown any considerable change in the last 6 years. 4.2.2.6 Lahore District

There are 55 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period 2003-08 is available for only 9 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below: Groundwater Quality Trend in Lahore District (EC dS/m)

22

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least from salinity point of view is fresh to marginal and has not shown any considerable change in the last 6 years. Some of the points - with abnormal changes - need cross checks. 4.2.2.7 Kasur District

There are 109 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period 2003-08 is available for only 16 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below: Groundwater Quality Trend in Kasur District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the water quality - at least from salinity point of view is marginal to saline and has not shown any considerable change in the last 6 years. Some of the points e.g. DLR Number LZ 314 need cross checks for abnormal changes. 4.2.2.8 Okara District

There are 91 monitoring points in the district and continuous data for the period 2003-08 is available for only 9 points. Data review and analysis of the selective/representative points shows the groundwater quality trends are as below:

23

Groundwater Quality Trend in Okara District (EC dS/m)

General Comments: This is the initial review and analysis of the data further improvements will be done after the field run in June 2009 and exclusion of some bugs from the filed data by abandoning the points not representing the field conditions. 4.3 Faisalabad Zone

4.3.1 Water Table Trends Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Faisalabad Irrigation Zone encompasses areas commanded by LCC (E) and LCC (W) canal system in Sheikhupura, Hafizabad, and Gujranwala, Nankana, Faisalabad and Jhang districts. There are 430 water level monitoring points however the data for the year 2008 are available for 319 points as some of the piezometers were abandoned and/or had to be replaced in course of time since 2003. Monitoring points and Data availability for districts and tehsils falling under the zone is shown in Table 4.3 as below. 4.3.1.1 Faisalabad District

There are 135 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 112 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:

24

Table 4.3: Monitoring of Groundwater Levels in Faisalabad Zone

District Total Points Tehsil Chak Jhamra Faisalabad Faisalabad 135 Jaranwala Samundri Tandianwala Hafizabad 68 Hafizabad P. Bhattion Chiniot Jhang 81 Jhang Shorkot Nankana Sheikhupura 52 18 Nankana Safdarabad Sheikhupura Gojra T.T. Sing 76 Kamalia T.T. Sing 430 Total Points 19 27 52 27 10 49 19 23 14 44 11 41 18 17 40 19 430 WL Data Jun-08 13 18 39 19 5 36 12 19 14 35 9 29 14 15 35 14 326 Oct-08 15 18 37 19 5 35 12 19 13 34 9 28 14 15 34 12 319

Water Table Trends in Faisalabad District (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of above figure indicates that the: 25

Depth to groundwater level ranges from less than 20 feet to more than 50 feet; and Water levels have shown mixed trends generally lowering and rise in some cases (Samundari Tehsil). The mean water table stage shows a slightly lowering trend due to extensive groundwater pumping by PTWs 4.3.1.2 Hafizabad District

There are 68 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 40 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Table Trends in Hafizabad District (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of above figure indicates that the: Groundwater level range from less than 10 feet to more than 25 feet below and ground surface; and Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising and decline in some cases. The mean water table stage shows a more or less flat trend. 4.3.1.3 Jhang District

There are 81 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 60 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:

26

Water Table Trends in Jhang District (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of above figure indicates that the: Groundwater level range from less than 20 feet to more than 40 feet below and ground surface; and Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising and decline in some cases. The mean water table stage shows a more or less flat trend. 4.3.1.4. Nankana District

There are 52 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 36 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Table Trends in Nankana District (Feet below GLS)

27

Perusal of above figure indicates that the: Groundwater levels range from about 10 feet to more than 35 feet below the ground surface; and Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising along the canals and decline in other areas with relatively deep water table. The mean water table stage shows a more or less flat trend with a little rise after 2005. 4.3.1.5 Toba Tek Singh District

There are 76 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 51 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Table Trends in Toba Tek Singh District (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of above figure indicates that the: Groundwater levels range from about 20 feet to more than 40 feet below the ground surface; and Water levels have shown mixed trends generally rising along the canals and decline in other areas with relatively deep water table. The mean water table stage shows a more or less flat trend with a little rise after 2005. 4.3.2 Groundwater Quality Trends Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Faisalabad Irrigation Zone encompasses areas commanded by LCC (E) and LCC (W) canal system in Sheikhupura, Hafizabad, and Gujranwala, Nankana, Faisalabad and Jhang districts. There are 630 water level monitoring points and ironically continuous the data up to the year 2008 are also available for 28

630 points. Data availability for districts and tehsils falling under the zone is as below.
Table 4.4: Monitoring of Groundwater Quality in Faisalabad Zone
District Total Points 231 Faisalabad Tehsil Chak Jhamra Faisalabad Jaranwala Samundari Tandianwala Gujranwala Hafizabad 8 80 106 Jhang 64 19 122 T.T. Sing 630 Wazirabad Hafizabad P.Bhattian Chiniot Jhang Shorkot Nankana Sheikhupura Nankana Safdarabad Sheikhupura Gojra Kamalia T.T. Sing Total Points 20 68 70 38 35 8 42 38 52 41 13 24 40 19 29 42 51 630 Jun07 20 68 70 38 35 8 42 38 52 41 13 24 40 19 29 42 51 630 WQ Data Oct07 20 68 70 38 35 8 42 38 52 41 13 24 40 19 29 42 51 630 Jun08 20 68 70 38 35 8 42 38 52 41 13 24 40 19 29 42 51 630

District-wise distribution of monitoring points and the water quality trends are discussed below - GIS Numbers with canal identification have been used for this analysis. Groundwater Quality Trends in Faisalabad Zone: Data collected through field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zone are analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability of groundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the guidelines by FAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed in Section-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technical manpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is not considered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values have been used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone. Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changes will be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling the quality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in the example given below based on one typical sample from Monitoring point GIS 587 in Tehsil and District TT Singh:

29

GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point GIS - 587 in Tehsil & District TT Singh

4.3.2.1

Faisalabad District

There are 231 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 231 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Quality Trends in Faisalabad District (EC = dS/m))

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the: Groundwater is fresh to brackish in the area depending upon the location of individual tubewells. EC Values range from 0.50 dS/m to 6.2 dS/m; and General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is more or less flat indicating minor changes; However, the immaculate data on the number of points and available data indicates some bugs which may be identified and 30

removed gradually as the confidence builds up in the filed formations. 4.3.2.2. Gujranwala District

There are 8 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 8 points (?). Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Quality Trends in Gujranwala District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the: Groundwater is generally fresh in the area. EC Values range from 0.50 dS/m to 1.5 dS/m; General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is more or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value of groundwater shows a slightly increasing trend; and However, the immaculate data on the number of points and available data indicates some bugs which may be identified and removed gradually as the confidence builds up in the filed formations. 4.3.2.3 Hafizabad District

There are 80 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 80 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:

31

Water Quality Trends in Hafizabad District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that: Groundwater is generally fresh in the area. EC Values range from 0.50 dS/m to 2.4 dS/m; General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is more or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value of groundwater shows a slightly increasing trend; however, the immaculate data on the number of points and available data indicates some bugs which may be identified and removed gradually as the confidence builds up in the filed formations. 4.3.2.4 Jhang District

There are 106 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 106 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Quality Trends in Jhang District (EC dS/m)

32

Perusal of the above figure indicates that: Groundwater is generally fresh along the rivers/canals and brackish in other parts. EC Values range from 0.30 dS/m to 4.9 dS/m; General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is more or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value of groundwater also shows a flat trend. However, the immaculate data on the number of points and available data indicates some bugs which may be identified and removed gradually as the confidence builds up in the filed formations. 4.3.2.5 Nankana District

There are 64 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 64 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Quality Trends in Nankana District (EC = dS/m))

Perusal of the above figure indicates that: Groundwater is generally fresh to marginal and brackish in some parts. EC Values range from 0.70 dS/m to 3.5 dS/m; General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is more or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value of groundwater also shows a flat trend. However, the immaculate data on the number of points and available data indicates some bugs which may be identified and removed gradually as the confidence builds up in the filed formations.

33

4.3.2.6.

Sheikhupura District

There are 19 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 19 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Quality Trends in Sheikhupura District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that: Groundwater is generally fresh to marginal. EC Values range from 0.80 dS/m to 2.7 dS/m; General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is more or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value of groundwater also shows a flat trend. However, the immaculate data on the number of points and available data indicates some bugs which may be identified and removed gradually as the confidence builds up in the filed formations. 4.3.2.7 Toba Tek Singh District

There are 122 groundwater quality monitoring points in the district out of which continuous data for the year 2008 are also available for 122 points). Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:

34

Water Quality Trends in Toba Tek Singh District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that: Groundwater is generally fresh to marginal along the main canals and brackish in larger parts of the district. EC Values range from 0.40 dS/m to 5.7 dS/m; General trend of the groundwater quality at the selected points is more or less flat indicating minor changes. Mean EC value of groundwater also shows a flat trend. However, the immaculate data on the number of points and available data indicates some bugs which may be identified and removed gradually as the confidence builds up in the filed formations. 4.4 Sargodha Zone

4.4.1 Water Level Trends Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Sargodha Zone encompasses areas commanded by UJC and LJC canal systems in Gujrat, MB Din, Sargodha and Jhang districts. Relevant details of the aerial distribution of the monitoring points and current data availability is as shown in Table 4.5 given below:

35

Table 4.5: Water Level Monitoring Points in Sargodha Irrigation Zone

District Gujrat Total Points 26 Tehsil Gujrat Kharian Jhang 50 Chiniot Jhang MB Din 95 Malakwal MB Din Phalia Bhalwal Sargodha 250 Kot Momin Sahiwal Sargodha Shahpur Total Points 13 13 18 32 32 23 40 73 25 21 82 30 19 Total 421 421 WL Data Jun-08 4 4 11 14 25 12 26 56 17 8 55 19 9 177 25 12 26 54 14 7 50 19 8 156 Oct-08 4 4 10

The above table shows that under the existing conditions 156 points are operative. 4.4.1.1 Gujrat District

There are 26 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous data for 8 points is available. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below (DLR numbers have been used for identification): Water Table Trends in Gujrat District (Feet/GLS)

36

Perusal of the above figure shows that the water table is generally shallow and has shown some what rising trend. 4.4.1.2 Mandi Bahauddin District

There are 95 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous data for 48 points is available. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below (DLR numbers have been used for identification): Water Table Trends - Mandi Bahauddin District (DTW feet)

Perusal of the data shows that the water table has shown somewhat rising trend = about 2feet to 4 feet in last six years. 4.4.1.3 Sargodha District

There are 250 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous data for 122 points is available. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below (DLR numbers have been used for identification): Water Table Trends - Sarghoda District (DTW feet)

37

Water levels in Sargodha also show a general rising trend in the water table particularly in the areas of Gujrat, MB Din and in the upper reaches of LJC in Sargodha. Downstream areas in Silanwali Tehsil show somewhat stable trend. 4.4.1.4 Jhang District

There are 50 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous data for 13 points is available. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below (DLR numbers have been used for identification): Water Table Trends - Jhang District (DTW feet)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that: Groundwater levels range from 10 feet to more than 25 feet below GLS; and Water table has shown more or less stable trends during 2003-08. 4.4.2 Water Quality Trends Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Aerial distribution of the monitoring points and availability of data is shown in the Table 4.6 given below:

38

Table 4.6: Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Sargodha Irrigation Zone

District Gujrat Jhang MB Din Total Points 17 51 61 Tehsil Gujrat Kharian Chiniot Jhang Malakwal MB Din Phalia Bhalwal Kot Momin Sahiwal Sargodha Shahpur Silanwali Total Points 12 5 21 30 18 24 19 34 25 18 40 20 22 288 Available Data Jun-08 Oct-08 8 12 5 4 17 13 21 25 8 6 23 24 19 19 25 23 15 23 14 16 20 19 17 16 11 15 155 165

P Sargodha 159 e r u s a Total 288 l of the above table shows that out of 288 points in Sargodha Irrigation Zone data on water quality checks is available for 165 points for the year 2008. Groundwater Quality Trends in Sargodha Zone: Data collected through field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zone are analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability of groundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the guidelines by FAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed in Section-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technical manpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is not considered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values have been used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone. Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changes will be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling the quality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in the example given below based on one typical sample from Monitoring point GIS 215 in Tehsil Sahiwal District Sargodha:
GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point GIS - 215, Tehsil Sahiwal, District Sargodha

39

District-wise Water Quality Trends: Based on the analysis of data with continuous record time rate changes and the trends in water quality for each district is discussed below: 4.4.2.1 Gujrat District

There are 17 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous data for 12 points is available. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below (GIS numbers have been used for identification): Water Quality Trends - Gujrat District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater quality is generally fresh and the trend is more or less constant. 4.4.2.2 Mandi Bahauddin District

There are 61 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous data for 48 points is available. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below (GIS numbers have been used for identification): Water Quality Trends MB Din District (EC dS/m)

40

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater quality is generally fresh to marginal and the trend is more or less constant. 4.4.2.3 Sargodha District

There are 159 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous data for 68 points is available. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below (GIS numbers have been used for identification): Water Quality Trends Sargodha District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater quality is generally fresh to saline and the trend is more or less constant. 4.4.2.4 Jhang District

There are 51 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous data for 68 points is available. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below (GIS numbers have been used for identification): Water Quality Trends Jhang District (EC dS/m)

41

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater quality is generally fresh to saline and the trend is more or less constant. 4.5 Multan Irrigation Zone

4.5.1 Water Level Trends Multan Irrigation Zone Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: encompasses areas commanded by Haveli Canal, LBDC and Mailsi Canal in Jhang, Multan, Khanewal, Sahiwal, Okara, Vehari and Pakpatan districts. Relevant details of the aerial distribution of the monitoring points and current data availability is indicated in the Table 4.7 given below:
Table 4.7: Water Level Monitoring Points in Multan Irrigation Zone
District Jhang Kasur Khanewal Total Points 45 6 117 Tehsil Shorkot Pattoki Jahania Kabirwala Khanewal Mianchannu Lodhran 62 Dunia Pur Kehroor Pacca Lodhran Jalalpur Pirwala Multan Shujabad Okara 42 Depalpur Okara Renala Khurd Arifwala Pakpatan Sahiwal T.T.S
Vehari

Total Points 45 6 17 53 18 29 7 21 34 12 86 47 5 14 23 11 17 40 42 1 9 20 6 563

WL Data
Jun-08 39 4 16 46 15 25 3 16 29 10 53 28 3 10 22 10 15 38 30 1 6 10 4 433 Oct-08 36 5 16 45 14 23 3 15 28 10 53 28 4 8 23 10 14 36 29 1 7 9 5 422

Multan

145

Pakpatan

28 82 1 35

Chichawatni Sahiwal Kamalia Burewala Malsi Vehari

Total

563

42

Perusal of the above table shows, that there are 563 water level monitoring points in Multan Irrigation Zone. Under the present conditions WL data for 422 monitoring points is available. During the year 2003 there were only 112 monitoring points, of which some had to be abandoned and whereas a large number of monitoring points had to be established to fill in the data gaps. This process of augmentation of monitoring points is still in progress. District wise Water Table Trends: Based on the review and analysis of the data for the monitoring points with continuous record for six years or at least for the last four years water table behavior in the districts under Multan Irrigation Zones in discussed below. 4.5.1.1 Jhang District

There are 45 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 34 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Table Trends in Jhang District (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of above figure indicates that the: Groundwater levels are generally shallow - from less than 10 feet to about 20 feet below the land surface; and Have shown mixed trends both some lowering and rise. The mean water table stage shows a slightly rising trend due - perhaps - to the effect of the link canals. Khanewal District

4.5.1.2

There are 117 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 81 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: 43

Water Table Trends in Khanewal District (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of above figure indicates that the: Groundwater levels are generally deep - from 20 feet to more than 60 feet below the land surface; and Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past - @ about one foot per year. Mean water table stage in the district also shows some what decline. 4.5.1.3 Lodhran District

There are 62 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 38 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Table Trends in Lodhran District (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of above figure indicates that the: 44

Groundwater levels are generally deep - from about 30 feet to more than 60 feet below the land surface; and Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past - @ about one foot per year. Mean water table stage in the district also shows some what decline. . 4.5.1.4 Multan District

There are 145 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 67 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Table Trends in Multan District (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of above figure indicates that the: Groundwater levels are generally deep - from about 30 feet to more than 70 feet below the land surface; and Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past - @ about one foot per year. Mean water table stage in the district also shows some what decline. 4.5.1.5. Okara District

There are 42 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 24 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:

45

Water Table Trends in Okara District (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of above figure indicates that the: Groundwater levels are ranging from shallow to deep - from about 10-15 below GLS feet to about 30 feet below the land surface; and Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past with some rise in some areas. Mean water table stage in the district shows both some what decline and a little rise. 4.5.1.6 Pakpatan District

There are 28 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 24 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Table Trends in Pakpatan District (Feet below GLS)

46

Perusal of above figure indicates that the: Groundwater levels are generally deep - from about 40 below GLS feet to about 70 feet below the land surface; and Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past with - since 2005 .Mean water table stage in the district shows some what decline. 4.5.1.7 Sahiwal District

There are 82 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 38 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below: Water Table Trends in Sahiwal District (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of above figure indicates that the: Groundwater levels are generally deep - from about 30 below GLS feet to about 55 to 60 feet below the land surface; and Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past with particularly since 2005 .Mean water table stage in the district shows some what decline. 4.5.1.8 Vehari District

There are 35 WL monitoring points in the district out of which data for the year 2008 are available for 17 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative monitoring points the water table trends in the district are shown in the figure given below:

47

Water Table Trends in Vehari District (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of above figure indicates that the: Groundwater levels are generally deep - from more 30 below GLS feet to about 60 feet below the land surface; and Have shown a slightly declining trend in the past with particularly since 2005 .Mean water table stage in the district shows some what decline. In general, the groundwater levels in Multan Zone are relatively deep from groundwater pumping point of view and are showing declining trend. The aquifer underlying the area seems to be under stress. 4.5.2 Groundwater Quality Trends Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Multan Irrigation Zone encompasses areas commanded by Haveli Canal, LBDC and Mailsi Canal in Jhang, Multan, Khanewal, Toba Tek Singh, Sahiwal, Okara, Vehari and Pakpatan districts. Groundwater quality monitoring data for the years 2003 to June 2008 are available at this stage. In the course of time a large number of points had to be discarded (e.g. due to closure of private tubewells) and new points had to be established. Presently total water quality monitoring points are 858 - spread over in the above districts. Relevant details of the aerial distribution of the monitoring points and current data availability is indicated in the Table 4.8 given below:

48

Table 4.8: Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points in Multan Irrigation Zone

District Jhang Kasur Khanewal Total Points 48 4 175 Tehsil Shorkot Pattoki Jahania Kabirwala Khanewal Mianchannu Dunia Pur Kehroor Pacca Lodhran Jalalpur Pirwala Multan Shujabad Depalpur Okara Renala Khurd Arifwala Pakpatan Chichawatni Sahiwal Kamalia Burewala Vehari Total 107 858 Mailsi Vehari Total Points 48 4 16 98 31 30 36 23 73 15 128 39 1 39 18 31 33 34 48 6 24 53 30 858

GW Quality Data
Jun-07 48 4 16 98 31 30 24 19 47 15 128 39 1 39 18 28 27 33 48 6 21 46 24 790 Oct-07 48 4 16 98 31 30 24 19 47 15 128 39 1 39 18 28 27 34 48 6 21 46 24 791 Jun-08 36 3 15 75 28 30 24 19 47 10 87 32 1 39 18 28 27 34 48 4 21 46 24 696

Lodhran

132

Multan

182

Okara

58

Pakpatan
Sahiwal T.T.S

64 82 6

Perusal of the above table indicates that out of total 858 monitoring points generally private tubewells - the data for the year 2008 is available for 696 water points. Based on the analysis of the data for monitoring with continuous data availability (Year 2003-08) distribution of groundwater quality and its time rate changes in various districts are discussed below. Groundwater Quality Trends in Multan Zone: Data collected through field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zone are analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability of groundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the guidelines by FAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed in Section-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technical manpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is not considered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values have been used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone. 49

Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changes will be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling the quality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in the example given below based on one typical sample from Monitoring point DLR HCC-300 in Tehsil Shujaabad, District Multan:
GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point DLR - HCC 300, Tehsil Shuajabad, District Multan

District wise Groundwater Quality Trends: Based on the data of the monitoring points with continuous record the behavior water quality during the last 6 years is discussed in the succeeding sections. 4.5.2.1 Jhang District

There are 48 groundwater quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of which the continuous data for 2003 08 are available for 35 points. Based on the analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend is shown in the figure given below: Jhang District (EC dS/m)

50

Perusal of the above figure shows that: Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to saline (EC value from 1.1 to 7.5 dS/m) from salinity point of view; and Selective/representative points do not show any conspicuous deterioration. Mean value of EC also shows a more or less flat trend. District Khanewal

4.5.2.2.

There are 175 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of which the continuous data are available for 148 points for 2003 08. Based on the analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend is shown in the figure given below: Khanewal District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure shows that: Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to saline (EC value from 0.33 to 10.5 dS/m) from salinity point of view; and Selective/representative points (in general) do not show any conspicuous deterioration. Mean value of EC also shows a more or less flat trend. District Lodhran

4.5.2.3

There are 132 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of which the continuous data are available for 57 points for 2003 08. Based on the analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend is shown in the figure given below:

51

Lodhran District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure shows that: Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to saline (EC value from around 1.2 to more than 12 dS/m) from salinity point of view; and Selective/representative points (in general) do not show any conspicuous deterioration. Mean value of EC also shows a more or less flat trend. District Multan

4.5.2.4

There are 182 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of which the continuous data are available for 129 points for 2003 08. Based on the analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend is shown in the figure given below: Multan District (EC dS/m

52

Perusal of the above figure shows that: Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to saline (EC value from around 0.40 to 11.0 dS/m) from salinity point of view; and Selective/representative points (in general) do not show any conspicuous deterioration. Mean value of EC also shows a more or less flat trend. District Okara

4.5.2.5.

There are 58 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of which the continuous data are available for 57 points for 2003 08. Based on the analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend is shown in the figure given below: Okara District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure shows that: Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to saline (EC value from around 0.40 to 7.0 dS/m) from salinity point of view; and Selective/representative points (in general) show a slightly increasing trend in the salinity. Mean value of EC also shows a more or less increasing trend during the 2005 2006 but again the over all salinity trends reduced. District Pakpatan

4.5.2.6

There are 58 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of which the continuous data are available for 57 points for 2003 08. Based on the analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend is shown in the figure given below:

53

Pakpatan District (EC dS/m

Perusal of the above figure shows that: Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to marginal (EC value from around 0.40 dS/m to 2.9 dS/m) from salinity point of view; and Selective/representative points (in general) show a flat trend in the salinity. Mean value of EC also shows a more or less stable/decreasing trend. District Sahiwal

4.5.2.7

There are 82 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of which the continuous data are available for 78 points for 2003 08. Based on the analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend is shown in the figure given below: Sahiwal District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure shows that: 54

 4.5.2.8

Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to marginal to saline(EC value from around 0.30 dS/m to 7.0 dS/m) from salinity point of view; and Selective/representative points (in general) show a flat trend in the salinity. Mean value of EC also shows a more or less stable/decreasing trend; and Some data bugs need checking and cleaning (Monitoring Point DLR-675). District Vehari

There are 107 GW quality monitoring points (mainly PTWs) out of which the continuous data are available for 77 points for 2003 08. Based on the analysis of selective/representative points the water quality trend is shown in the figure given below: Vehari District Water Quality Trends (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure shows that: Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to marginal to saline (EC value from around 0.50 dS/m to 7.5 dS/m) from salinity point of view; and Selective/representative points (in general) show a flat trend in the salinity. Mean value of EC also shows a more or less stable/decreasing trend; Multan Irrigation Zone covers a large area and many

General Comments: districts and tehsils.

Data handling by the field formation has greatly improved and is appreciated with advice for further refinements. Data shows that the PTWs installed - generally near the major canals have FGW where as in other parts of the Bari and Rechna Doabs the groundwater quality is marginal to poor. Systematic monitoring and data processing will greatly help in management of groundwater and its sustainability. 55

4.6

Bahawalpur Zone

4.6.1 Water Level Trends Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Bahawalpur Zone encompasses areas commanded by Fordwah, Hakra Branch Canal, Desert Branch Canal and Sadiqia Canal in Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpur and RY Khan Districts. Relevant details of the aerial distribution of the monitoring points and current data availability is as shown in Table 4.9 given below:
Table 4.9: Water Level Monitoring in Bahawalpur Irrigation Zone
District Total Points Tehsil Bahawalnagar Bahawalnagar 144 Chishtian Fort Abbas Haroonabad Minchinabad Ahmadpur Bahawalpur 72 Bahawalpur Hasilpur Khairpur Yazman Khanpur 181 RY Khan Liaquetpur RY Khan Sadiqabad Total 397 Total Points 55 14 17 7 51 24 12 10 6 20 59 61 35 26 397 WL Data Jun-08 42 12 15 5 36 22 10 8 4 19 46 48 22 13 219 Oct-08 42 12 27 5 35 22 10 8 4 18 46 47 23 14 229

District wise Water Table Trends: Perusal of the above table indicates that there are 397 monitoring points of which data for the year 2008 are available for 229 points. Based on the data of the monitoring points with continuous record the behavior water table during the last 6 years is discussed in the succeeding sections.

56

4.6.1.1

Bahawalnagar District

There are 144 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous data for 83 points is available. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below (DLR numbers have been used for identification): Bahawalnagar District Water Table Trends (feet)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater levels have shown an almost flat trend - with slight rise in some areas. 4.6.1.2 Bahawalpur District

There are 72 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous data for only 9 points is available. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below (DLR numbers have been used for identification): Bahawalpur District Water Table Trends (feet)

57

Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater levels have shown rising trends some points need cross checks (?). Mean water table has shown more or less a flat trend 4.6.1.3 Rahim Yar Khan District

There are 181 monitoring points in the district. However, continuous data for only 104 points is available. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water level trends are shown as below (DLR numbers have been used for identification): Rahim Yar Khan District Water Table Trends (feet)

. Perusal of the above figure indicates that the groundwater levels have shown rising trends some points need cross checks (?). 4.6.2 Water Quality Trends Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Bahawalpur Zone encompasses areas commanded by Fordwah, Hakra Branch Canal, Desert Branch Canal and Sadiqia Canal in Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpur and RY Khan Districts. Relevant details of the aerial distribution of the monitoring points and current data availability is as below:

58

Table 4.10: Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Bahawalpur Irrigation Zone

District Bahawalnagar Total Points 222 Tehsil Bahawalnagar Chishtian Fort Abbas Haroonabad Minchinabad Ahmadpur Bahawalpur Hasilpur Khairpur Yazman Khanpur Liaquetpur RY Khan Sadiqabad Total Points 48 40 56 44 34 49 26 35 14 44 64 52 72 79 657 WL Data Jun-08 37 32 41 25 29 28 17 29 11 23 40 38 44 50 312 Oct-08 37 32 41 25 29 28 17 29 11 23 40 38 44 50 312

Bahawalpur

168

RY Khan

267

Total

657

Perusal of the above table shows that out of total 657 groundwater quality monitoring points the continuous data for 312 points is available. Based on the analysis of the data with continuous records and considering selective/representative points the water quality trends in the districts under BWP Irrigation Zone are discussed below.
GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point DLR - 280, Tehsil Minchinabad, District Bahawalnagar

District wise Groundwater Quality Trends: Based on the data of the monitoring points with continuous record the behavior water quality during the last 6 years is discussed in the succeeding sections.

59

4.6.2.1

Bahawalnagar District

There are 222 water points in the district however; consistent data are available only for 113 points. Based on the selective/representative points the water quality trends are shown in the graph given below: Bahawalnagar District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure shows that: 4.6.2.2 Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to brackish from salinity point of view; and Mean value of EC shows a slightly increasing trend after 2005. Bahawalpur District

There are 168 water points in the district however; consistent data are available only for 58 points. Based on the selective/representative points the water quality trends are shown in the graph given below: Bahawalpur District (EC dS/m)

60

Perusal of the above figure shows that: 4.6.2.3 Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to brackish from salinity point of view; and Mean value of EC shows a slightly increasing trend after 2005. Rahim Yar Khan District

There are 267 water points in the district however; consistent data are available only for 102 points. Based on the selective/representative points the water quality trends are shown in the graph given below Rahim Yar Khan District (EC dS/m)

Perusal of the above figure shows that: Groundwater quality in the district ranges from fresh to brackish from salinity point of view; and Mean value of EC shows a slightly increasing trend after 2005. In general there has not been any significant change in the salinity of groundwater in spite of large variation in aerial extent.

4.7

DG Khan Zone

4.7.1 Water Level Trends Aerial Distribution of Monitoring Points: Command areas under DG Khan Zone lie in Muzaffaragrh, DG Khan and Rajanpur districts. The main canals flowing in the area are DG Khan and Muzaffargarh canals. Distribution of the WL Monitoring points and data availability for the year 2008 is as shown in Table 4.10 below:

61

Table 4.11: Water Level Monitoring Points in DG Khan Irrigation Zone

District DG Khan Total Points 78 Tehsil DG Khan Taunsa Rajanpur 82 Jampur Rajan Pur Rojhan Alipur M/Garh 278 Jatoi Kot Adu M/Garh Total 438 Total Points 65 13 45 22 15 29 52 89 108 438

WL Data
Jun-08 57 11 37 15 11 11 37 66 76 321 Oct-08 52 11 36 15 11 11 35 65 74 310

District-wise Water Table Trends: Perusal of the above table indicates that the total monitoring points in DG Khan Zone are 438 whereas the data for GWL are available for 310 points as in October 2008. District-wise behavior of water table during 2003-08 is discussed as below: 4.7.1.1 DG Khan District

There are 78 monitoring points in the district however, continuous data fro 55 points is available. Based on the review and analysis of selective/representative points the water table response in the various parts of the district is shown in the figure given below: DG Khan District Water Table Trends (Feet below GLS)

62

Perusal of the above figure indicates that water levels had a more or less flat trend but have shown rise in 2008. Some of the points in Taunsa Tehsil showed a conspicuous rise after 2006 possibly due to the effect of the Taunsa Barrage Project. Mean water table is almost flat with rise in 2008. 4.7.1.2 Rajanpur District

There are 82 monitoring points in the district however, continuous data fro 42 points is available. Based on the review and analysis of selective/representative points the water table response in the various parts of the district is shown in the figure given below: Rajanpur District Water Table Trends (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that water levels had a more or less flat trend but have shown rise in 2008. Mean water table response is also more or less showing a flat trend with very slight rise about 2-3 feet in six years. Mean water table trend is also flat with some rise in 2008. 4.7.1.3 Muzaffar Garh District

There are 278 monitoring points in the district however, continuous data fro 163 points is available. Based on the review and analysis of selective/representative points the water table response in the various parts of the district is shown in the figure given below:

63

Muzaffargarh District Water Table Trends (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that water levels range from less than 10 feet to around 30 feet below the land surface and had a more or less flat trend with slightly declining trend. Mean water table response is also more or less showing a flat trend. A decline of 3-4 feet in quite some of the points in Jatoi, Muzaffargarh tehsils and some rise in Kot Addu is noticeable. 4.7.2 Groundwater Quality Trends Aerial Distribution of Water Quality Monitoring Points: Distribution of the Groundwater Quality Monitoring points and data availability in three districts under DGK Zone for the year 2008 is as shown in Table 4.12 given below:
Table 4.12: Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points in DG Khan Irrigation Zone Total Total GW/Quality Data Tehsil District
DG Khan Rajanpur Points 61 82 DG Khan Taunsa Jampur Rajan Pur Rojhan Alipur Jatoi Kot Adu M/Garh Points 61 Jun-07 61 32 49 1 23 30 41 67 304 Oct-07 61 32 49 1 23 30 41 67 304

Jun-08 61

M/Garh

161

Total

304

32 49 1 23 30 41 67 304

32 49 1 23 30 41 67 304

Perusal of the above table shows that there are 304 groundwater quality monitoring points in the zone and the continuous data is also available for 304 points. Based on the selective/representative points water quality trends in the districts under DG Khan Irrigation zone are discussed below: Groundwater Quality Trends in DG Khan Zone: Data collected through field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zone 64

are analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability of groundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the guidelines by FAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed in Section-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technical manpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is not considered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values have been used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone. Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changes will be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling the quality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in the example given below based on one typical sample from Monitoring point DLR 292 in Tehsil Kot Addu District Muzaffaragrh: GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point DLR - 292, Tehsil Kot Addu, District M/Garh

Groundwater Quality Trends in Faisalabad Zone: Data collected 4.7.2.1 DG Khan District

Review and analysis of data indicates that there are 61 points in DG Khan District and the continuous data are also available for 61 points. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water quality trends in the district are shown in the figure below:

65

DG Khan District Groundwater Quality Trends (EC dS/m)

Perusal of above figure shows that groundwater quality is fresh (generally along the canal) to saline and there has been no significant change in the groundwater quality in the last six years. 4.7.2.2 Rajanpur District

Review and analysis of data indicates that there are 82 points in the district and the continuous data are also available for 82 points. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water quality trends in the district are shown in the figure below: Rajanpur District Groundwater Quality Trends (EC dS/m)

Perusal of above figure shows that groundwater quality is fresh (generally along the canal) to highly saline and there has been no significant change in the trend.

66

4.7.2.3

Muzaffar Garh District

Review and analysis of data indicates that there are 82 points in the district and the continuous data are also available for 82 points. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water quality trends in the district are shown in the figure below: Muzaffar Garh District Groundwater Quality Trends (EC dS/m)

Perusal of above figure shows that groundwater quality is fresh (generally along the canal) to marginal/brackish and there has been no significant change in the trend. 4.8 Thal Doab

4.8.1 Aerial distribution of Water Level Monitoring Points The area falls under the command of Main Indus Canal, Rampur Branch and some un-commanded areas in Thal Doab. Distribution of the WL Monitoring points and data availability for the year 2008 is as shown in Table 4.13 given below:
Table 4.13: WL Monitoring in Thal Doab
District Bakker 82 Jhang 35 Khushab Layyah Mianwali Total 61 40 28 246 Total Points Tehsil Bakker Darya Khan Kaloor Kot Jhang Ahmad pur Sial Khushab Noor pur Thal Karore Layyah Mianwali Piplan Total Points 29 34 19 2 33 54 7 15 25 5 23 246 Data available Jun-08 Oct-08 29 29 31 31 18 18 1 1 33 34 5 21 23 2 20 217 33 33 5 21 23 1 20 215

67

The above table shows that there are 246 monitoring points and data for the year 2008 is available for 215 points. District-wise Water Table Trends: As a part of water level monitoring in Thal Doab the piezometers are located in Bakker, Khushab, Layyah, Jhang and Mianwali districts. District-wise behavior of water table during 2003-08 is discussed as below: 4.8.1.1 Bhakar District

There are 82 monitoring points in the district however, continuous data fro 76 points is available. Based on the review and analysis of selective/representative points the water table response in the various parts of the district is shown in the figure given below: Bhakar District Water Table Trends (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that: Groundwater water levels range from around 15 feet to more than 35 feet below the GLS; and Have shown a more or less stable trend during 2003 to 2008. Mean water table stage also shows a flat to slightly rising trend. 4.8.1.2 Jhang District

There are 35 monitoring points in the district however, continuous data fro 34 points is available. Based on the review and analysis of selective/representative points the water table response in the various parts of the district is shown in the figure given below:

68

Jhang District Water Table Trends (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that: Groundwater water levels range from less than 10 feet to more than 25 feet below the GLS; and Have shown a more or less stable trend during 2003 to 2008. Mean water table stage also shows a flat to slightly rising trend. 4.8.1.3 Khushab District

There are 61 monitoring points in the district however, continuous data fro 27 points is available. Based on the review and analysis of selective/representative points the water table response in the various parts of the district is shown in the figure given below: Khushab District Water Table Trends (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that:

69

Groundwater water levels are generally shallow - less than 10 feet to around 15 feet below the GLS; and Have shown slightly rising trend during 2003 to 2008. Mean water table stage also shows a flat to slightly rising trend. 4.8.1.4 Layyah District

There are 40 monitoring points in the district however, continuous data fro 38 points is available. Based on the review and analysis of selective/representative points the water table response in the various parts of the district is shown in the figure given below: Layyah District Water Table Trends (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that: Groundwater water levels generally range from 15 feet to more than 30 feet below the GLS; and Have shown slightly rising trend during 2003 to 2008. Mean water table stage also shows a flat to slightly declining trend. 4.8.1.5 Mianwali District

There are 28 monitoring points in the district however, continuous data fro 21 points is available. Based on the review and analysis of selective/representative points the water table response in the various parts of the district is shown in the figure given below:

70

Mianwali District Water Table Trends (Feet below GLS)

Perusal of the above figure indicates that: Groundwater water levels generally range from 15 feet to more than 30 feet below the GLS; and Have shown slightly rising trend during 2003 to 2008. Mean water table stage also shows a flat to slightly declining trend. 4.8.2 Aerial Distribution of Groundwater Quality Monitoring Points The area falls under the command of Main Indus Canal, Rangpur Branch and some un-commanded areas in Thal Doab. Distribution of the GWQ Monitoring points and data availability for the year 2008 is as shown in Table 4.14 given below:
Table 4.14: Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Thal Doab
District Total Points 207 Tehsil Bhakkar Darya Khan Kaloor Kot Mankera Jhang Ahmadpur Sial Khushab Noor pur Thal Chowbara Fatehpur Karore Layyah Mianwali Piplan Total Points 40 29 46 92 31 48 24 47 4 8 24 5 398 Data available Jun-07 Oct-07 Jun-08 40 40 40 29 29 29 46 46 46 92 92 92 31 23 17 47 4 8 24 3 364 31 26 19 47 4 8 24 3 369 31 21 13 47 4 8 24 2 357

Bhakkar

Jhang Khushab

31 72

Layyah

83

Mianwali Total

5 398

71

Perusal of the above table shows that there are 398 water quality monitoring points in Thal Doab and the data fro the year 2008 is available for 357 monitoring points. District-wise response of the groundwater quality in the last six years is discussed as below. Groundwater Quality Trends in Thal Doab Area: Data collected through field checks and water sampling on selected PTWs in each zone are analyzed in DLR laboratory for determining the suitability of groundwater for mainly - agricultural use in line with the guidelines by FAO considering the values of EC, SAR and RSC (as discussed in Section-3). However, at this stage due to shortage of technical manpower and resources evaluation of all the three parameters is not considered feasible and hence, time-rate changes in EC values have been used to study the groundwater quality trends in each zone. Gradually with the Build up of Technical Capacity the time rate changes will be seen keeping in view all the three major parameters controlling the quality and suitability of groundwater for agriculture as shown in the example given below based on one typical sample from Monitoring point DLR 145 in Tehsil & District Bhakar:
GW Quality Trend at Monitoring Point DLR - 145, Tehsil & District Bhakar

4.8.2.1

Bhakar District

Review and analysis of data indicates that there are 207 points in the district and the continuous data are available for 92 points. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water quality trends in the district are shown in the figure below:

72

Bhakar District Groundwater Quality Trends (EC = dS/m)

Perusal of above figure shows that: Groundwater quality is fresh (generally along the canal) to marginal/brackish; and There has been no significant change in the groundwater quality trend. Mean value of groundwater quality has also shown very little change. 4.8.2.2. Jhang District

Review and analysis of data indicates that there are 31 points in the district and the continuous data are available for 31 points. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water quality trends in the district are shown in the figure below: Jhang District Groundwater Quality Trends (EC dS/m)

Perusal of above figure shows that:

73

Groundwater quality is fresh (generally along the canal) to marginal/brackish in other areas. EC values range from 0.6 to 2.3 dS/m.; and There has been no significant change in the groundwater quality trend. Mean value of groundwater quality has also shown very little change. 4.8.2.3 Khushab District

Review and analysis of data indicates that there are 72 monitoring points in the district and the continuous data are available for 31 points. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water quality trends in the district are shown in the figure below: Khushab District Groundwater Quality Trends (EC dS/m)

Perusal of above figure shows that: Groundwater quality is fresh (generally along the canal) to marginal/brackish in other areas. EC values range from 0.6 to 2.3 dS/m.; and There has been no significant change in the groundwater quality trend. Mean value of groundwater quality has also shown very little change. There are some data bugs which may be removed in due course of time. 4.8.2.4 Layyah District

Review and analysis of data indicates that there are 83 monitoring points in the district and the continuous data are available for 83 points. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water quality trends in the district are shown in the figure below:

74

Layyah District Groundwater Quality Trends (EC dS/m)

Perusal of above figure shows that: Groundwater quality is fresh (generally along the canal) to marginal/brackish in other areas. EC values range from 0.8 to 9.26 dS/m.; and There has been no significant change in the groundwater quality trend. Mean value of groundwater quality has also shown very little change. There are some data bugs which may be removed in due course of time. 4.8.2.5 Mianwali District

Review and analysis of data indicates that there are 5 monitoring points in the district and the continuous data are available for 3 points. Based on the analysis of the selective/representative points the water quality trends in the district are shown in the figure below: Mianwali District Groundwater Quality Trends (EC dS/m)

Perusal of above figure shows that: 75

Groundwater quality is fresh (generally along the canal) to marginal/brackish in other areas. EC values range from 0.6 to 4.50 dS/m.; and There has been no significant change in the groundwater quality trend. Mean value of groundwater quality has shown some change and rise in the year 2008. However, there are some data bugs which may be removed in due course of time. Detailed perusal of the data shows that there is a General Comments: need for some necessary adjustments in the location of the groundwater monitoring points both for water levels and groundwater quality. One of the major monitoring requirements is to keep a watch on both the parameters in each area as per field conditions. These changes will be made when all the points are located on Survey of Pakistan maps for convenient checks and finding data gaps.
4.9 Synopsis on Groundwater Levels and Quality Trends

Review and analysis of groundwater monitoring data for the whole province (mainly irrigated area at this stage) indicates that a number of parameters have influenced the response of groundwater reservoir viz. a. viz.: Variation in the annual rainfall during the last six years; Some improvements in the irrigation system as a part of ISRP by IPD; and Groundwater use patterns by the farmers in various parts of the province. Keeping in view the general trends in ground water levels and quality in various zones (observed on the points with the consistent monitoring records), following main inferences can be drawn. 4.9.1 Water Table Trends

Water Tables have shown both rising and falling trends in various parts of the province, viz.: Rising Trends: Districts - generally located in the northern part of the province and upper part of the irrigation system - such as Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Mandi Bahauddin have shown rising trends in water levels. Almost all the districts in Bahawalpur Zone lying in the southern part of the Province have also shown a rising trend in groundwater levels particularly the areas near Abbasia Canal. Falling Trends: Districts of Lahore, Okara, Lodhran, Multan and Jhang areas lying in tail reaches have shown somewhat declining trends in the groundwater levels. 4.9.2 Groundwater Quality Trends Perusal of the groundwater quality monitoring data shows that the quality has shown somewhat mixed trends and it needs further detailed review and analysis to delineate zones showing conspicuous changes in the groundwater quality. With the systematic location of monitoring points on the Survey of Pakistan Maps these zones will be identified - in the next monitoring report when help from GIS Specialist will be available. However any area showing alarming deterioration of groundwater quality has not been noticed trough the review of existing data.

76

5 5.1

EXISTING SNAGS AND GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVEMENT (Identified by the Groundwater Consultant) General Considerations Monitoring is a watch dog operation to keep an eye on the time-rate changes in various parameters governing the groundwater use and its sustainability. Systematic monitoring of the groundwater, through a wellestablished network, is the first step towards management for the optimal use of the resource. Accordingly, the groundwater-monitoring network has to be established in accordance with the present requirements and keeping in view the future scenarios. Compilation and analysis of data after the necessary sensibility checks - are done in accordance with the management requirements and on the format which is useful for the stake holders and groundwater users in this case mainly the farmers. A well designed and executed monitoring program acts as a watchdog and helps in optimal and sustainable use of the water resources. However, monitoring program including field data collection, location of control points and information required under the changing field operating conditions, has to be adjusted/updated from time to time in consonance with the field conditions and monitoring requirements. Discussions with the field colleagues and detailed review of the data indicate that there is a need for improvement in data collection, compilation and its analysis. Major aspects are discussed below with guidelines for improvements including: Abandoning of some monitoring points general field conditions; and - not representing the

Establishment of some additional points (for both water table and quality) keeping in view the groundwater flow system. 5.2 Location of Monitoring Points

5.2.1 Water Level Monitoring Although the monitoring points are located @ 6kmx6km grid system but quite some of the points are located along the canals and rather on the bank of the canal. All such points will be deleted out of system (These may be good enough for seepage studies from the canals by SMO). For future following points should be given due consideration: I. Points for monitoring groundwater levels should be selected keeping in view the groundwater flow system and sub-surface lithology, and sources of recharge and discharge preferably section lines across the groundwater flow system.

77

II.

Piezometers should be installed at places - well representing the general groundwater conditions of the surrounding area (avoid Tibbas or depressions). Piezometers should be properly installed and be water tight (seepage from sides should not reach the screen). Normal procedure is: Piezometers should be 20 - 25 feet deeper than the reported water table; Sand should be placed around the screen - preferably 5-10 feet above the screen level; Remaining portion up to the top should be filled up with local material (sand and clay mixed to avoid seepage from sides); Cement and concrete pedestal in constructed at the ground (up to 2 feet below the ground, i.e. 2x2x2 feet); Measuring point should be about 2.0 to 2.5 feet above ground level and should be fitted with a cap.

III.

IV)

In case the piezometer is damaged due to one or the other reason: The replacement should be closed (say 10-20 feet); or A new number should be given to the monitoring point in case the site is quite far away (from the abandoned site). Data of the old/abandoned piezometer can serve as historic data for site specific studies in future it is not lost.

V)

Reduced levels of all the WL monitoring points have to be determined to study groundwater movement - here help from SPRU will be needed. Engineering staff with divisional office can extend help to DLR in the determination of RLs of each point in their areas.

5.2.2 Water Quality Monitoring Points for water quality monitoring should be selected keeping in view the aerial and vertical distribution of groundwater quality, and groundwater recharge sources - including potential pollution sources. Closer points are required near the interface (boundary of fresh and saline groundwater). There is always some information on the quality already available which can be utilized for the selection of the control points (preferably a reconnaissance survey is carried out by measuring EC of the groundwater prior to the selection of the monitoring points). In case the relevant information is not available in the beginning then gradually the adjustments have to be made.

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Monitoring points (number and locations) will change with time and monitoring needs, hence the numbers should be fixed so that historic data can be utilized in future. To determine the time rate change, the data should be from the same point. Type and depth of water point (HP, PTW or public sector tubewells should be clearly recorded). Water quality may vary both in aerial and vertical extent. NOTE: After all the filed points are marked/located on Survey of Pakistan maps the data gaps and congestions will appear and shall be rectified. 5.3 Frequency of Water Sampling and Analysis Under the existing field conditions water samples are collected and analyzed on each monitoring run, i.e. in June and October. This has to be curtailed in consonance with the: Monitoring requirements; Availability of field staff, transport; and Strength of laboratory, its capacity, logistics, staff, etc. Need is to bother to assess the capability of the laboratory with its existing staff and logistics to handle 3,500 water sample analysis in a period of about one month. Extra burden on field and laboratory staff may result in mistakes and errors. Existing Situation: A large number of bugs have been noticed in the data - particularly on water quality involving both minor and major errors rendering the data unusable for a pragmatic assessment of field conditions. These errors may include: Type mistakes, samples wrong sites, mishandling in transportation and even laboratory mix up. For illustration purposes an example is shown below: Example from Jahanian Tehsil (Khanewal District) with data bugs For illustration to the field colleagues a typical example from Jahania Tehsil is given below indicating some data bugs and needing careful cross checks on field data and the process of its compilation. Data for the monitoring points DLR - 738 and DLR 747 should be checked and may be corrected if there is any mistake. Generally the GW Quality does show time rate changes in this way showing sudden changes. 79

Data for Points DLR-738 and DLR 747 indicate some thinking and action on making some necessary adjustments. This means reduction of sampling sites and/or increase in monitoring time interval for WATER QUALITY CHECKS is but a sine qua non. Keeping in view the field conditions a three year cycle may be suitable for detailed chemical analysis this will reduce the burden on field and laboratory staff. This policy matter is to be implemented by the next monitoring year. Points Needing Attention: Following points warrant due attention: I) II) III) Acute shortage of technical personnel both in field and laboratory; Periodic get-to-gather of field officers at head quarters for discussing problems and ways out. Technical Training in Groundwater Monitoring and Management with at least computer know-how for all the filed officers and managerial staff Periodic meetings between groundwater monitoring and management directorates to identify filed conditions and monitoring measures in certain areas needing special attention.

IV)

Proposed Action Plan: In future (with 3-5 year data for each point already in stock) there is no need to carry out the chemical analysis of each sample at every monitoring run. EC should be measured at each point and samples may be collected and sent for analysis at an interval of three (3) years. Each field officer can select (in consultation with head office) the set of samples to be collected and sent to HQ for analysis during an individual year. Any good laboratory can hardly handle around 1,000 water sample analyses in a month or so. 80

This aspect will be continuously looked into as more and more clarifications on data bugs and actions needed come up. 5.4 Data Sensibility Checks After the completion of each monitoring run and compilation of data (before the next monitoring cycle) there should be data sensibility checks at field level and then in a joint meeting/workshop at IPD headquarters. The DLR has planned committee for field checks. However, the acute shortage of the staff is an impediment to the accomplishment of the task. There is need for more and more joint meetings and discussions at head quarters. 5.5 Capacity Building Computer Knowledge needs to be strengthened and updated in the existing team. Field formations have done a very good job by collecting a useful data with the meager resources at their disposal without a pat. The matter needs special attention not in a negative way but in a very humane and subtle way changing mind sets and training of senior staff (for a good understanding on what to get out of computer through the operators) should be arranged in an honorable way. 5.6 Linkage & Coordination in Monitoring and Management Presently, there is hardly any linkage and coordination between the management and monitoring directorates. Normally, monitoring is an integral part of groundwater management and the monitoring needs are governed by the management needs and groundwater use, its recharge, discharge parameters, etc. There is a need to develop and strengthen the linkage between the monitoring and management units. 5.7. The Way Forward Now the refinement process is in line and further improvements and refinements will bee done when the information on the distributaries/minors and type and depth of water quality monitoring points is provided by the field formations. DLR - IPD have to continuously providing both a check and pat to the monitoring team. Once the existing data on the field points are well sorted out, some additional points are established in the data gap areas, stake holders are fully involved in monitoring (and then management) the operation will start helping IPD in IWRM as per vision for future.

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