Appendix 1

Author & Year (Agrell and Bogetoft, 2005) Application area, Country & Sample 204 District heating plants, Denmark (1998 1999 & 1999 2000) Input variables Primary energy input from oil Primary energy input from coal Primary energy input from gas Primary energy input from woodchips or pellet Primary energy input from straw Primary energy input from other biofuel Primary electrical energy input Secondary heat input from generating plant Secondary heat input from industrial source Secondary heat input from waste incineration Secondary heat input from other source Total carbon dioxide Expenditure for operation, maintenance, administration and metering Expenditure for primary and secondary energy Expenditure for primary fuel Capital Labour Aggregate intermediate input Output variables Net delivered thermal energy Delivered electric energy Number of subscribed connection points of the distribution system Revenue from sales of electricity Methodology DEA, radial input oriented distance function

(Aiken and Pasurka, 2003)

19 Standard industrial classification (SIC) manufacturing industries, United States (1970, 1983 & 1996)

Undesirable Particulate Matter Sulphur dioxide Desirable Gross output

Shadow prices, total factor productivity

(Allen and Thanassoulis, 2004) (Ang and Pandiyan, 1997)

Manufacturing energy and production data from China, South Korea & Taiwan (1980 1991, 1981 1993, 1980 1993)

Divisia index approach

(Ann et al., 2006) (Arocena and Waddams Price, 2002) (Avkiran, 2009) (Ball et al., 2004)

48 contiguous states, United States (1960 1996)

Capital Labour Material

Undesirable Risk to human health from exposure to pesticide leaching Risk to human health from exposure to pesticide runoff Risk to aquatic life from exposure to pesticide leaching Risk to aquatic life from exposure to pesticide runoff Desirable Crop Animal Undesirable Particulate matter emitted from a firm without the use of control technologies Desirable Ex-factory value of all the products and bi-products

Fisher, Malmquist productivity index

(Banerjee, 2007)

Cement Industries, India : 68 firms (1999 2000) 243 firms (2003 2004)

Purchase value of all basic and nonbasic input Manday generated Net value of fixed asset Net value of current asset

DEA, output oriented BCC model, CCR model

produced by a cement firm (Barbera and McConnell, 1990) (Barla and Perelman, 2005) (Becken and Patterson, 2006) (Benedetti et al., 2008) (Bevilacqua and Braglia, 2002)

New Zealand tourism (2001)

Transportations Accommodations Activities/attractions Fuel consumption

CO2

Bottom-up & topdown analysis

7 AgipPetroli oil refineries, Italy (1996)

Undesirable Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxide Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Desirable Total suspended particle Volatile organic compound

DEA

(Bikki Jaggi, 1992) (Bosetti and Buchner, 2009) (Boyd and 146 Manufacturing plantsMcClelland, 1999) integrated paper mills, United States (1988 1992)

Capital stock Production worker Electricity cost Fuel cost Material cost

Undesirable Air pollutant (Sulphur dioxide Total suspended particle) Water pollutant (Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Total Suspended Solid) Toxics (Chlorine, Methane, Sulfuric acid)

Input distance Function, DEA, hyperbolic analysis

Desirable Output value (Boyd and Pang, 2000) Manufacturing plants (glass industry), United States : 45 Container glass (1995) 126 Flat glass (1987 1995) Electric-output ratio Fuel-output ratio Cumulative output Capital-output ratio Electric price Natural gas price LP efficiency measure Labour Capital Stock Energy cost Material cost Labour Wood Fibre Electricity Total shipment of output Capital stock Labour Energy Plant and equipment Material Undesirable Nitrogen oxide Desirable Value of shipment Undesirable Biological Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand Suspended Solid Desirable Production of pulp Regression analysis, DEA, distance function

(Boyd et al., 2002) 63 Glass industries, United States (1987 1990)

Malmquist Productivity Index

(Brannlund et al., 1998)

41 Pulp and paper industries, Sweden (1986 1990)

Linear programming model of technology

(Burnett and Hansen, 2008)

Electric utility industry, United States : 84 Phase One plants (1990 1995) 164 Non Phase One plants (1990 1995)

Capital Fuel Cost Operating Cost

Undesirable Sulphur dioxide Desirable Kilowatt-hour

DEA, BCC model

(Burritt and Saka,

2006) (Camarero et al., 2008)

22 OECD countries (1971 2002)

Capital Labour

Undesirable Carbon dioxide Desirable Gross domestic product

DEA, distance function, multivariate test Input-output structural decomposition analysis Input-output structural decomposition analysis Non-radial Malmquist productivity index

(Casler and Rose, 1998) (Chang and Lin, 1998) (Charnes et al., 1978) (Chen, 2003)

US carbon dioxide emissions (1972 1982) 34 sectors in Taiwan (1991) Energy consumption Undesirable CO2 Desirable Domestic gross output Annual gross industrial output value

3 Industries (Textiles, Chemicals and Metallurgy), China (1966 1985)

Capital Labour

(Chiew, 2008) (Choi and Ang, 2001) (Christainsen and Haveman, 1981) (Chung et al., 1997)

39 Paper and pulp industries, Sweden (1986 1990)

Labour Wood fibre Energy Capital

Undesirable Biological oxygen demand Chemical oxygen demand Suspended solid Desirable Production

Output oriented MalmquistLuenberger productivity index, directional distance function

(Coelli et al., 2007)

(Coggins and Swinton, 1996)

42 Wisconsin coal burning utility plants (1990 1992)

Energy Sulfur Labour Capital Capital Labour Fuel Labour

Undesirable SO2 Desirable Electricity

Output distance function, shadow prices

(Cole et al., 2005) (Conrad and Morrison, 1989) (Considine and Larson, 2006)

US, Canadian & German manufacturing (1960 1980) 36 Utility companies, United States (1995 1999)

Linear programming Undesirable Emission Desirable Stock Allocation Net purchase Generalized Leontief (GL)

(Cooper et al., 2004) (Cuesta et al., 2009) (Cullinane et al., 2006) (Dyckhoff and Allen, 2001) (Elsayed and Paton, 2005) (Fre and Grosskopf, 2003) (Fre and Grosskopf, 2004)

(Fre et al., 2004)

17 OECD Countries (1990)

Energy consumption Capital stock Labour

Undesirable Carbon dioxide Nitrogen oxide Sulfur oxide Desirable Gross domestic product

DEA, multilateral Environmental Indexes, distance function

(Fre et al., 1989a) (Fare et al., 1993) (Fre et al., 2005) (Fare et al., 1997) (Fre et al., 1994) 17 OECD countries (1979 1988) (Fre et al., 1986) 100 steam electric utility plants in US (1975)

Capital stock Employment Capital Labour Coal Oil Gas

GDP Undesirable Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide Nitrogen oxide Heat Desirable Net generation Net generation

Malmquist productivity index Linear programming approach

(Fre et al., 1989b) 23 electric utility plants in US (1969 & 1975) (Fre et al., 2001) (Fre et al., 2007)

Capital Labour Fuel Precipitators Capital Stock Employees Heat contents (coal, oil, gas)

DEA, Hypothesis testing

92 US coal-fired electric power plants (1985 1995)

Undesirable SO2 NOx Desirable Net electrical ganeration

Joint production and traditional approach

(Fre et al., 1996)

(Fre et al., 2006)

US agricultural sector (1960 1996)

Land Labour Capital Material inputs

Undesirable Leaching Runoff Desirable Crops Animals Undesirable Carbon dioxide Solid particulate matter Desirable Gross domestic product

Directional output distance function

(Fre et al., 2003)

24 OECD Countries (1971 1990)

Labour Capital stock

DEA, input distance function

(Fre and Knox Lovell, 1978) (Fre and Knox Lovell, 1981) (Feroz et al., 2009) (Freedman and US 41 firms from polluting Jaggi, 1982) industries(steel, oil refining, paper and pulp chemicals electrical utilities) (1973) (Galdeano-Gmez et al., 2008) (Gang and Felmingham, 2004) (Golany and Roll, 1989) (Gollop and Roberts, 1983) (Hadi Vencheh et No real sample data al., 2005)

Economic performance

Pollution disclosure

Hypothesis testing

X1 undesirable X2

Y1 Y2 undesirable

DEA, CCR model

(Hailu, 2003) (Hailu and Veeman, 2000)

36 Canadian pulp and paper industry (1959 1994)

Energy Wood residue Pulpwood Non-wood materials Production labour Administration labour capital

Undesirable BOD TSS Desirable Net pulp output Newsprint Other papers Paperboards

Malmquist productivity index, Input distance function

(Hailu and Veeman, 2001) (Hanley et al., 2009) (Haynes et al., 1993) (Henri and Journeault, 2008) (HernandezSancho et al., 2000) (Holtz-Eakin and Selden, 1995) (Hsu and Hsueh, 2009) (Hua et al., 2007)

US cement manufacture (1992)

Income Population Labour Capital

CO2 GDP Undesirable Biochemical oxygen demand Sulfur oxide Particulate Suspended solid Desirable Paper produced

Forecasting, statistical test Non-radial outputoriented DEA, BCC model

32 Paper mills along the Huai River, China (2001)

(Ilha et al., 2009)

(Koeijer et al., 2002)

467 Sugar beet production of farmers, Flevoland, United States (1994 1997)

Nitrogen fertilizer Herbicide

Sugar yield

DEA, constant returns to scale (CRS), variables return to scale (VRS)

(Koop, 1998) (Kopp, 1981) (Korhonen and Luptacik, 2004)

24 Power plants, European country

Total cost

Undesirable Dust Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxide Desirable Electricity generation Undesirable Climate change (Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide, Carbon monoxide) Acidification (Nitrogen Oxide, Sulfur Dioxide) Smog formation (Hydrocarbons) Dispersion of particles (Total Particulate Matter) Noise (Sound waves) Desirable Mileage

DEA, input oriented CCR model

(Kortelainen, 2008) (Kortelainen and 88 Sport utility vehicles (SUV) Kuosmanen, 2007) models, Finland

Energy

DEA, absolute shadow price, CCR model

(Kuosmanen, 2005) (Kuosmanen et al., 2009)

(Kuosmanen and Kortelainen, 2004) (Kuosmanen and 3 largest towns of eastern Kortelainen, 2005) Finland-Kuopio, Joensuu & Mikkeli (2002)

population

Undesirable Climate change Acidification Smog formation Dispersion of particles Desirable Road transportation mileage Fuel consumption

DEA

(Kuosmanen and Kortelainen, 2007) (Kuosmanen and Podinovski, 2009) (Laplante and Rilstone, 1996) (Lee and Hon, 2007) (Lee et al., 2002) 8 coal-burning & 9 oil-burning plants of the Korea Electric Power Corporation (19901995 )

Nameplate Capacity Fuel heat Labor

Undesirable SOx NOx TSP Desirable Electricity generation Undesirable Pressure from agricultural plantation Pressure from industrial emission Pressure from social economy Desirable Resource situation Ecology situation

Shadow price, directional distance function

(Lee and Oh, 2006) (Liang et al., 2009) 17 Cities in Anhui province, China (2006)

Tourist resources

DEA, input oriented CCR model, Principal component analysis (PCA)

Economy development Ecology protection Anti-pollution projects (Lozano and Gutierrez, 2008) (Lozano et al., 2009) (Lu and Lo, 2007)

31 Regions, China (2001)

Capital stock Labour

Undesirable Sulfur dioxide Industrial soot Industrial dust Desirable Gross domestic product Undesirable Greenhouse gas Desirable Electricity produced Heat produced Crops livestock

Output oriented DEA model, CRS model, CCR model

(Madlener et al., 2008)

41 Agricultural biogas plants, Austria (2004)

Labour Organic dry substance

DEA, output oriented CCR model, Multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) DEA, hypothesis testing

(Mahenc, 2008) (Managi, 2006) (Mani and Wheeler, 1998) (McIntyre and Thornton, 1974) (Mclntyre and Thornton, 1978) (Muga and

48 states in US agricultural sector (1970 1997)

Capital Labour Intermediate inputs

Mihelcic, 2008) (Munksgaard et al., 2005) (Murty et al., 2006) 294 Sugar industry firms, India (1996 1998)

Sale Wage bill Material input Capital stock

Undesirable Bio Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand Suspended solid Desirable Sales

Malmquist productivity index, Shadow prices, input distance function

(Neto et al., 2009) (Odeck, 2009) (Olabisi et al., 2009) (Picazo-Tadeo and Garcia-Reche, 2007) (Picazo-Tadeo et 35 Spanish ceramic tile al., 2005) producers (1995)

Clay, kaolin, feldspar & limestones Labour Capital

Undesirable Watery muds Used oil Desirable Ceramic pavements Gross domestic product Non-fossil fuel energy consumption

Directional technology distance function

(Pittman, 1983) (Ramanathan, 2005)

17 Middle East and North Africa countries (1992 1996)

Carbon dioxide Fossil fuel energy consumption

DEA constant returns to scale (CRS)& variables return to scale (VRS), Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) Quality function deployment

(Ramanathan and Yunfeng, 2009)

Security fasteners (standard bolt, cylindrical) for a Chinese

Cost Adverse environmental impact

Ease of implementation of the bolt

company (Ray and Desli, 1997) (Reinhard et al., 2000) (Reinhard et al., 1999) (Riina-Riitta, 2000) (RUSSO and FOUTS, 1997) (Sarkis and Cordeiro, 2001) (Sarkis and Talluri, 48 Electric utility plants, United 2004) States (1996)

(QFD), DEA

Energy (raw material) Labour

Undesirable Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxide Carbon dioxide Desirable Usable energy

DEA, CCR model, BCC model

(Schaltegger and Synnestvedt, 2002) (Scheel, 2001) 13 Selected European economies (1997)

Labour

Undesirable Nitrogen oxide Desirable Gross domestic product Undesirable Biochemical oxygen demand Total suspended solid Particulate

DEA, output oriented BCC model DEA, input oriented BCC model

(Seiford and Zhu, 2002)

30 Paper mills production, United States (1989)

Fiber Energy Capital Labour

Sulfur oxide Desirable Paper produced (Seiford and Zhu, 2005) (Shadbegian and Gray, 2005)

68 pulp and paper mills, 55 oil refineries, 27 steel mills in US (1979 1990)

Labour Capital materials Coal Oil Natural gas Hydropower Nuclear power Biomass energy Lead Zinc Nickel Copper Oil refining

Plants output

Cob Douglas production function Kalman filter model Correlation coefficient

(Siche et al., 2008) (Stern, 2005) 15 countries (1971 2000)

Agriculture Nonmanufacturing industry Manufacturing Services

(Sutton, 2004) (Swinton, 1998) (Taskin and Zaim, 2001) (Telle and Larsson, 4 Industries, Norway (1992 2007) 2002) : 144 Pulp and paper 70 Primary aluminum 105 Ferro alloy 108 Inorganic chemical (Tyteca, 1996) (Tyteca, 1997) 48 Fossil-fired electric utilities,

Labour Capital Intermediate input

Undesirable Greenhouse gas Acid Desirable Output Undesirable

Malmquist productivity index, Malmquist index

Installed capacity

Output oriented

United States (1991)

Coal Oil Gas Labour

Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxide Carbon dioxide Desirable Electricity generation

DEA model

(Wang et al., 2004) (Weber and Domazlicky, 2001) (Wolff, 2002) (Wossink and Denaux, 2006) (Zaim, 2004) 41 States manufacturing sector, United States (1974, 1980, 1985)

Labour Capital stock

Undesirable Sulphur oxide Nitrogen oxide Carbon monoxide Desirable Gross state product Undesirable Carbon dioxide Desirable Gross Domestic Product Undesirable Chemical Oxygen Demand Nitrogen Sulphur dioxide Soot Dust Industrial solid waste Desirable Value added of industry

Malmquist Quantity Index, Input-Output distance function

(Zaim and Taskin, 2000a)

25 OECD countries (1980, 1985, 1990)

Labour Capital stock

Production frontier model, CRS model Input orientation DEA model, CCR, BBC model

(Zhang et al., 2008)

30 Industrial systems provinces, China (2005)

Water resource Raw mining resource Energy

(Zhang, 2009) (Zhang et al., 2009) (Zhou and Ang, 2008) (Zhou et al., 2006)

30 OECD countries (1998 2002)

Total primary energy supply Population

Undesirable Carbon dioxide Desirable Gross domestic product

Environmental DEA technology & Slacks-based environmental performance DEA, Environmental DEA technology, CRS, VRS, nonincreasing returns to scale (NIRS)

(Zhou et al., 2008)

8 world regions : OECD, Middle East, Former USSR, Non-OECD Europe, China, Asia, Latin America, Africa (2002)

Total energy consumption

Undesirable Carbon dioxide Desirable Gross domestic production

(Zhou et al., 2007)

26 OECD countries (1995 1997)

Labour Primary energy consumption

Undesirable Carbon dioxide Sulphur oxide Nitrogen oxide Carbon monoxide Desirable Gross domestic production

Non-radial DEA model (non-radial DEA based model, non-radial malmquist environmental performance index)

(Zofo and Lovell, 2001) (Zofo and Prieto, 2001)

14 manufacturing industries of OECD countries (1990, 1995)

Labour Net stock

Undesirable Carbon dioxide Desirable Manufactured production

DEA, output distance function, hyperbolic output distance function

Appendix 1: 38 Publications those studies on Environmental Performance

AGRELL, P. J. & BOGETOFT, P. (2005) Economic and environmental efficiency of district heating plants. Energy Policy, 33, 13511362. AIKEN, D. V. & PASURKA, C. A. (2003) Adjusting the measurement of US manufacturing productivity for air pollution emissions control. Resource and Energy Economics, 25, 329-351. ALLEN, R. & THANASSOULIS, E. (2004) Improving envelopment in data envelopment analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 154, 363-379. ANG, B. W. & PANDIYAN, G. (1997) Decomposition of energy-induced CO2 emissions in manufacturing. Energy Economics, 19, 363-374. ANN, G. E., ZAILANI, S. & WAHID, N. A. (2006) A study on the impact of environmental management system (EMS) certification towards firms' performance in Malaysia. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 17, 73-93. AROCENA, P. & WADDAMS PRICE, C. (2002) Generating efficiency: economic and environmental regulation of public and private electricity generators in Spain. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 20, 41-69. AVKIRAN, N. K. (2009) Removing the impact of environment with units-invariant efficient frontier analysis: An illustrative case study with intertemporal panel data. Omega-International Journal of Management Science, 37, 535-544. BALL, V. E., LOVELL, C. A. K., LUU, H. & NEHRING, R. (2004) Incorporating Environmental Impacts in the Measurement of Agricultural Productivity Growth. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 29, 436. BANERJEE, S. (2007) Environmental Regulation and Technical Efficiency: A Data Envelopment Analysis for Indian Cement Industry. Discussion Paper No ERU/2007 01/2007, Discussion Paper Series, Economic Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata.

BARBERA, A. J. & MCCONNELL, V. D. (1990) The impact of environmental regulations on industry productivity: Direct and indirect effects. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 18, 50-65. BARLA, P. & PERELMAN, S. (2005) Sulphur emissions and productivity growth in industrialised countries. Annals of Public & Cooperative Economics, 76, 275-300. BECKEN, S. & PATTERSON, M. (2006) Measuring National Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Tourism as a Key Step Towards Achieving Sustainable Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14, 323-338. BENEDETTI, L., DIRCKX, G., BIXIO, D., THOEYE, C. & VANROLLEGHEM, P. A. (2008) Environmental and economic performance assessment of the integrated urban wastewater system. Journal of Environmental Management, 88, 1262-1272. BEVILACQUA, M. & BRAGLIA, M. (2002) Environmental efficiency analysis for ENI oil refineries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 10, 85-92. BIKKI JAGGI, M. F. (1992) An Examination Of The Impact Of Pollution Performance On Economic And Market Performance: Pulp And Paper Firms. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 19, 697-713. BOSETTI, V. & BUCHNER, B. (2009) Data Envelopment Analysis of different climate policy scenarios. Ecological Economics, 68, 1340-1354. BOYD, G. A. & MCCLELLAND, J. D. (1999) The Impact of Environmental Constraints on Productivity Improvement in Integrated Paper Plants. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 38, 121-142. BOYD, G. A. & PANG, J. X. (2000) Estimating the linkage between energy efficiency and productivity. Energy Policy, 28, 289-296. BOYD, G. A., TOLLEY, G. & PANG, J. (2002) Plant Level Productivity, Efficiency, and Environmental Performance of the Container Glass Industry. Environmental and Resource Economics, 23, 29-43. BRANNLUND, R., CHUNG, Y., FARE, R. & GROSSKOPF, S. (1998) Emissions Trading and Profitability: The Swedish Pulp and Paper Industry. Environmental and Resource Economics 12, 345 - 456. BURNETT, R. D. & HANSEN, D. R. (2008) Ecoefficiency: Defining a role for environmental cost management. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 33, 551-581. BURRITT, R. L. & SAKA, C. (2006) Environmental management accounting applications. and eco-efficiency: case studies from Japan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 14, 1262-1275. CAMARERO, M., PICAZO-TADEO, A. J. & TAMARIT, C. (2008) Is the environmental performance of industrialized countries converging? A 'SURE' approach to testing for convergence. Ecological Economics, 66, 653-661. CASLER, S. & ROSE, A. (1998) Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the U.S. Economy: A Structural Decomposition Analysis. Environmental and Resource Economics, 11, 349-363. CHANG, Y. F. & LIN, S. J. (1998) Structural decomposition of industrial CO2 emission in Taiwan: an input-output approach. Energy Policy, 26, 5-12.

CHARNES, A., COOPER, W. W. & RHODES, E. (1978) Measuring the efficiency of decision-making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2, 429-444. CHEN, Y. (2003) A non-radial Malmquist productivity index with an illustrative application to Chinese major industries. International Journal of Production Economics, 83, 27-35. CHIEW, H. (2008) Whither the EIA. The Star, 17. CHOI, K.-H. & ANG, B. W. (2001) A time-series analysis of energy-related carbon emissions in Korea. Energy Policy, 29, 1155-1161. CHRISTAINSEN, G. B. & HAVEMAN, R. H. (1981) The contribution of environmental regulations to the slowdown in productivity growth. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 8, 381-390. CHUNG, Y. H., FRE, R. & GROSSKOPF, S. (1997) Productivity and Undesirable Outputs: A Directional Distance Function Approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 51, 229-240. COELLI, T., LAUWERS, L. & VAN HUYLENBROECK, G. (2007) Environmental efficiency measurement and the materials balance condition. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 28, 3-12. COGGINS, J. S. & SWINTON, J. R. (1996) The Price of Pollution: A Dual Approach to Valuing SO2Allowances. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 30, 58-72. COLE, M. A., ELLIOTT, R. J. R. & SHIMAMOTO, K. (2005) Industrial characteristics, environmental regulations and air pollution: an analysis of the UK manufacturing sector. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 50, 121-143. CONRAD, K. & MORRISON, C. J. (1989) The Impact of Pollution Abatement Investment on Productivity Change: An Empirical Comparison of the U.S., Germany, and Canada. Southern Economic Journal, 55, 684. CONSIDINE, T. J. & LARSON, D. F. (2006) The environment as a factor of production. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 52, 645-662. COOPER, W. W., SEIFORD, L. M., THANASSOULIS, E. & ZANAKIS, S. H. (2004) DEA and its uses in different countries - Preface. European Journal of Operational Research, 154, 337-344. CUESTA, R. A., LOVELL, C. A. K. & ZOFO, J. L. (2009) Environmental efficiency measurement with translog distance functions: A parametric approach. Ecological Economics, In Press, Corrected Proof. CULLINANE, K., WANG, T.-F., SONG, D.-W. & JI, P. (2006) The technical efficiency of container ports: Comparing data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier analysis. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 40, 354-374. DYCKHOFF, H. & ALLEN, K. (2001) Measuring ecological efficiency with data envelopment analysis (DEA). European Journal of Operational Research, 132, 312-325. ELSAYED, K. & PATON, D. (2005) The impact of environmental performance on firm performance: static and dynamic panel data evidence. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 16, 395-412.

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