International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.

com Volume 3, Issue 3 (August 2012), PP. 50-57

Oblique water wave scattering by bottom undulations in the presence of thin submerged vertical barrier
Soumen De1, Anjan Sasmal2
1,2

Department of Applied Mathematics,University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata - 700 009, India

AbstractThe problem of oblique water wave scattering by bottom undulations in the presence of a submerged thin bottom standing barrier is investigated here by employing a simplified perturbation analysis. The first-order reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained in terms of integrals involving the shape function describing the bottom undulations and the solution of the scattering problem involving the barrier present in uniform finite depth water. For sinusoidal undulations of bottom symmetric about the plane of the barrier, the first-order transmission coefficient vanishes identically. The curve for the first-order reflection coefficient for the scattering problem involving sinusoidal bottom undulations only is recovered when the length of the vertical barrier tends to zero. KeywordsWater wave scattering, submerged barrier, sinusoidal undulation of the bottom, first-order reflection and transmission coefficients.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The problems of interaction between surface waves and a pre-existing (fixed) pattern of undulations on an otherwise flat bed are important for their possible applications in the area of coastal and marine engineering, and as such these are being studied by scientists and engineers for a long time. These problems have received an increasing amount of attention because such pattern may comprise shore parallel bars or tidally generated features such as sand waves, lying transverse to the direction of wave propagation. An explicit solution for the two-dimensional problem of wave propagation over particular bottom topography was obtained by Roseau (1967). This is perhaps the only example for which explicit solution exists for variable bottom topography. These problems are, in general, somewhat difficult to solve analytically although there exist various approximate mathematical techniques by which quantities of physical interest, namely the reflection and transmission coefficients, can be estimated numerically. For example, Mei and Black (1969) used a variational formulation for the problem of wave scattering by a bottom-standing thick vertical rectangular obstacle to obtain numerical estimates for the reflection coefficient. It is known that many naturally formed sandbars modelled as sinusoidal undulations of amplitudes much smaller than the depth of the water can produce strong reflection of the water waves if the bar spacing is about half of the wave length of the incident surface water waves. This phenomenon of somewhat strong reflection had been studied in the theory of water waves by a number of researchers (Mei (1985), Kirby (1986), Mei; Hara and Naciri(1988) and others) earlier. Kanoria et al. (1999) employed Galerkin approximations involving ultra spherical Gegenbauer polynomials for solving the integral equations arising in the integral equation formulation of the same problem and obtained very accurate numerical estimates for the reflection coefficient. As mentioned above, there exists a class of mostly naturally occurring bottom-standing obstacles such as sand ripples, which can be assumed to be small in some sense, for which some sort of perturbation technique can be employed to obtain first-order corrections to the reflection and transmission coefficients. Miles (1965) employed such a technique followed by the finite cosine transform method to obtain first-order corrections to the reflection and transmission coefficients when a train of surface water waves is obliquely incident on the bottom having a small deformation in the form of longcrested sea-bed undulations. Davies (1982) considered the problem of wave scattering by a patch of sinusoidal undulations on an otherwise flat bottom using the linearised perturbation theory followed by an application of Fourier transform after introducing an artificial term in the free surface condition. Mandal and Basu (1990) extended this problem to include the effect of surface tension at the free surface for an obliquely incident surface wave train, and employed a perturbation analysis directly to the governing partial differential equation and boundary conditions describing the physical problem. To the first order, this reduced the original problem to a boundary value problem in a strip-like region and its solution was obtained by an appropriate application of Green's integral theorem. Davies and Heathershaw (1984) considered the reflected and transmitted wave energy over a patch of long-crested regular bottom ripples. They also studied the problem of progressive waves incident upon a patch of sinusoidal ripples and discussed the concept of Bragg resonance between the surface waves and the ripples. Bragg reflection occurs when the wave number of an incident surface wave is approximately one half the wave numbers of the sinusoidal corrugations at the bottom. This has produced a significant interest on the community of coastal engineers as a possible means of shore protection against damage caused by ocean waves. Recently Mandal and Gayen (2006) investigated the problem of water wave scattering by bottom undulations in the presence of a thin partially immersed barrier using the aforesaid simplified perturbation analysis, followed by an use of Green's integral theorem and the multi-term Galerkin approximations as employed by Porter and Evans (1995) to study problems of water wave scattering by thin vertical barriers in water of uniform finite depth. In the present paper the problem of water wave scattering by bottom undulations in the presence of a thin submerged vertical barrier is investigated by using the mathematical procedure adopted by Gayen and Mandal (2006).

50

Oblique water wave scattering by bottom undulations in the presence of thin submerged vertical barrier
Analytical expressions for these first-order reflection and transmission coefficients are found in terms of integrals involving the shape function describing the bottom topography and the solution of the wave scattering problem involving a thin vertical barrier submerged in water of uniform finite depth. The solution of this problem cannot be derived explicitly, but can be expressed in terms of expressions involving some unknown constants which are obtained by using multi-term Galerkin approximations with appropriate basis functions given in Porter and Evans (1995). For a patch of sinusoidal ripples symmetric about the plane of the barrier, the first-order correction to the transmission coefficient is seen to vanish identically. Numerical results for the first-order reflection coefficient 1 are depicted graphically against the wave number for different plate length ripple numbers and ripple amplitude. Also 1 is depicted against which is twice the ratio of the ripple wave length and the surface wave length. It is observed that 1 has the peak value when is nearly unity. 1 is oscillatory in nature which is due to multiple interaction of the incident wave with bottom undulations, the lower and upper edges of the submerged plate and the free surface. Known numerical results for 1 in the absence of the barrier are recovered by choosing the length of the plate to be very small compared to the depth of the bottom.

II.

FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

A right-handed rectangular Cartesian co-ordinate system is chosen such that -plane is the undisturbed free surface and y-axis being taken vertically downwards in the fluid region described by < , < , 0 < < + (). Hence = + () denotes the bottom of an ocean of variable depth of small cylindrical undulations, is a small dimensionless positive number which gives a measure of smallness of bottom undulations () is the shape function at bottom of the region such that () 0 as | | and 0, is the depth of the fluid region. A thin bottom standing submerged plate occupies the position = 0, < < . It is also assumed that the fluid is incompressible and inviscid. Assuming linear theory and irrotational motion, the complex-valued potential function (, , ) describing small motion in fluid satisfies
2 2

2 2

2 2

= 0 0 < < + ()

(1) (2) (3) (4)

+

1 2

= 0 = 0,

= 0 on = + , = 0 on = 0, < < ,

1 is bounded as 1 = x 2 + y a 2 0 (5) 2 , is the angular frequency of the incoming fluid with time dependence (), is the acceleration Where = due to gravity, and / denotes the normal derivative at a point (, , ) at the bottom. The time-dependent term () is dropped throughout the analysis. It can be assumed that a progressive wave train represented by the velocity potential 0 (, , ) = exp 0 + 0 () (6) is obliquely incident upon the bottom undulation from negative infinity, where 0 = 0 cos , = 0 (7) and 0 = 0 2 coshk 0 ( ) 0 =

2 0 +sinh 2 0 4 0

and as the angle of the oblique incidence of the wave train

( = 0 corresponds to normal incidence), 0 and respectively, the and components of 0 , the wave number of the incident wave, which is the unique positive real root of the equation = . The potential function is given by , . + 0 , , (, , ) 0 (8) 0 , , which can be written as, by using equation (6), exp 0 + exp 0 exp 0 () (, , ) (9) exp 0 + 0 () where R and T denote respectively the reflection and transmission coefficients of water wave are to be determined.

III.
2 2

METHOD OF SOLUTION

Assuming to be very small and neglecting ( ) terms, the boundary condition = 0 on = + , can be expressed in an approximate form as

+ 2 =

(10)

Now in view of the geometry of the problem i.e. because of the uniformity in the z-direction, , , can be expressed as , , = , exp . Then , satisfies the equations

51

Oblique water wave scattering by bottom undulations in the presence of thin submerged vertical barrier
2 2 = 0 0 < < +

= 0 = 0, + 2 = 0, = (11)

2 ,

= 0 on = 0, < < ,

1 1 = x 2 + y a 2 0 exp 0 + exp 0 0 () (, ) exp(0 ) 0 () Now , , have the following perturbation expansions, in terms of the small parameter , , ; = 0 , + 1 , + 2 , = 0 + 1 + 2 , = 0 + 1 + 2 Substituting the above expressions into equations (11), we find after equating the coefficients of identical powers of 0 and from both sides of the results, that 0 (, ) and 1 (, ) satisfy the following two boundary value problems, BVP-I and BVP-II, respectively. BVP-I: The function 0 (, ) satisfies 2 2 0 = 0 0 < < 0 +
0 0
1

1 2

= 0 = 0,

= 0, = (12)

= 0 on = 0, < < ,

12 0 1 0, exp 0 + 0 exp 0 0 () 0 (, ) 0 exp(0 ) 0 () BVP-II: The function 1 (, ) satisfies 2 2 1 = 0 0 < < 1 +

1 1 0

= 0 = 0, 2 0 , = (13)

1
1 2

= 0 on = 0, < < ,

1 1 1 0 exp 0 0 () 1 (, ) 1 1 exp(0 ) 0 () The BVP-I corresponding to the problem of water wave scattering by a thin bottom standing submerged plate of uniform finite depth . This has been solved in the literature approximately in the sense that numerical estimates for 0 and 0 have been obtained. The BVP-II is a radiation problem in water of uniform finite depth , in which the bottom condition involves 0 , the solution of BVP-I. Without solving 1 (, ) explicitly, 1 and 1 can be determined in terms of integrals involving the shape function and 0 (, ). To show this, we apply Green's integral theorem to the functions 0 (, ) and 1 (, ) in the region bounded by the lines = 0, < ; = , 0 y h; = , = , 0 ; = 0+, ; = 0, We ultimately make to tend to infinity. This gives 2 2 20 1 = 0 , + 2 0 , (14) Similarly, applying Green's integral theorem to 0 , = 0 (, ) and 1 (, ) in the same region and making , we find 20 1 = 0 , 0 (, ) + 2 0 , 0 (, ) (15) But unfortunately 0 (, ) can not be obtained analytically. However it can be expressed as 0 + 0 0 0 + < 0 =1 0 , = 0 0 0 + > 0 =1 where ( = 1,2, . ) are the purely imaginary root of tanh = , , ( = 1,2, . ) are unknown constants, = 2 coshn ( ) With =

2 +sinh 2 4

and = cos .

Using Galerkin approximations it can be shown that 0 = 1 0 and = ( = 1,2, . ) 0 (and hence0 ) can be estimated numerically that investigated by Porter and Evans. The details are given in the Appendix. Thus 1 and 1 can be computed numerically once the shape function () is known. Here we consider sinusoidal undulations at the bottom so that () can be taken in the form sin , = 0 (16) 0,

52

Oblique water wave scattering by bottom undulations in the presence of thin submerged vertical barrier
Where is a positive integer. Thus there exist numbers of sinusoidal ripples at the bottom with wave number . From (14) using (16) we get,

(17) Similarly, we get from (15) using (16) 1 0

(18)

IV.

NUMERICAL RESULTS

To compute 1 , we need to compute the values of 0 and the constants , ( = 1,2, ) and the procedure to compute 0 and numerically is described in the Appendix. The curves for 1 are depicted against the wave number in a number of figures. The value of is taken to be unity. The figure 1 depicts 1 against the wave number for different values of /. The figure 2 represent curves of 1 , for different values of when / is fixed.

Figure 1: 1 for different plate lengths = 0

53

Oblique water wave scattering by bottom undulations in the presence of thin submerged vertical barrier

Figure 2: 1 very small depth of the upper edge = 0 The figure 3 represents curves of 1 , for different values of when / and are fixed. When increases the peak value of 1 shifted away from the origin.

Figure 3 :

1 for different angle

The figure 4 depicts 1 when the barrier length is very small e.g. a/h=0.999. This case almost corresponds to the absence of the barrier (for which 0 0). This curve of 1 is almost identical with the curve for 1 obtained from the known analytical result for 1 given in the literature in the absence of plate (cf. Mandal and Basu (1990)), the figure 4 represent curves of 1 , for different values of when / is fixed.

54

Oblique water wave scattering by bottom undulations in the presence of thin submerged vertical barrier

Figure 4: The figure 5 depicts 1 against =

0

1 for small plate length for = 0

2 0

(the ratio of twice the ripple wave length and surface wave length), for

different values of / when = 0.1, = 2 and = 0.25 . Also is depicted in the same figure the curve for 1 against in the absence of the plate (0 0). The peak value of 1 occurs in the presence of the plate for a value of slightly grater than unity in contrast to the case when 1 in the absence of the plate attains its peak value exactly at = 1 . Also the peak value is somewhat grater in the presence of the submerged plate. Similar behaviour of 1 was also observed by Mandal and Gayen when the plate is partially immersed.

Figure 5:

1 for different plate length.

V.

CONCLUSION

Using a simplified perturbation analysis, the problem of water wave scattering by a variable bottom in presence of a thin submerged vertical plate is investigated here. The first-order corrections to the reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained in terms of integrals involving the shape function describing the bottom. For sinusoidal bottom undulation, the first order correction to the transmission coefficient is found to be identically zero. The first order correction to the reflection 2 coefficient 1 is depicted graphically against the wave number and against = 0 for various values of different parameters. It is found that 1 is oscillatory in nature. This is due to multiple interaction of the incident wave with the bottom undulations, the lower, upper edges of the plate and the free surface. When the length of the barrier is taken to be very small, then the curve for 1 coincides with known results of 1 is the absence of the plate. This also confirms the validity of the mathematical analysis presented here is some sense.

REFERENCES 55

Oblique water wave scattering by bottom undulations in the presence of thin submerged vertical barrier
[1]. [2]. [3]. [4]. [5]. [6]. [7]. [8]. [9]. [10]. [11]. [12]. M. Roseau, Asymptotic Wave Theory, North Holland, (1976). Mei, C. C. and Black, J. L., Scattering of surface waves by rectangular obstacles in waters of finite depth, J. Fluid Mech., 38 (1969) 499-511. Mei, C. C., Resonant reflection of surface water waves by periodic sandbars, J. Fluid Mech., 52 (1985) 315-335. Kirby, J. T., A general wave equation for waves over rippled beds, J. Fluid Mech., 162 (1986) 171-186. Mei, C. C., Hara, T. and Naciri, M., Note on Bragg scattering of water waves by parallel bars on the seabed, J. Fluid Mech. , 186 (1988) 147-162. Kanoria, M., Dolai, D.P. and Mandal B.N., Water wave scattering by thick vertical vertical barriers, J. Engng. Math. , 35 (1999) 361-384. J.W. Miles, Surface wave scattering matrix for a shelf, J. Fluid Mech., 23, 399-415, (1965). A.G. Davies, The reflection of wave energy by undulations on the seabed. Dyn Atmos Oceans, 6, 121-123, (1982). B.N. Mandal and U. Basu, A note on oblique water wave diffraction by a cylindrical deformation of bottom in the presence of surface tension, Arch. Mech. 42, 723 - 727, (1990). Davies, A. G. and Heathershaw, A. D., Surface-wave propagation over sinusoidally varying topography, J. Fluid Mech. 144, (1984) 419-443. B.N. Mandal and Rupanwita Gayen, Water wave scattering by bottom undulation in the presence of a thin partially immersed barrier, Applied Ocean Research, 28, 113-119, (2006). R. Porter and D.V. Evans, Complementary approximations to waves scattering by vertical barriers, J Fluid Mech., 294, 160-186, (1995).

APPENDIX

Here the method of numerical estimation of the constants 0 and , = 1,2, . involved with BVP-I is illustrated. Let (0,y) f y = 0 +0, y 0 0, y and g y = 0 , 0 < < (A1) x Then = 0 0 < < = 0 < < (A2) Using 0 (, ) in the definition of (), we find that = 0 1 0 0 + 0 < < =1 and = 0 0 0 + 0 < < =1 Use of Havelock inversion theorem produces 0 1 0 = 0 0 = 0 0 = = 0 () Similarly, using the definition of in(1), we find that 20 = 0 () , 2 = () If we define ( ) = , < < = , 0 < <
2 0 10 0

(A3)

(A4) (A5) (A6) (A7) (A8) (A9) (A10) (A11)

then and () satisfies the integral equations , = 0 , < < and , = 0 , 0 < < 0 Where , = , < , < =1 and , = , 0 < , < =1

Together with 1 0 = Where 1 = 0 (1 )

0

0 =

It is important to note that the function , and the constant are all real. The integral equations (A6) and (A7) are solved by multi-term Galerkin approximations (cf. Porter and Evans) given by = , < < =1 And = , 0 < < =1 Where = () , < <

(A12) (A13)

With =
2(1) ()2 ()2 2 +1
1 2

, < <

(A14)

56

Oblique water wave scattering by bottom undulations in the presence of thin submerged vertical barrier
And =
2(1) 2 2
1 2

, 0 < <

(A15)

2 and 2 being the Chebyshev polynomials of second and first kinds respectively. The unknown coefficients , , = 0,1, are obtained by using the systems of linear equations. =0 = , = 0,1, . , =0 = , = 0,1, . , Where = () () , = 0 () =0 And 1 = () 0 () , = 0 0 () =0 0

(A16) (A17) (A18)

Once , , = 0,1, are found by solving the linear equation (A16), the real constant can be determined by using any one of the equations in (A10) after substituting from (A12) or (A13). Therefore substituting the values of we obtain 0 from (A11). To find the constants , we substitute (A5) in the second equations of (A3) and (A4). Using multi-term expansions (A12) in (A3) or (A13) in (A4), is ultimately approximated as either = 0 1 0 =0 = 0 Both (A19) and (A20) produce almost the same numerical estimate for , = 0,1,
=0 0

(A19) (A20)

57