Buckling of Stiffened Panels 1

overall buckling vs plate buckling

PCCB Panel Collapse Combined Buckling
Various estimates have been developed to determine the minimum size
stiffener to insure the plate buckles while the stiffener remains straight. this
is equivalent to insuring that plate buckling occurs before overall buckling.
Timoshenko does so by calculating k in
cr
k

2
D
b
2
t
:= and observing the
value of which results in a critical stress above that which will cause plate
buckling alone. where;

flexural_rigidity_of_combined_section
flexural_rigidity_of_plate
:=
E I
x

D b
:= where;
I
x
is the inertia of the plate with the attached plate associated with individual
stiffener.
Bleich pg 365, 367, for plates with longitudinal stiffness determines minimum to insure the plate
buckles before the stiffener (overall buckling). unfortunately Bleich uses different ratios than
Hughes. Bleich uses B where Hughes uses b.
for the following:
a
B
:=
A
x
B t
:=
E I
x

D B
:=
0.1 0.2 , 10 .. := 0.1 :=
1
n ,
( )
n

4
n
1 + :=
2
n ,
( )
n

4
n
1 :=

o
, n ,
( )
16

2

n
|

\
|
.
3

1
n ,
( )
tanh

1
n ,
( )
2
|

\
|
.

2
n ,
( )
tan

2
n ,
( )
2
|

\
|
.

16

n
|

\
|
.
2
+ :=

omax
,
( )
max

o
, 1 ,
( )

o
, 2 ,
( )

o
, 3 ,
( )
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
:=
0 5 10
0
20
40

o
, 1 , ( )

o
, 2 , ( )

o
, 3 , ( )

0 5 10
0
20
40

omax
, ( )

1
1 2 3 4 5
0
200
400
600
800

bx21

x
, ( )

bx22

x
, ( )

0 2 4 6
0
100
200
300

bx11

x
, ( )

bx12

x
, ( )

1 1.1 , 5 .. :=

bx22

x
, ( ) 288 610
x
+ 325
x
2
+ :=
bx12

x
, ( ) 48.8 112
x
1 0.5
x
+ ( ) + :=

bx21

x
, ( ) 43.5
3
36
2

x
+ :=
bx11

x
, ( ) 22.8 2.5 16
x
+ ( )
2
+ 10.8 :=
two stiffeners one stiffener
to move to Bleich relationships in Hughes terms (ratios) to match text:
where:
a
B
:=
x
A
x
b t
:=
E I
x

D b
:=
Fig. 180, Bleich
0 5 10
0
10
20
30
40

omax
, ( )

bx
, ( )

bx
,
( )
min

bx1
,
( )

bx2
,
( )
|

\
|
.
|

\
|
.
:=
bx2
,
( )
48.8
2
112 1
0.5
2
2 +
|

\
|
.
+ :=
Hughes: 13.1.4
slightly
modified in
terms

bx1
,
( )
22.8
2

2.5
2
16 +
|

\
|
.

2
+
10.8
2
:=
one stiffener, combining Hughes and Bleich terms, N=1 stiffener curve fit:
2
t 0.5 =
b 30 := L 96 := d 5 := A
s
A
w
A
f
+ := A
f
0.85 := A
w
0.8 :=
set above breadth between
stiffeners b
panel length stiffener depth stiffener area stiffener flange stiffener web
A more direct approach is to calculate the overall buckling stress and insure it is larger
than the plate critical stress.
The overall buckling stress is the value at which the stiffeners reach critical stress,
modeling each stiffener as a column of stiffener with attached (portion) of plate with some
equivalent slenderness ratio.
L_over_
eq
:=
We will continue to model the plate failure as a gradual failure i.e the center of the plate
"fails" in buckling while the outer section remains effective at an effective breadth b
e

paradoxically, the column is "stiffer" when the plate flange (b
e
) is reduced for ratios typical
of ship structure: let's first evaluate the plate and column critical stresses for a short panel.
As we assumed in plate buckling (and bending) the width is such that we can model a slice
independently:
the column is a stiffener with an attached plate of width b
the plate is a width b some typical scantlings:
1 2 3 4 5
0
100
200
300
400
500
2 stiffeners
1 stiffener
minimum ratio of EI/Db (A/bt = 0.1)
panel aspect ratio = a/B
g
a
m
m
a

=

E
I
/
D
b

b

x
, N , ( ) if N 1 = min

bx11

x
, ( )

bx12

x
, ( )
|

\
|
.
|

\
|
.
, min

bx21

x
, ( )

bx22

x
, ( )
|

\
|
.
|

\
|
.
,

(
(

:=
combination
3
calculate in terms of b
e
, initially b
e
= b
moment of inertia using 8.3.6 to calculate radius of gyration:
A
e
b
e
( ) A
s
b
e
t + := C
1
b
e
( )
A
w
A
e
b
e
( )
3
A
w
4

\
|
.
A
f
b
e
t +
A
e
b
e
( ) ( )
2
:= I
e
b
e
( ) A
e
b
e
( ) d ( )
2
C
1
b
e
( ) :=

e
b
e
( )
I
e
b
e
( )
A
e
b
e
( )
:=
column critical stress:
e_cr
b
e
( )

2
E
L

e
b
e
( )
|

\
|
.
2
:= ; initial value
e_cr
b ( ) 49341 =
plate critical stress:
a_cr
b
e
( ) 3.615 E
t
b
e
|

\
|
.
2
:= initial value
a_cr
b ( ) 30125 =
things are ok as column > plate => plate "fails" first. now consider increasing stress
beyond
a_cr
b ( ) and plate gradually fails reducing effective breadth. Note that we are using
an assumption due to von Karman, that the "failed" center region has no compressive
stress while the outer regions are fully effective at
e
defined from force equilibrium as

e
b
e
( )

a
b
b
e
:= now consider what happens to the values of critical stress as effective
breadth is reduced. the definitions above are still active; repeated here for info:
b
e
15 b .. :=
these values are not "short" but with
appropriate scantlings the result is the
same. this set of values assumes
yield stress is > 3x10^4 or so.
15 20 25 30
2
.
10
4
4
.
10
4
6
.
10
4
8
.
10
4
1
.
10
5
column (stiffener with plate)
plate alone
effective breadth
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l

s
t
r
e
s
s
column:
e_cr
b
e
( )

2
E
L

e
b
e
( )
|

\
|
.
2
:=
plate:
a_cr
b
e
( ) 3.615E
t
b
e
|

\
|
.
2
:=
4
even though the numbers above represent a long column (plate), the analysis is only
appropriate for short panels. to analyze long panels a correction is needed to =
L_over_ to account for the tendency of the plate to deflect with more than one half sine
wave making the column slightly stiffer (smaller slenderness ratio ). he correction is as
follows:
C

B
a

x
b
e
( )
2 1 1
x
b
e
( ) + + ( )
:=
b
e
or C

1 := whichever is less.
x
b
e
( )
E I
x
b
e
( )
D b
e

:=
and L_over_
eq
= C

L
b
e
( )
then
e_cr
b
e
( )

2
E
C

e
b
e
( )

\
|
.
2
:=
this adds a non linearity to the problem so an iterative method is used to make the initial
comparison of whether the column critical stress is greater than the plate critical stress
or to solve for the common critical stress. The text proposes an iterative method similar
to that below for PCCB to determine the common value of critical stress. After doing so
it is necessary to bring this stress (based on effective breadth) back to applied (average)
stress; again using statics

a
b t A
x
+ ( ) =
e
b
e
t A
x
+ ( ) and
a
b
e
( )
b
e
t A
x
+ ( )
b t A
x
+ ( )

e_cr
b
e
( ) := at the effective
breadth that the iteration converges.
Some calculations to validate the column becoming "stiffer" with less effective plate. Think of the location of the
neutral axis or the radius of gyration as the plate is reduced. With a wide plate flange the neutral axis is close to
the plate. The radius of gyration which plays in the critical stress varies as follows: (recall larger => larger
critical stress:
b
e
0 b .. :=
0 5 10
1
1.5
2
2.5

e
b
e
( )

e
b
e
2
|

\
|
.
b
e
t
A
s
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
5
.
10
4
1
.
10
5
1.5
.
10
5
2
.
10
5

e_cr
b
e
( )

e_cr
b
e
2
|

\
|
.
b
e
t
A
s
now for our design rules for PCCB Panel Collapse Combined Buckling:
5
d SDEPTH
TSF
2

t
2
+ := B N 1 + ( ) b := A
p
b t :=
b t
A
s
7.53 =
x
A
s
b t
:=
d 5.14 = B 75 = A
p
12.5 =
x
0.13 =
parameters that are functions of b
e
let:
b
e
0.7657 b :=
as a place to start and for printing purposes. Can also use be directly and
compare with b
r
b
e
( )
. If b
r
b
e
( )
/ b < start use result until converges.
A
e
b
e
( ) A
s
b
e
t + :=
C
1
b
e
( )
A
w
A
e
b
e
( )
3
A
w
4

\
|
.
A
f
b
e
t +
A
e
b
e
( ) ( )
2
:= I
e
b
e
( ) A
e
b
e
( ) d ( )
2
C
1
b
e
( ) :=
A
e
b
e
( ) 11.23 = C
1
b
e
( ) 0.09 = I
e
b
e
( ) 25.87 =

e
b
e
( )
I
e
b
e
( )
A
e
b
e
( )
:=

x
b
e
( )
12 1
2

( )
I
e
b
e
( )
b
e
t ( )
3

:=
C

min
B
a

x
b
e
( )
2 1 1
x
b
e
( ) + + ( )

(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

:=

e
b
e
( ) 1.52 =

x
b
e
( ) 118.07 =
for iteration
C

1 =
b
r
b
e
( )
C

a t

e
b
e
( ) 3 1
2

( )

:=
b
r
b
e
( )
b
0.7657 =
Checks??
b
rat
b
r
b
e
( )
b
:= b
rat
0.766 =
b
r
b
e
( ) 19.14 =
- PCCB - Panel Collapse Combined Buckling
function of b
e
, graphical approach
b
tp
HSF
a
b
input data
ignore numerical
values shown
here
input 1 :=
stiffener
BSF 3.94 := SDEPTH 5. := TSF .215 := TSW .17 :=
try this with SDEPTH = 6, to see yield effect
plate
a 8 12 := b 25 := t .5 :=
A
s
1.66 = A
f
0.85 = A
w
0.81 = HSW 4.79 =
A
s
A
w
A
f
+ := A
f
BSF TSF := A
w
SDEPTH TSF ( ) TSW := HSW SDEPTH TSF :=
general parameters:
D
E t
3

12 1
2

( )

:= E 29.6 10
6
:= 0.3 :=
Y
80 10
3
:=
material
L 96 = L a :=
N 2 :=
6
assuming iteration complete and matched above.
b
e
19.14 = b
e
b
rat
b :=
now obseving intersection:
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
4
.
10
4
6
.
10
4
8
.
10
4
1
.
10
5
1.2
.
10
5
1.4
.
10
5
1.6
.
10
5
1.8
.
10
5

ecr
b
e
( )

ecr_pl
b
e
( )

b
e
b
e
b
2
b
2
0.1 + , b .. :=
for plotting to determine intersection;

ecr_pl
b
e
( ) 73008 =
ecr
b
e
( ) 73015 =

o
42804 =
o
42804 =

o
4

2
D
b
2
t
:=
OR....

o
3.62 E
t
b
|

\
|
.
2
:=

ecr_pl
b
e
( ) 4

2
D
b
e
2
t
:=
ecr
b
e
( )

2
E
C

e
b
e
( )
|

\
|
.
2
:=
original plate effective portion of plate stiffener & plate as a column
critical stress relationships:
7
R
PCCB
0.51801 =
1.05 =
R
PCCB

C

C

axcr
:=

a

e
b
e
( )

Y
E
:=
is it slender?? >1 ??
input

C
20000 :=
C
1.5 :=
partial safety factor

axcr
57913 =
ecr_pl
b
e
( ) 73015 =
ecr
b
e
( ) 73018 =

axcr
b
e
t A
s
+
b t A
s
+
|

\
|
.

ecr
b
e
( ) :=
ecr_pl
b
e
( ) 4

2
D
b
e
2
t
:=
ecr
b
e
( )

2
E
C

e
b
e
( )
|

\
|
.
2
:=
translation back to applied stress effective portion of plate stiffener & plate as a column
8