Problem Set 2 Completion of this problem set should be executed with quality in mind.

Full credit will be given for timely, thoughtful, complete, articulate, and neat responses. No exceptions will be made. You are expected to discuss your answers with your team...the goal is TO LEARN! CORE CONCEPTS: 1. What is WORK? (Provide the word definition, SI units, the mathematical formulas, and identify it as either a vector or a scalar.) J=N*M or Work=Force*Displacement 1. What does it mean if a force does negative work on an object? Gravity does negative work on an object or negative displacement. 1. When must we consider the components of a force in determining how much work it does? When there is gravity (it is the force which either promotes or hinders movement)/ when force is perpendicular to the motion of the object do no work. Only parrallel force works. W=(FcosTheta)*Delta(X), Friction W=-(FcosTheta)*DeltaX, Work Total= Friction W+W 1. What is POWER? (Provide the word definition, SI units, the mathematical formulas, and identify it as either a vector or a scalar.)

we call the rate at which work is done power 1. What is ENERGY? Is it a vector or a scalar? What are its SI units?
Energy gives something the ability to do work.They have the ability to change themselves or the environment. J=Energy 1. What is MECHANICAL ENERGY? What are the components of mechanical energy (what different types of units make it up)? 1. What is KINETIC ENERGY? (word and mathematical definition) Energy associated with an objects motion. Kinetic Energy=1/2(mass)(velocity)^2. It has a quadratic relation to speed. 1. What is POTENTIAL ENERGY? (types, word definitions, mathematical definitions) Energy due to position is potential energy (stored). Has the potential to change itself or its environment.The higher the position, the more energy you store. Gravitational Energy=Mass*Gravity*Vertical Position. Elastic Potential Energy= Stretch and Compression=PE=1/2(Spring Constant)(Compression)^2 1. When is energy conserved? What does "CONSERVATION OF ENERGY" mean???? In other words, if energy is conserved, what does that look like? The law of conservation of energy states that energy may neither be created nor destroyed. Therefore the sum of all the energies in the system is a constant. Potential Energy= Mass * Gravity * Height 1. What does FRICTION do to the energy bank and why?

Well, we defined work to be the product of the applied force and the object's displacement -and that's true for conservative forces like gravity. But non-conservative forces (like evil friction) depend on the length of the path taken by the object...the distance traveled. Changing the direction of motion doesn't recoup the energy used to do the work. So, the more work done by contact friction, the less energy you have available to produce positive changes in your device! We can show the impact of friction and the work it does by including it in our energy equation...

Etotal = KE + PEgravity + PEelastic - Wfriction

1. What is the purpose of SIMPLE MACHINES? A machine is a device that does work. Machines don't increase or decrease the amount of work done, but they do make the work easier! How do they accomplish this? 1. What are the three ways that simple machines make work easier? A machine can make work easier in three ways: 1. It can increase the magnitude of the applied force which decreases the distance over which it will act. It multiplies the force! 2. It can increase the distance traveled which decreases the applied force needed to do the same amount of work. It multiplies the distance! 3. It can leave the force and distance alone, but change the direction of motion for the object we're working on. 1. What are the six simple machines and how do they make work easier (analyze
them in terms of force and distance).

Inclined Plane An inclined plane is a simple machine with no moving parts. It is simply a straight slanted surface. In general, a plane is a flat surface. When a plane is inclined, or slanted, it can help you move objects across larger distances. A common inclined plane is a ramp. Using a ramp to move a heavy box from the ground to a loading dock (versus lifting it straight up) increases the distance traveled by the box which decreases the amount of force needed to do so! Wedge Instead of using the smooth side of the inclined plane, you can also use the pointed edges to do other kinds of work. For example, you can use the edge to push things apart. Then, the inclined plane becomes a wedge. So, a wedge is actually a kind of inclined plane that moves. How does it make work easier? Well, the sharper the wedge (small incline angle), the greater the force multiplier! An axe blade is an example of a wedge. Lever Try lifting the rear end of your car up with your bare hands while your friend changes the flat tire. Yikes! Using just your bare hands, it might be difficult or even painful. With a tool, like a jack, however, you can get the job done with relative ease. A lever is an arm that "pivots" (or turns) against a "fulcrum" (or point). Think of the claw end of a hammer that you use to pry nails loose. It's a lever. It's a curved arm that rests against a point on a surface. As you rotate the curved arm, it pries the nail loose from the surface. And that's hard work! Screw Now, take an inclined plane and wrap it around a cylinder. Its sharp edge becomes another simple tool...the screw. Put a metal screw beside a ramp and it's kind of hard to see the similarities, but the screw is actually just another kind of inclined plane. How does the screw help you do work? Every turn of a metal screw helps you move a piece of metal through a wooden space. Wheel and Axle

The rotation of the lever against a point pries objects loose. That rotational motion can also do other kinds of work. Another kind of machine, the wheel and axle, moves objects across distances. The wheel turns the axle causing movement. On a wagon, for example, the bucket rests on top of the axle. As the wheel rotates the axle, the wagon moves. Now, place your pet dog in the bucket, and you can easily move him around the yard. On a truck, for example, the cargo hold rests on top of several axles. As the wheels rotate the axles, the truck moves. This simple machine increases distance and decreases force! Pulley Instead of an axle, a wheel could rotate a rope or cord. This variation of the wheel and axle is called the pulley. In a pulley, a cord wraps around a wheel. As the wheel rotates, the cord moves in either direction. Now, attach a hook to the cord, and you can use the wheel's rotation to raise and lower objects! Pulleys multiply distance and decrease the force needed to do the work! 1. What is meant by the MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE of a machine? What formula
describes it?

Having a thorough understanding of simple machines will certainly give you a MECHANICAL ADVANTAGEin this competition! Hmmm....mechanical advantage? Yup...mechanical advantage. The MA of a machine is simply a way of quantifying its efficiency. It's a ratio of sorts... To find the Mechanical Advantage of a machine, you divide the resistance force by the effort force. Most of the time the resistance force is just the weight, in Newtons, of the object you're trying to move.

MA = Fr/Fe
1. Consider the physics concepts of work, power, energy, and simple machines. How
will you use your knowledge of these concepts in your device's design? Be specific! Remember, this is just a brainstorming activity...you won't be held to it! We use simple machines to make the car move. We want our car to do the most work so that it will have the most power. CORE SKILLS: 1. A box is pushed with an applied force that acts parallel to the rough surface upon which the box moves with a constant speed. Which does more work on the box, the applied force or the friction force? Explain your answer. Applied force (the object is still moving. 1. A box is pushed on a rough surface with an applied force that acts parallel to the surface and the box moves in the same direction as the applied force with a constant acceleration. Which does more work on the box, the applied force or the friction force? Explain your answer. applied force

1. If your physics instructor pulls you down the hallway of the science wing with a
force of 220 N with a rope that makes an angle of 35 degrees with the ground and you move 15 meters, how much work did your instructor do?

1. Starting from rest, a 55 kg box is pulled over a horizontal surface with a force of
150 N acting parallel to the surface and the box accelerates at a constant rate of 0.767 m/s2. If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20, what is (a) the work done by the applied force in moving the box 15 meters, (b) the work done by friction in moving the box 15 meters, and (c) the TOTAL work done by the system in moving the box 15 meters? A: 7.4 B: .767 C: 4.465 1. How much work is done by a 55 kg person in climbing a set of stairs that are 15 meters high? 825 N 1. Two weight-lifters, Bubba and Bobo, lift the same set of barbells a distance of 6 meters. If Bubba is twice as powerful as Bobo, what must be true about the time it takes Bobo to lift the weights as compared to Bubba? 1. If Bubba exerts 50 Watts of power over the course of 10 seconds, how much work did he do? 500 Watts of energy 1. If Bertha can lift 60.0 kg a distance of 5.0 meters in 2.0 seconds, how much power did she supply? 1. Bobo supplies 120 Watts of power with an average force of 40.0 N as he moves a 45 kg boulder 12 meters. (a) With what average speed did the box move? (b) What was the average momentum of the boulder? 1. An object is dropped from a building 20 meters high. (ignore air resistance) Compare the kinetic and gravitational potential energies of the object to its total mechanical energy when it has fallen 10 meters. Thoroughly explain your answer. 1. An object is dropped from a building 20 meters high. (ignore air resistance) How does the objects potential energy at that point (the moment of release) compare to the total energy of the system? Explain your answer. 1. An object is dropped from a building 20 meters high. (ignore air resistance) How does the objects kinetic energy at the moment of impact with the ground compare to the total energy of the system? Explain your answer in terms of conservation and energy transformations. 1. Consider the 5.0 kg dropped ball in the picture below. (a) Analyze the total energy, gravitational potential energy, and kinetic energy of the ball at each of the 5 locations. (b) What is the speed of the ball at each of the 5 locations?

1. How will increasing the velocity of an object moving on a flat surface by a factor
of 3 affect its kinetic energy? It will increase its velocity by a factor of 3 1. A large truck is stopped at an intersection. How much work does air resistance do on the truck at the intersection? Explain your answer! 1. Initially at rest, a 2.0-kg block slides down a frictionless surface that is 3.0 meters off the ground at its highest point as shown below.

A. B. C. D.

What is the total mechanical energy of the system? What is the kinetic energy of the block at the bottom of the ramp? How fast is the block moving at the bottom of the ramp? How fast is the block moving when it is half-way down the ramp? 1. Initially at rest, a 5.0-kg block slides down a ramp that is 3 meters off the ground at its highest point as shown below. The friction force between the block and the ramp is 2.0 N.

A. What is the total mechanical energy of the system? 7N B. How much work has friction done when the block is at the bottom of the ramp? 7.4= F for the work friction has done C. What is the kinetic energy of the block at the bottom of the ramp? the D. How fast is the block moving when it is at the bottom of the ramp? E. How fast is the block moving when it is half-way down the ramp? 1. A pulley is used to raise a 1784 N crate. The pulley is such that only 223 N of force is needed to lift the crate at a constant speed. What is the mechanical advantage of the pulley? 1. A system of pulleys allows a mechanic to lift an 1800 N engine.

1. If the mechanic exerts a force of 600 N on the pulley system, what is the
mechanical advantage of the machine?

2. What is the MA of the pulley system if the mechanic must exert 800 N of
force to lift the engine?

3. After improving the design of his pulley system, the mechanic can now lift
the engine with a MA of 4. How much force is now required to lift the engine? It requires 16 J to move the engine with MA of 4 1. A lever and fulcrum are used to raise a heavy rock, which has a weight of 445 N. If the lever has a mechanical advantage of 9.50, what must the effort force on the lever be in order to just begin lifting the rock? 1. A 55 kg skydiver reaches terminal velocity after 34 seconds. At that point, what is the magnitude of the air resistance force (friction) she feels? 1. Which concepts embedded in this rotation had a direct impact on your design? Which concepts/skills gave you the most problem? What have you done to help clarify your confusion?