Appendix-A

ENGR5301-39: Alternative Energy Sources, Summer I, 2012 Update 4.3, July 7, 2012, 4 pm

Test 1: Formula Sheet

Attention!!! If anything is missing, it is your responsibility to know ---------------------------------------------------------------------

PS1: Introduction to Alternative Energy Sources

None -- No Equations ---------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 4: Basics of Solar Radiation

1. Compute total radiation Gt, in kW m-2: Gt = Gb + Gd : (sum of the components of radiation) Gb = radiation due to direct beam, kW m-2 Gd = radiation due to diffused beam, kW m-2 Gt = Total radiation (irradiance or average insolation P73) Reference: Fig 4.2/68; Fig 4.3/69 2. Compute number of hours between sunrise and sunset N, in hours: N = (2/15) cos-1 (- tan phi * tan delta) phi = latitude = 48 degrees delta = declination angle (angle between suns direction and the equatorial plane) Reference: Eqn 4.7 /P71 3. Compute declination angle delta, in degrees: delta = delta0 sin [360 (284 + n) / 365] n = is the day in the year, n = 1 on January 1st Reference: Eqn 4.5 / P70 4. Compute integrated solar radiation in one day Hh, in watt-hours m-2 day-1 Hh = (2 * N / pi) * Ghmax N = Number hours (sunrise to sunset), in hours Hhmax = Peak solar irradiance, in W m-2 day-1 Reference: Eqn 4.13 / P76 5. Compute solar constant - out side the atmosphere G0, in W m-2; G0 = Sigma * Ts^4 * (4 * pi *Rs^2) / (4 * Pi * L^2) W m-2 Sigma = Stephen-Boltzman constant : 5.67*10e-8 W m-2 K-4 (B/P419) 2Rs = Sun diameter, m : 2Rs = 1.392 * 10e9 m 2Re = Earth dia, in m : 2Re = 1.278 * 10e7 m L = Sun-Earth distance, in m : 1.498 * 10e11 m Ts = Equivalent black body tempr, in K : 5780 K Reference: P87 ---------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix A: The Formulae Sheet: AES, Summer I, 2012

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CH5: Solar Water Heating

1. Compute the net energy reached to the plate Pnet, in W Hotteel-Whillier Equation Pnet = Taucov * Alphap * Ap * G [(Tp Ta) / RL] Taucon = Transmittance of the transparent cover, 0.0-1.0 Alphap = Absorption coefficient of the plate, 0.0-1.0 Ap = Exposed area of the collector, in m2 G = Irradiance on the collector, in W m-2 Tp = Plate temperature, in degrees K Ta = Ambient temperature, in degrees K RL = Resistance to heat loss from plate, in W-1 K Reference: E5.1 / P91 2. Output Pu of an solar collector, in Watts: Pu = Nuc * Ap * G = (Nusp * Nupf) * Ap * G Nuc = Collector overall capture efficiency Nuc = Nusp * Nupf Nusp = Capture efficiency (space-to-plate) Nupf = transfer efficiency (plate-to-fluid) Ap = Collector plate area, in m2 G = Input solar irradiance to the palte, in W m-2 Reference: E5.13 / P99 3. Compute heat loss through base of the collector Pb, in Watts: Pb = (Tp - Ta) * k * A / x = K * W m-1 K-1 * m2 / m = watts Tp = Plate temperature, in K Ta = Ambient temperature, in K k = Thermal resistance of the base, W m-1 K-1 A = Area of the collector exposed to sun, in m2 x = Base insulation thickness, in m Reference: E5.9 / P96 4. Calculate useful power qu that reaches to the plate, in W m-2: qu = Nupf [Tau * Alpha * G (Tp Ta) / rL] = x [x * x W m-2 - K / m2 K W-1] = W m-2 Nupf = Plate-fluid transfer efficiency, 0.0-1.0 Tau = Glass cover transmittance, 0.0-1.0 Alpha = Obsorptance of the plate, 0.0-1.0 G = Solar irradiance to the plate, in 700-1000 W m-2 Tp = Plate temperature Tp = T1 + deltaT / 2, in degrees K Ta = Ambient temperature, in degrees K rL = Thermal loss resistance, in m2 K W-1 Reference: Example 5.3 / P100-101

Appendix A: The Formulae Sheet: AES, Summer I, 2012

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5. Calculate the flow rate Q, in L h-1, needed to produce a detltaT temperature rise, in degrees C: Q = qu * A / [Rho * c * deltaT] qu = Useful power reached to the collector, in W m-2 A = Collector area, in m2 Rho = Density of water at a given temperature K B-2a/417) c = Water specific heat capacity, in W m-2 4.2 kJ kg-1 K-1 = 4200 W sec kg-1 K-1 = 1.17 W h kg-1 K-1 (B-2b/418) deltaT = (T2 - T1), in degrees K or degrees C units = qu * A / [Rho * c * deltaT] = W m-2 * m2 / Reference: Example 5.3 / P100-101 6. Calculate attainable solar-collector plate-temperature Tp, in degrees K: Tp = (Tau * Alphap * Rpa * G * A) + Ta Tau = Transmittance of outer glass, 0.0-1.0 Alphap = Obsorptance of the plate, 0.0-1.0 Rpa = Loss resistance plate-to-ambient, in m2 K W-1 G = Solar irradiance to the plate, in W m-2 Ta = Ambient temperature, in degrees K A = Outer area of the tube Pi * D * L Where, D = diameter of the outer tube, in m L = Length of tube, in m Reference: Example 5.3 /P100-101

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PS5: The Other uses of Solar Heat: V2

5_1: Estimate w Amount of distilled water produced by a solar still w, in kg day-1: w = (G * A) / capLambda Where, G = Solar irradiance, in MJ m-2 day-1 A = Area of the solar-still, in m2 capLambda = Latent heat of evaporation of water, in MJ kg-1 5_2: Estimate W Estimate solar power collected, in kW, by a tracking bowl: W = Ap * G Where, Ap = Area of the tracking solar bowl, in m2 = Pi * D^2 / 4, where D is the tracking bowl diameter in, m G = Solar irradiance, in kW m-2.

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PSxx: Solar Power Commercial Systems

None
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Ch7: Photo-Voltaic Solar Energy

No Equations ---------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix A: The Formulae Sheet: AES, Summer I, 2012

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Test 2: Formula Sheet

ENGR5301-39: Alternative Energy Sources Update 4.3 6/29/2012, 4:30pm -------------------------------------------------------------------

CH8: Hydro-Electric-Dams-Energy
7_1: Estimate P0, in Watts Compute potential energy P0, in watts, lost by the falling water in each second: P0 = Potential energy = (Rho * g) * (Q * H), in watts Where, Rho = falling water density, in kg m-3 : 1000-1100 kg m-3 Q= Volume of water falls down the slope per second, in m3 s-1 g= Gravitational acceleration, in m/s2 : 9.8 m/s2 H= Head of the reservoir, in m Note: 1 J = 1 kg m2 s-2 = 1 W sec; W = kg m2 s-3 -------------------------------------------------------------------

Ch12: Hydro-Power from Ocean-Waves

8_1: Estimate the power P, in watts m-1, in a deep water ocean-wave: P0 = (1/4) * (Rho * g) * (c * a^2), in watts m-1 Where, Rho = density of ocean water, in kg m3 g= gravitational acceleration, in m s-2 c= velocity of the wave, in m s-1 a= ocean-wave-amplitude, in m Note: 1 J = 1 kg m2 s-2 = 1 W sec; W = kg m2 s-3

CH13: Hydro-Power from Ocean-Tidal-Waves

9_1: Estimate average power P per tide, in watts: P0 = (Rho * g)* (A * R^2) / (2 * Tau), in watts Where, Rho= Density of ocean water, in kg m3 g= gravitational acceleration, in m s-2 A= Basin area of the reservoir, in km2 R= Range of the tide (height), in m Tau= tidal period, in seconds Note: R = Range of the tide = (HighTideHeight LowTideHeight), in m -------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix A: The Formulae Sheet: AES, Summer I, 2012

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CH14: Hydro-Power from Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC

10_1: Power generated by an OTEC system P1, in watts Compute the power generated with the following OTEC system, in MW: P1 = (Rho * c) * (Q * DeltaT^2) / Th Where, Rho = Ocean water density, in kg m-3 c= Specific heat of sea water (heat exchanger), in J kg-1 K-1 Q= flow rate through the heat exchanger, in m3 s-1 Th= Hot water temperature at sea level, in deg K Tc= Cold water temperature at sea bottom (ocean floor), in K DeltaT = (Th Tc), in K Typical values: c= 4000; 4000-4300; 5-50; Th = 27-40 deg C; Tc = 5-10 deg-C; DeltaT = 10-25 deg-C 10_2: Estimate power required Pf, in watts, to pump the water up the pipe of the OTEC-systems: Pf = ( * g) * (Q * Hf, in watts Pf = (Rho * g) * (Q * Hf), in watts Where, Rho= Water density, in kg m-3 g= The gravitational acceleration, in m s-2 Q= Total flow rate, in m3 s-1 Hf= Equivalent head loss due to friction of the pipe, in m Note: 1 kg m2 s-3 = 1 Watt -------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix A: The Formulae Sheet: AES, Summer I, 2012

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CH9: Wind Energy

Estimate the power output PT of wind-turbine, in watts:
PT = (1/2)*(Cp * Rho) * (A * U03) Watts Where,

Cp = Power coefficient (efficiency factor) rho = wind density, in kg m-3 A= Turbine sweep area, in m2 (A = pi D^2 / 4) D= Diameter of the wind turbine, in m U0 = Front end wind speed, in m s-1
A = (pi D^2)/4, in m2 Typical values: Cp = 0.300.59; rho = 1.01.2 kg m-3; u0 = 2-25 m s-1 (5-55mph); D = 10-150 m (kw-MW)

Compute the power coefficient (or conversion efficiency factor) Cp for following wind conditions: Cp = 4 * a * (1 a)^2 Equation 9.16 / P215; Fig 9.6 /P216 Where, a= wind perturbation factor of the wind turbine, (u0 u2) / (2 u0) u0 and u2 are the front-end and back-end wind-speeds

Compute the perturbation factor a of a wind turbine with the following wind speed measurements: a = (u0 u2) / (2 * u0) u0 = turbine front-end wind speed, in m s-1 u2 = turbine back-end wind speed, in m s-1

Appendix A: The Formulae Sheet: AES, Summer I, 2012

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Test 3: Formula Sheet

Geothermal & Bio-fuels
Update 7/7/2012, 4pm

CH13: Geothermal Power

CH13 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: Dry-Rock-Analysis Heat Content Compute heat content per square kilometer E0/A, in J km-2; which can be extracted from a hot dry rock bed with the following specifications: E0/A = (Rhor * Cr) * (z2 z1) * (T2-T1) / 2 Rhor= Density of dry rock granite, in kg m-3 Cr= Specific heat capacity of dry rock granite between z1 and z2, in J kg-1 K-1 G= Temperature gradient = DT/Dz = T2-T1/z2-z1, in deg C km-1 A= Surface area, in km2 z1= Depth corresponding to the minimum useful temperature T1 z2= Depth corresponding to the desired temperature T2 References: Equation 15.1; P, in MWh = Heat content/3.6e9J : Ref P414 Example 15.1/P379-380: Equation 15.7; Example 15.1/P379-380: Equation 15.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------CH13 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: Time Constant Tau Time constant Tau useful heat extraction time, in years Compute Time Constant (useful heat extraction time) Tau, in years; for the following thermal power plant with listed specifications: Tau = {(Rhor * Cr) / (Rhow * Cw)} * {A * (z2 z1) / V}, in years where, Rhor = density of the rock, in kg m-3 Rhow = density of the water, in kg m-3 Cr = specific heat capacity of rock, in J kg-1 K-1 Cw = specific heat capacity of water, in J kg-1 K-1 V= water flow rate, in m3 s-1 A= Surface area, in km2 z1= Depth corresponding to the minimum useful temperature T1, in km z2= Depth corresponding to the desired temperature T2, in km References: Equation 15.13 / Example-15.1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix A: The Formulae Sheet: AES, Summer I, 2012

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CH13: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: Heat extraction rate dE/dt, in MW km-2 Computing expected power output from a geothermal power plant; at a given time t from the installation. Power generation-rate decreases with time. Compute heat extraction rate (dE/dt), in MW km-2: dE/dt = -(E0 / Tau) * e ^ (-t / Tau) where, E0 = Initial heat content of the power plant, in J km-2 Tau = Time constant, in seconds t = time in seconds Reference: Equation 15.12 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix A: The Formulae Sheet: AES, Summer I, 2012

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CH11: Biofuels
Energy generated E by a methane biogas digester: Compute the energy generated E by the following methane biogas digester, in kwh day-1: E = Eta * (Vb * Fm) * Hm Joules day-1 Where, Eta = Combustion efficiency of the burners Vb = Volume of the biogas generated, in m3 day-1 Fm = Fraction of methane in biogas Hm = Heat content of methane, in MJ m-3 Reference: Eqn 11.8; Example 11.1: P306 NOTE: 1 J = m2 kg s-2; 1 J = 1 W s; Note: 1 kwh = 3.6 MJ Vf = volume of fluid; 1 kwh = 3.6 MJ Vb = volume of the biogas

Vd = volume of digester;

Volume of biogas Vb that can be generated by N number of animals: Compute the volume of biogas Vb, in m3, which can be generated by the following animals in the specified time-span: Vb = c * (m0 * N * D) m3 Where, c= biogas yield per unit of bio-mass, in m3 kg-1 m0= bio-mass produced by each animal, in kg day-1 N= Number of animals D= Number of days, in days Reference: Example 11.1: P306; Using equations 11.9 1 J = m2 kg s-2; 1 J = 1 W s; 1 kwh = 3.6 MJ Vf = volume of fluid; Vd = volume of digester; Vb = volume of the biogas -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix A: The Formulae Sheet: AES, Summer I, 2012

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CH10: Photosnthesis
Estimate the amount of amount of oxygen generated V, in liters; Equivalent energy E generated, in Watt-hours (Wh) a- Estimate the amount of amount of oxygen generated V, in liters; V = A * C * H, in Liters Where, A = Exposed green leaf area, in m2 C = Coefficient of oxygen production, in L m-2 h-1 H = Hours exposed, in hours b- Equivalent energy generated E, in Watt-hours (Wh) E = V * E02, Wh Where, V = is the volume of oxygen, in L Eo2 = Energy in 1-liter-of-O2, in Watt-hours Liter-1

Appendix A: The Formulae Sheet: AES, Summer I, 2012

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Test 4: Formulae Sheet

ENGR5301-39: Alternative Energy Sources, S1, 2011
update 2.1, 7/7/2011

Ch1: Principles of Renewable Energy

-----------------------------------------------------------------1. Generated Energy GE, in kW, for a given area A, in m2: GE = R1 * A * f where, R1 = Energy available through all renewable sources, in kw m-2 A = Area, in m2 f= efficiency of conversion ---------------------------------------2. Total world energy demand, in TW: Etot = (S / f) * N where, S= Standard of living measured, in kW/person N= World population, in Billion f= Generation-to-load delivery efficiency ------------------------------------------------------------------

Ch2: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

-----------------------------------------------------------------1. Stored energy dM, in kg, in a mass-flow-system: P9 dM = (inflow-mass outflow-mass) = Rhoi Ui Ai dt - Rhoo Uo Ao dt where, Inflow parameters: Inflow i Rhoi = fluid density, in kg/m3 Ui = Inflow velocity of fluid, in m/sec Di = Inflow inside pipe diameter, in m Ai Inflow inside pipe area, m2 Outflow parameters: Outflow - o Rhoo = fluid density, kg/m3 Uo = Outflow velocity of water, m/sec Do = Outflow inside pipe diameter, in m Ao Outflow outside pipe area, m2 dt = flow-period, in seconds ----------------------------------------

Appendix A: The Formulae Sheet: AES, Summer I, 2012

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2. Thermal power Pth added to the fluid as it flows past a heat source, in Joules s-1: P12 Pth = * c * Q * (T2 T1) = Rho * c * (A * U) * (T2 T1) where, Rho= = Density of the fluid, in kg m-3 c= Specific heat capacity of the fluid, J kg-1 K-1 A= Area of cross section, in m2 U= Velocity of the velocity, m s-1 Temperature difference = (T2 T1), in degrees K Reference: Equation 2.6/P23: 1 Joule s-1 = 1 watt ---------------------------------------3. The momentum M, in kg m/sec2, of a fluid passing through a straight pipe: P14 Momentum M = mass * velocity = (Rho * A * U) * U = Rho * A * U^2 where, Rho = fluid density, in kg m-3 A= Cross-sectional area of the pipe, in m2 U= Velocity of the fluid, in m s-1 ---------------------------------------4. Conservation of mass: of a fluid passing through a pipe: P15 Inflow mass M1 = Outflow mass M2 (Rhoi * Ai * Ui) * dt = (Rhoo * Ao * Uo) * dt For Rhoi = Rhoo, (Ai * Ui) = (Ao * Uo) Where: Inflow i; Outflow o Rhoi /Rhoo = fluid densities, in kg/m3 Ai / Ao = Inflow / Outflow pipe-cross-sectional areas, in m2 Ui / Uo = Inflow / Outflow velocities, in m s-1 Dt = flow duration, in seconds ---------------------------------------5. Renolds number, m s-1: P18 R = (U * D) / = (U * D) / Nu Given: U= Mean velocity of the flow, in m s-1 D= Diameter of the pipe, in m Nu= Kinematic viscosity of the fluid, m2 s-1 ---------------------------------------6. Pressure difference dP, Pascals Pa Pressure difference dP, in Pa kg m-1 s-2, that has to be maintained between the ends to overcome fluid friction in the following pipe: dP = (2 * f) * (L / D) * Rho * U^2) where: f = pipe friction coefficient L = length of the pipe, in m D = diameter of the pipe, m Rho = Density of the liquid, kg m-3 U = fluid flow velocity, m s-1 Reference: EAXMPLE 2.1/P27, Equation 2.11/P26 ------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix A: The Formulae Sheet: AES, Summer I, 2012

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Ch3: Heat Transfer

-----------------------------------------------------------------1. Overall thermal-power loss P14, Joules sec-1: P7nn Overall thermal-power loss P14, Joules sec-1: a hot tank is in a cool room with cold air outside: P7 Overall-thermal-power-loss Pij = P14 = (T4 T1) / R14 R14 = R12 + R23 + R34 K W-1 = {(R12v * R12r)/(R12v + R12r)} + R23c + {(R34v * R34r)/(R34v + R34r)} where, T1 = Hot-tank temperature inside the room, in degrees C T2 = Inside-wall temperature, in degrees C T2 = Outside-wall temperature, in degrees C T4 = Outside ambient temperature, in degrees C R12v = Thermal resistance, HotTank-to-InsideWall, by convection, in K W-1 R12r = Thermal resistance, HotTank-to-InsideWall, by radiation, in K W-1 R23n = Thermal resistance, InsideWall-to-OutsideWall, by conduction, in K W-1 Conduction, why nn?: Rnn = 19 insulation; R30 insulation R34v = Thermal resistance, OutsideWall-to-Ambient, by convection, in K W-1 R34r = Thermal resistance, OutsideWall-to-Ambient, by radiation, in K W-1 Note: the subscripts for Rij and Ti; n= conduction, v= convection, r= radiation 1= HotTank; 2= InsideWall; 3= OutsideWall; 4= Outside_environment - ambient Reference: Refer to Figure 3.2/P34; Heat circuit analysis and terminology

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Appendix A: The Formulae Sheet: AES, Summer I, 2012

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Units
1 J = 1 kg or 1 or 1 or 1 or 1 m2 s-2; kg m2 s-3 = 1 W; J = 1 Watt-Sec Watt = 1 J/sec; Watt = 1 kg m2 s-3 A.2 A.6 Note: 1 J = kg m2 s-2 1 J = 1 W s 1 W = m2 kg s3 Note: J = m2 kg s-2

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Appendix A: The Formulae Sheet: AES, Summer I, 2012

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