East of the Euphrates- Early Christianity in Asia by Dr. T.V.

Philip
Note on the Author: (The late) Dr. T.V. Philip, a noted Mar Thoma (St. Thomas) Nazranee Church Historian, had worked and taught in India, Europe, USA and Australia; his former students include many among the senior clergy and bishops of several Mar Thoma Nazranee Syrian (Syriac) Christian denominations. Dr. Philip had served as Professor at the United Theological College, Bangalore, Professor of Church History and Director, Board of Theological Education in India and Dean of Trinity Theological College in Brisbane, Australia. He has authored several publications, including East of the Euphrates outlining the spread of ancient Christianity in the East.

CONTENT SUMMARY While Paul and other missionaries were converting Greeks, Romans and the barbarian tribes in the west, there was equally a movement of Christianity to the East Edessa, Persia, Arabia, Central Asia, China and India. Though the evidence of the presence of Christianity in some of the South East and East Asian countries is scanty and fragmentary, there is sufficient evidence to show that Christianity was present in Ceylon, Burma, Indonesia and Korea before the arrival of the western missionaries. It is a surprise to many people to learn that there was a large and widespread Christian community throughout the whole of Central Asia and that such countries as Afghanistan and Tibet which are considered today as lands closed to Christianity were once centres of Christian activity. This book is an introduction to the exciting and fascinating story of the movement of the gospel in Asian lands, east of the Euphrates. It explores the missionary impulses of the early Asian Christian communities and the theology that motivated them. It discusses the reason for its decline by AD 1500, after a millennium and a half of heroic efforts and phenomenal growth.

Introduction A general and brief introduction to the exciting and fascinating story of the movement of the Christian Gospel in Asian lands. Christianity came to Asia in the first century itself.

Chapter 1: ASIA: THE CRADLE OF CHRISTIANITY 1-12 A History Ignored 1 Jewish Christianity and its Characteristics 5 St. Thomas: The Apostle of the East 9

No contemporary historian has recorded the Gospels eastward march, but there is no doubt that the Gospel did move east even while Paul was opening his mission in Europe. And however Western scholars may write their histories of the church, from time immemorial Asia has linked the churchs expansion eastward to the missionary travels of the apostle Thomas.

Chapter 2: CHRISTIANITY IN EDESSA 13-36 Origins of Christianity in Edessa 14 Characteristics of Early East Syrian Christianity 17 Church Life in the Third Century 27 East Syrian Church and Monasticism 30 Ephrem the Syrian 34 The School of Edessa 35 On the basis of new historical evidences available, it is possible to establish the fact that there was a Christian church in Edessa (Western Mesopotamia) in the first century, and not only there but also in other places in Mesopotamia.

Chapter 3: CHRISTIANITY IN PERSIA 37-66 Origins of Christianity in Persia 37 Church and the Persian State 40 The Re-organization of the Persian Church 42 The Persian Church and Nestorianism 46 Aphrahat, the Persian sage 49 The School of Nisibis 53 Theodore of Mopsuestia and the East Syrian Church 58 The earliest centers of Christianity in the East were: Edessa, Arbela in Parthia, and India. As long as the Roman emperors considered the Christians as enemies of Rome, the Persian emperors were inclined to consider them as friends of Persia. It was not until after Constantines death in AD 337 that the Christians began to be persecuted in the East.

Chapter 4: CHRISTIANITY IN ARABIA AND CENTRAL ASIA 67-75 Christianity among the Arabs 67 Christianity in Central Asia 69 When Christianity spread to Syria (probably by the end of the second or early third century) there is no doubt that some of the Arabs also became Christians. Islam which originated in Arabia in the seventh century was a great missionary religion. By the 13th Century, Islam became the prominent religion. Yet numerous bodies of the Nestorian Christians were still scattered over all Central Asia.

Chapter 5: CHRISTIANITY IN CHINA 76-90 Origins of Christianity in China 76 Christianity at the time of the Mongols 86 There are traditions that Christianity found its way to China in the first century, but the earliest more reliable report is from Arnobius who wrote in 300 AD, stating that the Gospel had been preached in China. A definitely more reliable report comes from Patriarch Yeshuyab II in about 635 AD from an excavated inscription by him which was found in an excavation in 1625 AD.

Chapter 6: CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA 91-109 India and the Western World in the First Century 91 The Origins of Christianity in India 93 From the evidence available to us, especially the East Syrian and Indian traditions, it is reasonable to believe that the Indian church has an independent origin, independent of Persian Christianity, in the apostolic activity of St. Thomas in the first century.

Chapter 7: CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA UP TO AD 1500 110-151 The visit of Pantaneus in the second century 110 The Indian Church and the Church of the East 114 Migration of Persian Christians to Kerala 118 The extent of Christianity in India before A.D. 1500 122 St. Thomas Christians and Missionary Activities 126 Social life of the Christian community during the early period 131 Ecclesiastical life of St. Thomas Christians 134 Christian theology in India 141 Christianity in India at the end of the fifteenth century 148 The expansion of Christianity in the East was not the work of Hellenistic Christian missionaries from Antioch, or a linear progression from Antioch. It was the work of Jewish Christian missionaries such as Addai in Edessa, Aggai and Mari in Persia and Thomas in India.

Chapter 8: CHRISTIANITY IN OTHER PLACES IN ASIA 152-162 Contrary to what has been said by western historians, there is evidence to show, though very scanty and fragmentary, that Christianity found its way into South East and East Asian countries even before the coming of western missionaries, through the efforts of Nestorian merchants and missionaries from Persia or India or China or from all the three places.

Chapter 9: IN THE SHADOWS OF HISTORY 163-182 Political situation: Christianity under Islam 167 Foreignness of the Church 173 The proselytizing activities of the Roman Catholic missionaries 176 Decay of spiritual life in the Church 180 By AD 1500, the story of Asian Christianity, after a millennium and a half of heroic efforts and phenomenal expansion almost came to an end in several countries; so much so, the historians speak of the eclipse of Christianity in Asia. Reasons for the eclipse are suggested.

Bibliography 183 Index 189 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------References: The original manuscript by Dr. T.V. Philip titled East of the Euphrates Pub: CSS & IPCK, 1998 Material prepared for Religion Online by Ted and Winnie Brock http://www.religiononline.org/showbook.asp?title=1553