Chapter 20 Becoming a World Power Steps toward empire America as a model society United states claimed a mission of democratic

ic representative government Americans believed that they stood as a transforming force for good Americans were bound to stay where they were because of the Monroe doctrine and so they had no way to spread their good Encouraged other countries to imitate Americas good examples Differences between Americans and others led to aggressive foreign policy Early expansionism Seward spoke of an America that would hold a world power and exert commercial dominance Purchased Alaska in 1867 for 7.2 million and acquired coaling station from near Hawaii

Advocated annexing Cuba and other Caribbean islands 1870 Grant argued strategic and economic importance of the Caribbean and tried to get Senate to annex Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola Senate rejected annexation Americans eagerly sought commercial dominance in Latin America and Asia with a canal through central America to facilitate trade Conditions worsened in 1889 In Chile, a bar room brawl resulted in the death of two American sailors and president Harrison threatened war and demanded full reparation 1887 U.S. got right to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor 1891 queen Liliuokalani assumed the throne, two years later farmers staged a coup with the help of the U.S. Whites sought formal annexation by friendly Harrison administration. Cleveland stopped it

American expansionism in the global context 1899 war broke out in southern African between the British and the Boers. British won but at a horrific cost Africa was not of interest to the U.S. In pacific and Caribbean it was inevitable that the united states would collide with European rivals Troubles in pacific occurred in late 1880s over American seizure of Canadian ships in fur seal and fishing disputes in the Bering Sea. U.S. paid damages U.S. sought to replace Great Britain as most influential nation 1895 boundary dispute between Venezuela and British Guyana threatened to bring British intervention against the Venezuelans Cleveland asked secretary of state Olney to send message to great Britain

 Olneys note called the united states practically sovereign on this continent and demanded international arbitration to settle the dispute British ignored note and war loomed. Both sides realized war between two English speaking countries was an absurdity and the boundary dispute was settled Showed the U.S. in 1895 had neither the means nor a consistent policy for enlarging its role in the world

Expansionism in the 1890s Profits: searching for overseas markets American businessmen saw huge profits beckoning heavily populated Latin America and Asia. Wanted to get their share of these markets as well as access to the sugar, coffee, fruits, oil, rubber and minerals that were abundant in these lands Not all business people in 1890 liked commercial expansionism or vigorous foreign policy Some preferred trade with Canada and Europe Tremendous growth of American production in the post-civil war years made expansionism more attractive Americans went from fourth place in world manufacturing to first and investments increased

Patriotism: asserting national power 1898 state department decided it should support commercial interests 1890s Roosevelt and Lodge emerged as highly influential leaders of a changing American foreign policy Lodge called large policy. Large policy: economic interest would take second place to questions of what he and Roosevelt called national honor Mahan claimed that to be a world power you had to have naval supremacy Piety: the missionary impulse Missionary duty of doing good had large influence over various aspects of expansionism White mans burden civil nations must bring peace/liberty to weaker peoples Missionaries carried western values to non-Christian lands (especially China) Politics: manipulating the public opinion Newspapers helped spread the issues around Daily reports of Spanish atrocities in 1896 and 1897 kept public moral outrage Politics, profits, patriotism and piety expansionism of 1890s Produced annexation of Philippines, Spanish American War, Teddy Roosevelts foreign policy War in Cuba and the Philippines The road to war Cuban revolt flared in 1895 - Madrid government failed to implement reforms Spain began placing Cubans into concentration camps and Americans were outraged

Americans rallied to help the Cubans, wanting resources/strategic location but neither Cleveland nor McKinley wanted a war Conditions flared, as did U.S. propaganda Events early in 1898 sparked the outbreak of hostilities Rioting in Havana intensified both Spanish repression and American outrage Letter from Spanish minister to the united states calling McKinley a weak hypocritical politician was intercepted and made public When rioting broke out USS battleship MAINE was sent to Havana harbor to protect American citizens February 15 an explosion blew up the MAINE and killed 262 men Advocates of American intervention blamed the Spanish Roosevelt had been preparing for war and when McKinley did not declare war he said McKinley had no more backbone than a chocolate clair and continued readying then navy Roosevelt ordered Dewey to prepare ships in the pacific fleet to be ready in case a declaration for war was made and that they should go to Philippines Public outcry over the Maine drowned out McKinleys efforts to avoid war McKinley pressured Madrid government to make further concessions. April 11, 1898 president sent message to congress that seemed to call for war Two weeks later congress authorized using troops against Spain and recognized Cuban independence Teller amendment: the united states had no intention of annexing Cuba

A splendid little war: various views The war was short and relatively easy for Americans while fatal to Spanish Most Americans died from tropical diseases War was not splendid for African American soldiers who fought in segregated units and noted the stark differences between their rude treatment in the American south and the warm grateful greetings of Cubans The Philippines debates and war Roosevelts ordering Dewey to manila initiated a chain of events that led to the annexation of the Philippines Treaty of Paris gave U.S. all 7000 islands in the archipelago in exchange for 20 million payment to Spain Entire nation joined the argument about whether to annex the Philippines McKinley finally recommended annexation on the grounds of economic interest and the necessity to aid Filipinos with sustainability Small but prominent and vocal anti-imperialist league opposed war and annexation Included president Harrison and Cleveland, Samuel Gompers, Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams and Mark Twain Annexation of territory without postwar planning or steps toward statehood was unwise

 To occupy and govern foreign people without their consent violated Dec. of Ind Social reforms needed at home demanded American energies and money Expansionism triumphant Each new territory defined as somewhere between a colony and a candidate for statehood Roosevelt quickly climbing to power, made VP in 1900 in an effort to slow him down Theodore Roosevelts energetic diplomacy: Foreign policy as Darwinian struggle Roosevelt advocated individual physical fitness and collective nation strength Roosevelt divided the world into civilized and uncivilized nations Civilized nations had a responsibility to police the uncivilized

War between two civilized nations was foolish Roosevelt ordered the panama canal to be built without asking the consent of congress

Taking the Panama Canal An 1850 treaty bound united states to build a canal jointly with great Britain Problem resolved in 1901 when British canceled treaty in exchange for American guarantee that canal would be open to all nations American engineers wanted a shorter more rugged path across panama to build the canal Panama belonged to Colombia which rejected the term the united states offered Rejection angered Roosevelt Panamanians staged a revolution in 1903 because they saw the benefits the canal would bring and wanted American support Bloodless revolution on November 3 November 4 panama declared its independence November 6 united states recognized its independence

Policing the Caribbean United states finally honored Cuban independence as they had promised to do so but with Platt amendment - U.S. had right in Cuba to a naval base at Guantanamo bay and right to intervene if Cuban sovereignty were ever threatened American policy intended to make Cuba a model for how independent nations could achieve greatness with some assistance from America Policy known as Roosevelts corollary to the Monroe doctrine announced that civilized nations should insist on the proper policing of the world Stated that the U.S. would step in only when necessary, justified U.S. intervention Opening doors to china and closing doors to America American relations were restricted to profitable trade After 1898 dreams of exploiting seemingly unlimited markets of china.

Annexation of Hawaii and Philippines in 1898 convinced secretary of state Hay that united states should announce a china policy Did so in open door notes of 1899-1900 First note demanded an open door for American trade declaring the principle of equal access to commercial rights in china by all nations Second note addressed Russian movement into Manchuria, called on all countries to respect the territorial and administrative integrity of china

Second principle offered china protection and preserved east Asian balance of power Chinese immigrants wanted a change in immigration policy but nothing came of it

Balancing Japan in the pacific from California to Manchuria Japanese immigration increased at turn of the century Native white Californians were threatened by success Japanese were seeing in California and sought ways to exclude Japanese immigrants In gentlemens agreements notes of 1907-1908 Japanese agreed to limit migration of unskilled workers to the united states Roosevelt was pleased that Japan had won against Russia in russo-japanese war but then Japan started winning more and Roosevelt worried that Japan played too well and would shut the US from Asian markets Peace treaty in Portsmouth showed American presence on the world as it ended the Japanese Russian war Roosevelt sent great white fleet around to demonstrate American naval power Preventing war in Europe America stretched Monroe doctrine to justify what they had done with the Philippines and Japan and other places but with the European nations traditional neutrality remained Roosevelt established two fundamental policies toward Europe that would define US role throughout the century: Make friendship with great Britain

Prevent a general war in Europe Venezuelan crisis in 1895 brought great Britain and America closer Chapter 22 The Great War

The Early War Years The Causes of the War Root causes reached back many years and involved trade/national strength Growing rivalry over spheres of influence Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand broke the balance American Reactions Many social reformers despaired Many were excited about this new adventure and volunteered for hospital units

Many viewed war as source of honor and glory, especially after the Spanish American War of 1898 The New Military Technology The most devastating improvement was the new artillery machine guns Germans introduced poison gas in 1915 and it was soon used by both sides Difficulties of Neutrality A lot of immigrant Americans supported their homelands For most Americans, language/culture tipped balance toward Allies Trade was much more important with the Allies British and domestic propaganda World Trade and Neutrality Rights Immediate economic panic in 1915 stock market was even closed Neutral trade was impossible and Wilson accepted British control of the sea May 1915, Lusitania is sunk, and Americans are outraged National Security League called for a bigger navy, universal military training, and patriotic education Army Reorganization Bill 1916 increased/reorganized army Intervening in Mexico and Central America Wilson ordered the marines to take control of the Dominican Republic in 1916 Similar situations in Haiti and Nicaragua 1916, Wilson sent troops into Mexico to get Huerta, big conflict, tensions with Mexico, Wilson eventually recalled troops

U.S. Enters War Election of 1916 In January, Wilson appointed Brandeis to the supreme court Republicans nominated Charles Evan Hughes, who attacked Wilson on Meico. Election was extremely close, Wilson barely won by carrying the West and the South Deciding for War Zimmerman note outraged Americans Bolshevik Revolution gives Germany an ally German U-boats sank 5 American ships in March 1917 April 1917, U.S. declares war A Patriotic Crusade Committee on Public Information, led by George Creel, launched huge propaganda campaign to persuade the people that the U.S. went to war for freedom/democracy 1917 Congress, at Wilsons behest, passed the Espionage Act Congress later added the Trading with the Enemy Act and a Sedition Act Raising an Army Selective Service Act men between ages 18 and 45 Some draft protests, 9.5 million volunteers The Military Experience Over There

U.S. forces sent over to France Spring of 1918 Germany made a final push to win the war before there was major American intervention Fall of 1918 the combined British, French and American armies drove the Germans back who were facing low morale and desertion, and the armistice was signed in November A Global Pandemic Spanish Flu killed ~20 million people from 1918-1919 Domestic Impact of the War Financing the War War cost U.S. $112B, and the government sold liberty bonds while using propaganda/war emotions to exploit the American people War Revenue Act of 1917 raised taxes Increasing Federal Power Food Administration, led by Herbert Hoover War Industries Board United Railways Administration Examples of organizations created to organize war effort War Workers Wilson favored Gompers and the AFL War opened up employment opportunities for Black men War opened up employment opportunities for women Climax of Progressivism Commission of Training Camp Activities Suffrage for Women 1918, Wilson asked Congress to pass the Suffrage Act 1921, women had the right to vote Planning for Peace Versailles Peace Conference/Wilsons Failed Dream Wilson brought almost no Republicans Lodge is excluded Conference initially accepted the 14 points Austria, Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia & Czechoslovakia made out of the beaten powers Compromise mandate gave British & French control of German / Turkish colonies Japan controlled German China Wilson opposed war guilt, but it is still imposed on Germany $33 billion in reparations Final treaty signed on June 28, 1919 - Germans had no choice but to accept the terms Lodge and other Republicans stonewalled Wilson in congress U.S. never signed the Treaty of Versailles or joined the League of Nations