ASSIGNMENT 1

(1) Darlington emitter-follower application

VCC
VCC

RC

C1
T1

R1

Q1 R2
RE

Q2 C2 RL

The emitter follower is often used as an interface between a circuit with a high output resistance and a low resistance load. In such an application, the emitter follower is called a buffer. For example, suppose a common-emitter amplifier with a 1k collector resistance (output resistance) must drive a low resistance load such as an 8 low power speaker. C1 and C2 are coupling capacitors

Without the Darlington emitter follower :

VCC
B
C

RC

C1
R in
vbe

ro

RC

RL

T1
RL

gm vbe
E

vo

Since ro >> RC, RO RC//RL

RO = ro//RC//RL av =-gm ( ro //RC//R L )

(a) When there is no, i.e.

av =-gmRC =-0.2(1k ) =-200 (this is the open-circuit voltage gain)

(b) When the load RL is connected, R O R C //R L

(c) The open-circuit voltage gain is -200 and the gain of the CE circuit when a load of 8 is connected at the output is only -1.6. Comments: This shows that the open-circuit voltage gain is the maximum gain that can be achieved by the amplifier circuit. (ii) When a load with a much smaller resistance (as compared to the output resistance of the amplifier) is connected to the output of the amplifier circuit, the gain will tremendously reduced. Hence, an intermediate circuit had to be placed between the CE amplifier and the load to prevent the small resistance load from affecting the CE gain. For this purpose, the Darlington emitter-follower is used to act as an impedance transformer. The Darlington emitterfollower has a large input resistance but a small output resistance to enable it to function as an impedance transformer. (i)

ii'

ii1

vi'

R1 // R 2

r1 vi''

gm vi''

Ri '
Ri

vi1

r 2

vi'''

gmvi'''
vo

R E // R L

vi1 =ii1r1 +vi''' +vo

(d) Determine the voltage gain of the Darlington emitter-follower

''' vi1 =ii1r1 +( ii1 +gm1ii1r1 ) r2 + ( ii1 +gm1ii1r1 )+gm2vi RE//RL vi1 =ii1 r1 +(1+gm1r1 )r2 +ii1 (1+gm1r1 )+gm2 (1+gm1r1 )r2 RE//RL

)=

'

(1+gm1r1 )+gm2r2 (1+gm1r1 ) RE//RL )= r1 +(1+gm1r1 )r2 + (1+gm1r1 )+gm2r2 (1+gm1r1 ) RE//RL

(e) Determine the av for the whole circuit:

VCC

VCC

B
RC
C1 ii T1
R1 ii1

Q1

R in
Q2 C2

vi

vi

vi

ro gm vi

RC

Ri

vi'

Ri

R 2 vi1

Ri

RE

R L vo

av is the gain of the CE with the darlington and RL as load. -gmviro//RC//Ri vi av =-gmro//RC//Ri av =

Assuming that the effects of ro are negligible, av =-gmRC//Ri To determine av , we need to determine Ri .

For all transistors,

VCC

VCC

)= =

For the darlington emitter follower circuit :

R1 =10k R2 =22k RE =22 RL =8

RC

C1 ii T1

R1 ii1

gm =0.2 S VT = 26 mV VBE = 0.7 V

Q1

Given :
Q2

vi

vi

Ri

R 2 vi1

= =
R L vo

Ri

RE

C2

Assume that the effects of ro in Q1 and Q2 are negligible,

ii' ii1

vi' Ri = ' =R1//R2//Ri' ii v Ri' = i1 ii1 vi1 =ii1r1 +vi''' +vo

vi'

R1 // R 2

r1 vi''

gmvi''

Ri '
'''

vi1

r 2

vi'''

gmvi'''
vo

vi1 =ii1r1 +( ii1 +gm1ii1r1 ) r2 + ( ii1 +gm1ii1r1 )+gm2vi RE//RL

Ri
R E // R L

ii'

ii1

vi'

R1 // R 2

r1 vi''

gm vi''

Ri '
Ri

vi1

r 2

vi'''

gmvi'''
vo

R E // R L

vi1 =ii1r1 +( ii1 +gm1ii1r1 ) r2 + ( ii1 +gm1ii1r1 )+gm2vi''' RE//RL vi1 =ii1 r1 +(1+gm1r1 )r2 +ii1 (1+gm1r1 )+gm2 (1+gm1r1 )r2 RE//RL v Ri' = i1 = r1 +(1+gm1r1 ) r2 +(1+gm1r1 )+gm2r2 (1+gm1r1 ) RE//RL ii1 RE//RL =5.87 Ri =R1//R2//Ri' R1//R2 =6875 I o IC1 ? gm1 = ? = o ? gm2 = C2 ? = gm1 gm2 VT VT

VCC

VCC

I1

RC

C1 T1

R1

IB1 I2

Q1 Q2 C 2
IE2

V2

R2

VE

RE

RL

+ %

+ + =(

& = & & + = &

( (

+ +

)= )= )
+

IE = IC +IB = (+1) IB IE1 = (+1) IB1 =IB2 VE = IE2RE = (+1) IB2RE

(1)

Hence, V2 =1.4+ (+1) IB1RE

2

= (+1)(+1) IB1RE

(2)

Darlington emitter-follower application contd

=(

(1)

V2 =1.4+ ( +1) IB1R E

2

(2)

(1)=(2)

( VCC -IB1R1)

R2 =1.4+ (+1) IB1RE R1 +R2 R2 RR VCC =1.4+ (+1) RE + 1 2 IB1 R1 +R2 R1 +R2 R2 VCC -1.4 6.85 R1 +R2 IB1 = = =29.6156A R1R 2 231297 ( +1) R E + R1 +R 2 IE2 = (+1) IB1 = (101) 29.6156 =302.11mA
2 2 2 2 2

IC2 IC2 = IE2 = 299.12mA +1 299.12m I gm2 = C2 = =11.5046 VT 26m IE2 =

R1//R2 =6875 ii' ii1 RE//RL =5.87 I 299.12m r1 vi'' gm2 = C2 = =11.5046 vi' R1 // R 2 VT 26m 100( 29.6156 ) I I gm1 = C1 = B1 = =0.1139 VT VT 26m r 2 vi1 100 Ri ' r1 = o = =877.96 gm1 0.1139 Ri 100 r2 = o = =8.6922 gm2 11.5046 Ri' = r1 +(1+gm1r1 ) r2 +RE//RL 1+gm1r1 +gm2r2 (1+gm1r1 ) Ri' =877.96+ 1+0.1139( 877.96) 8.6922+ 5.87 1+0.1139( 877.96)+11.5046( 8.6922)(1+0.1139( 877.96) ) Ri' =1755.6469+59879.8274=61635.4743 Ri =R1//R2//Ri' =6875//61635.4743=6185.0964 av( CE_with Darlington and R as load) =-gmRC//Ri =-0.2(1k//6185.0964) -172
L

gmvi''

vi'''

gmvi'''

R E // R L

vo

The voltage gain of the CE amplifier with Darlington emitter-follower and RL as load is -172.

 &= & ( )

(1+g m1r1 )+g m2 r2 (1+g m1r1 ) R E //R L r1 +(1+g m1r1 )r2 + (1+g m1r1 )+g m2 r2 (1+g m1r1 ) R E //R L = 0.9715
L as load )

a v( CE_with Darlington and R

& (

= -gmR C //R i = -0.2 (1k//6185.0964 ) -172

& & ( )

Overall voltage gain:

( )
_

The open-load voltage gain of the CE amplifier is -200. If the CE amplifier drives the speaker directly, the voltage gain is -1.6. With the Darlington emitter-follower connected, the voltage gain of the whole circuit is -167. This shows that: (i) the maximum voltage gain is the open-circuit voltage gain (ii) when the CE circuit, which has a large output resistance, is connected to a low resistance load, the voltage gain will drop drastically (iii) the Darlington emitter-follower will help in maintaining the voltage gain of the CE as it has a large input resistance but a low output resistance (impedance transformer). Hence, the Darlington emitter-follower acts as a voltage buffer.

(2) (a)What is the minimum value of VBIAS required for a cascode amplifier operating at I=100A? The cascode circuit is shown in Figure 2. = [ 0.6 V. = = Let
VDD I vout VBIAS M1 M2

Solution :
2 nCox W VGS -Vt ) ( 2 L 100( 2) VGS -Vt ) = ( 300(10)

I=

( VGS -Vt ) = Vov =0.2582V

vi

Figure 2

To enable M1 to be operating in the active/saturation region, VDS > VGS - Vt . As VGS - Vt = 0.2582V, VDS > 0.2582V. Lets take the = minimum

VDD I vout

VBIAS

M1 M2

To let 100A of current flowing through M2,

6 = 0.2582 V 6 = 6 Since ( VGS -Vt ) =0.2582 V when I = 100 A of current is flowing , then 6 = 0.2582 V+0.6 V= = 6 6 =

vi

(b) Consider a cascode amplifier as shown below : = I = 100A and for each transistor, , VA = 10V, and [= = Find RO1 and RO.
VDD

G2
I vout VBIAS M1

D2
gm2vgs2
S2

ro2
Ro

vout

G1

D1

vi

M2

vi

vgs1

gm1vgs1 ro1
S1

vds1

Ro1

Ro

R o1

G2

D2
gm2vgs2
S2

RO =

vt it

vi =0

ro2
Ro

vout

KCL at node D2,

it =-gm2vds1 + vds1 =itro1 vt -vds1 ro2

G1

D1

vi

vgs1

gm1vgs1 ro1
S1 it
ro2

vds1

it =-gm2it ro1 +

R o1
G2

D2
gm2vds1

vgs2

vt

it D1,S2 ro1 vds1

Ro

R o1

vt -it ro1 ro2 ro1 it 1+gm2ro1 + ro2 = vt ro2 v RO = t = 1+gm2ro1 ro2 +ro1 it RO1 = ro1 1 ro1 = ID 1 = VA 9$ 5 U 2 R '

Assume ro1 = ro2

RO = vt = 1+g m2 ro1 ro2 +ro1 it
W = 2(100 )(190 )10 L

gm2 = 2IDnCox

gm2 =6.164410-4 RO1 = ro1 =100k

RO = 1+ 6.164410-4 (100k ) 100k+100k RO =6.3644 M

The cascode configuration has increased the output resistance by a factor of 63.644 (comparing Ro and Ro1 ). As a rough estimation, we can take that the cascode has increased the output resistance by a factor of gmro from the output resistance of a CS

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