1 PHP Basics

PHP Basics
By: Ajay Rawat
University of Petroleum & Energy Studies

Email: arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in Room: CIT Contact: 9045957565
PHP Basics Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in
Embedding PHP in HTML
PHP Basics
Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

We can embed PHP code alongside HTML.
For the code to do anything, the page must be
passed to the PHP engine for interpretation.

Web server doesnt just pass every page
rather, it passes only those pages identified by a specific file extension (.php)
Engine needs some means to immediately
determine which areas of the page are PHPenabled.

This is accomplished by delimiting the PHP
code.
PHP Basics 1.3 Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

There are four delimitation variants.
Default
Syntax
Short-Tags Script ASP
Style
PHP Basics
1.4
Default Syntax
The default delimiter syntax opens with <?php and
concludes with ?>
PHP Basics
1.5
Short-Tags
<? print "This is another PHP example."; ?>
To use this feature, we need to enable PHPs
short_open_tag directive.
Although short-tag delimiters are convenient,
keep in mind that they clash with XML, and thus XHTML, syntax.
Therefore, for conformance reasons we
shouldnt use short-tag syntax.

<?="This is another PHP example.";?> known
as short-circuit syntax.
Script
Certain Editor like Microsofts FrontPage editor
have problems dealing with escape syntax.

Therefore, support for another mainstream
delimiter variant, <script>, is offered.
PHP Basics
1.7
ASP Style
<% print "This is another PHP example."; %>
ASP-style syntax was removed as of PHP 5.3. Keep in mind that just we can do something
doesn't means we should.

ASP style and script delimiting variants are
rarely used and should be avoided.
PHP Basics
1.8
Embedding Multiple Code Blocks

Any variables declared in a prior code block
are remembered for later blocks.
PHP Basics
1.9
Comments
PHP Basics
Comments
Comments are user for our own benefit or for
that of a programmer later tasked with maintaining the code.

Single-Line C++ Syntax
Shell Syntax Multiple-Line C Syntax
PHP Basics
1.11
Single-Line C++ Syntax

PHP supports C++ single-line comment
syntax, which is prefaced with a double slash (//)

There is no need to delimit the comments
conclusion.
PHP Basics
1.12
Shell Syntax
PHP also supports an alternative to the C++-
style single-line syntax, known as shell syntax.

It is prefaced with a hash mark (#).
PHP Basics
1.13
Multiple-Line C Syntax
It support more verbose functional description
or other explanatory notes within code which needs numerous lines.
PHP Basics
1.14
HTML Comment
Keep in mind that if we want to place a
comment in HTML we need to use the open comment  tags.
PHP Basics
1.15
Outputting Data to the Browser
PHP Basics
print() statement
The print() statement outputs data passed to it
to the browser.
int print(argument).
PHP Basics
1.17
print() statement
print() is not actually a real function (it is a
language construct) so we are not required to use parentheses with its argument list.
The print() statement return value is
misleading it will always return 1 regard less of the outcome.
PHP Basics
1.18
echo() statement
void echo ( string $arg1 [, string $... ] )
Outputs all parameters. echo() is not a function (it is a language
construct.
If we want to pass more than one parameter to
echo(), the parameters must not be enclosed within parentheses.

No value is returned.
PHP Basics
1.19
echo() statement
PHP Basics
1.20
printf() statement
printf() statement is used to when to blend of
static text and dynamic information stored within on e or several variable.

int printf ( string $format [, mixed $args])
Returns the length of the outputted string. printf( Result: %d percentage., 90);
PHP Basics
1.21
sprintf() statement
The sprintf() statement is functionally identical
to printf() except that the output is assigned to a string rather than rendered to the browser.
string sprintf(string format [, mixed arguments])
An example follows: $cost = sprintf("$%.2f", 43.2); // $cost = $43.20
PHP Basics
1.22
Supported Data types
PHP Basics
Data types
A data type is the generic name assigned to
any data sharing a common set of characteristics.

Common data types include Boolean, integer,
float, string, and array.

Scalar Data types
Boolean,
integer, float, string
Compound Data types
PHP Basics
1.24
Boolean
The Boolean datatype is named after George
Boole (18151864).
A Boolean variable represents truth,
supporting only two values: TRUE and FALSE (case insensitive).

Alternatively, we can use zero to represent
FALSE, and any nonzero value to represent TRUE.
PHP Basics
1.25
Integer
An integer is representative of any whole
number or, a number that does not contain fractional parts.

PHP supports integer values represented in
base 10 (decimal), base 8 (octal), and base 16 (hexadecimal) numbering systems.

The maximum supported integer size is
platform-dependent.
PHP 5(earlier) introduced a 32-bit integer
value.
PHP 6 introduced a 64-bit integer value,
Float
Floating-point numbers, also referred as floats,
doubles, or real numbers.

It allow to specify numbers that contain
fractional parts.
Floats are used to represent monetary values,
weights, distances.
4.5678
4.0 8.7e4 1.23E+11
String
A string is a sequence of characters treated as
a contiguous group.
Strings are delimited by single or double
quotes.
"PHP is a great language "123$%^789.
PHP Basics
1.28
Array
It is a aggregate a series of similar items
together, arranging and referencing them in some specific way.

It is formally defined as an indexed collection
of data values.
Each member of the array index (also known
as the key) references a corresponding value.

$state[0] $state[1] $state[2]
PHP Basics
= "Alabama"; = "Alaska"; = "Arizona";

1.29 Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in
Object
The object is a central concept of the object-
oriented programming paradigm.

This declaration of an objects characteristics
and behavior takes place within something called a class.
PHP Basics
1.30
Type Cast
Converting values from one datatype to
another is known as type casting.
PHP Basics
1.31
Type-Related Functions
Retrieving Types
The
gettype() function returns the type of the variable specified by var.
In
total, eight possible return values are available: array, boolean, double, integer, object, resource, string, and unknown type. gettype (mixed var)
string
PHP Basics
1.32
Type-Related Functions
Converting Types
The
settype() function converts a variable, specified by var, to the type specified by type. possible type values are available: array, boolean, float, integer, null, object, and string. the conversion is successful, TRUE is returned; otherwise, FALSE is returned.
Seven
If
boolean
settype(mixed var, string type)

PHP Basics
Type Identifier Functions

A number of functions are available for
determining a variables type, including is_array(), is_bool(), is_float(), is_integer(), is_null(), is_numeric(), is_object(), is_resource(), is_scalar(), and is_string().
boolean is_name(mixed var)
PHP Basics
1.34
Identifier
Identifier is a term applied to variables,
functions, and various other user definedobjects.

An identifier can consist of one or more
characters and must begin with a letter or _.

Identifiers can consist of only letters, numbers,
underscore characters
PHP Basics
1.35
Variables
A variable is a symbol that can store different
values at different times.

A variable is a named memory location that
contains data and may be manipulated throughout the execution of the program.
Variable Declaration:
A variable
always begins with a dollar sign, $, which is then followed by the variable name.
$color,
$operating_system, $_some_variable, $model
PHP Basics
1.36
Variables
Note that variables are case sensitive. $color, $Color, $COLOR
Value Assignment:
$color
= "red";
PHP Basics
1.37
Variables
Reference Assignment:
We We
can create a variable that refers to the same content as another variable does. can assign variables by reference by appending an ampersand (&) to the equal sign. =& $value1; // $value1 and $value2 both equal "Hello
$value2
PHP Basics
1.38
Variables Scope
We can declare variable anywhere in a PHP
script.
The location of the declaration influences the
realm in which a variable can be accessed.

This accessibility domain is known as its
scope.
PHP variables can be one of four scope types:
Local
variables parameters variables

Function Global Static

PHP Basics
variables
Local Variable
A variable declared in a function is considered
local.
Means it can be referenced only in that
function.
Any assignment outside of that function will be
considered to be an entirely different variable.

When we exit the function of local variable that
variable and its corresponding value are destroyed.
PHP Basics
1.40
Local Variable
They eliminate the possibility of unexpected
side effects, which can result from globally accessible variables that are modified, intentionally or not.
PHP Basics
1.41
Function Variable
Function parameters are declared after the
function name and inside parentheses.
PHP Basics
1.42
Global Variable
A global variable can be accessed in any part
of the program.
To modify it must be explicitly declared to be
global in the function in which it is to be modified.

This is accomplished by placing the keyword
GLOBAL in front of the variable that should be recognized as global.

Placing this keyword in front of an already
existing variable tells PHP to use the variable having that name.
Global Variable
PHP Basics
1.44
Static Variables
A static variable does not lose its value when
the function exits.

It will hold the value if the function is called
again.
Static scoping is particularly useful for
recursive functions.
PHP Basics
1.45
PHPs Superglobal Variables

PHP offers a number of predefined variables
that are accessible from anywhere and provide environment specific information.
With these variable we can get details about:
current
users local
user session
operating environment
operating environment
PHP creates some of the variables, while the
availability and value of other variables are specific to the O.S and Web server.
PHPs Superglobal Variables
PHP Basics
1.47
Variable Variables
To use a variable whose content can be
treated dynamically as a variable in itself.

$recipe = pasta"; We can treat the value pasta as a variable by
placing a second dollar sign in front of the original variable name and again assigning another value:
$$recipe = "& meatballs";
This in effect assigns & meatballs to a variable
named pasta.
Variable Variables
The two snippets of code produce the same
result:
echo $recipe $pasta; echo $recipe ${$recipe};
The result of both is the string pasta &
meatballs.
PHP Basics
1.49
Constants
A constant is a value that cannot be modified
throughout the execution of a program.

Once a constant has been defined, it cannot
be changed (or redefined) at any other point of the program.

Constants are defined using the define()
function.
define("PI", 3.141592);
PHP Basics
1.50
Point to remember about Constants

Constant references are not prefaced with a
dollar sign.
We cant redefine or undefine the constant
once it has been defined (e.g., 2*PI).

If we need to produce a value based on the
constant, the value must be stored in another variable.

Finally, constants are global; they can be
referenced anywhere in the script.
PHP Basics
1.51
End of Chapter
PHP Basics

1 PHP Basics

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1 PHP Basics

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PHP Basics

By: Ajay Rawat

University of Petroleum & Energy Studies

Embedding PHP in HTML

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

Embedding PHP in HTML

passed to the PHP engine for interpretation.

determine which areas of the page are PHPenabled.

Embedding PHP in HTML

Short-Tags Script ASP

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

concludes with ?>

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

To use this feature, we need to enable PHPs

shouldnt use short-tag syntax.

have problems dealing with escape syntax.

delimiter variant, <script>, is offered.

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

doesn't means we should.

rarely used and should be avoided.

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

Embedding Multiple Code Blocks

are remembered for later blocks.

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

that of a programmer later tasked with maintaining the code.

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

Single-Line C++ Syntax

syntax, which is prefaced with a double slash (//)

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

style single-line syntax, known as shell syntax.

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

or other explanatory notes within code which needs numerous lines.

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

Outputting Data to the Browser

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

misleading it will always return 1 regard less of the outcome.

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

echo(), the parameters must not be enclosed within parentheses.

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

static text and dynamic information stored within on e or several variable.

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

Supported Data types

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

any data sharing a common set of characteristics.

float, string, and array.

integer, float, string

Compound Data types

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

supporting only two values: TRUE and FALSE (case insensitive).

FALSE, and any nonzero value to represent TRUE.

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

number or, a number that does not contain fractional parts.

base 10 (decimal), base 8 (octal), and base 16 (hexadecimal) numbering systems.

doubles, or real numbers.

Ajay Rawat : arawat@ddn.upes.ac.in

together, arranging and referencing them in some specific way.

as the key) references a corresponding value.

= "Alabama"; = "Alaska"; = "Arizona";