6/6/2012

1
E-Outreach Workshop
on
Computational Fluid Dynamics
June 12 22, 2012
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
The National Mission on Education Through ICT
(MHRD, Government of India)
Course Coordinators
Bhalchandra Puranik
Atul Sharma
Project Coordinator
Professor D. B. Phatak
Project Manager
Mukta Atrey
Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer
Ultimate Objective: Determination of velocity
field, pressure field, temperature field, density
field.
Determination of quantities of engineering interest:
different types of forces (lift/drag), heat transfer
coefficient, etc.
Determination of other derived flow fields, e.g.,
vorticity field.
Analytical (theoretical) or experimental or
computational (numerical) approaches to
achieve the objective.
E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
Investigation Approaches
Analytical (theoretical)
Governing equations/mathematical models
(Conservation of mass, momentum and energy).
Sometimes additional equations are needed: equation
of state, turbulence closure, chemical reactions, etc.
Analytical approach => Closed-form solutions.
Often times requires use of advanced mathematical
techniques.
Limited to simple geometrical and physical situations
restricted use.
E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
Investigation Approaches
Experimental
Dimensional analysis/model studies.
Measurement of relevant quantities (velocity,
pressure, temperature, etc.).
Analysis of measurement data flow field
information.
Capable of being most realistic.
Equipment issues, scaling issues,
measurement issues.
Time consuming, and can be very expensive.
E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
6/6/2012
2
Investigation Approaches
Computational (numerical)
Use of a computer to solve the governing equations.
Number crunching, i.e., solution obtained in terms of
numbers.
Analysis of solution (plotting, etc.).
Can handle complicated geometries and physics.
Truncation errors, model limitations, issues with
numerical schemes, computational cost (still an issue
in some cases).
Very affordable and hence highly popular, in recent
times!!
E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
The CFD(HT) Activity
One description:
Activity where the integral/differential governing
equations of fluid flow (and heat transfer) are
replaced with approximate algebraic equations
that are solved within the domain of interest to
obtain the relevant flow field information on a
discrete basis.
=> Final outcome of a CFD analysis is a collection
of numbers.
E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
Why CFD?
Research
Complementary tool to experiments and theory.
Valuable flow field information that experimental
measurements may not be able to provide.
Design and Analysis of systems
Cost-effective tool to run what-if scenarios to arrive at
optimum designs.
Companion tool in teaching Fluid Dynamics
and Heat Transfer
Appreciation of reality by students.
Generation of interest in Fluid Dynamics and Heat
Transfer phenomena.
E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
Objectives of the Course
Introduction of Fundamentals of Computational Fluid
Dynamics and Heat Transfer (CFDHT).
Level of material: advanced undergraduate/beginning
postgraduate.
Review of essential fluid dynamics: background for
CFDHT.
Introduction to the methods/algorithms that are working
behind the screen when a CFD software operates.
Focus on numerical methods and not on numerical analysis.
Model problems and their numerical solutions => Development of
codes (open source programming environment Scilab).
No CFD software will be introduced.
E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
6/6/2012
3
Expected Outcome
Understanding the governing equations: origin,
derivations, manipulations.
Understanding the basic techniques in CFDHT.
Development of capability to write computer
codes to appreciate the working of a CFD
software.
Generating a knowledge base to formulate and
teach CFDHT course(s) in your program(s).
E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
High Mach number flow past a Double Cone
(Viscous, compressible flow with complex features)
An Example
1
E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
Free Stream
Mach number = 9.6
1
Praveen Nair, A Solution-Mapped High-Resolution Scheme for Hypersonic Heat Flux Prediction,
Ph. D. thesis, IIT Bombay, 2011.
An Example
1
E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
1
Praveen Nair, A Solution-Mapped High-Resolution Scheme for Hypersonic Heat Flux Prediction,
Ph. D. thesis, IIT Bombay, 2011.
Problem Setting
W
a
ll
F
a
r
F
ie
ld
Supersonic
Exit
Nitrogen
P=36.05Pa,
T = 185.6 K
M=9.59
An Example
1
E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
1
Praveen Nair, A Solution-Mapped High-Resolution Scheme for Hypersonic Heat Flux Prediction,
Ph. D. thesis, IIT Bombay, 2011.
Structured Mesh/Grid
Unstructured Mesh/Grid
6/6/2012
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An Example
1
E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
1
Praveen Nair, A Solution-Mapped High-Resolution Scheme for Hypersonic Heat Flux Prediction,
Ph. D. thesis, IIT Bombay, 2011.
Mach number contours
PART I
Essentials of Fluid Dynamics
Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
Bhalchandra Puranik
E-Outreach Workshop on CFD
Topics (Part I)
Introduction and Mathematical background.
Fluid Dynamics: Integral analysis.
Kinematics of fluid motion.
Fluid Dynamics: Differential analysis.
Some analytical solutions of the governing
equations.
Introduction to numerical solution methodology
using the Finite Difference Method.
Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD
M. C. Potter, D. C. Wiggert, Fluid Mechanics, India Edition,
Cengage Learning, 2010.
V. Gupta, S. K. Gupta, Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, 2
nd
Edition, New Age International, 2011.
R. W. Fox, P. J. Pritchard, A. T. McDonald, Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics, 7
th
Edition (SI Version), Wiley India Edition, 2010.
M. L. Boas, Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences, 2
nd
Edition, Wiley, 2002. (Indian Edition)
M. C. Potter, J. L. Goldberg, E. F. Aboufadel, Advanced
Engineering Mathematics, Third Edition, Oxford University
Press, 2005. (Indian Edition)
J. D. Anderson, Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics with
Applications, International Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1995.
K. A. Hoffmann, S. T. Chiang, Computational Fluid Dynamics for
Engineers Volume I, Engineering Education System, 1993.
Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD
Reference Books (Part I)
6/6/2012
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Introduction - 1
Scope of Fluid Mechanics: Equilibrium and
motion of fluids.
Applications: Various branches of Science
and Engineering; Natural phenomena;
Sports.
Fluid*: When at rest, cannot resist a shear
force, no matter how small => no static
equilibrium under the action of shear force.
Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD
Introduction - 2
Fluids: Liquids and Gases.
Microscopic (Molecular) or Macroscopic
approaches:
Molecular: Follow each molecule; Practically,
statistical methods.
Macroscopic: Overall/average behavior; Continuum
model.
Continuum model:
Continuous distribution of fluid matter and the
associated properties.
Disregard the discrete molecular structure.
Use methods of differential calculus (point-wise smooth
distribution of fluid properties).
Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD
Introduction - 3
Continuum model:
Validity of continuum model?
Concept of a fluid point => statistically consistent
values of properties (e.g., density) in an
infinitesimally small volume.
The mean free path (l) << Linear dimension of the
fluid point volume << Characteristic dimension of
the problem (L).
The Knudsen number, Kn = l /L.
If Kn < 0.001 (approx.), continuum model is valid.
Invalid for (i) highly rarefied flows, (ii)
micro/nanoscale flows.
Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD
Introduction - 4
Important physical properties:
Pressure (p): molecular origin, compressive in
nature.
Density (r): mass per unit volume.
Specific weight ( = rg): weight per unit volume.
Specific volume (v=1/ r): volume per unit mass.
Dynamic viscosity (m): characterization of the
resistance offered by a fluid in motion to the
applied shear forces.
Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD
6/6/2012
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Introduction - 5
Dynamic viscosity:
A simple shear flow: only u=u(y)
Rate of shear strain (segment PQ):
Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
P
Q
y
u x
y
y
dy
du
u +
dy
du
y
t u t y
dy
du
u
t l
l l
t
t
PQ
PP QQ
=
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
(
(

1 1
0
' '
E-Outreach Workshop on CFD
P
Q
Introduction - 6
Dynamic viscosity:
t(stress set-up in the fluid to oppose the
applied shear stress).
In general
If n=1, we have a Newtonian fluid, and
Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
n
dy
du
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
dy
du

E-Outreach Workshop on CFD
Introduction - 7
Taylor series expansion (function of one variable)
Taylor series expansion (function of two variables)
Leibnitz rule (differentiation of an integral)
Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay
( )
( ) ( )
+ + + + = +
! 3 ! 2
) ( ) (
3
3
3 2
2
2
x
dx
f d x
dx
f d
x
dx
df
x f x x f


E-Outreach Workshop on CFD
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ = + +
! 2
2
! 2 ! 2
) , ( ) , (
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
y x
y x
f y
y
f x
x
f
y
y
f
x
x
f
y x f y y x x f


dx
du
u x f
dx
dv
v x f dt
x
f
dt t x f
dx
d
x v
x u
x v
x u
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
) (
) (
) (
) (
+
c
c
=
} }
Introduction - 8
Vector products and differentiation rules
Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
dt
B d
A B
dt
A d
B A
dt
d
dt
B d
A B
dt
A d
B A
dt
d
dt
A d
a A
dt
da
A a
dt
d
B A B A k B A B A j B A B A i
B B B
A A A
k j i
B A
AB B A
AB B A B A B A B A
x y y x z x x z y z z y
z y x
z y x
z z y y x x

+ =
+ =
+ =
+ + = =
=
= + + =


sin
cos

6/6/2012
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Introduction - 9
Fields
Field => continuous distribution of a physical quantity
represented using appropriate functions of space (and time).
Scalar field: Temperature field, .
Vector field: Velocity field, .
Directional derivative and gradient
Rate of change of a field variable with respect to distance in a
given direction => directional derivative.
Let be a field. The directional derivative in a
direction s
Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD
( ) t z y x V V , , ,

=
( ) z y x T T , , =
( ) z y x , , =
s
ds
d
V =

z
k
y
j
x
i
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
V

Gradient of
Introduction - 10
Gradient, divergence.
is normal to the surface constant.
represents the largest spatial rate of change of .
Vector operator :
If is a scalar, is a vector.
Divergence of a vector field (a scalar).

Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD

= V
V
V
z
k
y
j
x
i
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
V

V
( )

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
V =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V V
z y x
z
A
y
A
x
A
A
z y x
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V

Introduction - 11
Gradient, divergence, curl.
Curl of a vector field (a vector).

Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD

z y x
B B B
z y x
k j i
B
c
c
c
c
c
c
= V

( ) 0 V V
( ) 0 V V V

( ) ( ) V V V

2
V V V = V V
( ) V V V

V + V = V
( ) V V V

V + V = V
Introduction - 12
Integral theorems of use in the present course material
Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD
n

A
Gauss theorem Divergence theorem
} }

= V
A
dA n d
scalar
Unit vector, normal to the
surface A, +ve if pointing
outward from the enclosed
volume.
} }

= V
A
dA n B d B