Object Oriented Programming

Elhanan Borenstein borens@tau.ac.il

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Agenda
Administration Course Overview Introduction to OOP and C++ Function Overloading & Default Parameters Arguments By Reference cin / cout Inline Functions Memory Allocation Additional Improvements
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Administration
Course Page
Web: http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~borens/teaching/oop-03b/
Updates & Notes Presentations & Examples from class

E-Mail: borens@tau.ac.il
Subject: OOP Course E-mail in pure English only

Books
Object Oriented Programming and C++ / Amir Kirsh The C++ Programming Language / Bjarne Stroustrup Effective C++, More Effective C++ / Scott Meyers
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Course Overview
OOP vs. C++ (can write any C++ app in c)
Knowledge of C is required!!!

Syllabus (partial !!!)

Introduction to OOP C++
Overloading functions & operators Classes & Objects Inheritance & Polymorphism

Templates & STL Introduction to OOD

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Introduction to OOP and C++

Why OOP?
Software Crisis in procedural programming:
Too many modules Too many functions Too many variables An expensive mess!!!

Better organization of the code Smaller code Reuse of code Easier design, analysis and implementation User vs. Programmer

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Introduction to OOP and C++

The Solution - Classes
The natural solution: focus on data!!! (instead of focusing on operations -functions) Define the data entities we want to use Each entity is implemented as a class and defines:
The data we want to store. The operations that could be applied to this data.

Example:
Teachers Management Application

Classes, instances and application

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Introduction to OOP and C++

C++
An Object-Oriented extension of C.
Any C program is also valid in C++. Remains of non-OOP characteristics (global variables and functions, main functions). Still using pointers !!!!

A few notes on Java C++ main elements:

Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism Template (example: swap) (C++ only) Exceptions (C++ only)
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Before Classes

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Function Overloading
Motivation and Usage
We would like to avoid writing / knowing / using a huge number of functions which, in effect, do the same action. It is possible to define numerous functions with the same name, as long as the compiler can detect (while calling the function, according to its arguments), which function should be used. void printNice(int i); void printNice(int i, char ch); void printNice(int i, char* str); void printNice(float f);
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Function Overloading
The Ambiguity Problem
When the compiler cannot positively determine which function should be used, it will announce an ambiguity error. void printNice(double d); void printNice(float f); Ambiguity problem whose fault is it? Can we solve an ambiguity problem according to the return value? Why?

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Default Parameters
Usage
It is possible to define default values for the last arguments of a function. These arguments can then be dropped when calling the functions. void printReallyNice(char* str, int fontSize = 10, char color = 0); It is still possible to give a different value when calling the function (all previous arguments must be specified too).
Arguments order

Default values are defined in the function prototype !!! (use a comment notation in the implementation) Beware Ambiguity!!!!
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By Reference (ByRef) Arguments

Arguments in C
In C, arguments are passed by Value (ByVal). Changing the value of the arguments in the function, does not change the value of the original variables. If we wish to change the value of the original arguments, we can use pointers.

Arguments in C++
In C++, arguments are still passed by Value, but A function can ask to get an argument by reference (ByRef). By reference arguments are in fact implemented with pointers, but hiding them from the user a safer method!!!
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By Reference (ByRef) Return Values

A function can return a value by reference. It will in effect return a location in memory.
A by reference return value must be alive after the function terminates (global, input variables, ). Can be used as LValue

Example: Find()

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Input & Output (cin, cout)

I/O in C
When using printf (or scanf), the programmer must define the type of each argument. We could write a different function for each type

I/O in C++
We can use the I/O objects cin and cout (defined in <iostream.h>) We will use the operators << and >> Thanks to function overloading, there is no need to define the type of the arguments.

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Input & Output (cin, cout)

Example 1 (output)
#include <iostream.h> void main( ) { int i = 23; char *str = hello; cout<<str; cout<<i<<endl; cout<<the value of i is <<i<<endl; cout<<(char)65; }
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Input & Output (cin, cout)

Example 2 (input)
#include <iostream.h> void main( ) { int age; char str[100]; cout<<Please enter your name; cin>>str; cout<<Please enter your age; cin>>age; }
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Inline Functions
Motivation
Each function call requires allocating memory on the stack. Overhead may outweigh the benefits (especially in small functions that will be called many times.
double SQR(double num) { return num*num; }

Macros have other problems: #define SQR(num) (num)*(num)

No type checking on the arguments i = SQR(hello); Readability

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Inline Functions
The solution
Inline functions. The functions are embedded within the call.
inline double SQR(double num) { return num*num; }

Comments:
The compiler is not bound by the inline declaration. The functions implementation should be included in the same file !!! Bigger executables (though, more efficient)
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Memory Allocation
Allocation
Memory allocation is implemented with the command new. No casting is required (unlike C). For arrays allocation we will use new[n].

Freeing
To free allocated memory, we will use the command delete. For arrays, we will use delete[ ].

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Memory Allocation
... int *pInt = new int; cout<<Please insert an integer:; cin>>*pInt; int n; cout<<Please insert size of array:; cin>>n; float *floatArray = new float[n]; delete pInt; delete []floatArray;

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Additional Improvements
Comments
C++ still supports the conventional notation of comments from C: /* this is a comment */ In addition, we can use a single comment line starting with // // initialization int index; // this is also a comment
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Additional Improvements
Variable Definition
Variables can be defined at any point in the code. ... int sum; for (int I = 0; I < 10 ; i++) { int item = GetItem(i)*2; sum += item; } Should be used wisely!!!!
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Additional Improvements
Structs and enums Definition
When defining a struct or enum variable, no need to declare it is a struct / enum. (A reminder: in C we usually used typedef to solve this problem)
in C struct student { char *name; int grade; }; struct student Rafi; -- or typedef struct student st; st Rafi; in C++ student Rafi;
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Questions?

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