Solar

[group solar]
JEFFREY JIANG YOUNG HUN KIM LILY PAN
FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH / CAMIA YOUNG / JORDON SAUNDERS
COURSE
TUTOR
ASSISTANT TUTOR
PT 1: RESEARCH
Jeffrey | Young | Lily
MACRo CliMATE
Average Annual Total no. of Hours of Bright Sunshine Hours 2600 2500 2400 2300 2200 2100 Hours >3000 3000-2000 2000-1000 1000-500 <500 Global Average Annual Total no. of Hours of Bright Sunshine Mean Annual Sunshine Hours Mean Annual Temperature Mean Annual Rainfall 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400
Temperature ( C)
<2
Annual Rainfall (mm)

< 500 500 - 750 750 - 1000 1000 - 1250 1250 - 1500 1500 - 2000 2000 - 4000 4000 - 10000
Sunshine (hours)
900 - 1400 1400 - 1600 1600 - 1800 1800 - 2000 2000 - 2200 2200 - 2600 0 500 50 100 200 300
2.1 - 4 4.1 - 6 6.1 - 8 8.1 - 10 10.1 - 12 12.1 - 14 14.1 - 16 16.1 - 18 Kilometres 400
for years 1971 - 2000
Group Solar
Hours 9 May 8 7 April 6 5 4 3 2 1 Mean Daily Bright Sunshine (based on historic average) December
June
Factors effecting sunlight interception
March
Febraury
January
November
June 2012
May 2012 observed Daily Average Bright Sunshine April 2012 Hours 9 8 March 2012 7 6 Febraury 2012 5 4 January 2012 3 2 December 2011 1
Bright Sunshine Anomaly % 125 115 105 100 95 85 November 2011
Mean Anual Solar Radiation
Mean Anual Temperature
MiCRo CliMATE
Mean Min. Temperature of the coldest month
Winter Solar Radiation
Group Solar
SolAR RADiATioN
Mean Anual Solar Radiation - MJ/m2/day
13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 14 14.1
CAlCulATiNG SuNliGHT THRouGH CANoPiES
P() = exp[-K() ()Lt /cos()]

0.0
The probability P(q) of a direct beam penetrating a plant canopy at a zenith angle of q, assuming azimuthal symmetry K(q) is the fraction of foliage projected in direction q W(q) is the Total nonrandomness correction factor including needles clumped on individual conifer shoots and the clumping of branches and shoots on tree crowns lt is Total hemi-surface area of all foliage per unit ground surface area in canopy
1.7
()Lt =
Le() e() e
indirect measure of hemi-surface area index of all foliage (leaves, shoots, ranches, stems) in a canopy; half the total surface area of all foliage per unit ground surface area. Referred to as the effective lAi
2.4
We(q)is the element clumping index quantifying the effect of foliage clumping at scales larger than individual leaves or shoots.
()
5.2
ge is the within-shoot clumping factor accounting for the clumping of needles on shoots; defined as 1/2 total needle surface area to 1/2 total shoot envelope surface area
Group Solar
Factors effecting sunlight interception
leaf Shapes Catalogue
linear
oblong
rhombic
lanceolate
1. Crown diameter
2. Crown depth Crown depth, defined as the vertical distance between the top of the crown and the lowest living foliage ovate elliptic obovate cuneate
spatulate
oblanceolate
orbicular
reniform
3. Stem density
4. Foliage density Zenith gap fraction partitioned into between-crown and within-crown components
cordate
deltoid
hastate
sagittate
Breakdown into simplified shapes
round
square
triangle
= fgap,c(0) / fc
F is crown porosity, the within-crown gap faction fgap,c(0) is the Canopy gap fraction contribution from within-crown gaps estimated with a zenith view angle fc is the Fractional area coverage of crowns; m2 crown silhouette area per m2 ground area obtained with projection of a crown from nadir
b
1
/2 f
1
c e**
1
/2 e
/2 c
/2 f
inverted triangle
ellipsis * c 2a d is max. width
lobe ** e a
e() = a0 + a1 fc + a2 + a3 fc + a4 fc2 + a52 + a62 ( fc) + a7( fc)2 + a8 fc3 + a93.
HElioTRoPiSM
diaheliotropism: (n) A tendency of leaves or other organs of plants to have their dorsal surface faced towards the rays of light.
heliotropism: (n) The directional growth of a plant in response to sunlight.
Group Solar
HElioTRoPiSM - THE MECHANiSM
7:00 AM
Pre-stimulus
Stimulus
Post-stimulus
Epidermis Cortex
4:00 PM
Vein
K+
Flexor
Extensor
Flexor
K+
Extensor
K+ K+
Dumping of potassium & Movement of water
Potassium diffusion & Uptake of water
SECTION AA
- Turgid Cell (High Pressure)
5:00 PM
K+
- Flaccid Cell (Low Pressure) - Potassium ions
Movement
Apparent movement of the leaf detected during the day when the sun moves from east to west.
Cellular Structure
Mechanism that allows movement is called Pulvinus and is plants equivalent to muscle. The structure Consists of Epidermis, Cortex, and Vein. Cortex is broken down to two sides. Flexor and Extensor, each at left to right respectively.
Abstraction / Section
leaves that fold upwards when closing at night has the extensor cells in the uppermost part of the pulvinus. leaves that fold downwards when closing has the extensor cells in the lower part of the pulvinus.
Pulvinus Explained
Definition:
Botany . a cushionlike swelling at the base of a leaf or leaflet, at the point of junction with the axis. This swelling or shrinkage is caused by movement of water from flexor cells to extensor cells, and vice versa. This process is called osmosis, where the water always travel from an area of high pressure to area of low pressure. But because of potential difference, one can guess that pressure of water would would come to a halt if both sides reached 50/50. Another factor that influences water movement are potassium ions. From stimulus, potassium is pumped out from flexor and by osmosis, extensors water potential becomes lower. Because water travels from high to low, flexor becomes flaccid and extensor turgid causing force to be exerted.
[Records at random intervals]
[logintudinal Section]
[Transverse Section]
once finished, the potassium diffuses into the stems to activate other pulvinus to release their potassium.
9
CHRiSTCHuRCH SuNRiSE AND SuNSET TiMES

January February March April
May
June
July
August
10
Group Solar
September
october
November
December
Sunrise and Sunset hours throughout one year in Christchurch

HOURS
SUNRISE SUNSET
WEEKS Jeffrey | Young | Lily

11
CHRiSTCHuRCH SuN PATH DiAGRAM

Christchurch Jan - June Christchurch July - Dec
60
JUNE 22 MAY 22 APRIL 22
JUNE 22 JULY 22 AUG 22
40
MARCH 22 FEB 22 JAN 22 DEC 22 3 4 5 2 1 12 11 10 9 8 5 7 6 4
SEP 22 OCT 22 NOV 22 DEC 22 2 3
20
12
11 10 9 8 7
Equator
-20
-40
Christchurch
-60
Sun path diagrams

Waldram principle : Flat projection on plan of the complete hemisphere. This method of projection is particularly suited to estimate the heat radiation on vertical surfaces.
12
Group Solar
liGHT REFlECTANCy oN SuRFACES
direction of beams
light on a surface
illuminance is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the direction of the incident angle and a line at 90 degrees to the surface. E cos
illuminance is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from source to surface
angle of incidence
E 1 / ww^2
illuminance on surface
Parabolic mirror
Ideal surface Specular
Approximates to Polished metal; surface-silvered mirror
Luminance and colour depend on The luminance and colour of what is seen in reection; this varies with direction of view
Eect of increasing angle of incidence of light Increased reectance
Lambertian
Specular reflection
lambertian reflection (diffuse)
Blotting paper; woollen cloth; earth
The illuminance and colour of the surface; equally bright in every direction of view
Decreased illuminance; enhanced visibility of texture as angle between light and beam and view angle increases Increased shininess, dilution of pigment colour
Surfaces and the nature of reflections

The amount of inter reflected light in any enclosure depends on three factors: 1. The amount of light entering the enclosure 2. The surface area of the enclosing surfaces 3. Their reflectance
Compound: transparent layer over pigmented surface
Picture under glass; gloss paint; water
A combination of the two above; dependent on angle of view
13
MATERiAl REFlECTANCy
Mirror
Surface scattering (reflector matt)
Volume scattering (e.g. white)
Retro reflection
Window glass
opal or ground glass
opaque or obscured glass
Retro prisms
The surface characteristics of the transparent and reflecting materials determine the type of reflection or transmittance. Reflected light can either be directed or scattered. Similarly, the transmitted light is directed or scattered. The result is often a combination of reflection and transmittance since both types of reflection and transmittance occur in conjunction. Retro- reflecting elements and their properties play an important role in day lighting technology. These elements are retroreflecting materials or reflectors that reflect the incident light; preferably back in the direction of incidence. in day lighting technology, reflectors are generally preferred, mirrors with specific geometries or prisms that utilize the principle of total reflection in the medium with greater optimal density.
14
Group Solar
14
DAyliGHT iN A RooM
2h
5h
Daylight decays exponentially with room depth, so the building form should be reasonably shallow.
Maximum depth of a room for beneficial daylight with windows on one side only is twice the height of the room.
Maximum depth of a room with windows on opposite sides is five times the height of the room.
louvres
external horizontal louvres
Horizontal louvres are used in the north facing windows. Exterior louvres are usually made of galvanised steel, anodised or painted aluminium or plastic for high durability and low maintenance. louvres may obstruct, absorb, reflect and or transmit solar radiation. Horizontal blinds in a horizontal position can receive light from the sun sky and ground. upward tilted slats transmit light primarily from the ground surface.
external overhang
Fixed systems are usually designed for solar shading, but could reduce day lighting. operable systems can be used to control thermal gains and protect against glare and redirect daylight, operable systems need to be fully or partially retracted to operate optimally and according to outdoor conditions. A constantly moving louvre system that changes as the sun angle changes throughout the day.
internal blinds
internal blinds are generally movable, but creates more overheating in the room compared to external blinds. They are easily maintained and reduce glare.
external vertical louvres
Vertical louvres are usually used in the east and west facing windows, because they do not protect well from high angle sun. They can be motorized for optimum shading.
15
liGHT SHElF
Summer - high angle sun
Projecting light-shelves guide daylight through the upper facade into the interior, protecting the lower window area from the high summer sun.
interior light-shelves offer better protection against low sunlight entering through fanlight areas. However, in summer, incident heat is trapped in the room interior
Winter - low angle
low- angled winter sun is able to penetrate easily through fanlight areas. An additional shading device is necessary for lower window areas when the sun is low.
in both winter and summer, the lower window area should be protected by additional shading.
light shelves should be designed specifically for each window orientation, room configuration, and latitude. They can be applied in climates with significant direct sunlight and are applicable in deep spaces on a north orientation in the southern hemisphere. light shelves do not perform as well on the east and the west orientation and in climates dominated by overcast sky conditions. For north facing facades, it is recommended that the depth of an internal light shelf be roughly equal to the height of the celestory window above the shelf. An exterior light shelf creates a parallel movement of shaded area towards the window facade, which reduces the daylight levels near the window and improves daylight uniformity. The recommended depth of an external light shelf is roughly equal to its own height above the work plane. Glazing height and light shelf depth should be selected based on the specifics of latitude and climate.
16
At low latitudes, the depth of the internal light shelves can be extended to block direct sunlight coming through the clerestory. At higher latitudes and with west and east facing rooms, a light shelf may let some direct sunlight (low solar elevations) penetrate the interior. Tilting the shelf downwards will reduce the amount of light reflected to the ceiling. upward tilt will improve penetration of reflected daylight and reduce shading effects. The ceiling reflects the light by having a smooth surface finish, and perhaps slope. The penetration of light from a light shelf system depends on the ceiling slope. A gable typed ceiling that slopes upwards from the window towards the centre of the building will dramatically increase the depth to which light is reflected into the space.
Group Solar
The light guiding shade system consists of a diffusing glass aperture and two reflectors designed to direct the diffuse light from the aperture into a building at angles within a specified angular range. usually the angular range of light distribution in the building is designed to extend from horizontal up to an elevation of about 60 degrees. Highly reflective material such as a bright finished aluminium must be used for its inner surfaces. The objective of the light guiding shade is to avoid glare and direct sunlight, and to direct light deep into a room.
Anidolic Ceilings are designed for side lighting of nonresidential buildings. Anidolic optical elements are placed on both ends of the light duct. on the outside, an anidolic optical concentrator captures and concentrates diffuse light from the upper area of the sky vault, which is typically the brightest area in overcast skies, and efficiently introduces the rays into the duct. The parabolic reflector distributes the light downward. The daylight is transported deeper into the room by multiple specular reflectors lining the duct.
17
SKy liGHTS
Angular selective transmission
This system transmits more low elevation light and less high elevation light. Normally, a diffusing panel is used at the ceiling aperture. useful tilt angles range between 45 and 55 for the tropics and sub tropics. Tilt angles of 25 and 35 are used for low elevation light. Function of an angular selective skylight is to provide relatively constant irradiance to the interior during the day and to reduce the tendency to overheat the building on summer days. This type of skylight enhances low elevation input and rejects high elevation input.
The Anidolic Zenithal is used to collect diffuse daylight from a large portion of the sky vault without allowing sun penetration. This form of sky lighting system is best utilized to provide daylight to single storey buildings, atrium spaces or the upper floor of multi- storey buildings. The optical design of the device offers efficient protection against direct solar radiation transmission throughout the year without use of movable parts. Also overheating from the sun penetration is prevented. it is good for glare control and improved visual comfort than conventional skylights.
18
Group Solar
SuN ANGlES EFFECTS oN oRiENTATioN AND FoRM

COOL
1:1
TEMPERATE
1:1.6
ARID
1:2
The roof should be adapted to the low angles of solar incidence in winter. Arcades should ideally be north- south orientated. Arcades running east - west are to be avoided since the sunlight cannot penetrate the arcade space., Whereas the upper level of the northern facade is quickly overheated. With a north south orientation, even the low lying winter sun has the chance to fully illuminate the arcade space.
TROPICAL
1:3 x:y
x y
When x > 6m, mechanical ventilation is necessary
y = Solar Altitude angle = Azimuth difference E = Vertical shadow angle tan E = tan y x Sec Altitude and Azimuth of Sun Altitude - angle the suns rays make with the horizontal. The suns altitude is zero during sunset. Azimuth- compass direction
East west orientation
North south orientation
light coloured and reflective facade surfaces in courtyards are espcially recommended, when-ever possible, parapet sections are mirrored so that the courtyard can act as a light conductor
Courtyard as light conductor
19
PT 2: FoRMAl iNVESTiGATioN
20
Group Solar
CANoPy PHoToGRAPHS
puriri
totara
brightness analysis
rewarewa
outlines of foliage
Jeffrey
21
HEiGHT SAMPliNG
curves displaced vertically finding curve centres
overlay brightness value with curves
22
Group Solar
CREATiNG VoluME
6 points in proximity are selected
curves are lofted to form solid
elevation
plan
elevation
plan
Jeffrey
23
DiGiTAl CANoPy
plan from sample of 10% of total curves
perspective in lofted volumes
elevation from sample of 10% of total curves
24
Group Solar
3D PRiNTED STuDiES
from sides
view at zenith angle
Jeffrey
25
CANoPy EXAMPlES
plan
elevation puriri
isometric
plan
isometric totara elevation
plan
isometric rewarewa elevation 26
Group Solar
FoRMAl PRiNCiPlES
height distribution
size
plan
plan
shape
proximity
plan plan
Jeffrey
27
Hole Diametre No. of holes Openness
3mm 421 37.89%
5mm 177 44.24%
9mm 52 42.12%
13mm 21 35.49%
20mm 9 35.99%
Material Investigation
[Record - Photographs] Behaviour of light through layers of filters. Observation of filtration with similar openness via arrangement variations.
[group solar]
1 on 0 off
1 on 1 off
28
Group Solar
1 on 2 off
1 on 3 off
1 on all off 1 on
Young
29
2 on 2 off
3 on 3 off
1 on 0 off [angled]
30
Group Solar
1 on 1 off [angled]
1 on 2 off [angled]
1 on 3 off [angled]
Young
31
Zigzag (1)
Zigzag (2)
Zigzag (3)
32
Group Solar
1 on all off 1 on [angled]
2 on 2 off [angled]
3 on 3 off [angled]
Young
33
RElAToiNSHiP BETWEEN SHADoW AND oBJECT oRiENTATioN
34
Group Solar
SolAR RAyS AND ANGlES THRouGHouT THE DAy
9am
plan
9am
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
4pm
plan
4pm
section
9am
plan
9am
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
4pm
plan
4pm
section
9am
plan
9am
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
4pm
plan
4pm
section
9am
plan
9am
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
4pm
plan
4pm
section
Lily
35
9am
plan
9am
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
4pm
plan
4pm
section
9am
plan
9am
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
4pm
plan
4pm
section
9am
plan
9am
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
4pm
plan
4pm
section
9am
36
plan
9am
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
4pm
plan
4pm
section
Group Solar
SolAR RAyS REACTioN To DiFFERENT ANGlES
Winter
Summer
9am
plan
9am
section
9am
plan
9am
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
4pm
plan
4pm
section
4pm
plan
4pm
section
Lily
37
SolAR RAyS REACTioN To DiFFERENT ANGlES
Winter
Summer
9am
plan
9am
section
9am
plan
9am
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
4pm
38
plan
4pm
section
4pm
plan
4pm
section
Group Solar
Winter
Summer
9am
plan
9am
section
9am
plan
9am
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
4pm
plan
4pm
section
4pm
plan
4pm
section
Lily
39
Winter
Summer
9am
plan
9am
section
9am
plan
9am
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
12:30pm
plan
12:30pm
section
40
Group Solar
4pm
plan
4pm
section
4pm
plan
4pm
section
CoNTRoliNG PoiNTS oN A CuBE To oPTiMiZE SuN ANGlES

(x,y,z) (0,10,10) (x,y,z) (10,10,10)
(x,y,z) (0,0,10)
(x,y,z) (10,0,10)
(x,y,z) (0,10,0)
(x,y,z) (10,10,0)
(x,y,z) (0,0,0)
(x,y,z) (10,0,0)
Moving the position of these points to morph the basic cube into faceted and tapered forms. I can generate a grasshopper script that morphs the cube to optimize solar radiation on its surfaces, or morph it so that no direct sunlight can enter the space within. The more points the cube has, the more facets the result will be.
Lily
41
PT 3: SiTE & PRoGRAM
42
Group Solar
PRE/PoST EARTHQuAKE
Accomodation Commercial Car Park Religious Accomodation

Commercial Car Park Religious Retail Food+Beverage
Food+Beverage
Council
Retail
Educational Council
Educational Bank/PostOffice Bank/PostOffice
Petrol Station/ Car Petrol Station/ Car repair
repair pre earthquake programs
pre earthquake CCDu proposed plan CCDu proposed programs
green belt
retail precinct
stadium bus interchange
green belt
innovation precinct
43
RED ZoNE
red zone cordon 22 feb 2011 - 18 aug 2012
demolition sites
demolished partial demolition fixed
44
Group Solar
PoPulATioN DENSiTy iN CATHEDRAl SQuARE
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120 120-140 140-160 160-180 180-200
from 2006 census
45
MAXiMuM BuilDiNG HEiGHTS iN 5 liViNG ZoNES

Existing Green Proposed Green Belt Site Zones Living 1 Living 2 Living 3 Living 4 Living 5 Commercial Max Height 8m 8m 8m 18m 31m
46
Group Solar
BuS AND CyCliNG lANES iN THE CBD
Existing Green Proposed Green Belt Site Bus Lanes Cycle Lanes
47
lichfield st
madras st
tuam st
manchester st
48
Group Solar
ElEVATioNS
lichfield st
madras st
tuam st
manchester st
49
ElEVATioNS - DEMoliSHED BuilDiNGS
MANCHESTER ST
TUAM ST
SAFE PARTLY DEMOLISH DEMOLISH

50
Group Solar
ElEVATioNS - DEMoliSHED BuilDiNGS
MADRAS ST
LICHFIELD ST
SAFE PARTLY DEMOLISH DEMOLISH Jeffrey | Young | Lily

51
WoRK PRoGRAM CoMPoSiTioN

facility for research, science and technology development for forestry, wood products and wood-derived materials and other biomaterial sectors
research
core labs
900 m2
parking
research laboratories green infrastructure
600 m2
program support
reception/administration exhibition/presentation collaboration spaces break areas
75 75 120 100
m2 m2 m2 m2 core labs
reception/ administration
exhibition/ presentation
parking
300 m2 support
office storage electrical mechanical equipment restrooms
450 m2 storage 300 m2 equipment green infrastructure office
building support
chemistry lab: soil analysis nutrient analysis wood analysis chemical characteristics iT lab: geomatics bioinformatics software engineereing forest management software plant biotechnology: plant physiology enzyme molecular geonomics fermentation environmental technologies process engineering chemical engineering bioreaction engineering waste water technology
forest genetics: tree breeding tree propogation nursery polymer composites: biofoam biopolymers packaging: films testing harvesting/logistics: systems analysis optimisation fibre sciences wood processing wood modification
research laboratories
one floor: four floors:
750m2 3000m2
52
Group Solar
Jeffrey
BuilDiNG MASS
Our selected group site Demolished Partially Demolished Safe
Je rey
Young
Lily
Lilys Building mass (20 X 46) + (18 X 46) = 1748 sqm 1748 sqm X 21m = 36708 m3 33 X 46 = 1518 sqm 1518 sqm X 21m = 31878m3
53 lily
19sqm
2sqm 9sqm
5sqm
RESiDENTiAl PRoGRAM BAR
Studio
35sqm
12sqm 2sqm 9sqm 5sqm 17sqm
1 Bedroom
45sqm
12sqm 12sqm 2sqm 2sqm 9sqm 12sqm 24sqm
2 Bedrooms
70sqm
12sqm 12sqm 2sqm 12sqm 2sqm 2sqm 9sqm 14sqm 25sqm
Bathroom Kitchen Bedroom Closet Living
3 Bedrooms
90sqm
If there were 4 occupants on each oor: 165sqm 4 Single Occupants 1 Bedroom Apartment 1 Bedroom Apartment 1 Bedroom Apartment 1 Bedroom Apartment Shared Living Studio Studio Studio Studio
180sqm 4 Single Occupants 140sqm 2 Couple Occupants
2 Bedrooms Apartment
2 Bedrooms Apartment
54
Group Solar
BuBBlE DiAGRAM-STuDio ARRANGEMENT

Outdoor --> Indoor 3 Buildings in relationship to a Central Garden Shared Kitchen
Shared Living and Kitchen
Kitchen Garden Entrance Vertical Circulation Living Studio Unit
lily 55

Solar

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[group solar]

JEFFREY JIANG YOUNG HUN KIM LILY PAN

FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH / CAMIA YOUNG / JORDON SAUNDERS

Jeffrey | Young | Lily

Annual Rainfall (mm)

for years 1971 - 2000

Factors effecting sunlight interception

Bright Sunshine Anomaly % 125 115 105 100 95 85 November 2011

Jeffrey | Young | Lily

Mean Anual Solar Radiation

Mean Anual Temperature

Mean Min. Temperature of the coldest month

Winter Solar Radiation

Mean Anual Solar Radiation - MJ/m2/day

13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 14 14.1

Jeffrey | Young | Lily

CAlCulATiNG SuNliGHT THRouGH CANoPiES

P() = exp[-K() ()Lt /cos()]

Factors effecting sunlight interception

leaf Shapes Catalogue

Breakdown into simplified shapes

ellipsis * c 2a d is max. width

e() = a0 + a1 fc + a2 + a3 fc + a4 fc2 + a52 + a62 ( fc) + a7( fc)2 + a8 fc3 + a93.

Jeffrey | Young | Lily

heliotropism: (n) The directional growth of a plant in response to sunlight.

HElioTRoPiSM - THE MECHANiSM

Dumping of potassium & Movement of water

Potassium diffusion & Uptake of water

- Turgid Cell (High Pressure)

- Flaccid Cell (Low Pressure) - Potassium ions

[Records at random intervals]

CHRiSTCHuRCH SuNRiSE AND SuNSET TiMES

Sunrise and Sunset hours throughout one year in Christchurch

WEEKS Jeffrey | Young | Lily

CHRiSTCHuRCH SuN PATH DiAGRAM

JUNE 22 MAY 22 APRIL 22

JUNE 22 JULY 22 AUG 22

MARCH 22 FEB 22 JAN 22 DEC 22 3 4 5 2 1 12 11 10 9 8 5 7 6 4

SEP 22 OCT 22 NOV 22 DEC 22 2 3

Sun path diagrams

liGHT REFlECTANCy oN SuRFACES

Ideal surface Specular

Approximates to Polished metal; surface-silvered mirror

Eect of increasing angle of incidence of light Increased reectance

lambertian reflection (diffuse)

Blotting paper; woollen cloth; earth

Surfaces and the nature of reflections

Compound: transparent layer over pigmented surface

Picture under glass; gloss paint; water

A combination of the two above; dependent on angle of view

Jeffrey | Young | Lily

Surface scattering (reflector matt)

Volume scattering (e.g. white)

opal or ground glass

opaque or obscured glass

external vertical louvres

Jeffrey | Young | Lily

Winter - low angle

Jeffrey | Young | Lily

SuN ANGlES EFFECTS oN oRiENTATioN AND FoRM

When x > 6m, mechanical ventilation is necessary

East west orientation